SCIENCE REVIEWER Q4
Boyle’s Law:
Boyle’s law states that the volume of a given
mass of gas (V) is inversely proportional to its
absolute pressure (P), provided the
temperature of the gas (T) remains constant.
1. Oxygen gas inside a 1.5L-gas tank has a
pressure of 0.95 atm. Provided that the
temperature remains constant, how much
pressure is needed to reduce its volume by
½?
Answer: P2 = V1P1 / V2
= (1.5L)(0.95 atm) / ( 0.75L)
= 1.9 atm
(the volume is reduced so the pressure is increase)
2. A scuba diver needs a diving tank in
order to provide breathing gas while he is
underwater. How much pressure is needed for
6.00 liters of gas at 1.01 atmospheric pressure
to be compressed in a 3.00 liter cylinder ?
Answer: P2 = V1P1 / V2
= (6.00L)(1.01 atm) / ( 3.00L)
= 2.02 atm
(the volume is reduced so the pressure must
increased)
3. A sample of fluorine gas occupies a
volume of 600 mL at 760 torr. Given that the
temperature remains the same, calculate the
pressure required to reduce its volume by 1/3.
Answer: P2 = V1P1 / V2
= (600 mL)(760 torr) / ( 200 mL)
= 2280 torr
(the volume is reduced so the pressure must
increased)
Charles Law:
According to Charles law, the volume of a
given mass of gas (V) is directly proportional to
its absolute temperature (T), when its pressure
remains constant.
1. A cylinder with a movable piston contains
250 cm3 air at 10°C. If the pressure is
kept constant, at what temperature would
you expect the volume to be 150cm3?
Answer: T2 = V2T1 / V1
= (150 cm3) (10°C +273.15) / 250
cm3
= 170 K
The volume decreases, so the temperature is
also decreased.
2. A tank (not rigid) contains 2.3L of helium
gas at 25°C. What will be the volume of
the tank after heating it and its content to
40°C temperature at constant pressure?
Answer: V2 = V1T2 / T1
= (2.3L) (40°C +273.15) / (25°C
+273.15)
= 2.4 L
The temperature is increased, so the volume is
also increased
3. At 20˚C, the volume of chlorine gas is
15dm3. Compute the resulting volume if
the temperature is adjusted to 318K
provided that the pressure remains the
same.
Answer: V2 = V1T2 / T1
= (15dm3) (318K) / (20°C
+273.15)
= 2.4 L
The volume decreases, so the
temperature is decreased.
Gay-Lussac’s Law:
Gay-Lussac’s Law is also known as Amontons’
law. It states that if the volume of a given mass
of a gas (V) is kept constant, then the pressure
of the gas (P) is directly proportional to its
absolute temperature (T).
1. A certain light buld- containing
argon has a pressure of 1.20atm at 18°C. If it
will be heated to 85°C at constant volume,
 SCIENCE REVIEWER Q4
what will be the resulting pressure? Is it
enough to cause sudden breakage of the bulb?
Answer: P2 = P1T2 / T1
= (1.20 atm) ( 85°C + 273.15) / ( 18°C + 273.15)
= 1.48 atm
The temperature is increased, so the pressure also
increases.
