STRUCTURAL STEEL DESIGN

CHAPTER 8
DESIGN OF COMPOSITE BEAM AND COLUMN

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Sumatera Utara

Ir. DANIEL R. TERUNA, MT; Ph.D, (P.E)
8.1 Introduction

In a composite member the steel and concrete are interconnected so as to

resist the applied loading as a whole.

Shear
connector

Steel deck

8.1 Composite Beam

 The advantage of an encased section is that the
concrete provides fireproofing and protection from
corrosion to the steel section. Since the concrete
acts compositely with the steel column, the
concrete provides additional load-carrying capacity
and stiffness to the column.
steel encased in structural concrete

The advantage of a filled section is that the

hollow structural section acts as formwork or
the concrete. Since the concrete acts
compositely with the steel column, the concrete
provides additional load-carrying capacity and
stiffness to the column.
rectangular, square, or
round hollow structural
section or pipe filled
with structural concrete
8.2 Composite Column
In accordance with American Institute of Steel Construction, Specification for
Structural Steel Buildings (AISC 360)2 Sec. I1.2, design of composite sections
may be either by the plastic stress distribution method or the strain-
compatibility method.

For the plastic stress distribution method, the nominal strength is determined
assuming that steel components have reached a stress of Fy in either
tension or compression and concrete components in compression have
reached a stress of 0.85 f c .
'

For round hollow structural sections filled with concrete, a stress of 0.95 f c'
may be used to account for the effects of concrete confinement.

For irregular sections and beam-columns, the strain compatibility method is

used. This assumes a linear distribution of strains across the section with
the maximum concrete compressive strain equal to 0.003. The stress-strain
relationships for steel and concrete shall be obtained from tests or from
published results for similar materials.
8.2 Encased Concrete Column

Limitations
In order to qualify as an encased composite column, AISC 360 Secs. I1.3
and I2.1a impose the following limitations:

• The minimum compressive strength of normal weight concrete is 21 MPa

and the maximum is 70 MPa. The minimum compressive strength of
lightweight concrete is 21 Mpa and the maximum is 42 MPa.

• In determining the capacity of a composite column, the assumed yield

stress of both the structural steel element and the reinforcing shall not
exceed 525 MPa.

• The cross-sectional area of the structural steel element shall not be less
than 1 percent of the total area of the composite section.
• The concrete encasement of a structural steel element shall be reinforced
with continuous longitudinal bars and lateral ties or spirals.
• The cross-sectional area of the longitudinal reinforcing shall not be less
than 0.4 percent of the gross area of the composite member and at least
four continuous bars shall be used.
Asr
 sr  (I2-1)
Ag
where
Ag = gross area of composite member, (mm2)
Asr = area of continuous reinforcing bars, (mm2)

• Where lateral ties are used, a minimum of either a dia. 10mm spaced
at a maximum of 300mm on center or a dia.13mm bar spaced at a
maximum of 400 mm on center is required. To ensure good confinement
of the concrete, the maximum spacing of lateral ties must not exceed 0.5
times the least dimension of the composite section.
• Compressive strength
The design compressive strength, c Pn , and allowable compressive
strength, Pn / c , of doubly symmetric axially loaded encased composite
members shall be determined for the limit state of flexural buckling based
on member slenderness as follows:

c = 0.75 (LRFD)  c = 2.00 (ASD)

P  Pno

when no  2.25  Pn  Pno 0.658 
Pe
(I2-2)
Pe  
Pno
when  2.25  Pn  0.877 Pe (I2-3)
Pe
where
Pno  Fy As  Fysr Asr  0.85 f c' Ac (I2-4)
 2 EI eff
Pe   elastic critical buckling load (I2-5)
KL 2
 Ac = area of concrete, (mm2)
As = area of the steel section, (mm2)
Ec = modulus of elasticity of concrete = 0.043w1c.5 f c'
I eff = Es I s  0.5Es I sr  C1 Ec I c (I2-6)
C1 = coefficient for calculation of effective rigidity of an
encased composite compression member
 As 
 0.1  0.2   0.3
 (I2-7)
 As  Ac 
E s = modulus of elasticity of steel (200 000 MPa)
Fy = specified minimum yield stress of steel section, (MPa)
Fysr = specified minimum yield stress of reinforcing bars, (MPa)
I c = moment of inertia of the concrete section about the elastic neutral
axis of the composite section,(mm4)
I s = moment of inertia of steel shape about the elastic neutral axis of the
composite section, (mm4)
I sr =moment of inertia of reinforcing bars about the elastic neutral axis of
the composite section, (mm4)
 K = effective length factor
L = laterally unbraced length of the member, (mm)
f c' =specified compressive strength of concrete, (MPa)
wc = weight of concrete per unit volume ( 1500  wc  2500 kg / m3 )

