LOVELY PROFESSIONAL

UNIVERSITY
 TERM PAPER
MTH-101

Application of vectors
in real life
Submitted to: Submitted by:
karamjeet kaur mam Ankur Singh
( Deptt. Of cse-it) Roll.No.- Re3801b30
Reg.No- 10800943

Class- B.C.A-M.C.A

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I would like to express my gratitude for the many helpful comment
and suggestions .I have received over the last few days regarding the
expository and critical expects of my term work and especially for
those comments which bear directly or may various argument for the
center thesis of term work. I am undebted to several people in this
regard.
Most importantly I would like to thank my HOD (head of
department) and my teacher KARAMJEET KAUR MAM for her
days of supervision. Her critical commentary on my work has played
a major role in both the content and presentation of our discussion
and arguments.
I have extend my appreciation to the several sources which provided
various kinds of knowledge base support for me during this period.

ANKUR SINGH
Vectors in sports

In the 1950s a group of talented Brazilian footballers invented the

swerving free kick. By kicking the ball in just the right place, they
managed to make it curl around the wall of defending players and, quite
often, go straight into the back of the net. Some people might think that
such skill is pure magic, but really it's just physics. When a ball is in flight
it's acted upon by various forces and some of these depend on the way
the ball is spinning around its own axis. If you manage to give it just the
right spin, the forces will interact in just the right way to deflect the ball
while it's flying, resulting in a curved flight path.

The forces at work here can be described by vectors. Understanding

their interaction requires vector maths. The footballers themselves rarely
think about the maths of course, but today science is increasingly used
to improve the performance of athletes' equipment. The exact shape of a
football can have important implications on how it moves through the air
and teams of scientists are employed to work out how to make the
perfect football.

When the equipment is more complicated than a football then the use of
science is even more important. Formula One teams, for example,
always employ physicists and mathematicians to help build perfect cars.
Tiny differences in the shape of the car can make a difference to its
speed that can determine the outcome of a race.

Both the science of footballs and of race cars are really just examples of
the same thing: aerodynamics, the study of how air moves. This is pure
physics — and since vectors can describe movement and forces, they lie
at the very heart of it.
Vectors and visuals

Vector maths is used extensively in computer graphics. Suppose you

want to create an image on a computer screen. One way of doing this is
to tell the computer the exact colour of each pixel on the screen. This
requires a lot of memory and has another disadvantage: if you'd like the
image to move, for example to give the viewer the impression that he or
she is moving around a scene, you need to constantly renew the
information of the pixel colours from scratch.

It's much easier to describe your set-up mathematically. Vectors are very
useful here. Say, for example, that you're creating a scene lit by sunlight
and ruffled by a strong wind. The sunlight and wind both come from a
specific direction and have a certain intensity — so both can be
represented by vectors. Using these vectors you can create a program
that calculates exactly how an object in the scene should be coloured
and move to give a realistic impression of lighting and wind. Even better,
you can write your program so that the vectors representing sun and
wind constantly change their direction and magnitude — thus you can
create gusts of wind and clouds passing overhead.
Vectors and language

Our highly developed language is one thing that separates us from all
the other animals on our planet. For this reason many people believe
that language and the way we use it can tell us a lot about who we, as
humans, really are. The study of language — called linguistics — has
become an important field within psychology.

But there are also more practical reasons for trying to understand the
way language works. Search engines and word processors work by
picking up on certain structures within texts to find the websites most
relevant to your search and to weed out grammatical mistakes in your
texts. The more they understand language, the more efficient they'll get.
The same goes of course for automated speech recognition systems like
those that sometimes answer the phone when you ring up a company or
information line.

Both psychologists and people involved in computing want to understand

the structures within language. Maths is a great tool for capturing
structure and vectors seem to be especially useful for understanding
language. Words or bits of text can be represented by vectors and vector
maths can help you see how the different components of a text interact,
helping you to find structures within a text that you might not see
otherwise.