2. At 20°C a confined ammonia gas has a
pressure of 2.50 atm. At what temperature
would its pressure be equal to 760. mmHg?
Answer: T2 = P2T1 / P1
= (760. mmHg )(20°C + 273.15) /
(2.50 atm.)
(760 mmHg / 1 atm.)
= 117 K
The pressure is decreased, so the temperature
also decreases.
3. The helium tank has a pressure of 650
torr at 25°C.What will be the pressure if
the temperature is tripled?
Answer: P2 = P1T2 / T1
= (650 torr) (75°C+ 273.15)
/ (25°C+ 273.15)
= 760 torr
The temperature is increased, SO THE
PRESSURE IS ALSO INCREASED.
COMBINED GAS LAW
the pressure and volume of a gas are inversely
proportional to each other, but are both directly
proportional to the temperature of that gas.
1. Helium gas has a volume of 250 mL at 0°C
at 1.0atm. What will be the final pressure if
the volume is reduced to 100. mL at 45°C?
Answer:
P2 = V1P1T2 / V2T1
= (250mL) (1.0atm.)(45°C + 273.15 )
/ (100. mL)
(0°C + 273.15)
= 2.9 atm.
2. The volume of a gas at 27°C and 700.
mmHg is 600. mL. What is the volume of the
gas at -20.0°C and 500. mmHg?
Answer:
V2 = V1P1T2 / P2T1
= (600. mL)(700. mmHg)( -20.0°C) / (500.
mmHg)
= (27°C + 273.15)
= 708k
3. A 2.5L of nitrogen gas exerts a
pressure of 760 mmHg at 473K. What
temperature is needed to reduce the
volume to 1.75L at 1140torr?
Answer:
T2 = V2P2T1 / V1P1
= ( 1.75L ) ( 1140torr )( 473K ) / (2.5L ) ( 760
mmHg )
Since 1 mmHg = 1 torr, then
T2 = ( 1.75L ) ( 1140torr )( 473K ) / (2.5L )
( 760 torr )
= 496.65 ≈ 5.0 x102 K
Avogadro’s Law:
Avogadro’s law states that equal volumes of
different perfect gases, at the same
temperature (T) and pressure (P), contain
equal number of molecules (n).
1. A 7.25 L sample of nitrogen gas (N2) is
identified to contain 0.75 mole of
nitrogen. How many moles of nitrogen
gas would there be in a 20.0 L sample
provided the temperature and pressure
remains the same?
Answer: n2= V2n 1/ V 1
= (20L)(0.75 mole) / 7.25 L
= 2.1 mole N2
Ideal Gas Law - The gas law that
interrelates volume, temperature, pressure and
number of moles of a gas is the Ideal Gas Law.
Ideal gas law equation is used in providing the
answers to these problems
1. Calculate the pressure exerted by a
0.25 mole sulfur hexafluoride in a steel
vessel having a capacity of 1,250 mL at
70.0°C.
 SCIENCE REVIEWER Q4
Answer: d. outermost electrons
P = nRT / V
= (0.25mile) (0.0821 L.atm./mole K)(70.0 + 4. How is a chemical equation is balanced?
273.15 K) / 1.25L a. changing subscripts
= 0.56 atm b. erasing elements as necessary
c. adding coefficients
d. adding elements as necessary
Universal Gas Law:
5. What are the products in the equation below?
Combined Gas law is derived from the three Zn + CuSO4 -----> ZnSO4 + Cu
gas laws Boyles law, Charles law and Gay- a. Zn and Cu
b. Zn and CuSO4
Lussacs law c. ZnSO4 and Cu
d. Zn only

