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    John W. Cook-Morality and Cultural Differences (1999) PDF

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    Daniel

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    din 111
    MORALITY AND CULTURAL DIFFERENCES John W. Cook OXFORD Preface “This bok grew out of he yes Tape thinking about moral phlsophy| nile racking tthe University of Oro. had he poo frame to ave Collages thee who shared my view tat ds aren of philosophy wi it ‘seed of «complet overhaul. Our dicoisony, spuaing 2 oerh Yet ‘ded many new point of departs sme of which lb od in pak I ofthis booke Loking back en the dscason, 1 Got aif ort ‘ut which ideas were oily mine and which owe, i prt at len 0 the ots. Aso hereby gine my thank 0 tose calles who in some gree shaped stimulited ny thinking shoot eral pinoy Rofer Paul, Joe Sepens, Pere Kushner, and Willan Davi hope they sill his bok orignal ints entre but wilhaply concede whatever Sight they may regard as ths ova. Tish thank al my wily, Ani ho prodded me into publishing ‘hismreral She aor only Belped with the typing but wide her red pec with autor and precio thoughout several eat, Wahct ber conse ‘able asian, I mght never hare conpltl ths poe, "act of several caper of thi oko the cs conned thei 1 have previulypblises. Te articles dvw rom tthe flowing: "Mar ‘al Relativism: An Ethnocentc Nosion,"in The Phisoply of oer, of. Rodger Basle nd Alan Dengson (Methuen, 1978). 269-115; an "Is ‘There Evidence for Moral Relat is Phos and See, Fede ‘ik Movedle Prentice Hal, 1979), p. 306-14 Casing, Poida swe ly 1956 Contents Ietodacon 3 1. THE CLAIMS OF MORAL RELATIVISM 1. Moral Relative yess Moral Asotin 7 2, Moral Relais: A Statonet ofthe Done 13 53. Farther Misoncepions about Moral Rstnia 24 4. The Parador of Relativism 32 1, ANTHROPOLOGY AND MORAL RELATIVISM, 5. The History of Relativism in Antropoogy St 6 Boss's Cts of Call Bolton 56 7, Bons Methodological Insights 62 Reliance 76 9. Is Thee Evidace Supporting Moral Relation? 2 10, Some Obrios Instances ofthe Projection Exar 33 11 The Pojsion Eto at Soarceof Moral Relativism 102 12 Polling the Sands Tagtber 196 ML PHILOSOPHY AND MORAL RELATIVISM 13. Weneemare’s Cncesion and he Philosophical Argument for Mora Relsiv 118 14. A Pecininary Ancssmen of 18. What le Moray? 125 Pilosophiel Argument 116 jo. Problems ia the Philosophical Description of Morality 130 1. Boctustive Coitioning 138 a and Despond 145 1% A inl Look a the Rei’ Argument 160 20, Our Retain 0 Other Cares 168 Appendices 171 Noes 175 Ingee 201, rb inp a sled ty ing ew ‘Somuig barb tg wc dens “Tats Wp Psp reper And the end fal ow exploring Wil bet ve where weaned ‘And ko te pace forth fa te AHS ly, "Lite Going? i F Introduction Moca eli, sretines alld “cle etna i pilvopicl doce about the sate of oral. Yee the penal peoponcats of his acne have Been amiopologes rath than phsopbers They lai that hi des of aio curs have ebb them to show tht mo rai edntive wo eah culture, which mpl, ag oer things hat we ‘aot ity pats oral jadgment on eae of ter clare xp by ‘har ova ull standard wick may die oes ous or many yes ths doce was repiied aan arcane academic abject andthe geal public took lise note of The o longer she eae ‘Wah the icrened infloence of Chisan fndamentalam in polis, be fave shown scaly tha elas swe fe fom Being high-mded dkfeate of misundentoad pope sling warned abuse rm ag Visors, To think of revi in cht may i o mau come lly (2) The central thesis of mea elatvii tht mori hing bat the stock of moral aides aed practice of the wo vaioue eae, [As Sumner po ina remark ql ahve “sora” weer me ay thing ut “contrary ode moreso te bie aa ple." Orv Ruth Reed has putt "Morlty ira convene ta for vocally approved kakta”> ‘What ths comes os that anyone who gos ga the pao hi elie 1s doing wrong mora. Tas, scoring othe sais, ht he ‘words rong mia an Ienay be worth pointing ont he that ei ds st reo oar mi i ai a mi sce oe Cates irony regs when we sy ths moe in enter eae {Ed won raced may we ue Hn by he ands of oe {Senex os (Campart an Ans ot pty wl ey Bao Flatnan who ning on he iho London dav o he mong ‘Si he ond, eg, "He was dog onthe wrong eo te ond ad (esta accor} Ii the rat ew, ber words tee SS pete objec orl sana, 50 ng "i “ro Sand end rte adhe andre he eat ech cate: A person i ding th ih ting ithe abies y tne mores ‘Siang wrons if he doe eke comer ra aon 0 a cle. soul oof cove mate tn liv at wha hor nh te we oe {eeirtio, edhe the lowing cx Sold weve el any Some yer ago a Ascated Pret path va Ak Sy, ced 4 sory abt «ten-year woman, rae Vay weak thw fs ars of Slam taon” The pach pred "Pe se towed he rich man's son who kidnapped and ape er. Sethe Mle thaws kde and ape ve brn the tr fod othe sat for teed Seton snot Ys ar that was doe sk to ones wold matey be” rnc Bowing of aaa dot nd with er el co matey his vey sito she wet» ep te nts bn fo rte hte Strap. The commun’ acto, we aretl as vehenet “anc ad te fy were rented with gen er lato the scent ‘ode (The “ode nth cave, oy, was tht ween