Spray - Chapter 1 - Basic Principles

PIPENET VISION
TRAINING MANUAL
SPRAY/SPRINKLER MODULE
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION AND BASIC PRINCIPLES
Revision 3.0, November 2015

PIPENET VISION TRAINING MANUAL SPRAY: CHAPTER 1
PAGE 1 OF 53 REVISION 3.0, NOV 2015
1. INTRODUCTION..............................................................................................................................................2
2. CONCEPTS .....................................................................................................................................................3
2.1 PRESSURE DROP MODEL ...............................................................................................................................3
2.2 PUMPS ..........................................................................................................................................................6
2.3 NON-RETURN VALVES................................................................................................................................. 10
2.4 FILTERS...................................................................................................................................................... 11
2.5 NOZZLES .................................................................................................................................................... 11
2.6 DELUGE VALVES ......................................................................................................................................... 14
2.7 OVERBOARD DUMP VALVES ........................................................................................................................ 15
3. RULES GOVERNING SPECIFICATIONS ................................................................................................... 16
3.1 THE DESIGN PHASE .................................................................................................................................... 16
3.2 THE ANALYSIS PHASE ................................................................................................................................. 18
4. THE USER INTERFACE AND THE DESIGN AND ANALYSIS PHASES .................................................. 19
4.1 ASSUMPTIONS ............................................................................................................................................ 19
4.2 DESIGN PHASE ........................................................................................................................................... 20
4.3 ANALYSIS PHASE ........................................................................................................................................ 20
4.4 SIMPLE EXAMPLE ........................................................................................................................................ 20
5. GENERAL CONCEPTS OF FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEM ....................................................................... 22
5.1 STANDARDS, RULES AND REGULATIONS....................................................................................................... 22
5.2 TARIFF ADVISORY COMMITTEE .................................................................................................................... 23
5.3 OIL INDUSTRY SAFETY DIRECTORATE (OISD) .............................................................................................. 23
5.4 CLASSIFICATION OF PETROLEUM PRODUCTS ............................................................................................... 24
5.5 CLASSIFICATION OF FIRES .......................................................................................................................... 24
5.6 FIRE PROTECTION PHILOSOPHY .................................................................................................................. 25
6. ADDITIONAL INFORMATION ON THE USER INTERFACE ...................................................................... 26
6.1 SPRAY OPTIONS ......................................................................................................................................... 26
6.2 PIPE TYPES ................................................................................................................................................ 27
6.3 LIBRARIES .................................................................................................................................................. 29
6.4 PIPE SCHEDULES ........................................................................................................................................ 30
6.5 NOZZLES .................................................................................................................................................... 32
6.6 LININGS ...................................................................................................................................................... 34
6.7 DELUGE VALVES ......................................................................................................................................... 35
6.8 GENERAL PRESSURE LOSS COMPONENTS ................................................................................................... 36
7. OTHER USEFUL FEATURES OF PIPENET VISION .................................................................................. 37
7.1 GLOBAL AND LOCAL EDIT ............................................................................................................................ 37
7.2 SORTING IN COLUMNS IN THE DATA W INDOW ............................................................................................... 39
7.3 COPY/PASTE TO A SPREADSHEET ................................................................................................................ 41
7.4 NFPA STYLE OF OUTPUT ............................................................................................................................ 43
7.5 ELEVATION ERROR CORRECTION................................................................................................................. 47
1. Introduction
The Spray/Sprinkler Module of PIPENET VISION was specifically developed for the type of
fire protection systems that are used in process plants and similar plants, such as refineries,
petrochemical plants, offshore plants, and terminals. Such systems are characterised by
complex firewater ringmains, deluge systems, sprinkler systems, foam injection systems, etc.
For these systems, it is usually necessary to perform calculations under several scenarios,
such as different fire scenarios and different pump scenarios. With PIPENET VISION, it is
simple and fast to perform these calculations. The objective is to ensure that pipes, pumps,
hydrants, nozzles and other items perform satisfactorily. Where necessary, PIPENET
VISION can be used to size orifice plates in order to balance or reduce the flow rates.
The Spray/Sprinkler Module is a steady-state modelling program for designing systems, with
the objective being to ensure that the sizes of pumps, pipes, nozzles, etc. are adequate.
The Spray/Sprinkler Module complies with the NFPA rules, which are the universal rules
governing the design of fire protection systems in the process plant industry, as far as
hydraulic calculations are concerned.
One of the differences between the Spray/Sprinkler Module and the other modules of
PIPENET VISION is that, with the Spray/Sprinkler Module, it is not possible to enter a network
until either (a) a Sunrise Data File (“*.SDF”) has been entered and saved or (b) an existing
Sunrise Data File is opened.
In the suite of training manuals for the PIPENET VISION Spray/Sprinkler Module, Chapters 2
and 3 are the core of the training course, whereas Chapters 1 and 4 provide useful reading
material.
Most of the concepts and capabilities introduced in “Chapter 1 – User Interface of PIPENET
VISION” are relevant to this module and should be read prior to reading the training manuals
for this module. In this document, the main concepts and features that are specific to the
Spray/Sprinkler Module are described.
2. Concepts
2.1 Pressure Drop Model
The pressure loss, 𝑃, in a pipe is described as
𝑃 = 𝑃fric + 𝑃elev + 𝑃plat

where
𝑃fric is the pressure loss due to friction and fittings,

𝑃elev is the pressure loss due to elevation change,
𝑃plat is the pressure loss due to any orifice plate fitted.
Full details of the equations that are used to calculate these pressure losses are described
below.
2.1.1 Friction Pressure Losses – Darcy
𝑃fric is determined using the Bernoulli Equation, which is a theoretical equation that gives the
pressure in pipes, ignoring frictional effects. The pressure drop due to friction effects can be
found by comparing the theoretical results from the Bernoulli Equation with results obtained in
experiments. Based on the work of the French engineer Henri Darcy (1803–58) the following
equation is obtained.
2𝑓(𝐿 + 𝐿𝑒 )𝜌𝑢2
𝑃fric =
𝐷
where
𝐷 is the internal diameter of the pipe,

𝐿 is the pipe length,
𝐿𝑒 is the equivalent length of any pipe fittings,

𝑓 is the Fanning friction factor,
𝑢 is the fluid velocity,
𝜌 is the fluid density.
The Fanning friction factor depends on the relative roughness of the pipe (i.e., pipe roughness
divided by pipe diameter) and the Reynolds Number, 𝑅𝑒 , which is defined as
𝜌𝑢𝐷
𝑅𝑒 =
𝜇
where 𝜇 is the fluid viscosity. The standard values for 𝑓 can be obtained from a graphical
representation known as the Moody Diagram. The friction factor is represented in PIPENET
VISION by the following empirical formulae (in which 𝑟 is the surface roughness of the pipe).
Laminar flow (𝑅𝑒 < 2000):
16
𝑓=
𝑅𝑒
Transitional flow (2000 < 𝑅𝑒 < 3000):
The value of 𝑓 is obtained by interpolating between the laminar value for 𝑅𝑒 = 2000 and the
turbulent value at 𝑅𝑒 = 3000.
Turbulent flow (𝑅𝑒 > 3000):
1 0.27𝑟 1.252
= −1.768 ln ( + )
√𝑓 𝐷 𝑅𝑒 √𝑓
2.1.2 Friction Pressure Losses - Hazen-Williams Method