6. Generally, the higher the concentration of the reacting

substances, the faster is the reaction. – TRUE

7. At lower temperature, chemical reactions occur at slower

rates. – TRUE

8. The bigger the surface area of the reactants, the faster the
How does acid rain form? rate of reaction. – TRUE

- Nitric oxide NO2, a product of combustion
of gasoline in automobiles is one of the
culprits
- Other sources are from thermal power
plants and coal mining industries that emits
SO2, CO2, CO, NO2, and NO that reacts with
water vapor and produces acids
How NO2 is converted to Nitric acid (HNO3)
9. Catalysts increase the rate of reaction by providing a
reaction pathway with a higher activation energy. – FALSE
(LOWER ACTIVATION ENERGY)
10. The minimum energy required to start a reaction is called
bond energy. – FALSE (ACTIVATION ENERGY)
13. What is the function of MnO2 in the production of oxygen
from hydrogen peroxide in this reaction:

2NO2 + H20  HNO2 + HNO3 MnO2

H2O2 H2O + O2

– MnO2 (Manganese dioxide acts as a catalyst, it

hastens the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide)

14. Why would iron fillings rust faster than an iron nail?
– Iron filings rust faster because of its bigger
CHEMICAL REACTIONS surface area; the bigger the surface area the faster the
Pre-Assessment reaction rate.
1 -5 Multiple Choice. Choose the correct answer.
1. During a chemical reaction, 15. Enzymes are in molds and bacteria that spoil food. Explain,
a. atoms are destroyed using your knowledge of factors affecting the rate of reaction,
b. atoms are rearranged why food doesn’t spoil as fast when it is refrigerated as it would
c. elements are destroyed at room temperature.
d. new elements are produced – Enzymes are biological catalysts. Enzymes in
molds and bacteria cause food to spoil faster. Putting
2. A chemical reaction is a process in which food inside the refrigerator slows down spoilage due to
a. all reactants change state lower temperature. The higher the temperature the higher
b. products change into reactants the reaction rate. The lower the temperature the slower the
c. the law of conservation of mass applies reaction rate.
d. all of these

3. What determines an atom’s ability to undergo chemical When a physical change occurs there is no breaking and
reactions? forming of bonds. There are certain things that will help us
a. protons identify if a chemical reaction has taken place. We call these
b. neutrons evidences of chemical reactions.
c. innermost electrons 1. Production of light
 SCIENCE REVIEWER Q4
2. Evolution of gas
3. Temperature change
4. Change in intrinsic properties (color, odor) CHEMICAL REACTIONS
5. Formation of precipitate
A. COMBINATION REACTION: Reactants combine to form a
PHLOGISTON THEORY single product.
- earliest theory about burning.
- by George Ernst Stahl in the 17th century A + B AB
- “when a material burns, it releases a substance
known as phlogiston” B. DECOMPOSITION REACTION: In this reaction, a single
- this theory was accepted for a very long time reactant breaks down into simpler ones. (2 or more products).
This is the reverse of combination reaction. The general
ANTOINE LAVOISIER formula for this reaction is:
- father of modern chemistry
- “Law of Conservation of Mass” AB A + B
- states that the total mass of the reactants is equal to
the total mass of the products C. SINGLE DISPLACEMENT (Replacement) REACTION.
- through his careful observations from his This is when one element replaces another element from a
experiments, exposed(debunked) the phlogiston theory as he compound. The more active element takes the place of the
discovered that instead of releasing a substance (phlogiston) less active element in a compound. The general formula for
a material accurately burns as it reacts (uses) with oxygen. this reaction is:
This is now known as the Theory of Oxidation, and this is
accepted up to this day. A + BC AC + B

For burning to occur, 3 factors should be present in proper

conditions and proportions.
1. Fuel
2. Oxygen
3. Heat

D. DOUBLE DISPLACEMENT REACTION (Metathesis). This

SYMBOLS USED IN CHEMICAL EQUATION is when the positive ions (cations) and negative ions (anions)
of different compounds switch places, forming two entirely
SYMBOL MEANING
different compounds. The general formula for this reaction is:
To show combination of
+
reactants or products AB + CD AD + CB
To produce; to form; to yield
E. COMBUSTION (Burning) REACTION: This when oxygen
(s) – solid combines with a hydrocarbon to form water and carbon
(l) – liquid dioxide.
(s), (l), (g), (aq) (g) – gas
(aq) – aqueous(substance is
dissolved in water) C4H10 + O2 CO2 + H2O

Reversible reaction F. ACID-BASE REACTION: This is a special kind of double

displacement that takes place when an acid and base react
Heat
Indicates that heat is with each other.
supplied to the reaction
HCl + NaOH NaCl + H2O
A formula written above
or below the yield sign
Pt indicates its use as a
catalyst or solvent In 1888 Svante Arrhenius suggested that particles must
possess a certain minimum amount of kinetic energy in order
to react.
A chemical equation is a chemist’s shorthand for a
chemical reaction. The equation distinguishes between the Energy diagram – used to analyze the changes in energy that
reactants, which are the starting materials and the products occur during a chemical reaction.
which are the resulting substance/s. It shows the symbols or
formulas of the reactants and products, the phases (solid, Energy of the reactants must be raised up over an energy
liquid, gas) of these substances, and the ratio of the barrier
substances as they react.
 SCIENCE REVIEWER Q4
Activation energy – Is the energy required to initiate a
reaction and force the reactants to form an activated complex.
The activated complex is located at the peak of the energy
diagram for a reaction.