wee ened {© shit to sich mania) Dept such these, Frans vay Iai antht ma, wh ote dy of hc weding edo ft = “Gone, ow, wht elvis teaches wf hk ad ny of he ro isin ht scum, The epi cz he esr low» oan ee of Selon tradioe wading nothing wo Franco he et bene she both chaed tab fo e a ante mad eros ong wrong. Wea proper think of bern cn oy think ¢fferar am immoral woman Ti he kston tht iia ‘ec teaches 0 meni he ray Of pees any Selon loa ore Whee ore ems aero bef fence of eu kre, forte ea come a ne ‘eon ake any moral assent of mots heer Tey ae lon Dee wih ene anche. We cnr no Pane Wk sgt be Isnt ine degrading my, fora woul ly th Sei ors __ Seer oar ote, aed impinged eda Sch conte woel Hata "ehnocete Ish tower, eaoe tht li ave ment tach hi “tm Bothy can ow with dh anon by nig ta bacon sy vi ih el oe en ac whi es Seon elie deh oe seove aut satan eae eeeece tease | i Tt econ at oer erate ates te plc ocean tye | cea A yes noe fst et wl aca ant oti vy SEL eae eee cone Specedicad ncrttnncitseemegeee SPiregantay ciraceem maton ie ehcp gt ine crema gre tok or deerattras i ceeeamne earache nea na! Teiete Menta onmoneieabo men stant ibe eshte nani te fowe penitence Sperm siete ene Rricmersad sacristy one ces So as Seige aS asc amines eee ase Seer te By ancient cst, he group of Pane ech yu sie cape Ves Morning Soe sand coy The vcard ol ‘penne ofthe fe shad, ws 90 the groper dy bond ‘Gs or etl, tasked, na sho wth aw Fo eee Knife Chie “had regarded this an wocny aed el ‘bition of power, execs oon alts an ces incl nom hey mee bounds rte ed ily endsrored oss by phropc simon “Aton fan ante wae brought captive the Pawnee vig inthe et blr, othe mond year eo oe sal of Lon [She wat bug wo thecre when Ke hts steppe oat "oo ished ba em sone dled thaw eer sk obi saci tha for hsel, he a preset il ere ‘dry, oh arora dwn i te oe peso owls bi vitm” He then cat thes cards pu or ary tel ‘other and cared her seo the ellis 1c, anoie capve mar made ry fost ai, tod gan Kile (Chie and is em ore th pie tev Sp oy ‘a i oxi» rade wae pst cle ad Kale Chie ranufacied gods oedema, Soh he oy th Indian who ha bee i ape, pd sed i Nor dl i cond stone fy od he cnn ered dog fo in ob ring (Sem of snow same Prva den 182, we rend dh one Nor Doheny ar umrmncd to the Loup Pee ile tse Youre Ian wen whom tn Prne wre sour ace Apne {Wathe cht woo howe hime avrslet sing te psn (Wat The che asin ear? ing scout refrac ‘Chic The ete Ino were dered 0 pero shears. And ‘oem the eer opin sls In pie of thee eng Dy the hie top the oto that hin Mj Doherty std whe Spasms wth he i ofthe chi ted 0 cat al the ape the Inne Sew her wet ar” Ho Ksife Chief and hit on could hae mol onvcons ovr feet from hoe of thir ee wil be conatdeed in Iater chap, Ate ee ie what he lait bled ys teary sty of cha case, ‘Whar pcre do wept of Ke Chie IF he merely tough hae haan sacs were 8 wate of tne Bese they fed vo promote eter ros, nd he was, for that reason, simply indifferent these ings this ex ple woul be of tre Bet that is ne the cae Fa frm Bln indie (athe might have Boon a the ceremony involved or mst, ‘eran desig nthe ei ewe ret nhs op sop tese ‘Scie and hed 0 bese he thought thee lings wrong” Knife Chie ofcourse, bre hat sch lings were an cep peace ois role and therfore the lit mae ny that KefleCeP hiking, le thatofa moral absolris. Bat moral sboltion eae ole an tet Confsion eis sherore the elites ew that Kafe Chien wg fmol bjs to tee mcrfostandacig on thre otecsons, wn (ry mide person. The mistake he bs mide i ie tat of an Engh then who insite hehe Egle about ering onthe et the wong fl and who underakes ro put an end to ths peat Um nt cera tha ven among che Engi who have te share of ecetc character, thee conld esha nat, bt 30, be woo be the relat’ mode for undesanding Knife Chie Thi, ten, another Kon eat oy ‘elaits Bt apis leson they inde to each? [thik at, for ‘whe elsvss ae peste with examples lie that of Kee Chie they Shy sway fom the rel impation of the theory. Herskovits, nko confronted with he fact at, daring he yas of al sepegtion the United Stats, some cz ed opt amend vo that practice be ompared hee wo Kafe Ces att fo end human scifi mong hs [rl explains as flows how thereat acommodates ach mates tis sete len bo confined hace] when We, 1 Americas ry edo setting cre “te tcl ets se of ‘he United tie” of which we a member he sot of how sre isi par, do approve a recogni the ray ofa way of Heo tho who Ive scorn mth them, cate re ors 58 dny the yas of cole by nating 2 ching apne Henhovis he tenia one KC by ‘ange doer ey Slat nay re om iin” tas ep Tan a ‘irs hale. For eclen uston ue be He ‘phn dace peton nth Ra Ot eansoreh eee chum ay of ene tec ca co" bis ha te dy trys age sa Hentai ose th giana. ei eee ‘av ins He ugh lw eS ian Ould wie wong al oe sna eae enki hry comm in eda ae Ch ct Mor of uso cour, wll mo ear Ke Chien thi way. We thik ‘wc con well understand the moral objston he vues sghos huey nae {Irs nt ony asks but eu, and it depen necro hv or hr li, But the reais weed not be domed byte eo, swe thik hs way, fr hs theory els hi how to