With this method, the pipe C-factor is used in the calculations, and so the C-factor must be
supplied.
It should be noted that, for maximum flexibility, the user is allowed to override the roughness
or C-factor value of the pipe type when entering the individual pipe data. However, by default,
the roughness or C-factor of each pipe will be determined by the pipe type of a particular pipe.
The Hazen-Williams Equation is an empirical formula that gives an explicit expression for the
frictional pressure loss.
SI Units
The frictional losses are given by
6.05 × 105 (𝐿 + 𝐿𝑒 )𝑄1.85

𝑃fric =
𝐶 1.85 𝐷 4.87
where
𝐿 is the pipe length in metres,

𝐿𝑒 is the equivalent length of any pipe fittings in metres,
𝑄 is the (volumetric) fluid flow rate in l/min,
𝐷 is the pipe diameter in mm,
𝐶 is the Hazen-Williams constant (or C-factor) for the pipe.
Imperial Units
The frictional losses are given by
4.52(𝐿 + 𝐿𝑒 )𝑄1.85
𝑃fric =
𝐶 1.85 𝐷 4.87
where
𝐿 is the pipe length in feet,

𝐿𝑒 is the equivalent length of any pipe fittings, in feet,
𝑄 is the (volumetric) fluid flow rate in UK gallons per minute,
𝐷 is the pipe diameter in inches,
𝐶 is the Hazen-Williams constant (or C-factor) for the pipe.
2.1.3 Pressure Loss due to Elevation Change

The pressure drop caused by the difference in elevation of the two ends of the pipe is given
by
𝑃elev = 𝜌𝑔𝑍
in which
𝑔 is the acceleration due to gravity,

𝑍 is the change in elevation.
2.2 Pumps
In the simple pump model, the pump performance curve is used. The user inputs the flow
rate against head data at 100% rpm. PIPENET VISION can then calculate the performance
curve at other speeds, using the homologous relationships for pumps. This curve is normally
intended only for use only in the positive quadrant; in other words, when the flow and the
head are positive.
Three options are available for defining pump curves:
Quadratic function,
Cubic function,
Cubic spline functions.
These functions are applicable to values of 𝑄 that lie between the specified minimum and
maximum values (namely, 𝑄min and 𝑄max respectively).
2.2.1 Data Required for Entering a Pump Into the Library

The standard method for entering pump data is to use points from the performance curve.
These points are then used by PIPENET VISION to calculate the coefficients that define the
appropriate curve (i.e., quadratic, cubic, or cubic spline).
An alternative method, which is seldom used, is for the user to enter the coefficients 𝐴, 𝐵 ,
and 𝐶 that define the pump-performance curve. In this case, the minimum and maximum
values for the flow rate must also be given.
2.2.2 Some Useful Tips

If the user knows the performance coefficients for a pump, but does not wish to use a pump
library, the user can define the pump as a non-library pump, by supplying the values of 𝐴, 𝐵 ,
𝐶 , 𝑄min , and 𝑄max .
In order for the calculator to function correctly, it is necessary to ensure that there is only one
flow rate that corresponds to each pressure gain, and so the following restrictions apply:
 For flow rates between 𝑄min and 𝑄max , the slope of the performance curve must be
negative or zero.
 For flow rates between 𝑄min and 𝑄max , there must not be a flow rate that gives no
pressure change (that is, all flow rates must correspond to a non-zero pressure
change, and so the performance curve must not cross the horizontal axis).
If a flow rate lies outside the range 𝑄min to 𝑄max , PIPENET VISION issues an appropriate
warning message, and then extrapolates the performance curve using the tangent to the
curve at either the minimum or maximum flow rate (whichever is appropriate).
PIPENET VISION calculates the power required by a pump based on an efficiency value. If
this efficiency value is not supplied, the pump is assumed to be 100% efficient for the purpose
of this calculation.
2.2.3 Pumps - Coefficients Unknown

In the PIPENET VISION Spray/Sprinkler Module, data for pumps and fans can be created in a
library. In this case, PIPENET VISION performs a curve fit, and uses the curve coefficients in
the calculations. The input data must be in the form of data pairs, taken from the
performance curves.
Typically, the units for the pump curves are not the same as the units in which pressure-drop
calculations are to be made. For example, it is usual to specify the pump curve in head of
fluid, rather than psi. For this reason, the pump/fan module accepts data in its own units.
The dialog box for inputting a pump curve can be obtained by choosing “Pumps – Coeffs.
unknown” from the Libraries Menu (which is denoted by Libraries | Pumps – Coeffs
unknown in the PIPENET VISION training manuals). The resulting dialog box is shown
below.
PIPENET VISION takes into account the fact that the head generated by a pump is
independent of the density of the fluid, and so PIPENET VISION makes an appropriate
density correction in converting the head into a pressure. Similarly, the pressure generated
by a pump depends on the fluid, and when the pump curve is defined in terms of pressure, an
appropriate density correction is applied. This is the reason why, when the pump-
performance curve is defined in terms of pressure, the performance curve is interpreted to be
that of water.
Creating a New Pump
1. Select the New Button, and provide a name and description.

2. Select the desired flow-rate and pressure units from the drop-down menus.
3. Provide minimum and maximum values of the flow rate.
4. Provide at least three points for the curve.
5. Select the type of curve to be fitted (from, quadratic, cubic and cubic spline).
6. Click on the Apply Button to add the pump to the library.

7. The coefficients are then calculated and displayed, along with the pump curve.
Note that the definition of the pump curve is accepted only if at least three points are supplied,
and that the slope of the calculated curve is negative everywhere between the minimum and
maximum values.
Type of
curve fitted
Editing an Existing Pump
1. Select the name of the pump from the drop-down list.

2. Make the required changes to the pump parameters.
3. Click on the Apply Button to commit the changes.
Deleting a Pump
1. Select the name of the pump from the drop-down list.