COLLISION THEORY
Reactions can only happen when the reactant
particles collide, but most collisions are NOT successful in
forming product molecules despite the high rate of
collisions. Reactants should have sufficient energy, and their
molecules should be in proper orientation for a successful
collision to happen. SUMMATIVE ASSESSMENT
The minimum kinetic energy required for reaction 1. Analyze the diagram on the left, what evidence shows that
is known as the activation energy. the reaction’s product is a gas?
a. bubbles are forming and
collected
b. the gas is not soluble in
The rate of chemical reaction is affected by the following water
factors: c. acids always produce gases
 Temperature when they react with a solid
 Surface area of reactants d. there is no filter funnel and
 Presence of catalyst paper to remove unreacted solid.
 Concentration of reactants
2-3 Refer to the illustration below:
Every factor that affects reaction rate can be understood The following depicts the formation of methanol (CH3OH).
relative to collision theory.

Nitric oxide NO2, a product of combustion of gasoline in

automobiles is one of the culprits in the formation of acid rain.

2. What would be the skeleton equation for this reaction?

a. C + Cl2 + O2 → CH3ClH
b. C + H2 + O2 → CH3OH
 SCIENCE REVIEWER Q4
c. C2 + H2 + O2 → CH3OH c. One or more of the reactants has been used up.
d. Wrong catalyst was used.
d. C + H + O → CH3OH
10. In a reaction with hydrochloric acid, why does powdered
3. If the formula for methanol is CH3OH, what would be the magnesium reacts faster than the same mass of magnesium
balanced chemical equation for this reaction? ribbon?
a. C3 + 2H2 + O2 → 2CH3OH a. The powdered magnesium contains more atoms
than the magnesium ribbon.
b. 2C + 4H2 + O2 → 2CH3OH b. The powdered magnesium is hotter than the
c. 2C + 2H2 + O2 → 2CH3OH magnesium ribbon.
c. The powdered magnesium has a bigger surface
d. C+H+O → CH3OH area than the magnesium ribbon.
d. The powdered magnesium has a smaller surface
4. Which of the following is the correct balanced reaction? area than the magnesium ribbon.
a. 2C3H8 + 10O2 → 6CO2 + 8H2O
11. Marble reacts with hydrochloric acid to produce calcium
b. C3H8 + O2 → CO2 + H2O chloride, water and carbon dioxide. In which of these mixtures
c. C3H8 + O2 → 3CO2 + 2H2O is the rate of reaction likely to be the greatest?
a. 1 g of marble chips in 100 cm3 of hydrochloric acid
d. C3H8 + 5O2 → 3CO2 + 4H2O at 20°C.
b. 1 g of powdered marble in 100 cm3 of hydrochloric
5. Quicklime (CaO) is used as a drying agent. When water is acid at 30°C.
added to this, slaked lime Ca(OH)2 is formed. What type of c. 1 g of powdered marble in 100 cm3 of hydrochloric
reaction is this? acid at 20°C.
a. combination d. 1 g of marble chips in 100cm3 of hydrochloric acid
b. single displacement at 30°C.
c. decomposition
d. double displacement

6. Fresh fish and meat that are not stored in a refrigerator

show signs of spoilage in less than a day. What has caused
this spoilage?
a. temperature changes
b. presence of microorganisms
c. oxygen in air
d. all of the above
7. The rate of reaction increases as the temperature
increases. Which of the following statements provides the best
explanation for this?
a. At lower temperatures the particles do not collide
with each other.
b. At higher temperatures the particles have more
energy, move faster, and collide more often.
c. Higher temperature has higher activation energy.
d. Increasing the temperature increases the number
of particles, so they collide more often.
8. Which of the following statements about collisions is
correct?
a. Reaction will occur even without collision of
molecules.
b. All colliding particles have the same amount of
energy.
c. Only fast-moving particles collide with each other.
d. Reactions can happen if the colliding particles
have enough energy.
9. Reactions eventually stop. What is generally the reason for
this?
a. The catalyst has been used up.
b. The particles have run out of energy.
12. Manganese dioxide is a black powder that catalyzes the
breakdown of hydrogen peroxide to water and oxygen. Which
of the following statements is correct?
a. The mass of manganese dioxide will stay the
same during the reaction.
b. The catalyzed reaction will produce more oxygen
than the uncatalyzed reaction.
c. The particles in the catalyzed reaction will have
more energy than in the uncatalyzed reaction.
d. Manganese dioxide will cause production of more
water.
13-15 Explain briefly.
13-15 Based on your knowledge of factors affecting the rate of
reaction, why is there a danger of explosion in places like coal
mines where there are large quantities of powdered,
combustible materials?
- There is a danger of explosion in coal
mines where there are large quantities of powdered
combustible materials because powdered combustible
materials have very large surface area, increasing the
number of collisions between particles, resulting to
rapid chemical reaction (explosion).
 SCIENCE REVIEWER Q4
GLOSSARY An insoluble solid that
Precipitate
separates from the solution.
Reaction between an acid
Acid-base Reaction and a base producing salt The resulting substance
and water. Product
after a chemical reaction.