ead this nye ‘est a much the des of tal abst a6 Rae CMe be ‘clatritnted ster no itll embaresment over the ie theory faces the foregoing son eventhough tthe ar been 14) When bles rele onthe au of moa, they gnealy ‘car throng ori ot gf nema atone Astropolpss who aac ravi on te oes hoe ‘sg the pisopil cance ofthe Joins abo ep ees {eat rca importance. Tey th een ees a fe jnlnenal about aor wy of te Inve ue thee see one ‘ew hin hat we are dear om fing verte tg 2 wrongs hat ted righing cle er than our ow ales of our can be how tht tr se fey elt Rn sho hick ta we mat oes lor thera a seng pene inher caer on “This practi onegunce bene mt apart whe, 1947, he ‘qseute bed ofthe Armen AmregopealAnoceos mane the United Nations Conmison on Hamen Rs tensa oe the UN shold dept mor elon norman sDecaetes ee Bich of Ma.” Ching eal etiam a pd esa ised hat he UN Declrton “spas ome {dnt be state of ight coeied an teow of tie ee stein the comes of Westen Earp snd Amer" The Lceog they sai should be eatemet ofthe rights of men to ve i eee of ther own ain “This of couse, sounds mow admiile when we tik ofthe way in hich major Western mations have, trough Chrsian missions snd foe ‘pt adminieators undermined the catoms and damped th es of foo: ein prlerte scien thereby oer rng abo the demotion and demie ofthese peoples. ut moa latina tuo doer nt ite opposing only sh ply deplorable lateference inher sles, ‘On the conta, it dregs cht bing nerfed with nd what he lngrenion ay achiev and ply dae that ny tdci apy ‘te euluce ianwarrantd. So any example of itererece tht we ce tocoose should serve aswell aay ote or coping the eet poe rit of elatvis.Consier nigh the following ce, Reset report from the Mie Eas tl femal group of aon-Arby who hae umeraken rescue miso one the le of ong Asi oo swho would otherwise Be ill by the ile. The dt reo lows, Fes long been an cepted pat of rural Ara flkyays tha if meson comes pregnant ut of welock, she must be kllod by er elater i ‘nler to ratore the fay honor, (Ths te spoken of loa 8 “heen Aitiogs” Ihe can ava, she soe ard ack a the pets ha al bs re open andthe, upon ber sar, kiled. The poop atten ‘0 race thee young Women i fnnced by & European uate Fc ‘mado operand io smal them iat rl by ete "anderson ‘allway” at to then wansprt tem t Europe, whete jb ed or ‘hem hey wish fo crespond with i ny thi eee ae Foe fom another country, to kep ther meebo see ‘This example, a8 emared above soul serves well a any fr dem ‘nrg the praca igniicance af livin. Ad what we etn se Wereivsm were taken seul by everyone and pr into patie hit sloop would abundo exe miss, and consguey tee ng young women woud beet be led In ter words, lain, ‘hey sueced in propaating thr theory, mst sce apes fe ‘ingots shi ies his what these? Pel oeThey al ‘sot hk ofthe chery as puting esa ak Bot hin tnt coe aie ulitly to dete them Hetsonia aferal, dare tht se tina i “3 toughindc”phlosophy and “eis thone whe hed ahs sponses tht aie ou ofthe srongent enue conn to ‘ich they have ren expored, the etnnceatsam imp the pvt: ahem oftheir oc Tha wha spe of n huge 9 ‘tris moral steal Sa kts her no more fom reais abot in Herskois's wont) the Fried inthe olerance ofthe cla lave poon = The Boteial vit of av honor king in Jordan is more kay toe es _eetbaredinditerece than “hamiy” nthe mor rca ato lane” And when slate next draft soement on any ghey {ee chem include noe only “the rights of men to live in terms of theie ov ttdioons" tt also the vg of wennen tod a unwelcome dest 2 ciel bythe taon. (5) The elas’ doctrine amounts to ths: Just a tikes no seme 09 ‘ay that the Engh deve on the wrong Sie ofthe rod (as devin 2 the left were wrong i and ofl ey apr rom some exiting rl), 50 Jmakes ao set say that cerns of sons eich teat ‘ce polgamy yin and offal my wrap, So me say exes of ‘elvis lig us that morality aber the mos that me 2 Afrece whic toe of conduct ou cltie moral conden ad whic i oondonen, [Coll rea challenges conan isons 2nd ae tore who lave ton dt them aie dcomfo fetus psi bes thro ol nr and soil fea int cnn, no eae it ‘iis athng sly int Ar aoa a enw ial ‘all opson is emtrced etary Ee, wl bette lahat of he god fe. Wesabe tse rea fh ‘Seen at round of hope ad eS for kere he cong ‘Sndeguy ol paeraof which min a eed el ot ‘Seem merece ei ine of cous, ying ht when we cat off ol aie and adap ew ones the new ner wl tr hs the She would tink ht ‘aly abso coud sy sha) Bend fying ater, at when we ‘hope new vals sd abandon the od, we wl ect ad wth the new vals regress of wha thy maybe Wi? Beate all pars fife ace “ually ad" (Compare Iw sched oer o diving om the other side ofthe road, we wou evenly ad no ult ah the new eangenet for there i ething scoot about the ideo the end) “This etre of reson, which of couse absolutely esi 0 caused is proponents rete earns once the aro of Nas be ame know, As Robert Reed put "twas ea 0 lok with equa tenerobnc upon al sorts of ale Systems slog ashe ales wee se of unimportant people remot from our ova ences. Bu he Ua Seorrelece harder to aaa wee ones ned oentroplogiethe [Nasi Although elvis