2. Click on the Delete Button.
2.2.4 Pumps - Coefficients Known

This capability is hardly ever used.
In this case, the pump coefficients that define the performance curve can be obtained from
the manufacturer. These coefficients are then entered into PIPENET VISION using Libraries
| Pumps – Coeffs. known, and a pump-performance curve is produced.
2.3 Non-Return Valves
Non-return valves allow unrestricted flow of fluid in a positive direction, and prevent all flow in
the reverse direction. Positive flow is taken to be in the direction from the valve's input node to
its output node, in which case there is no pressure drop across the component. Caution
should be exercised to avoid positioning a non-return valve such that it would isolate a portion
of the network. If this were to happen, the calculator could report the error message “network
cannot be solved".
Note that, even if the solution to the problem involves the valve being open, PIPENET VISION
can still generate this error message. Occasionally, a non-zero "leakage flow" may be
reported through a closed valve. This flow, which arises from rounding errors that are smaller
than the requested convergence accuracy, is usually negligible.
Modelling Equations
Open valve:
𝑃1 = 𝑃2
Fully closed valve:
𝑄1 = 0
Continuity Equation:
𝑄1 = 𝑄2
The following variables are used in the above equations.
𝑃1 is the inlet pressure,

𝑃2 is the outlet pressure,
𝑄1 is the inlet flow rate,

𝑄2 is the outlet flow rate.
2.4 Filters
Strainers are usually modelled as equipment items. However, if the user wishes to model
them more accurately and the required data is available, the filter model can be used.
Filters are used in most of the networks to collect residue and dirt particles from the flow
medium. The filters can also be generated in PIPENET VISION by supplying the values of the
coefficients, 𝐴 and 𝐵 , in the modelling equations.
Modelling Equation
The modelling equation is
𝑃 = 𝐴𝑄 |𝑄 | + 𝐵𝑄
where
𝑃 is the pressure increase from the inlet to the outlet,

𝑄 is the (volumetric) flow rate through the filter,
𝐴 is a coefficient (which is less than or equal to zero),
𝐵 is a coefficient (which is less than zero).
This equation is valid for values of 𝑄 whose modulus is less than a given maximum flow,
𝑄max . Note that filters are reversible (i.e., 𝑄 may be negative), in which case, since
𝐴 ≤ 0 and 𝐵 < 0
the pressure drops in the direction of the flow.
2.5 Nozzles
Nozzle models in PIPENET VISION represent both the spray and sprinkler nozzles. The
modelling equation for the nozzle is
𝑄 = 𝐾√𝑃
where
𝑄 is the (volumetric) flow rate through the nozzle,

𝑃 is the drop in pressure across the nozzle,

𝐾 is a constant for the nozzle.
This equation holds for values of 𝑃 between specified minimum and maximum values (𝑃min
and 𝑃max respectively). The range from 𝑃min to 𝑃max is known as the working pressure range
of the nozzle.
Note that the value of 𝐾 depends on the units used for 𝑃 and 𝑄. When the 𝐾 value of a
nozzle is referred to, the standard units for 𝑃 and 𝑄 are Bar and litres per minute respectively.
Data Required
In the library, the following data is required.
1. A nozzle descriptor to identify the type of nozzle (usually the manufacturer’s nozzle
name is used).
2. The nozzle K-factor.
3. The values of 𝑃min and 𝑃max .
The data for the input is as follows.
1. The nozzle status (i.e., “on” or “off”). Note that, if a nozzle is off, there is a small solid
circle inside the nozzle symbol (in the schematic diagram), as indicated below.
2. The nozzle label.

3. The input node.
4. The name of the nozzle in the library.
5. The flow rate required through the nozzle.
Notes
1. Nozzles do not have to be stored in a library. Instead, they can be defined by

specifying the values of 𝐾 , 𝑃min and 𝑃max . However, when there are several nozzles
of the same type in the same network, it is easier to define the type in a library, as
described above.
2. The flow rate required through a nozzle is used in the Design Facility of PIPENET
VISION.
2.6 Deluge Valves
Typically, users prefer to model a deluge valve as an equipment item, since an equipment
item requires only an equivalent length. This length value can be either calculated or
obtained from the vendor of the deluge valve.
For the sake of completeness, this section contains an introduction to the deluge valve model.
Before a deluge valve can be added to a network, the valve must first be defined in the
private data file (via Libraries | Deluge valves). The dialog box for this option contains a list
of defined valve types.
A descriptor, manufacturer supplied K-factor and X-factor, and bore must be supplied.
Modelling Equation
𝑄𝑋
𝑃=
𝐾
where
𝑃 is the pressure drop across the valve,

𝑄 is the (volumetric) flow rate through the valve,
𝐾 is a constant for the valve,
𝑋 is a constant for the valve (with typical values being 1 and 2).
Typical Performance Curves
2.7 Overboard Dump Valves
Overboard dump valves (or pressure safety valves) operate with a trigger pressure, 𝑃𝑆 . When
the pressure upstream of the valve is below the trigger pressure, 𝑃𝑆 , the valve remains shut;
on the other hand, when the pressure rises above 𝑃𝑆 , the valve opens. Once the valve is
open, the upstream pressure stabilises at the trigger pressure, 𝑃𝑆 .
In PIPENET VISION, an overboard dump valve is modelled as a special kind of outlet, and
there is no need to model the network downstream of the point at which the trigger pressure
is measured.
3. Rules Governing Specifications
The rules that govern specifications in the Spray/Sprinkler Module are important. The
following notes will help the user to understand them. These rules are mainly concerned with
applying specifications to firewater ringmains.
Before a simulation can be performed, the user must provide PIPENET VISION with
information about pressures and/or flow rates at a number of nodes in the network. These
specifications must obey the rules described in this section. PIPENET VISION runs the
simulation in two phases; namely, the Design Phase and the Analysis Phase.
The aim of the Design Phase is to find suitable diameters for one or more pipes in the
network, so that the fluid velocity in each pipe and the pressure drop per unit length of pipe
remain within the design criteria. Even if all of the diameters are known, PIPENET VISION
still performs this phase.
In the Analysis Phase, PIPENET VISION performs the final analysis calculations.
For both phases, the user must specify the pressure and/or flow rate in various parts of the
network. The user must also specify the input and output nodes in the network. There are two
sets of specifications for each simulation: the design-phase specifications and the
analysis-phase specifications. So that the problem is mathematically solvable, these two
sets of specifications must obey certain rules.
The specifications have to adhere to the following rules.
1. There must always be at least one pressure specification. (If there is at least one
nozzle in the system, PIPENET VISION will automatically set its outlet pressure to 0
Bar G, in which case a pressure need not be set by the user.)
2. The actual number of specifications must obey the rules in the following table.
Phase 𝑵𝒑 𝑵𝒇
Design 1 (set by PIPENET VISION) 𝑁𝑖𝑜 – 1
Analysis 𝑁𝑝 ≥ 1 𝑁𝑖𝑜 − 𝑁𝑝
The following parameters are used n the above table.
𝑁𝑖𝑜 is the sum of the number of inputs and the number of outputs (ignoring nozzles),
𝑁𝑝 is the number of pressure specifications,
𝑁𝑓 is the number of flow specifications.
3.1 The Design Phase

When a network is being designed, it is a general requirement that the velocity of the fluid in
each pipe does not exceed a given value (known as the design velocity of the pipe). The
velocity of the fluid in a pipe depends on:
 The flow rate through the pipe,