In mathematics

Any element of a vector space

Euclidean vector, a geometric entity endowed with both length and

direction, an element of a Euclidean vector space
Coordinate vector, in linear algebra, an explicit representation of an
element of any abstract vector space
Probability vector, in statistics, a vector with non-negative entries that
add up to one
Row vector or column vector, a one-dimensional matrix often
representing the solution of a system of linear equations
Tuple, an ordered list of numbers, sometimes used to represent a vector
The vector part of a quaternion, a term used in 19th century
mathematical literature on quaternions.

In computer science

A one-dimensional array
Vector (STL), a data type in the C++ Standard Template Library
Dope vector, a data structure used to store information about an array
Vector processor, a computer processor which works on arrays of several
numbers at once
Vector graphics, images defined by geometric primitives as opposed to
bitmaps
Interrupt vector, the location in memory of an interrupt handling routine
Vector (malware), methods used by computer viruses and malware to
propagate themselves
Vector-06C, a computer developed in the USSR

In biology

Vector (biology), organism that transmits diseases, infections, or foreign

living material
Vector (molecular biology), vehicle used to transfer genetic material to a
target cell

Plasmid vector
Viral vector, a virus modified to deliver foreign genetic material into a
cell
Cloning vector
Expression vector, a plasmid specifically used for protein expression in
the target
Vector State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology

In business

Vector Limited, a New Zealand gas and electricity supplier

Vector Marketing, marketing arm of Alcas Corporation
Vector Motors, an automobile manufacturer

Vector W2, a concept car created by Vector Motors

Vector W8, a production car produced by Vector Motors
Vector Graphic, an early manufacturer of 8-bit microcomputers.
Vector (company), a telecommunications company based in Poland.

In entertainment

Vector (novel), a 1999 novel by Robin Cook

Vector (band), a 1980s New Wave rock band
The Vectors, a Swedish punk band
Vector Prime, a Star Wars novel written by R. A. Salvatore
Vectorman, a game for Sega Genesis platform
Fictional characters and elements

Vector the Crocodile, a character in the Sonic the Hedgehog video game
series
Vector (Battle Angel Alita), a character in the Battle Angel Alita manga
series
Vector Sigma, a computer in the Transformers universe
Septima Vector, a character in the Harry Potter universe
Vector, a location in the video game Final Fantasy VI
Vector Industries, an organization in the Xenosaga video game series
Vector, in the Manga and anime series Elfen Lied

Other uses

Vector (food), a cereal manufactured by Kellogg's

Vector (journal), the critical journal of the British Science Fiction
Association
Light verb, or vector, in grammar, a verb participating in complex
predication
Vectors Journal of Culture and Technology in a Dynamic Vernacular, an
online journal
Vector, the British Army version of the Pinzgauer High Mobility All-Terrain
Vehicle

VECTOR METHODS
Areas of focus:

Vectors and vector addition

Unit vectors
Base vectors and vector components
Rectangular coordinates in 2-D
Rectangular coordinates in 3-D
A vector connecting two points
Dot product
Cross product
Triple product
Triple vector product

Vectors and vector addition:

A scalar is a quantity like mass or temperature that only has a

magnitude. On the other had, a vector is a mathematical object that has
magnitude and direction. A line of given length and pointing along a
given direction, such as an arrow, is the typical representation of a
vector. Typical notation to designate a vector is a boldfaced character, a
character with and arrow on it, or a character with a line under it (i.e.,

). The magnitude of a vector is its length and is normally

denoted by or A.

Addition of two vectors is accomplished by laying the vectors head to tail

in sequence to create a triangle such as is shown in the figure.
The following rules apply in vector algebra.

where P and Q are vectors and a is a scalar.

Unit vectors:

A unit vector is a vector of unit length. A unit vector is sometimes

denoted by replacing the arrow on a vector with a "^" or just adding a
"^" on a boldfaced character (i.e., ). Therefore,
Any vector can be made into a unit vector by dividing it by its length.

Any vector can be fully represented by providing its magnitude and a

unit vector along its direction.