sy nd hensles emt they asa 0; widout beg yi ther on ee of ethno econ jal ‘ental about Nias, This need nor however, dacourage he deere ‘atv ef prepared flow his sheny wherever end be m7 ‘et cominae ro emrace lava thinking tt the ony sound moral ‘ilsophy arabe (6) There i apoter intron coneunce of the abirarness of mo- ‘alt impli inthe elt’ pion. One ei of te doce, Frank ‘artungclled ateton to thissonsequnce when he complained that eae tural eavity deprives ue of any pone ratios tas for chosing © [pores if, Tolerance and egal rly alo sen to imp that no moral ‘ioe rare of thi derivation, can posbly Be en any loge or ‘npc sutory over te conventions of sy invita Tn suring tat lara doe sy th any moral “athoriy owe the conventions of dia Hartang seat sting ite the follow lng the eatin’ detine Broadcast fr and wide ad people come to flee shat morality is nthing bat et of arbiary soil conventions, Tope wl eave ofthat they av enlalyolgted to J oe forgo) ‘Etknthigs Or a Heney Veach has ot the id would be of an all, fal would ieak lone" Vesch nance “a enage youth with rota Iz impulses” who fas hada "ste wpe” aod is tow persuaded by ‘ars that moray "relatine” and "wothout sien” Perhaps another way 0 teh ri tay that the el upchot cof moral eativ,though relat have’ ele ths hat us| ‘oral sat what Norma Male, anes onthe ptr ofthe 19505, ie able relay" ‘Characters ees ten no a set ety whee thee ae m0 frase ha the lated rat of wt ech seve fa each St of exiuece What corsgunt there thereat ‘un am hiv th ibrar the Sop of ay The ony fp sori odo wha one fede wlenere id ‘where tipo noise hw the mar ob Hine the Soeaee ‘ict epg none pal tet open the iit of he one [ero fr mer alone econ at on eed “The Hiner, as Maier srs i a “rilsopicalpaehopath” and thas ‘sexed seme hat sch pilosopieal psychopathy wold the inevitable Feu of adopsingatvien. nis cet boo, The Moral Sen, ames Q. ‘Wl ke th ew uh carting point "The perl of sceping eer ‘eats cam ke very pres” 57 Wibo, fr lati accep tes, "thn wil oe 0 sore peple thatthe re fe todo what he thy cn ray ith” Besse of thi he ad, "he moral elt ‘the modern age hs probably contuted othe ieee rime rates Tha done oy suppring [pte eiinal] a jiicaton for “ig wn thy might have done anyway If you ae tempted to take the nal route the oy le, you may go fate log tha route every vhs you tm yo hear edsatd people sying—inded, proving that moral standards relay. bth afi aprse fhe elvis dotnet east some elaiss fave thought ic ot Herskovis repli ha thse who advance the foe | ping cbjecon have snp fled to reaize the power ofthe enclave “Spree shaping condor and ens. Thee sno eakurl reais, a ‘fata now, who ase har his doctrine i based on decies,orimples ‘etaielanarcy: thee i wo one who does ot rie thet ety #0: ‘This tely, however, seems co miss etry the point of she objection it ist ay Forte qo ig eds ns eon ‘oe tought wheter at pane mon feple ase tore at ‘Swe which upon, he sv she iat a te my ‘ifee quate: How wil pope a nd aif ws sce a ining eral acpane of tr dace? Clay satis ope to esse yeopevo stop ering an way and now tn cts at a the Wha ter paca ig rele rom ep coming 9 bale hat moaiy array To th qsion Mere oo ‘seer nthe pgs gue sore. Tang, Vn abd Ws ae conker tase who rel be eye heli dane woul ce aan ye mee AS car, woul ea dees elcome by ty cl cide ‘eons we tei ar redton tu fw na somcone ih ad intra a wana for is end, tha redone couhmaton in pope fou bent Mano Dat {Germany ears xen dasing ad ever thew onsen phos Geman hospi reap msc may ber ‘heriary engl, elton snp ae Errngt bv ad nd doe the La ee cee ty non ‘cairn sige comemge foe Sed eerie alto wh a to be the ber fam bene oneal th v hen he en oe ela han art ade tvs Hom ie ct ht cles seo eal aan, tht lege se mer fon the ‘oder enti ner that ety Is the ih erento art [Nsw dog sc atest cf with lth ceo whch he'sapae™ Mors abeoltise night very well ld up Muslin as root of he eon- tention that lav feaves mors (a Hartog ss} wih no authors ‘ve the cnrentons of any nan” Anda an explnon hey might ‘n"A penn will acknoedge ha crn sro ot ae moray ‘oro oni it eel conned ins way that he woul nt cae fete that sch ondact ery vole ofan arbitrary convention” Ter ‘naps some pilosopers wal are with head then dela wth Mis ling hae morality te mer ea” Hesskois, however, nse hat rea eves mos authosty soir | tute, This may ot be evident from the paage gtd bury fut fers he appears fo repiy mote elev fo thane wh ae eat at imply eadorsng nism. Ta Maw and Hs Works, Herkoit wie: econ depo of th comtnion tt curl aan nea he force ‘ofthe ede hepa 3 gen time ingen cre Cale ela mat be shay diigo concep he atv of india ear, wich would eae el eoel rrcondt ei tke pr oa een 7 Sununing up this pa, Herskovits reas: “Curl rea it no Innes over thevsains that every stem of eis exer oe those ‘nbo lie im accordance with To reopize hat ight and ose a) Ive as ny anfctatogs ss there se clue to expe tla, ote Tebape me can gasp Herskovits pin by enrodocing Vests con: ‘en ith the teen age boy with normal ae impale” Veach evident ting hate oy tne that oops