The specie temporarily The substance entering a

formed by the reactant Reactant
chemical reaction
Activated Complex molecules as a result of
collision before they form
the product. A more active element
Single Displacement
replaces another element
Reaction
The minimum amount of from a compound.
Activation Energy energy required to start a
chemical reaction. Coined from the words
Smog smoke and fog, an
A substance that hastens a environmental pollutant.
Catalyst chemical reaction without
itself being consumed.
BIOMOLECULES
An equation that uses
chemical symbols and  4 main classes of biomolecules:
Chemical Equation
formulas to represent a
Carbohydrates generally made up of carbon,
chemical reaction.
Lipids hydrogen & oxygen
A process in which a
substance is changed Proteins contain nitrogen together with some
Chemical Reaction Nucleic acid derivatives of carbohydrates & lipids
into one or more new
substance/s.
CARBOHYDRATES- major source of energy for the body.
The number placed before - these are simple sugar, starch and
the formulas, used to cellulose
Coefficient
balance a chemical
equation.  Classifications of carbohydrates:

Monosaccharides- from prefix “mono” means one

Reactions can only happen - simplest sugar and the basic subunit of
Collision Theory when the reactant particles
a carbohydrate
collide.
- these compounds are white solid at
Two or more reactants form room temperature
Combination Reaction
a single product.
- soluble in water bc of hydroxyl(-OH)
Reaction with oxygen groups in their molecular structures
Combustion Reaction producing water and carbon
most common monosaccharides:
dioxide.
glucose(also called dextrose) and fructose
A single reactant breaks
Decomposition Reaction down into 2 or more - have same molecular formula C6H12O6 but
products. differ in structure called isomers

This is when the positive

ions (cations) and negative * during digestion, carbohydrates are broken down into
Double Displacement ions (anions) of different monosaccharide absorbed into blood and transported
Reaction compounds switch places,
to cells providing “instant” energy
forming two entirely new
compounds.