 The diameter of the pipe.
It is, therefore, important that all of the pipes are correctly sized, so that the fluid velocity does
not exceed the design velocity. This problem is addressed in the design phase of the
simulation.
Given the required flow rates in and out of the network, PIPENET VISION will find optimal
diameters for each pipe in the network, so that the velocity of the fluid does not exceed the
design velocity. The user must supply the required flow rate for (a) all nozzles and (b) all but
one of the input and output nodes in the network. PIPENET VISION can then determine the
flow rates required throughout the network, and thus calculate optimal sizes for the pipes.
The total number of Design Phase flow-rate specifications must be one less than the number
of input/output nodes. This point is especially important for firewater ringmains, as they
typically have more than one input/output node.
The following points must be noted. By virtue of mass balance, the flow rates through all of
the input/output nodes can be calculated if the flow rate at one input/output node is left
unspecified. Moreover, the pipe diameters must be sized adequately to handle the required
flow rates, which is the reason why all the specifications during the design phase are flow
rates.
The following points should also be noted:
 If desired, the user can set the diameter of some (or all) pipes in the network.
PIPENET VISION will then size only those pipes whose diameter has not been set.
 If the user wants certain pipes in the network to be given the same diameter, then the
Pipe Groupings facility should be used.
 When a pipe (or group of pipes) is being sized, PIPENET VISION will choose the
smallest pipe size that ensures that the design velocity is not exceeded by the fluid.
 In the design phase, it is assumed that all nozzles discharge at the minimum required
rate. In most systems, there will be some nozzles that actually discharge at a rate
greater than the minimum requirement, and so flow rates and velocities in the system
will rise. Consequently, the velocity of the fluid may rise above the design velocity in
some pipes in the system. These pipes will be identified during the calculation phase,
and a warning will be issued. The user can resolve this problem by setting the
diameters of these pipes to be slightly larger than the design diameters.
In order to size all the pipes in a network, it may be necessary to perform more than one
simulation.
3.2 The Analysis Phase
In the analysis phase, all the diameters of the pipes are known, as they are either (a) set by
the user or (b) determined by PIPENET VISION during the design phase. PIPENET VISION
simulates the behaviour of the network under the pressure and flow-rate conditions set by the
user. All nozzles in the network are assumed to discharge to atmospheric pressure. The user
must supply flow rates and/or pressures at various parts of the network by making Analysis
Phase Specifications (which are described in the next section). PIPENET VISION will then
calculate the pressures and flow rates throughout the network.
The total number of Analysis Phase flow-rate and pressure specifications must be equal to
the number of input/output nodes. This point is especially important for firewater ringmains,
as they typically have more than one input/output node. Usually, the pressures at pump inlets
are known and the flow rates at outlets are known. However, this is not a strict rule. For
example, if a pump-selection case is to be run, the pressure and flow rate will typically be
specified at the most remote output, and the input node would be left simply as an input (but
with no pressure or flow rate specified).
Typically, the analysis phase is used for one or more of the following purposes:
 Determine what pressures are needed to produce the required flow rates.
 Select suitable pumps for the network.
 Check that all demands made on the network can be satisfied. (A warning is issued for
any nozzle supplying at less than its required rate.)
 Check that the fluid velocity in each pipe does not exceed the design velocity of the
pipe. (A warning will be issued for any pipe for which the fluid velocity exceeds the
design velocity.)
4. The User Interface and the Design and Analysis Phases
When a calculation is run, a pipe-sizing operation is performed if (a) there are unset pipe
sizes and (b) the user has requested that the Design Phase be run. However, the user will
generally perform a pipe sizing-operation, possibly make some changes to the network, and
then perform another pipe-sizing operation, repeating these steps as required. Only when the
user is satisfied will he/she perform a calculation.
The controls relating to the Design and Calculation Phases are located on the Calculation
Toolbar:
The sequence of operations will typically proceed as follows:
1. The two buttons A and D correspond to the Analysis and Design Phases respectively
and the B button corresponds to both. The Analysis Phase only button is selected by
default.
2. The user enters the network and, if he/she requires PIPENET VISION to perform a
Design Phase, then pipes may be entered with undefined bores.
3. When the user has entered the network he/she will select the D and calculate to size
the undefined pipes. The calculated pipe sizes are returned to the user, where they are
displayed along with other pipe attributes. Note that, if another pipe-sizing operation is
performed, the sizes may change if changes are made to the network.
4. Steps 2 and 3 are repeated as required.
5. When the user is satisfied with the network, he/she should select the A Button to fix the
designed pipe sizes, and then perform a calculation (by pressing the third button on the
Calculation Toolbar).
6. The user can revert to the Design Phase by selecting the D Button; however, the bores
of pipes that were fixed in Step 5 do not become unset.
7. To perform the Design phase and Analysis Phase consecutively select the B button
and perform a calculation.
4.1 Assumptions
1. The input and output nodes of a network are those points where fluid enters or leaves
the network.
2. Internal nodes are those nodes that are neither input nodes nor output nodes.
3. Sub-networks may be created by the presence of breaks and/or blocks.

4. If a node is at one end of a break then it is considered to have an attached pressure
specification.
5. If a node is at one end of a block then it is considered to have an attached flow
specification.
6. In the Design Phase, an arbitrary pressure of 50 Bar is associated with one of the
nodes. Therefore, a user-supplied pressure specification is not used in this phase.
4.2 Design Phase
1. There must be one (and only one) pressure specification, which may be applied at an
input node, an output node, or an internal node. This specification is automatically set
in PIPENET VISION, and so the user does not need to input it.
2. In a network, all but one of the input and output nodes must have a flow specification.
4.3 Analysis Phase
1. There must be at least one pressure specification.

2. Pressure specifications may be applied to input nodes, output nodes, or internal nodes.
3. The total number of pressure and flow specifications must be equal to the total number
of input and output nodes (but note Points 4 and 5).
4. If there is at least one nozzle present, a user-supplied pressure specification is not
required in the Analysis Phase. The rule that the total number of specifications must
equal the total number of input and output nodes still holds.
5. If the Most Remote Nozzle Option is selected, one flow specification is added to the
Analysis Phase. Therefore, the user must only provide n - 1 pressure or flow
specifications, where n is the number of input and output nodes.
4.4 Simple Example
For a system with two inlets (pumps) and one outlet (deluge system), the specifications would
be as follows.
4.4.1 Specifications for the Two Inlets (Pumps)

Suppose that both pumps have Design Phase flow rates of 0 and Analysis Phase pressures
of 0 Bar G.
4.4.2 Specification for the One Output (Deluge System)

For the output node, there are no Design Phase specifications and one Analysis Phase flow-
rate specification.
5. General Concepts of Fire Protection System
Fire protection piping systems convey a fire-extinguishing substance from the source of
supply to devices and equipment for applying it in fire fighting and fire protection.
Water (owing to its effectiveness, availability, and low cost) is used most extensively as a fire-
extinguishing material. Other substances that are piped for fire fighting special types of fire
are foam, carbon dioxide (or other inert gases), vaporizing liquid, or dry chemicals in an inert
gas carrier.
The detailed procedures followed by fire-protection specialists in determining anticipated

water flows, in establishing pipe sizes, and in planning pipe locations and arrangement for
particular private installations are too highly specialised and too limited in application to be
allocated space for more than a brief mention here. Detailed information is available in the
publications included in the references that appear later in this section.
5.1 Standards, Rules and Regulations
Some of the rules followed in fire protection systems are as follows.
1. National Fire protection association rules (NFPA) - most universally used.