• Tensile Strength

The available tensile strength of axially loaded encased composite

members shall be determined for the limit state of yielding as follows:

Pn  Fy As  Fysr Asr (I2-8)

c = 0.90 (LRFD)  c = 1.67 (ASD)

Load Transfer

In encased composite members steel headed stud anchors or channel

anchors are used to transfer longitudinal shear at the interface. The
longitudinal shear is determined from the full plastic capacity of the two
materials. When the entire external force is applied to the concrete
encasement, the shear at the interface is given by AISC 360 Eq. (I6-2) as


Vr'  Pr As Fy / Pno  force in steel section at ultimate load

When the entire external force is applied to the steel section, the shear
at the interface is given by AISC 360 Eq. (I6-1) as


Vr'  Pr 1  As Fy / Pno  force in concrete at ultimate load

When the external force is applied concurrently to the two materials, the
shear at the interface is given by AISC 360 Commentary Sec. I6.2 as


Vr'  Ps  Pr As Fy / Pno 
 Pr = required external force applied to the composite member
Pno = nominal axial compressive strength without consideration of length
effects as determined by AISC 360 Eq. (I2-4) for an encased composite
member
Ps = portion of external force applied directly to the steel section
B

To avoid overstressing the steel

section or the concrete
encasement, the transfer of the

Load introduction length

2B W
longitudinal shear is required by
AISC 360 Sec. I6.4 to occur
within the load introduction
length
load transfer
2B region

Load introduction length for encased composite member.

 The nominal shear strength of a steel headed stud anchor, when concrete
breakout is precluded by the encasement, is given by AISC 360 Eq. (I8-3) as

Qnv  Asc Fu , v  0.65 ( LRFD), v  2.31

Asc is cross-sectional area of stud anchor and Fu is tensile strength of stud

anchor.
The minimum required spacing is four diameters in any direction and the
maximum spacing is 32 times the shank diameter.

Dimensional requirements for stud anchors are given in AISC 360 Secs.
I8.3 and I8.3e (see table)
The nominal shear strength of a steel channel anchor is given by AISC 360
Eq. (I8-2) as
Qn  0.3(t f  0.5t w )lc ( f c' Ec ) 0.5 ,s  0.75 ( LRFD),  s  2.0
l c = length of channel anchor
t f = flange thickness of channel anchor
t w = web thickness of channel anchor
8.3 Filled Composite Columns

Limitations
A filled composite column consists of a rectangular, square, or round
hollow structural section filled with structural concrete

In order to qualify as a filled composite column, AISC 360 Secs. I1.3,

I1.4, and I2.2a impose the following limitations:

• The minimum compressive strength of normal weight concrete is 21

MPa and the maximum is 70 MPa. The minimum compressive strength of
lightweight concrete is 21 MPa and the maximum is 42 MPa.

• In determining the capacity of a composite column, the assumed

yield stress of both the structural steel element and the reinforcing
shall not exceed 525 MPa.

• The maximum width-to-thickness ratio of concrete filled rectangular

and square hollow structural sections is
• Slenderness limit

The slenderness limits for a concrete filled rectangular or square hollow

structural section in axial compression are given in AISC 360 Table I1.1a

• The cross-sectional area of the structural steel element shall not be less
than 1 percent of the total area of the composite section.
• Compressive Strength