Base vectors and vector components:

Base vectors are a set of vectors selected as a base to represent all

other vectors. The idea is to construct each vector from the addition of
vectors along the base directions. For example, the vector in the figure
can be written as the sum of the three vectors u1, u2, and u3, each along
the direction of one of the base vectors e1, e2, and e3, so that
Each one of the vectors u1, u2, and u3 is parallel to one of the base
vectors and can be written as scalar multiple of that base. Let u1, u2, and
u3 denote these scalar multipliers such that one has

The original vector u can now be written as

The scalar multipliers u1, u2, and u3 are known as the components of u in
the base described by the base vectors e1, e2, and e3. If the base vectors
are unit vectors, then the components represent the lengths,
respectively, of the three vectors u1, u2, and u3. If the base vectors are
unit vectors and are mutually orthogonal, then the base is known as an
orthonormal, Euclidean, or Cartesian base.

A vector can be resolved along any two directions in a plane containing

it. The figure shows how the parallelogram rule is used to construct
vectors a and b that add up to c.

In three dimensions, a vector can be resolved along any three non-

coplanar lines. The figure shows how a vector can be resolved along the
three directions by first finding a vector in the plane of two of the
directions and then resolving this new vector along the two directions in
the plane.
When vectors are represented in terms of base vectors and components,
addition of two vectors results in the addition of the components of the
vectors. Therefore, if the two vectors A and B are represented by

then,

Rectangular components in 2-D:

The base vectors of a rectangular x-y coordinate system are given by the

unit vectors and along the x and y directions, respectively.

Using the base vectors, one can represent any vector F as

Due to the orthogonality of the bases, one has the following relations.

Rectangular coordinates in 3-D:

The base vectors of a rectangular coordinate system are given by a set

of three mutually orthogonal unit vectors denoted by , , and that

are along the x, y, and z coordinate directions, respectively, as shown in
the figure.
The system shown is a right-handed system since the thumb of the right
hand points in the direction of z if the fingers are such that they
represent a rotation around the z-axis from x to y. This system can be
changed into a left-handed system by reversing the direction of any one
of the coordinate lines and its associated base vector.

In a rectangular coordinate system the components of the vector are the

projections of the vector along the x, y, and z directions. For example, in
the figure the projections of vector A along the x, y, and z directions are
given by Ax, Ay, and Az, respectively.
As a result of the Pythagorean theorem, and the orthogonality of the
base vectors, the magnitude of a vector in a rectangular coordinate
system can be calculated by

Direction cosines:

Direction cosines are defined as

where the angles , , and are the angles shown in the
figure. As shown in the figure, the direction cosines represent
the cosines of the angles made between the vector and the
three coordinate directions.

The direction cosines can be calculated from the components

of the vector and its magnitude through the relations

The three direction cosines are not independent and must

satisfy the relation
 This results form the fact that

A unit vector can be constructed along a vector using the

direction cosines as its components along the x, y, and z
directions. For example, the unit-vector along the vector A is
obtained from

Therefore,

A vector connecting two points:

 The vector connecting point A to point B is given by

A unit vector along the line A-B can be obtained from

A vector F along the line A-B and of magnitude F can thus be obtained
from the relation
Dot product:

The dot product is denoted by " " between two vectors. The dot product
of vectors A and B results in a scalar given by the relation

where is the angle between the two vectors. Order is not important in
the dot product as can be seen by the dot products definition. As a result
one gets

The dot product has the following properties.

Since the cosine of 90o is zero, the dot product of two orthogonal vectors
will result in zero.
Since the angle between a vector and itself is zero, and the cosine of
zero is one, the magnitude of a vector can be written in terms of the dot
product using the rule

Rectangular coordinates:

When working with vectors represented in a rectangular

coordinate system by the components

then the dot product can be evaluated from the relation

This can be verified by direct multiplication of the vectors and

noting that due to the orthogonality of the base vectors of a
rectangular system one has
Projection of a vector onto a line:

The orthogonal projection of a vector along a line is obtained

by moving one end of the vector onto the line and dropping a
perpendicular onto the line from the other end of the vector.
The resulting segment on the line is the vector's orthogonal
projection or simply its projection.

The scalar projection of vector A along the unit vector is the

length of the orthogonal projection A along a line parallel to
, and can be evaluated using the dot product. The relation for
the projection is
 The vector projection of A along the unit vector simply
multiplies the scalar projection by the unit vector to get a
vector along . This gives the relation

The cross product:

The cross product of vectors a and b is a vector perpendicular to both a

and b and has a magnitude equal to the area of the parallelogram
generated from a and b. The direction of the cross product is given by
the right-hand rule . The cross product is denoted by a " " between the
vectors

Order is important in the cross product. If the order of operations

changes in a cross product the direction of the resulting vector is
reversed. That is,
The cross product has the following properties.