2. Tariff Advisory Committee rules (TAC) - mostly followed in India.
3. Oil Industry Safety Directorate rules (OISD) - for oil and gas industries in India.
4. GB Standard - mostly followed in China.
The generally recognized standards that cover fire-protection piping are those developed by
the National Fire Protection Association and by insurance organizations such as the
American Insurance Association, the Factory Mutual Engineering Corporation and the
Factory Insurance Association.
The general recognised standards that relate to fire protection piping are listed below. Note
that the fire protection hand books in References 1 and 2 contain much of the information in
the individual standards, and may provide all the information that is required.
1. “NFPA Handbook of Fire Protection”, National Fire Protection Association, 60 Battery

March St., Boston, Mass. 02110.
The following standards are all available in the National Fire Protection Association.
2. “Handbook of Industrial Loss Prevention”, Factory Mutual Engineering Corporation.

3. Standard for the installation of Sprinkler Systems, NFPA No. 13.
4. Standard for the installation of Stand Pipe and Hose Systems, NFPA No.14.
5. Standard for the installation of Water Tanks for Private Fire Protection, NFPA No. 22.
6. Standard for the installation of Centrifugal Fire Pumps, NFPA No. 20.
7. Standard for Carbon-dioxide Extinguishing Systems, NFPA No. 12.
8. Standard for Foam Extinguishing Systems, NFPA No. 11.

9. Standard for Dry Chemical Extinguishing Systems, NFPA No. 17.
10. Standard for Outside Protection, NFPA No. 24.
The following general references relate to certain aspects of the problems that are
involved in the design and specification of the fire protection system.
11. “Automatic Sprinkler Hydraulic Data”, by Clyde M. Wood. Automatic Sprinkler

Corporation of America.
12. “Hand Book of Cast Iron Pipes,” Cast Iron Pipe Research Association, Chicago.
13. “Approved Equipment and Materials for Industrial Fire Safety,” Factory Mutual
Engineering Corporation.
14. “Fire Protection Equipment List,” Underwriter Laboratories Inc, Chicago.
15. “List of Inspected Appliance and Equipment and Materials,” Underwriter Laboratories
of Canada.
5.2 Tariff Advisory Committee
The Tariff Advisory Committee has compiled rules to provide minimum requirements for fixed
water spray systems, based on good engineering practices. While formulating the rules, due
consideration has been shown to the International Standards.
According to the TAC Manual, full details on the Common Requirements to High Velocity
Water Spray and Medium Velocity Water Spray Systems are explained in the TAC manual,
and they are:
1. Water supplies.
2. Pumps - general requirements for electric driven, compression ignition engine driven
pumps, pump room, etc.
3. Detection system.
4. General requirements.
5. Piping.
6. Fittings.
7. Deluge valves.
8. Drainage.
Similarly, high-velocity water-spray systems and medium-velocity water-spray systems

are also explained in TAC Manual.
5.3 Oil Industry Safety Directorate (OISD)
For “Fire Protection Facilities for Petroleum Refineries & Oil/Gas processing plants”,
the Oil Industry Safety Directorate staffed from within the industry for formulating and
implementing a series of self regulatory measures aimed at removing obsolescence,
standardizing and upgrading the existing standards to ensure safer operations. OISD
constituted a number of committees comprising of experts nominated from the industry to

draw up standards and guidelines on various areas of concern.
This standard covers the design criteria and the details of the various fire protection facilities
to be provided in petroleum refineries and oil/gas processing plants.
5.4 Classification of Petroleum Products
5.4.1 General Classification of Petroleum Products

Petroleum products are classified according to their closed-cup flash points, as follows:
Class 'A' Petroleum: Liquids that have a flash point below 23 degrees C.
Class 'B' Petroleum: Liquids that have a flash point of 23 degrees C or above, but below 65
degrees C.
Class 'C' Petroleum: Liquids that have flash point of 65 degrees C or above, but below 93
degrees C.
Excluded Petroleum: Liquids that have a flash point of 93 degrees C or above. Liquefied
gases, including LPG, do not fall under this classification but form a separate category.
5.4.2 Classification for Heated Products

At locations where the handling temperatures are higher than the flash point of the product in
circumstances where the product handled is artificially heated to above its flash point, a class
'C' product shall be considered as a Class 'B' product and a Class 'B' product shall be
considered as a Class 'A' product.
5.5 Classification Of Fires
Class 'A' Fires: Fires involving combustible materials of organic nature, such as wood,
paper, rubber and any plastics, etc., where the cooling effect of water is essential for
extinction of such fires.
Class 'B' Fires: Fires involving flammable liquids, petroleum products, or the like, where a
blanketing effect is essential.
Class 'C' Fires: Fires involving flammable gases under pressure, including liquefied gases,
where it is necessary to inhibit the burning gas at a fast rate with an inert gas, powder or
vaporizing liquid for extinguishment.
Class 'D' Fires: Fires involving combustible materials such as magnesium, aluminium, zinc,
sodium, potassium, when the burning metals are reactive to water and water-containing
agents, and in certain cases carbon dioxide, halogenated hydrocarbons and ordinary dry
powders. Special media and techniques are required to extinguish these fires.
5.6 Fire Protection Philosophy
The Fire Protection Philosophy is based on Loss Prevention and Control. The importance of
adequate fire protection facilities for hydrocarbon processing plants need not be emphasised,
as none of the plant is absolutely safe (because of the inherent hazard it carries). A fire in one
part/section of the plant can endanger other sections of the plant as well. If a fire breaks out, it
must be controlled/extinguished as quickly as possible, to minimize the loss to life and
property and to prevent further spread of fire.
5.6.1 Design Criteria

The following shall be the basic design criteria for a fire protection system.
1. Facilities should be designed on the basis that city firewater supply is not available
close to the installation.
2. Fire protection facilities shall be designed to fight two major fires simultaneously,
anywhere in the installation. Fire-water requirements will be decided as per guidelines
given in the Annexure of OISD.
5.6.2 Fire Water System