The full plastic strength in compression, or the squash load, is given by

AISC 360Eq. (I2-9b) as

Pp  Fy As  C2 f c' ( Ac  Asr Es / Ec )

where C 2 = 0.85 ... for a rectangular section

= 0.95 ... for a circular section

The elastic critical buckling load is given by AISC 360 Eq. (I2-5) as

 2 EI eff , EI eff  Es I s  Es I sr  C3 Ec I c
Pe 
KL 2

C3 = coefficient for calculation of effective rigidity of a filled composite

section from AISC 360 Eq. (I2-13)
C3  0.6  2 As /( Ac  As )  0.9
The nominal axial compressive strength without consideration of length effects
Pno is determined separately for compact, noncompact, and slender steel
elements as follows.
(a) For compact sections
Pno  Pp (I2-9a)

(b) For noncompact sections

Pp  Py
Pno  Pp  (   p ) 2 (I2-9c)
( r   p ) 2

λ, λp and λr are slenderness ratios determined from Table I1.1a

Py  Fy As  0.7 f c' ( Ac  Asr Es / Ec ) (I2-9d)

(c) For slender sections

Pno  Fcr As  0.7 f c' ( Ac  Asr Es / Ec ) (I2-9e)

 where

(i) For rectangular filled sections

9Es
Fcr  (I2-10)
(b / t ) 2

(ii) For round filled sections

0.72 Fy
Fcr  (I2-11)
0.2
[( d / t )( Fy / Es )]

• For a short column with (inelastic buckling)

Pno  Pno

when  2.25  Pn  Pno 0.658 Pe
(I2-2)
Pe  
• For a long column with (elastic buckling)
Pno
when  2.25  Pn  0.877 Pe (I2-3)
Pe
c = 0.75 (LRFD)  c = 2.00 (ASD)
• Tensile Strength

Pn  Fy As  Fysr Asr (I2-14)

t = 0.90 (LRFD)  t = 1.67 (ASD)

• Load Transfer

because of the confinement provided by the steel encasement, direct bond

interaction may be utilized to transfer longitudinal shear at the interface.
The longitudinal shear is determined from the full plastic capacity of the
two materials.
When the entire external force is applied to the concrete fill, the shear at
the interface is given by AISC 360 Eq. (I6-2) as


Vr'  Pr As Fy / Pno  force in steel section at ultimate load

When the entire external force is applied to the steel section, the shear
at the interface is given by AISC 360 Eq. (I6-1) as


Vr'  Pr 1  As Fy / Pno  force in concrete at ultimate load
When the external force is applied concurrently to the two materials, the
shear at the interface is given by AISC 360 Commentary Sec. I6.2 as


Vr'  Ps  Pr As Fy / Pno 
Pr = required external force applied to the composite member
Pno = nominal axial compressive strength without consideration of length
effects as determined by AISC 360 Eq. (I2-9a) for an encased composite
member
Ps = portion of external force applied directly to the steel section
D

2D
Load load transfer
introduction region
length
2D
 • Direct Bond Interaction

When connecting beam frames into one side of the composite member, it
is assumed that bond interaction occurs on one face of a rectangular filled
composite column or one quarter of the perimeter of a round filled
composite column. Hence the nominal bond capacity for a rectangular
filled composite is given by AISC 360 Eq. (I6-5) as

(a) For rectangular steel sections filled with concrete:

Rn  B 2 Cin Fin

(b) For round steel sections filled with concrete:

Rn  0.25D 2Cin Fin

Cin = 2 if the filled composite member extends to one side of the

point of force transfer
Cin = 4 if the filled composite member extends on both sides of the point
of force transfer
Rn = nominal bond strength, (N)
Fin = nominal bond stress = 0.40 MPa
B = overall width of rectangular steel section along face transferring load,
(mm)
D = outside diameter of round HSS, (mm)

 = 0.45 (LRFD)  = 3.33 (ASD)

• Direct Bearing

it is a practical consideration that no more than 50% of the internal width

of the HSS section be obstructed by the bearing plate in order to
facilitate concrete placement. Hence, the nominal bearing strength is

Pp  1.7 f c' A1

where A1 is loaded area of concrete.

 = 0.65 (LRFD)  = 2.31 (ASD)

The bearing plate is placed within the load introduction length. The load
introduction length is defined as two times the minimum transverse dimension
of the HSS both above and below the load transfer region.

Top of concrete bi

hi
l pl
B=200mm
Bearing plate

HSS 200x300

The contact area between the bearing plate and concrete, A1 , may be
determined as follows:
A1  Ac  (bi  2l pl )( hi  2l pl )