aong the Eakins ae per Piel engage Fi in premarital ea, ad if he is persuaded by the Flat he these Eatin eager cant rly be thought be ing mthing moral the lati wl he edhe boy to thik, “Wel, hen, ven thoagh ny clue aches hats wrong fo me to hae se, heres tig ely wrong sf” Henkovits appears eo oppor his by ying “Rely if pope derstood, would wat led the boy to think his ‘athe, would leave i thinking that woud be wrong fo him o have remit ex.” What could Herskovits have eat byt? So aa Lean Este could oly bave meat the flowing “Reltvin denon that ‘ibich would not be wrong Torts by t engage in ae and therelore ibe as anders eave, fc only thik would be wrong fr bi have sex” (1am ping {hiss the way Samner did whe, pastage quoted ei, be sd that ‘he word mora ever means anything but “conta eo the mors of he ‘ne and place” Perhaps them, Herskovits i sain ht, case of he toys eos condoning the ely thoaght he cold have i the only sense ia wich someting ca be wrong moral would be wong and immeral ferme o hate se” Tf ha the prope interprection of reltiv, does i really lave that ocr feof tasty consequences, st Herhore ema ik? Cone ‘ce agin that anon Sian talon by which man coad fore = ‘woman ito marta by raping hes, What ta woman who hasbeen ‘Hp inthe rumstancer think flava hasbeen elie ta bet fs Heovits expe tse mst hick that she de he more bt {ature she a oral woman, Bot tno at all key ha Franca Vila Thought of herself this way. Sb no doke thought she wa refing tbe ‘ly manipulated. But Herkori lu that, sia, eats es no "cute the codes tat prea ats sven ie nen clu” nh clesely pls tat ranea Vis dildo semehing wrog, On Hee hori’ imerpeation, he, mal lative impos del tranny, forthe Newspeak taught y the tlt wos, acct, make Fonsbl for anyone wo chink tat he ce she was dong the ight thing in {lois eel tis or er cts eu of ar ht deg | tte thon ct cn dtc, cect oedl eee Pea en a ee EAL eee et anihilstic philosophy. How are we to choose between these two interpreta ow? Should we accede to Herons onthe grundshat one of te schist of rain? Or should we tlt the example of Masi a3 ‘idee of what acral happen people's dking when ey embrace ‘moc reais? Bat does realy mater which inerpeation lara zs on For the consequences ar equal irre: Esra pr pues skid of sanny over mot iki o ties mim and frit dere om evry sr rel consi, Perhaps tone the tho have aeady enenced latin have ese temas one the athe ofthese aerate eli thames that dfs the teh they would be inlay dihonet were ty to sn bere incon Baty ma pd ha ie Sie ck ilo () Reavis ak “Wha is moraiy2” and answer tat orl not ing bet th acre customs, paces and sancon reeting thy cont ‘hain any eur, i jadged wo hema on immova ih o tg tad ‘or bad. Where dos this ansrer come tom? Antrpoloie pie he fehes.on ging accurate decripons ofthe ees hey sty ad they ‘en sit tha in drt schseve ths acc snes ners thelanguge ofthe people ing din Since woes sich as mmora rh tern, atd soon ate or word, wuld atm that we can expert rel ‘whan pid close tenon to—and acu rpoted—te wy nw ‘eal se these Wor Tose whether they have doves yc sider the flowing (9) Stoner a me sw sp tha “ina” ees mes ething bat ‘cory oe ce of en dpa” Bl cera ees ae br we acta ae the wed moral or xa Wh dca he Var War te ny sel B ae ih oe tiny nor el they ea ht th a sont te ‘aren ores a the Uns Seen, any ei tte mat ‘hong it wa tyeaall oo een of ts county of matare ‘am isnaent of sana poly, Sn, starts es una dare that sborioninmera” le athe sume ‘ong that abot bas ome wo be dyn ad raced in hs oun. These emp show ht pope fen dele some ‘hing einer though contro wha Src spt) dbo ror ean to ay ta he cont they conenn ony ‘hemos he tea pase (6) Retr pent soo’ ations re mori, be analy defend hl by poiing otf hae ted sey tr ini lay ssn seh Geum That tor ea imps hat scone espana ty sgn et ‘cero edo” be aspen ral aienson fois Baths nation of elaine tse wee se fash bins pacts sd open sya ‘anor ee dees "he ing the Kick lane ee sole sve when they recive hatte postion sol inde aie Sir, a ced epeseative were shown have accpe tues ner ocean he mre ten, “Ba event he det" we weal ove ewe ney, "Oat ‘er ou di uti wrong” Ate ab as mined sof od tha & notated byte fc that be hype toe oy, Fethapa Som Arcam onty, where riya ‘Sed tal eels and bs bere a scene "ayo he ed omen whe concen alow eis overen my thi t the very at ht eee ir ing reshma te ers ‘> oppos wh igor the scptanc ores by pi eas “Gomer another example repre by Job owned Gea bit wok lak Lie Me" Gif» Cauca, arene i i an tule toh th sate Unie eae oie ack ao ‘onder to record and publish his experience it ita, We Hel Iiking though Abs Be wa ens bya mam wo pened, fi tobe a Gein pts) "dc we.” The mae im ‘out bis hes, snd hen see nthe following we "oo gts prety wil?" "Yo Hela» moment and he wit ihe, pata ame met “She ver ea ie a ‘irl at my bck Sed sa the pl weiig band and ‘sumtin! somalng meanings, hops he would se my re ence. He overt my feline sod fe wmv se oe ‘alos, Heald bow alle th white the epoca ‘led gis He aid he ed ro then be or Rome fin is ses "And T guste J, efit