Substance that slows down

Inhibitor or retards a chemical
reaction.
 SCIENCE REVIEWER Q4
*too much eating especially when tired, excess glucose
is stored in liver as glycogen.
insulin- secreted by pancreas when too much glucose
is in blood so liver, muscles and fat will absorb glucose
and transform to glycogen or fats.
glucagon- secreted by pancreas when blood sugar drops
so liver, muscle and fats will convert glycogen back to
glucose.
Fructose- in grapes, apple or atis
- Fruit sugar
- Sweetest naturally occurring sugar
- Sometimes used as a low calorie sweetener
b/c less fructose is needed to produce same
sweetness as table sugar
Glucose- found in all plants and tree sap
- Also found in glycogen produced in animal
cells
Disaccharides- ex. sugar use to sweeten coffee/
sucrose(C12H22O11)
- Maltose & Lactose
Condensation reaction- rxn w/c 2 molecules or parts of
the same molecule combine. During the condensation
of monosaccharides to form disaccharides, 1 molecule
of water is lost.
Maltose- is formed and water is lost when 2 glucose
molecules combine
Hydrolisis Reaction- occurs when bond between
monosaccharides is broken with the
addition of a water molecule.
Lactose- made up of sugar called galactose and glucose.
Lactase- an enzyme necessary to break the
bond between 2 monosaccharides when lactose
is digested.
Lactose intolerant- people who can’t digest
milk b/c they do not produce the enzyme
lactase necessary to break the bond between
galactose and glucose.
- Lactose molecules are too large to be
absorbed into the circulatory system, they
continue to digestive system where they
eventually broken down by bacteria in the
large intestine which they digest and
produce carbon dioxide the result, build up
of intestinal gas along with a bloated
feeling, and more often passing out due to
undigested lactose as diarrhea, common
symptom of lactose intolerance.
Digestible disaccharides in food:
Sucrose (glucose- fructose)
Lactose (Galactose-glucose)
Maltose (glucose- glucose)
-glycosidic bond is formed when 2
monosaccharides join together by combination
reaction that produces water as a side product.
Polysaccharides- prefix “poly” mean many or complex
carbohydrates
- Ex: local tubers like sweet potato or camote
and green leafy vegetables like malungay
ang kangkong & banana
- Turn blue-black when stained with iodine
solution b/c they contain starchy
components
3 common polysaccharides:
Starch(assembled from glucose)- chief storage form of
carbohydrates in plants and the most important source
of carbohydrate in human nutrition.
- Can contain anywhere from 5 hundred to
several hundred thousand glucose
molecules joined by covalent bonds into a
single structure.
- Made up of 2 kinds of polysaccharides:
amylose- a colied or helical structure
Amylopectin- branched
- Plants make starch
- Breakdown of starch requires a water
molecule to provide a hydrogen atom and a
hydroxyl group to the site where the bond
is broken. Glucose from starch reaches
muscle cells over a period of tme providing
energy as it is needed, for this reason,
athletes often eat meals rich in complex
carbohydrates before an athletic event.
 SCIENCE REVIEWER Q4

LIPIDS- job of storing energy for later use.

- Found in hormones and cell membrane
components.
- Have different structural types: carboxylic
*All individuals whose intake of glucose is excessive will acid or fatty acids, triglycerides or neutral
store the excess glucose as fat for long term storage and fats, steroids, and waxes to name a few.
some are converted to another polysaccharide - most abundant are fats and oils also called
glycogen(made by animal). tiglycerides.
* Naturally occuring esters are lipids that contain one or
more long-chain carboxylic acids called fatty acids.
*structure of glycogen which consists of long
These are insoluble in water but soluble in nonpolar
polymer chains of glucose units is connected by an
solvents.
alpha glycosidic linkage. It is a multibranched
polysaccharide of glucose that serves as a form of
* oil and water do not mix because they do not have
energy storage in animals. The polysaccharide structure
the same polarity. Also, oils are composed primarily of
represents the main storage form of glucose in the
long hydrocarbon chains. They are formed reaction
body.
between an alcohol and one or more long–chain
carboxylic acids.
*Glycogen is the readily available energy stored in liver
Name Structural Formula Melti
and muscles and the one that is easily metabolized. Fats
ng
are stored in adipose tissues but unlike glycogen, are
Point
not as readily metabolized. They are used during (oC)
prolonged exercise or activity. Lauric CH3(CH2)10COOH 44
Myristic CH3(CH2)12COOH 53
Cellulose- glucose molecules are arrange in such a way
Palmitic CH3(CH2)14COOH 63
that hydrogen bonds link hydroxyl groups of adjacent
Stearic CH3(CH2)16COOH 70
glucose molecules to form insoluble fibrous sheets(basic
Oleic CH3(CH2)7CH=CH(CH2)7CO 16
component of plant).
OH
- processed to produce
Linoleic* CH3(CH2)4(CH=CHCH2)2(CH -5
papers and fibres, and is chemically modified to yield 2)6COOH
substances used in the manufacture of items such as Linolenic* CH3CH2(CH=CHCH2)3(CH2)6 -11
plastics, photographic films, and rayon COOH
- Other cellulose derivatives are used as Arachido CH3(CH2)4(CH=CHCH2)4(CH -50
adhesives, explosives, thickening agents for foods, and nic* 2)2COOH
in moisture-proof coatings.
- fiber rich foods: saluyot, okra & takway *Fats are solid at room temperature and contain
*People cannot digest cellulose, but when we eat foods saturated fatty fats. Contain single bonds and produced
rich in fiber, which is cellulose, it speeds the movement by animals. Example of animal fat are lard and butter.
of food through the digestive tracts. It is a food for
herbivorous animals like cows, carabaos, goats, and * Oils are liquids at room temperature and contain
horses(rabbit). These animals have microorganisms in unsaturated fatty acids. Most oils, such as vegetable oil,
their digestive tracts that can digest cellulose. They corn oil, and olive oil are produced by
have a special stomach chamber that holds the plants plants.
they eat for a long period of time, during which these
microorganisms can break down the cellulose into * margarine is more acceptable to consumers when it is
glucose. The protozoans in the gut of insects solid because it looks more like butter. However,
such as termites also digest cellulose. margarine is made from vegetable oils that are liquid at
room temperature. The oils can be processed to form
*Likewise, starch has many industrial applications in solid margarine.
addition to its importance in human nutrition. It is used
in the manufacture of paper, textiles, pharmaceuticals, * If you eat in moderation, fats are good sources of
and biodegradable polymers, and as an additive in body fuel. They are considered good emergency food
foods. and are efficient energy storage system.