Water is an essential medium for fire protection, and is the most important medium available
for this purpose. Water is used for fire extinguishment, fire control, cooling of equipment and
protection of equipment and personnel from heat radiation. For these purposes, water is used
in various forms, such as straight jet, water fog, water curtain, water spray, deluge/sprinkler,
for foam making, etc. The main components of the fire water system are fire water storage,
fire-water pumps, and distribution piping network, along with hydrants and monitors.
5.6.3 Design Basis
The fire water system in an installation shall be designed to meet the fire water flow
requirement for fighting two fires simultaneously, requiring largest water demand.
5.6.4 Fire Water Demand

Various areas that can be under fire shall be considered, and fire water demand for each area
shall be calculated on the design basis.
Consider different cases (for example, the fire water rate of five different cases), and calculate
the flow rate for each case. Then, the total design fire water rate is the sum of water rates for
the two major fires.
6. Additional Information on the User Interface
6.1 Spray Options
The dialog box obtained from Options | Module options allows the user to control a number
of modelling and calculation options for the Spray/Sprinkler Module.
6.1.1 Pressure Model

The two main options for the pressure model are the Darcy Equation and the Hazen-Williams
Equation.
The Hazen-Williams Equation must be used for water and foam solution systems, and the
Darcy Equation must be used for foam concentrate systems.
6.1.2 Design Rules

The fire protection systems follow norms including:
NFPA pre-1996
NFPA 2013
FOC
OLDFOC
These norms are in-built into the Spray/Sprinkler Module.
6.1.3 Spray or Sprinkler Mode
There are two modes provided in this module. In the spray mode, all the nozzles input is open
by default; and in the sprinkler mode, all the nozzles input are closed by default.
6.2 Pipe Types
In the Spray Module, all pipes in a network must be of a specified type. A pipe type is
associated with a pipe schedule, and this schedule must already exist before the pipe type
can be created. There is an optional lining definition, which may be provided by specifying the
material and the lining thickness.
Please note that, if no pipe type is defined, the Pipe Drawing Tool on the toolbar is disabled,
and the message “No Pipe Type” appears in the status bar at the bottom of the screen. This
message will disappear when a pipe type is defined, in which case, the Pipe Button will be
enabled.
6.2.1 Creating a New Pipe Type
Use the following procedure to create a new pipe type.
1. Click on the New Button.
2. Select the associated schedule from the drop-down list provided. Note that a name
and a description are supplied automatically.
3. Provide a C-factor for the pipe schedule. The C-factor value will be taken into
consideration when the Hazen-Williams Formula is selected for performing the
calculation.
4. Supply velocities for all bores that are to be provided by the schedule. Bores can be
marked as available or unavailable by selecting the bore in the bottom right-hand
corner of the window and clicking on the “Use in design” Button or “Avoid in design”
Button as appropriate (and the default is for all valid bores to be marked as available).
5. Linings can also be provided using the drop-down menu (in which case, the thickness
of the lining must be given).
6. Click on the Apply Button to complete the creation of the pipe type.
6.2.2 Editing an Existing Pipe Type

1. Select the pipe type from the top left-hand corner of the window.
2. Make the required changes to the pipe-type parameters.
3. Click on the Apply Button to commit the changes.
6.2.3 Deleting a Pipe Type

1. Select the pipe type from the top left-hand corner of the window.
2. Click on the Delete Button.
Note that a pipe type cannot be deleted if it is in use.
6.3 Libraries
Libraries are used for storing items that are to be used either (a) several times in the same
network or (b) in different networks.
The library is associated with the data file, and is opened when the data file is open. For the
Spray/Sprinkler Module, a library can contain the following items.
1. Pipe schedules,
2. Nozzles,
3. Pumps (Coefficients Known and Coefficients Unknown),
4. Linings,
5. Deluge valves.
6. General pressure loss components
There is only one local user library, which has the file extension “.SLF”, and replaces all of the
separate library files from previous modules. While a data file is open, entries can be added,
deleted or edited using the Library Editor Dialog. PIPENET VISION automatically saves the
library file when the “Sunrise Data File” or “.SDF” file is stored. The name of the library file is
derived from the name of the “Sunrise Data File”.
6.4 Pipe Schedules
Pipe schedules can be viewed using Libraries | Schedules. There are about eight built-in
pipe schedules in PIPENET VISION. The user is also able to define other pipe schedules.
On the left-hand side of the window is a list of available schedules, both built-in and user-
defined. If you select any item in this list, the properties of the schedule are displayed on the
right-hand side of the window.
At the top right-hand corner, there are three fields common to all library editors:
1. The name of the schedule as it appears in pop-up menus (the length of this name
being limited to 20 characters).
2. An optional longer description.
3. The source of the schedule, which may be one of the following:

 Built-in schedule provided with the Spray/Sprinkler Module - built-in schedules
cannot be edited.
 Local user library - these items may be edited whilst a network is open.
 System library - these items can only be edited using the External System Library
Editor.
Below these three fields is a field that contains the roughness; and, below that field, is a grid
showing the standard nominal sizes and the corresponding internal diameters. If the nominal
diameter is "unset" then the corresponding nominal diameter is not included in the schedule.
Nominal diameters are greyed-out, indicating that their value is fixed.
The roughness value and the diameters are displayed in the user-specified units.
6.4.1 Adding a New Schedule
To add a new schedule, select the New Button in the bottom left-hand corner of the dialog
box, enter the desired values (if the Description Field is left empty, the description will become
the same as the schedule name). Next, enter the roughness and the diameters, and then
select either (a) the Apply Button, to accept the new schedule, or (b) the Cancel button, to
abort.
6.4.2 Editing an Existing Schedule

From the left-hand side of the window, select the schedule that is to be edited, enter the
desired changes, and then select the Apply Button to accept the changes.
6.4.3 Deleting an Existing Schedule

Select the schedule to be deleted (on the left-hand side of the window), and then click on the
Delete Button.
6.5 Nozzles
The nozzles in PIPENET VISION correspond to the spray or sprinkler nozzles, which are
open to the atmosphere. To set the nozzle attributes, the user can either enter the values
directly in the schematic or obtain them from the library.
The nozzle library dialog box can be accessed through Libraries | Nozzles.
To view a library nozzle, select the required nozzle from the left-hand side of the window, and
see its properties on the right-hand side. To delete a nozzle, select the nozzle (in the left-hand
side of the window) and then click on the Delete Button.
To add a new nozzle:
2. Provide a unique name for the nozzle and an optional description.
3. Enter the values for the K-factor, minimum pressure, and maximum pressure.
4. Click on the Apply Button to add the nozzle to the library.

6.6 Linings
Linings for the pipes are provided to protect the inner surface of the pipe from corrosion,
which is caused by the fluid medium. In most fire systems, fluid remains stagnant, resulting in
a higher rate of corrosion. The linings can be concrete, epoxy, thermo setting plastic,
asbestos, etc.
To view a library lining, select the required lining from the left-hand side of the window (and its
properties are displayed on the right-hand side). To delete a lining, select the lining, and then
click on the Delete Button.
To add a new lining:
2. Provide a unique name for the lining and an optional description.