ey one ‘eh efor ey ee atom the so” Apes len sore ‘he homing tet on he Beep ta. “Wha do you ae “Surely some tse" apetd sin ‘No ity want carr fed the id” be note“ the dan pt ote the ok locked ow the widow fl pin es hing om cir side fe igh “Yow hin a rey tei don you?" he ase. “gees do" "Why leery ds Do’ you know tat? Noe el thy saa al do” (iin ay: Mater Teeoamered many wher who fly adit {el the sae pace my companion desl Marcos, of the whe people he met inthe South "did tha was wie spre Buri th care ofthe regio cee he pace da ati impli conte a genie fea oy, Tht ‘Shwe ite men do here? Cai dd nv th nd vary eli so a Tht, what the reatvist presents asthe parade of moral ist Scent eo a Ow eo {fw int a ch wal be wong cg sae ge tabled cnt, bt hit wal ew rely ease he ten eb tc ae cma he ete ore he toxum woud ent sme arms ong scone one tea dere consdat, xed wd bari ‘eel ifthe fly's Thanking ser mere od at roe ‘cua But vein the cae the hr Se pd at th ref ep ct hay to ed He aun hen ml ern a sedi of the way we sayin an ak ot oct ates {Rat nes moray mth psc te that {Sr vew dh ht cn pr ae nog oe thing tha omen fos si Weve aad cowed Serres of hn ch Re Chet oppon oe en Sec cred ut ys pele ad me can i of may more ‘Suhincan For ramp soy Reson pene of te a ey tras eam pa ff et ming et oe a ‘ter blr boring so hopkins ‘vans Ye on ely ime sme nlm fhe Ped ‘cong told conse a and int nd eng te ie ot opr ft he evan nd opeeers i they wee ny more feed payment, and nyc ty had hee ‘hi see cs ey hal ee sols errand ‘rou hve oft fe paid wos sem they hal: Tram wrong an Wsyng meraly WEh war Cnt condones Sree (a) Thre a a the compaon ofr ales 0 Tue hac proxi icine one tt et of road. One Sieroce an be bre oe tte lowing way Ae, Waving Elan mrt wat oe ing hi eed aon he Tat somcve mihi ot oh “You're ding om te wong S5C"Th ren wou of eu, mean tthe Rea wat ‘Eving on niet one i tar pace Bt thee ‘anatohe flowing? Spo we teeing» ld why her Broker who had ne ott ampuge y vg sit he li, sev on Wel er“ oor hod wa oe Tent voy pint he nconing ene war angering ‘har ders Heald weone "hrc yee eng Srl dpm, be ile omy tat nim we POR ‘a yt al hat is place wong to heey en ‘ange te es of ent Sore ao So what we ay ch 9 se ise frag someone at he vig 0 te ron lo rr For the rsa ve js ramet, moral renin, purport to bea demipton of moray, ian ter and obrious aloe. ere ‘wha lava ppt 20 be? One might thinks Ie mut ave een tended by is poponents a desiion of moral, fo hey rset he soci asan annette question “Whats moat?” and ha question ‘roid me cfr a descipon fo rein of ch nate hse Fox mene no) () shove” Yeo he te un, woul ee {Ex rns cans have tended fe dative a Soup of fori for ad hat bc i net th wo uly ens fot ‘mpl a ot a esi sve org the hing ta come for tpl cic and that tna oid 0B eee ding Meese clea tt ltr ended to do sting te ‘ten om ging» dcripion of may. They bee ey wee Sting cur he mpi of ean dace mab anieeples, two he fllowg thse in ay ce ak {ond of con tt among oe pole cond at wrong amon ‘eke peopie viewed wih imbifcrcce or copied dyad) We teem ory fom he clare in nich we se cd tha we sq tery by he procas of eel condoning “ie ae the fobs om wh aod treaty he doing (olor: cel the pris ae vege spins we ee anion fr eso want merely to post ut hat eats eve tat fem ad (i) abreace ef and th sone who ese at ‘pot arp mor nvm, That eng wha ae we hk fhe tran nn ode wy va denpw of oc? Doct fae prove hat slr sot suc Cann ary ec tha one ore {ine elrias enr e o cttha he eatcncaon thes ot que wi th way we sly ik td alka ha a te (esx moral aan? ‘he deed relat ny happy acre he fac that is concn cei ith the wee we neal hk talk sbst ach mates He ‘Sytem the way wet ord snl reo porns St ft moral abet te eee ber own sa fae And {Sheimay nee te oe onary wes orig ad tng fom te {gs romwory geo whet may recone aed noel of ‘eo bs nao caper) Yeron he wher an te da dos {itp hs way ofexanig he ce Dee is tna x sewer of cningan aking mato newt eon yh Bo Ge ba cating tat he deceiae sda shen moan or ‘od appear that th eatin sing peeing hihi wyase Ids weave sc tly pane ay ong sch wor gh rot nea Ro eyo ie rf whey | Gtecheledig ral away tse eutltoa chap wren | thing sn which ut osdraons the cay or ones oat | enol iaern endif then sey wesbouaket [thas moratiy. Fortis eon eo mercy in forthe Balto discovered wh oraty eal and hat oor aa wae | Aiiningand aking se conf od anon of coeton, |b isan, servi ay rin move He may np rp or pn way nga ng ey el ou a ‘hat moeal checiee Bet twe Mat cultural studies have demonstrated ‘at mec absolatvn xthorouly confused doc Sf marl tim to bees ccannr be secre ont of hand, dept pra oxen ts wake. What ale for, evo ig ore hou Investiatio fthe whole sabje, One ofthe Gostns that must bea wed ie whather clas ae right thinking chat ow fare aye ‘hiking aod talking pressppse the eth of moral sol in eher vrrds are moral rests and baat the only plies hte! Gould thoy bk wrong) We ms ao cone carly the oces from which elvis drive the doctrine, What cold mena ht we aouire moral by "enue ending,” and what if ayn, a mean sy thse ae culutes