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Geomorphology
1
Catastrophism
Uniformitarianism
2
Modern consensus
3
Geological Time as a 24 Hour Day
Geomorphology
4
Davis -- Cycle of Erosion theory
Cycle of Erosion
5
Cycle of Erosion
Geomorphic Processes
6
Internal (Endogenic) Forces
▪ Diastrophic:
▪ pressures that slowly transform the earth’s crust
▪ Volcanism:
▪ transports heated material towards the earth’s
surface
Diastrophic Forces
7
Layers of the Earth
▪ Inner Core
▸ Solid iron and nickle core, 6378 - 5100 km
▪ Outer Core
▸ Liquid iron, 5100 - 2900 km
▪ Lower Mantle
▸ Mostly solid, 2900 - 700km
▪ Lithosphere
▸ Crust and most solid mantle, 0 to 100 km
Continental Drift
8
Plate Tectonics Theory
9
10
Plate Boundaries
11
Divergent boundaries
12
Transform Boundaries
Convergent Boundaries
▸ Lighter
continental plates
pushed up by denser
oceanic plates
▸ produces
trenches / mountains
/ volcanos
– “Ring of Fire” -
Pacific plate
pushing on both
coasts
13
Hot Spots
Hawaiian Hotspot
▪ Over 70
million years,
has shifted
over 6000 km
from
Aleutians to
Hawaii
14
Prominent World Hot Spots
Earthquakes
15
16
Tsunami
17
Volcanism
18
Eyjafjallajökull (Iceland)
19
Airspace completely (red) or partially
(orange) closed to air traffic 18 April 2010
20
Largest Volcanos
21
Exogenic (External) Forces
▪ Weathering:
▸ a set of processes that,
– Separate particles of rock from larger rocks
– Prepare rocks for creation of soil and deposition
▪ Mass Wasting:
▸ the pulling of loose objects towards the earth
▪ Erosion:
▸ the processes that move small particles of gravel, dust, sand and
silt across the earth’s surface
Weathering
22
Weathering
– Chemical Weathering
– decomposition of rocks due to chemical reactions of minerals with heat and
moisture
– Rock breaks down into components through oxidation (oxygen), hydrolysis
(water), carbonation (carbon dioxide)
Mass Wasting
23
Landslide
▸ La Conchita, California
▸ 1995
St. Jude QC
May 2010
24
Erosion
Erosion
25
Guatemala City -- May 2010
Erosion
▸ Ice
▸ weight of glacier breaks up rock and glacier
transports ‘till’ as it moves
– Leaves behind large troughs and lakes, Deposits glacial till as it melts
26
Continental Glaciation
Alpine Glacier
27
Erosion
Erosion
28