*However, an excess quantity of fats is not good for the

heart. The reason why fats are not good for the heart is
 SCIENCE REVIEWER Q4
because they tend to clog arteries and overwork the
heart. While carbohydrates are the main source of
energy in your body, your system turns it to fat as a
backup energy source when carbohydrates are not
available. Vitamins A, D, E, and K cannot function
without adequate daily fat intake since they are fat
soluble vitamins. If you don’t meet your daily fat intake
or follow a low fat diet, absorption of these vitamins
may be limited resulting in impaired functioning.
Steroids- are another class of lipids whose molecules
are composed of fused rings of atoms.
- most important steroid is cholesterol. It is a
sterol because of the presence of alcohol or
the hydroxyl functional group.
- It is found mainly in animal cells although
cell membranes of plants may contain small
quantities of cholesterol as well as its major
derivatives, sitosterol.
Cholesterol- present in most animal membranes w/
varying amounts but is absent in prokaryotes.
- Cholesterol plays an important role in
eukaryotes and especially abundant in cell
membranes of animal cells.
- Small amount of cholesterol can
also be found in the membrane of some
organelles inside the cells, such as
the mitochondrion and the endoplasmic
reticulum.
- It is not only abundant in cell
membrane, but also in brain tissues of the
nervous system.
- An important nerve cell, myelin, covers
nerve axons to help conduct the electrical
impulses that make movement, sensation,
thinking, learning, and remembering
possible.
- Studies have shown that cholesterol was
found to be the most important factor
in the formation of synapses, which greatly
affect our memory and learning
ability.
- Animals are able to use cholesterol to
synthesize other steroids like cortisone,
testosterone, and estrogen.
- Although cholesterol is an essential lipid for
humans, excessive levels of cholesterol in
the blood can lead to deposits in the
arteries of the heart. These arterial
deposits are a leading cause of heart
disease. (LeMay Jr, 2000)
Calorie- a unit of heat energy.
- Heat energy is what really fuels our body in
the same way that gasoline fuels your car’s
energy.
- Calories are provided by fats,
carbohydrates, and proteins.
- Fats have the highest concentration of
calories.
PROTEINS- made up of the elements carbon, hydrogen,
oxygen, nitrogen and sulfur.
- egg white, fish, meat, and cheese are foods
rich in proteins.
- found in all living cells. They are
the second most common molecules found in
the human body (after water)
and make up about 10% to 20% of the mass of a
cell.
 eats protein-rich foods, digestive system breaks
the long protein chains into simpler substances
called amino acids.
amino acids- are the building blocks of proteins. Of the
20 amino acids found in human protein, only 11
can be synthesized by the body and 9 have to
be supplied by the foods we eat. These 9 amino
acids are also called essential
amino acids.
- Organic molecules that contain two
functional groups: a basic NH2 amino group
and an acidic- COOH carboxylic acid group.
9 Essential amino acids:
valine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, methionine,
phenylalanine, threonine, tryptophan and histidine - is
only essential for infants.
*Your body doesn’t
store amino acids, so it needs a regular daily supply of
these essential building blocks.
*11 nonessential amino acids, eight are
called conditional amino acids. When you’re sick or
under significant stress, your body may not be able to
produce enough of these amino acids to meet
your needs.
The list of conditional amino acids:
iarginine, glutamine, tyrosine, cysteine, glycine, proline,
serine, and ornithine.
The remaining three -
alanine, asparagine, and aspartate - are nonessential.
*Aaron Jay also learned that whenever he eats protein
foods, he is supplied with amino acids for the
