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Thevenizing a Circuit

As an example, refer to Fig.1-a, where we want to find the voltage VL R1 = 3Ω


across the 2Ω RL and its current IL. To use Thevenin’s theorem, mentally a
disconnect RL. The two open ends then become terminals a and b.
Now we find the Thevenin equivalent of the remainder of the circuit
that is still connected to a and b. In general, open the part of the circuit V 36V RL = 2Ω
R2 = 6Ω
to be analyzed and “thevenise” the remainder of the circuit connected
to the two open terminals.
b
Our only problem now is to find the value of the open-circuit voltage VTH
Fig1(a)
across ab and the equivalent resistance RTH. The Thevenin equivalent
always consists of a single voltage source in series with a single R1 = 3Ω
resistance, as in Fig 1-d. a

The effect of opening RL is shown in Fig 1-b. As a result, the 3Ω R1 and


6Ω R2 form a series voltage divider, without RL. V 36V Vab = 24V
R2 = 6Ω

Furthermore, the voltage across R2 now is the same as the open-circuit


voltage across terminals a and b. Therefore VR2 with RL open is Vab. This b
is the VTH we need for the Thevenin equivalent circuit. Using the voltage
Fig1(b)
divider formula,
VR2 = 6 /9 x 36 V = 24V
VR2 = Vab = VTH = 24V
R1 = 3 Ω
This voltage is positive at terminal a. a

To find RTH , the 2Ω RL is still disconnected. However, now the Short


source V is short-circuited. So the circuit looks like Fig 1-c. across V Rab = 2Ω
R2 = 6 Ω
The 3Ω R1 is now in parallel with the 6Ω R2 , as they are both
connected across the same two points. This combined resistance is
RTH = 18/9 = 2Ω b
Fig1(c)
As shown in Fig 1-d, the Thevenin circuit to the left of terminals a and b
then consists of the equivalent voltage VTH , equal to 24V, in series with
RTH = 2Ω
the equivalent series resistance RTH , equal to 2 Ω. This Thevenin
equivalent applies for any value of RL because RL was disconnected. We a
are actually thevenizing the circuit that feeds the open ab terminals.

To find VL and IL, we can finally reconnect RL to terminals a and b of the VTH = 24V
Thevenin equivalent circuit, as shown in Fig 1-e. Then RL is in series with
RTH and VTH. Using the voltage divider formula for the 2Ω RTH and 2Ω RL,
VL = ½ x 24V = 12V. To find IL as VL / RL, the value is 12V / 2Ω, which b
is equal to 6A. Fig1(d)
These answers of 6A for IL and 12V for VL apply to RL in both the original
circuit in Fig 1-a and the equivalent circuit in Fig 1-e. Note that the 6A IL RTH = 2Ω a
also flows through RTH.

The same answer could be obtained by solving the series-parallel circuit


in Fig 1-a, using Ohm’s Law. However, the advantage of Thevenizing
the circuit is that the effect of different values of RL can be calculated
VTH = 24V VL = 12V { RL = 2Ω

easily. Suppose that RL were changed to 4Ω. In the Thevenin circuit,

the new value of VL would be 4/6 x 24V = 16V. b


Fig1(e)
The new IL would be 16 V/ 4 Ω, which equals 4A.

In the original circuit, a complete new solution would be required


each time RL was changed.

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