3. Enter a value for the roughness.
4. Click on the Apply Button to add the lining to the library.
6.7 Deluge Valves
Typically, deluge valves are modelled as equipment items. As mentioned earlier in this
chapter, deluge valves still available in PIPENET VISION for historical reasons. Without this
model, it might not be possible to open some older data files. For the sake of completeness,
the method of inputting deluge valves is described below.
To view a library deluge valve, select the required deluge valve from the left-hand side of the
window, and see its properties on the right-hand side. To delete a deluge valve, select the
deluge valve, and then click on the Delete Button.
To add a new deluge valve:
2. Provide a unique name for the deluge valve and an optional description.
3. Enter the values for the K-factor, X-factor and bore.
4. Click on the Apply Button to add the deluge valve to the library.
6.8 General Pressure Loss Components
This component can be used to model any type of device which achieves a pressure drop.
This pressure drop is calculated as a function of the flowrate through the component.
7. Other Useful Features of PIPENET VISION
Any description of PIPENET VISION would be incomplete without the following features being
covered.
7.1 Global and Local Edit
This functionality is applicable to the Data Window. It is best illustrated by an example.

(Although the example itself is taken from the Standard Module, exactly the same principle
applies in the case of the Spray/Sprinkler Module.)
Change the roughness of all pipes from 0.06 mm to 0.08 mm.

A local edit can be performed in a similar manner. In this case, the user must select the pipes
to which the copied value is to be pasted.
7.2 Sorting in Columns in the Data Window
This invaluable feature can be used, for example, to determine the pipe with the maximum
velocity or the maximum pressure. This sorting can be performed in the data window.
Select the
Results Tab
Click on the heading

to sort the column
7.3 Copy/Paste to a Spreadsheet
This section shows how to use Excel for editing PIPENET when a user finds it more
convenient. This is a two-way process where data is copied from PIPENET into Excel, edited
in Excel and pasted back into PIPENET.
7.3.1 Copy from PIPENET and paste to Excel
From the PIPENET data window, the full table including headers can be selected by clicking
the icon at the top left. Alternatively, a subset of complete rows can also be edited in this
manner as long as the structure is preserved.
Select All
This can be copied and pasted directly into Excel.
7.3.2 Pasting edited data from Excel into PIPENET
Once the data is edited in Excel it can be copied and pasted straight back to the PIPENET
data window. To do this, select everything minus the headings in Excel and copy it.
Then in the PIPENET data window click and drag to select the necessary cells and then
paste.
Caution:
If the rows are reordered in Excel, the following warning message will be produced when this
is pasted back into PIPENET in this format.
The result of this is the original order of the rows in the PIPENET data window is preserved
but the other information is reversed.
It is also important to note that if a pipe diameter not included in the schedule is pasted into
the data window, it will appear as unset.
The same rules apply for other parameters selectable via combo box rather than typed.
7.4 NFPA Style of Output
Some fire engineers prefer to use the style of presentation shown in the NFPA rules. This
style is available in PIPENET VISION, and is obtained (after a calculation) by using
Calculation | Browse, and then selecting the NFPA Submittal Option.
Extracts from such an output are shown below.
HYDRAULIC CALCULATIONS for
Project Name Deluge System Calculation
Location
Drawing Number
Date 23-Oct-2015 at 14:54
Design
Remote Area Number
Remote Area Location
Occupancy Classification
Density
Area of Application
Coverage per Sprinkler
Type of sprinklers calculated

Number of sprinklers calculated 6, of which 6 are on
In Rack Demand
Hose Stream Demand
Total Water Required (including hose stream) 606.842 l/min
at Pressure 4.955 Bar G
Type of System
Volume of dry or preaction system
Water Supply Information
Date
Location
Source
Contractor Information
Name of Contractor
Address
Phone Number
Name of Designer
Authority having Jurisdiction
HYDRAULIC CALCULATIONS for
Project Name Deluge System Calculation
Calculator - PIPENET VISION Spray calculator, version 1.7.2
Friction Loss Formula Hazen-Williams
Design Standard NFPA 2013

Notes
SUPPLY ANALYSIS
Static Residual Supply Flow At Total Demand Including Outside Hose

Node at Required Pressure Available Pressure
Pressure Pressure Residual Pressure Hose Stream Allowance Stream Allowance
Source (Bar G) (Bar G)
(Bar G) (Bar G) (l/min) (l/min) (l/min)
Notes
Please enter Supply Information Manually, to get these values from PIPENET, please select a reference node and appropriate Hydraulic curve values from PIPENET
NODE ANALYSIS
Node tag Elevation (m) Node Type Pressure (Bar G) Discharge (l/min) Notes
1 0.00 INPUT 4.955
2 2.00 3.958
3 2.00 SPRINKLER 3.932 103.107 Nozzle label: 3 , K-Factor: 52
7 2.00 3.907
Node Analysis Notes
The node order in the table may not reflect the order of nodes in the network.
Discharge values are only shown for flow exiting the network.
PIPE INFORMATION
Pt (1) (Bar
L (m) G)
Nominal
Node 1 Elev 1 K factor Flow added (q) ID(mm) Fittings - C factor Notes
(m) (l/min) quantity, F (m) Pe (Bar)
type, and
Actual ID(mm) equivalent
Node 2 Elev 2 Pipe label Pipe flow length (m) Q (m) Pf per m Pf (Bar)
(m) Nozzle label (l/min) (Bar)
Pipe type
T (m) Pt (2) (Bar
G)
10.000 3.958
50
2* 2.00 203.424 140.0
203.424 0.000 0.196
199.994 52.000 Vel = 4.762 m/sec
1 0.00 1 0.000 0.080 0.801

606.842 SEA Schedule
: No lining
10.000 4.955
5.000 3.932
50
3* 2.00 52.00 140.0
100.317
0.000 0.000
103.107
52.000 Vel = 1.596 m/sec
2 2.00 2 0.000 0.005 0.027

203.424
3 SEA Schedule
: No lining
5.000 3.958
4* 2.00 52.00 25 5.000 140.0 3.722 Vel = 3.149 m/sec

100.317 26.000 0.000 0.000
3 2.00 3 0.042
4
SEA Schedule 0.000 0.210
: No lining
5.000 3.932
5.000 3.932
50
5* 2.00 52.00 140.0
100.317
0.000 0.000
103.107
52.000 Vel = 1.596 m/sec
2 2.00 4 0.000 0.005 0.027

203.424
2 SEA Schedule
: No lining
5.000 3.958
5.000 3.722
25
6* 2.00 52.00 140.0
0.000 0.000
26.000 Vel = 3.149 m/sec
100.317
5 2.00 5 0.000 0.042 0.210
1 SEA Schedule
: No lining
5.000 3.932
10.000 3.907
50
7* 2.00 140.0
99.997
0.000 0.000
99.997
52.000 Vel = 1.570 m/sec
2 2.00 6 0.000 0.005 0.051

