Example 1.1 A gas at 65 kPa, 200°C is heated in a closed, rigid vessel till it reaches to 400°C.

Determine the amount of

heat required for 0.5 kg of this gas if internal energy at 200°C and 400°C are 26.6 kJ/kg and 37.8 kJ/kg respectively.

Example 1.2 A piston–cylinder device with a set of stops initially contains 0.3 kg of steam at 1.0 MPa and 400°C. The
location of the stops corresponds to 60 percent of the initial volume. Now the steam is cooled. Determine the
compression work if the final state is 500 kPa. Also determine the final temperature. Take R = 0.4615
3
kpa.m /kg.k

Example 1.3 An air compressor requires shaft work of 200 kJ/kg of air and the compression of air causes increase in
enthalpy of air by 100 kJ/kg of air. Determine the amount of heat transferred to the surrounding.

Example 1.4 In a nozzle air at 627°C enters with negligible velocity and leaves at a temperature of 27°C. Determine
velocity of air at exit, assuming no heat loss and nozzle being horizontal. Take CP = 1.005 kJ/kg.K for air.

Exercise 1.1 Consider a river flowing toward a lake at an average velocity of 3 m/s at a rate of 500 m3/s at a location 90
m above the lake surface. Determine the total mechanical energy of the river water per unit mass and the power
generation potential of the entire river at that location.

Exercise 1.2 A piston–cylinder device initially contains 0.07 m3 of nitrogen gas at 130 kPa and 120°C. The nitrogen is
now expanded polytropically to a state of 100 kPa and 100°C. Determine the boundary work done during this process.

Exercise 1.3 A frictionless piston–cylinder device contains 2 kg of nitrogen at 100 kPa and 300 K. Nitrogen is now
compressed slowly according to the relation PV1.4 constant until it reaches a final temperature of 360 K. Calculate the
work input during this process. The gas constant for nitrogen is R = 0.2968 kJ/kg.K

Exercise 1.4 A cylindrical vessel of 1 m diameter and 4 m length has hydrogen gas at pressure of 100 kPa and 27oC.
Determine the amount of heat to be supplied so as to increase gas pressure to 125 kPa.

For hydrogen take Cp = 14.307 kJ/kg.K, Cv = 10.183 kJ/kg K.

Exercise 1.5 Air at 600 kPa and 500 K enters an adiabatic nozzle that has an inlet-to-exit area ratio of 2:1 with a velocity
of 120 m/s and leaves with a velocity of 380 m/s. Determine (a) the exit temperature and (b) the exit pressure of the
air.

Take Cp of air 1.005 kJ/kg · K

Exercise 1.6 A hot-water stream at 80°C enters a mixing chamber with a mass flow rate of 0.5 kg/s where it is mixed
with a stream of cold water at 20°C. If it is desired that the mixture leave the chamber at 42°C, determine the mass flow
rate of the cold-water stream. Assume all the streams are at a pressure of 250 kPa.

Exercise 1.7 Cold water (cp 4.18 kJ/kg · °C) leading to a shower enters a thin-walled double-pipe counter-flow heat
exchanger at 15°C at a rate of 0.60 kg/s and is heated to 45°C by hot water (cp 4.19 kJ/kg · °C) that enters at 100°C at a
rate of 3 kg/s. Determine the rate of heat transfer in the heat exchanger and the exit temperature of the hot water.