that have dileet ad coking ‘socales? Bu of ar preter concern ote antl the gest 1s eatin ely een 0 the proper cont of anthopelopeal re: search? Ul the ante co this gaeston is nega, a atop tee refs otk seriou 2 phlsophers eres of mal latins, So Fefore we start ivesing psu pilesophic ci of moral ‘elm, we had tte Gre out wheter Heros wa ight fo ei that “the rds pin of vew i emenia othe ehongrapher Who ‘story on Feld reseatch soc" orer to examin tha int Boers to review vats devloptnent in athropolgy a the end of the Is cent, for isthe contention of sechropolgi tha was those deeoptents ha I fst Became apparent tht vod atheoploy Isimposuble without cl elation ANTHROPOLOGY AND MORAL RELATIVISM 5 ‘The History of Relativism in Anthropology “The ans mode by shove wh asi that relative text ato ogy an be sure athe following fou peopstons (i) ehnocer- amb hase tht sthropolgie man srpelenty avo (the meas UF bine permanently on gard spin hie Basar she adoption of rae ‘vim i] Fane Bose demons tha etre eset ano- ule ans) Bogs did thir by cemonserating that evalonary teas [reales renal fom the ebnowentri of thi ute, nobly FB “yl and others ‘Out pip concern swith propos) and (i bi and Gi willbe considered fi, ad in opposition o hen wi gue aaa Tylor and oth we uly of nro cr, and abou Bos detected clr sented that cor, hat ero was motte alleged in of “th iene then, the ero arepolgats ase gard gut shat food in Tar wor there no ned or hem 0 adope worl eats, ‘ih all fe pardossal consequences. In erder to suppor be forgoing claim, Ll eed ro cevew the cent ‘ene of ctrl evolsonsm, fe wil e suf o eg this eve by fskng not of the crcumetancs sa which erlusnar tones wete de | ey ior ccmstnce war he fc that carl ntvopulogy | Ge we bao stodey had hardly bee in the intent centry. Te tor fh sa cael eldwock that we tke foe prantedroday war not then he ‘bale on which antvopologsts pounded the theotes Tyler's Prime Gitar was pub 1871, and pre than two dees ate Boas ould “sllcomlan ofthe quaty ad ratwortine af report of exiles Thedexsiions ofthe te of mind af pine ep sche Uy mor enlists to peril be wed er payeblogl nver gon. ry ew avls inden te agg othe people hy ‘hand hw pose ge be sly y the deveipine o laps, or by observation of icone cons he neve of whch temsias wanna? at een en the guage known the ‘inary hai ton ae asthe sear dct pm ive peopl an the ear ar no nest ec edn te Sarton es The observes who rly cera fe ane Meo pope the Cabins Calwng atl Grp fw mn 48 oy outed aon ges en" oss ak her: How it posible to jadpe te soley by observations of lions ew hat developmenes slays ofthese ron nal ese He cnsudes, “We canot say (8 evo do that the sae pbenom enon i always du tothe sme came, an thi thas proved tat th aman mid obeys the same laws every eying tht hasan have a common meat part be merely shat ftsexitence hs or been proved. Noten ln tat inthis erga thre 1; coce ai, no bint of cual lain 1 ater yars Boas eve awry diferent eco he chim that the ‘amt tn phenomenon lays ha he sme ese Ite of tga ha thr is viene contradicting his clan, he bean to age tat he sbi ofthis cain ress on 3 metodologal Mande, What eho slsincto hae found is tha in many instances sme th penmenon, ‘eck totem had sng up independent notes wor cles 9 slated fom one aothet that te phenomenon could ot hae ead 4 fron n onder for sch li bet thve Woe hate oe dou that when various examples are weed tte same phenom el Seiad for came, “toremisn” ornate nh" hse eal st eal alte interest way This where Boas nace a creey portant andicteexing problem,» peoblem ashe pa about the “cer ubiliy of enc phenomena, "Tas «problem we il be mach com ceed with in what allows frit wat Boa’ slo ot that cameo be thoi ofa the jstieason for eas, “The sate ofthe problem and bering on the exlutonss henry ‘ax explained by Boa nthe following pstge ‘mar b bone in ind tate phnsste which we compat are ‘edo rely se Theft ht we dager nls ote ye oupcrtn anes tober a tal ht Weems ein {ume of tdi pets rom a ssc pio rs dt ot ove thatthe pheomen, ere fey ve te ne hay ‘sing am the same metal somite On the oar ue ‘lus tha the sekebn ofthe mail aed fra puro of “pars whol desi bythe amhooplgie tice post ‘fs acconing to whith we stage dee tl ome, It ‘xd jut our ince ha the plan ae the tae kt ‘oparaby hs tobe proved by ter van, This bas neve bec one On fect, whenever an sna has ben sept we ee tw the coclnon shar wear eling nat roger ater Tt ‘yt ay bei part Snereasons of ate tat have ited [ot ‘hor ad cine) a essa arly conse impress (Ne mich they may eas produetons ech te yh emt 5 rather portico tana repos conc hey my be the eo Phlosrie pean, o ey may have grown ong fms "hae aren no comin To cep lhe femesemeers ‘fone ts Leva ftp wore some tome] weal betsy ‘jibe Boas is making te same pin agin wen he wes: ‘ous jin wo th reasoning of thot who ty stl oes of lon of elt er inthe eet lek of compra fe te ‘eh whch we ar alin. Atenton Gee [pte anioptoge) esl oth tary of mc phenomenal a ‘sti ried, As som ox met or aero ose oer ‘on we nce tht he sans fxn psa espe ‘hance tre appatent tan