199.994
SEA Schedule
: No lining
10.000 3.958
PIPE INFORMATION
Pt (1) (Bar
L (m) G)
Nominal
Node 1 Elev 1 K factor Flow added (q) ID(mm) Fittings - C factor Notes
(m) (l/min) quantity, F (m) Pe (Bar)
type, and
Actual ID(mm) equivalent
Node 2 Elev 2 Pipe label Pipe flow length (m) Q (m) Pf per m Pf (Bar)
(m) Nozzle label (l/min) (Bar)
Pipe type
T (m) Pt (2) (Bar
G)
5.000 3.698
25
8* 2.00 52.00 140.0
0.000 0.000
26.000 Vel = 3.139 m/sec
99.997
7 2.00 7 0.000 0.042 0.209
6 SEA Schedule
: No lining
5.000 3.907
5.000 3.698
25
9* 2.00 52.00 140.0
0.000 0.000
26.000 Vel = 3.139 m/sec
99.997
7 2.00 8 0.000 0.042 0.209
5 SEA Schedule
: No lining
5.000 3.907
Notes
For full NFPA compliance, a detailed schematic drawing from PIPENET is required, showing pipe labels as well as node and nozzle labels
Reference Node at which flowrates calculated denoted by bold and with an asterisk and are always the flow outlets
To calculate Pt (2) from Pt (1) add elevation pressure and friction loss
K-Factor is considered for the nozzles only
Notes use actual labels for their pressure values
L - Pipe Length, F - Fittings Equivalent Length, Q - Special Equipment Item Equivalent Length, T - Total Equivalent Length
PIPE FITTINGS CODES
HE Standard 45° Elbow E Standard 90° Elbow LE Long radius 90° Elbow
T Tee or Cross (Flow turned 90°) G Gate Valve C Swing Check Valve
NR Non-return Valve BV Ball Valve B Butterfly Valve
Network Schematic
N.B. This schematic may be unsuitable for larger networks.

If so please use PIPENET Vision's schematic export capabilities to generate a schematic.
From PIPENET Vision you can export the schematic as an HP-GL/2 plot, a DXF format file or print a paginated version at a scale of your choice.
7.5 Elevation Error Correction
Elevation mismatch errors in firewater ringmains are some of the most difficult problems to
resolve. However, PIPENET VISION has tools to assist the user in resolving such problems.
Let us consider the highlighted pipe in the following simple network.
The attributes of this pipe are as shown in the Properties Window below.
Let us suppose that the user has made an error, and has input an elevation of 1 metre
(instead of 0 metres). We now change the elevation value to 1 metre, and then illustrate the
tools in PIPENET VISION that can be used to resolve this elevation error.
If we click on the Check Network Button, a diagnostic appears. However, in some cases,
there is little information on the exact location of the error.
We now double click on an error message (shown in red), which indicates an elevation error.
All of the components in the loop in which the elevation error occurs now appear in red. Note
that the user must ensure that suitable colouration-display rules are selected; for example, if
“None” is selected, it is possible to see the red loop; otherwise, the loop may not be coloured
red.
We now click on the Graphs Tab in a Data Window. The elevation profile along the loop is
then shown in the Data Window, starting and ending at Node 1. Note that the node numbers
can be displayed on the profile.
Alternatively, we can click on the Common Height Errors Button on the Diagnostic Window.
In this case, only the pipes common to more than one problem loop are shown.
Common Height
Errors Button
In some cases, this approach leads to fewer pipes for which the elevations need to be
checked.

Spray - Chapter 1 - Basic Principles

Încărcat de

Informații document

Titlu original

Drepturi de autor

Formate disponibile

Partajați acest document

Partajați sau inserați document

Opțiuni de partajare

Vi se pare util acest document?

Este necorespunzător acest conținut?

Drepturi de autor:

Formate disponibile

Spray - Chapter 1 - Basic Principles

Încărcat de

Drepturi de autor:

Formate disponibile

PIPENET VISION

INTRODUCTION AND BASIC PRINCIPLES

Revision 3.0, November 2015

2.1 Pressure Drop Model

The pressure loss, 𝑃, in a pipe is described as

𝑃 = 𝑃fric + 𝑃elev + 𝑃plat

𝑃fric is the pressure loss due to friction and fittings,

2.1.1 Friction Pressure Losses – Darcy

𝐷 is the internal diameter of the pipe,

𝐿𝑒 is the equivalent length of any pipe fittings,

Laminar flow (𝑅𝑒 < 2000):

Turbulent flow (𝑅𝑒 > 3000):

2.1.2 Friction Pressure Losses - Hazen-Williams Method

The frictional losses are given by

6.05 × 105 (𝐿 + 𝐿𝑒 )𝑄1.85

𝐿 is the pipe length in metres,

The frictional losses are given by

𝐿 is the pipe length in feet,

2.1.3 Pressure Loss due to Elevation Change

𝑔 is the acceleration due to gravity,

Three options are available for defining pump curves:

2.2.1 Data Required for Entering a Pump Into the Library

2.2.2 Some Useful Tips

2.2.3 Pumps - Coefficients Unknown

Creating a New Pump

1. Select the New Button, and provide a name and description.

6. Click on the Apply Button to add the pump to the library.

Editing an Existing Pump

1. Select the name of the pump from the drop-down list.

1. Select the name of the pump from the drop-down list.

2.2.4 Pumps - Coefficients Known

2.3 Non-Return Valves

𝑃1 is the inlet pressure,

𝑄1 is the inlet flow rate,

The modelling equation is

𝑃 is the pressure increase from the inlet to the outlet,

𝑄 is the (volumetric) flow rate through the nozzle,

𝑃 is the drop in pressure across the nozzle,

In the library, the following data is required.

The data for the input is as follows.

2. The nozzle label.

1. Nozzles do not have to be stored in a library. Instead, they can be defined by

2.6 Deluge Valves

𝑃 is the pressure drop across the valve,

2.7 Overboard Dump Valves

3. Rules Governing Specifications

The specifications have to adhere to the following rules.

The following parameters are used n the above table.

3.1 The Design Phase

 The flow rate through the pipe,

The following points should also be noted:

3.2 The Analysis Phase

4. The User Interface and the Design and Analysis Phases

The sequence of operations will typically proceed as follows:

4. Steps 2 and 3 are repeated as required.

3. Sub-networks may be created by the presence of breaks and/or blocks.

4.2 Design Phase

4.3 Analysis Phase

1. There must be at least one pressure specification.

4.4 Simple Example

4.4.1 Specifications for the Two Inlets (Pumps)

4.4.2 Specification for the One Output (Deluge System)

5. General Concepts of Fire Protection System