Rectangular coordinates:

When working in rectangular coordinate systems, the cross

product of vectors a and b given by

can be evaluated using the rule

One can also use direct multiplication of the base vectors

using the relations
The triple product:

The triple product of vectors a, b, and c is given by

The value of the triple product is equal to the volume of the

parallelepiped constructed from the vectors. This can be seen from the
figure since
The triple product has the following properties

Rectangular coordinates:

Consider vectors described in a rectangular coordinate system

as

The triple product can be evaluated using the relation

Triple vector product:

The triple vector product has the properties

This is a basic, though hopefully fairly comprehensive, introduction to

working with vectors. Vectors manifest in a wide variety of ways, from
displacement, velocity and acceleration to forces and fields. This article
is devoted to the mathematics of vectors; their application in specific
situations will be addressed elsewhere.

Vectors & Scalars

In everyday conversation, when we discuss a quantity we are generally

discussing a scalar quantity, which has only a magnitude. If we say that
we drive 10 miles, we are talking about the total distance we have
traveled. Scalar variables will be denoted, in this article, as an italicized
variable, such as a.

A vector quantity, or vector, provides information about not just the

magnitude but also the direction of the quantity. When giving directions
to a house, it isn't enough to say that it's 10 miles away, but the
direction of those 10 miles must also be provided for the information to
be useful. Vector variables will be indicated with a boldface variable,
although it is common to see a vector denoted with a small arrow above
it.

Just as we don't say the other house is -10 miles away, the magnitude of
a vector is always a positive number, or rather the absolute value of the
"length" of the vector (although the quantity may not be a length, it may
be a velocity, acceleration, force, etc.) A negative in front a vector
doesn't indicate a change in the magnitude, but rather in the direction of
the vector.
In the examples above, distance is the scalar quantity (10 miles) but
displacement is the vector quantity (10 miles to the northeast). Similarly,
speed is a scalar quantity while velocity is a vector quantity.

A unit vector is a vector that has a magnitude of one. A vector

representing a unit vector is usually also boldface, although it will have a
carat (^) above it to indicate the unit nature of the variable. The unit
vector x, when written with a carat, is generally read as "x-hat" because
the carat looks kind of like a hat on the variable.

The zero vector, or null vector, is a vector with a magnitude of zero. It is

written as 0 in this article.

Vector Components

Vectors are generally oriented on a coordinate system, the most popular

of which is the two-dimensional Cartesian plane. The Cartesian plane has
a horizontal axis which is labeled x and a vertical axis labeled y. Some
advanced applications of vectors in physics require using a three-
dimensional space, in which the axes are x, y, and z. This article will deal
mostly with the two-dimensional system, though the concepts can be
expanded with some care to three dimensions without too much trouble.

Vectors in multiple-dimension coordinate systems can be broken up into

their component vectors. In the two-dimensional case, this results in a x-
component and a y-component. The picture to the right is an example of
a Force vector (F) broken into its components (Fx & Fy). When breaking a
vector into its components, the vector is a sum of the components:

F = Fx + Fy

To determine the magnitude of the components, you apply rules about

triangles that are learned in your math classes. Considering the angle
theta (the name of the Greek symbol for the angle in the drawing)
between the x-axis (or x-component) and the vector. If we look at the
right triangle that includes that angle, we see that Fx is the adjacent
side, Fy is the opposite side, and F is the hypotenuse. From the rules for
right triangles, we know then that:

Fx / F = cos theta and Fy / F = sin theta

which gives us

Fx = F cos theta and Fy = F sin theta

Note that the numbers here are the magnitudes of the vectors. We know
the direction of the components, but we're trying to find their
magnitude, so we strip away the directional information and perform
these scalar calculations to figure out the magnitude. Further application
of trigonometry can be used to find other relationships (such as the
tangent) relating between some of these quantities, but I think that's
enough for now.