ma The weap sates hae "tac or att sch a exe ht weve ere ee ruins had infeed «common ment parts rom be aged fice ha, asin and apn te same ee phenomenon (yo eet ot taboo rhe eto ie fe death ec} Bed stizen indepen in many ‘altars: Tn the abovequted pasts Bose dapees is aepel oe Dy ‘sasiog that evolutions are iyo having tented dive phenomena at these Inthe is ofthe to pasages quoted ove he aks this pois with 'sprdto mys Elsewhere he makes the same pot aboot team, the ides of if afer death and many other thing Her, er ear ‘what be says about abo nic omen t,o the whale, exceigy ciples, And appa ‘ey sinlar ones may etre gate ne complessohen ad y We doe wo dic oes To tke = dts extn Taos aye say orion sen they ay eae tht ot peed cae she ate ot cna, othe et prom bse sued wth igs a er comp Taal aye ode ‘ecu the owner des notllow wernt or may hve a sated ee ee ne cum tates erent ee et ene ewe Boni america Soto oet on name seca rari ett eee erence Sieroter eng emnnhnaa pe etlier erat creme tog Smarr einer it esas a an Be alee a eesioreires ain enone See area ie et Seas pee eel ace iorpercene Eerericn ra ree 7 Boas’s Methodological Insights ee Jn the elig chapter we od os wag th fly cal con isco may ao mang son ue aco ee these fre Thane od se of i nan a oh ‘stops emgage are mest ahch nee a Shave ho coed hms tate mae meno st thin whi smeoe mina ae ae eae Pera sb rors nt te Thee cae ne ae ppc eve wa ingy bcs wha spe ths is ben nn coc inet ¥ milesamine eaten te coh conse we ‘with them in a relativistic fashion. wes 1 leo ding odin nisin Bas aco ‘hth the cont of ei sone ib og ‘hee hve anny jg fo cc hc ea othe cles a ib proper! mtd franca ae ak Sits ac mend eof Get ated Bag ‘se os pes parr stn o Geechee tg “tation of ethnic phenomena: me = 1 ders interpretion ate dtnaon of te pps, ang ad rica of tn enone bathe dos ot Ste ah selects hon wate thoes ens we Sut say ate ats methodologies ms ere Sho of eet orang, fon thee oe mig th ngs iy ay eens nnn mt yy ets aly to nef ta pe [ace (eee onion of al pyc conto mas ele {ate Siem of te ete phsmmcn a he soc 9 ‘eso pacing no dene, tnd aso be pol cones tment pssonen es ee { the ppl mate te a of mos, by mano wih Me (Salk nbn ont sd dan eso tren tg ny oo in ow fr ae leony il ed inde tT er ‘land hpi of opening en ey on iy best On te whl eset me ta he pola Spin sleet mete ‘what have called Hoa to nights regarding the comparability of ethnic lanomens ae expendi thir paste slows: By thee hi he ‘ation tht in most ates Grocer appear think thatthe psycbologial Jnteepearon of ene phenomena it selFevident, end second, thre i is Insisence tht an athropologitrandertandingo etc phenrens ust Fe based prima on the interpretations and aude ofthe people then ‘eles Ueto consider thee onder (Boas, Tidy ecgnized tat we havea tendency to jump to ae cclsions abou the people of eter clues and inhi rear abot ‘Gachos, Boss sexs to exphin hs by saying a an antheopologis may thik hate pycelopia ierretaon af eter popes conduct esl ‘sidet.” Th a important nih, bo neds abortion, Why ight ‘neh, upon encountering pone of another ure, thee Mt ot hs ‘Sore becase he mites 8 fae: Our question, the, comes ‘heoplogits tend wo neglect or ovelok eta sue bat portant al tal difeence Boa’ explanation ofthis endency consis of two cely related parts cone o which he following: ‘Along at we doo one he it fon are i owe we fee ale oy Heats al a define tony. We now mht we men bythe et fail ste goverment A te ores the tins fone ltr we do at cw Bow ate ‘nay covespnd to eget snc fe coos t ply oa la ‘ean allen cals we moy combine fore hat Sai ben ste and spate what bigs tpt. The rey diy of dfn ‘nay lead to misunderstanding of fe nal pcb ol nee ‘on aed To heat his sor of misunderstanding, Boas comments ht there may ‘nin another cule am tat we might tease a "su tough they nderstand a “sol” to bea agile objet. Boars every sagging that A sndestanding woud aes thi inane i we tana tee word ‘land took thee tbe saying what members of cat a when ‘hey speak of that sul At Bou emake On ofthe seus exes hat heer bern adel Ss with ‘the ack of apse undone he ences wih nich lo calnunes are operating, These must be obtained from a study of the se- Semaine ee sh one ahs yi st, wow ech Kad ne raed ‘een which eye ‘ont to dost rit that we ay jmp (© mistaken coechsoes boot opt of another eure if we have fa sed inppeopsate Eghch ee foc desing ti its and scone Rat what cnc fr ut hing fiver—or hing aceped—the miending deci in the at place [tral the mere fx that we are gvng + descripion Engh das nee fore ws tous words that are ot ager apeeprate fee sto omit whatever qualifying te woul ever misrtnding So why weld ‘omen go wrong inthe manne Ross ders? Here we come tothe sco ptf his exgaaton of why the “pyc lng nerpeaion” of aot pope may sen “akeient 1 He ins ot tht when we came upon tre ute fee from ur own, sm bing with ws expectations andes dered fom our own cle ‘etaton abou wht peopl tak the wold oe ess out what motivates people oat a hey dyad 0 08. Ae Bost on py

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