rebuilding of his body system.
 SCIENCE REVIEWER Q4
Figure 13. Peptide Bond
*When two amino acids react with each other in an
acid-base reaction, a peptide is formed. The basic
amino group of one amino acid reacts with the acidic
carboxylic group of another amino acid, forming the
peptide, and a molecule of water is lost. This reaction
shown above is classified as a condensation reaction
because the two amino acid molecules join together
and water is formed.
- The bond formed is called a peptide bond, and
the product is a dipeptide because it is made up of two
amino acid units.
- Longer chains are called polypeptides and
chains of 50 or more amino acids are called proteins.
* denaturation finds many applications at home. An
example is the extraction of oil from coconut milk
emulsion (gata). Proteins act as the emulsifying agent.
When the coconut milk emulsion is heated, oil
separates from water and is then recovered.
The tasty solid residue remaining (latek) after water
evaporates is denatured protein. Also, the preservation
of food by pickling and salting also involves
denaturation of proteins. Vinegar and salts are agents
for denaturation. Decay microorganisms are killed when
their cell proteins are denatured.
*protein malnutrition- also known as Kwashiorkor, affects
children in underdeveloped
countries. Although protein
malnutrition can be classified as a type of
malnutrition; protein malnutrition
usually goes hand in hand with calorie
malnutrition and referred to as Protein-
Energy Malnutrition (PEM).
enzymes - Another type of protein known as biological
catalysts. highly specific. That is, they act only on
certain molecules called substrates (reactants),
while leaving the rest of the system unaffected.
- The role of an enzyme can be compared to a
lock and a key. The lock will not open unless you
use the right key. In the same manner an
enzyme works for a specific substrate
like the enzyme lactase. Its role is to breakdown
the sugar lactose into glucose and galactose
NUCLEIC ACIDS- molecules that code for hereditary traits by
controlling the production of protein. Like
proteins, nucleic acids are long chain
of polymers consisting of simpler units or
monomers
There are two kinds of nucleic acids:
DNA, or deoxyribonucleic acid; and RNA, or ribonucleic acid.
*DNA found mainly in the cell nuclei contains the genetic
information that codes for the sequences of amino acids in
proteins.
*RNA is found in many places in the cell and carries out the
synthesis of proteins.
The monomers of nucleic acids are nucleotides. They are
made up of three parts:
a five carbon sugar (pentose), a phosphate group, and a
ringshaped base containing nitrogen.
 SCIENCE REVIEWER Q4
*The process by which an identical copy of the original
DNA is formed is called DNA replication. An analogy of
DNA replication is opening a zipper. As
you open, each side of the zipper acts as a template for
the synthesis of a new, complementary strand. The
result is two new DNA molecules, which have the
same base pair sequence as the original double helix.

*Proteins are the ones responsible for observable traits

*The double-helix consists of two linear strands of like curly hair, blue eyes, dark skin, etc. DNA and RNA
polymerized nucleotides that bound about each other. The molecules direct the synthesis of proteins in the cells.
two strands are held together by hydrogen bonds that form
between pairs of nucleotides. Adenine (A) forms hydrogen SUMMARY
bonds with a thymine (T) of the other strand. Cytosine (C)
Carboydrates- They are molecules made from
forms hydrogen bonds with a guanine (G) of the other strand
aldehydes and ketones containing
DNA RNA numerous hydroxyl groups.
Deoxyribonucleic Ribonucleic Monosaccharides- are composed of a single ring.
Acid Acid Disaccharides- consist of two monosaccharides that are
chemically combined.
Polysaccharides- are polymers containing numerous
Description It contains the It is
monosaccharide monomers.
genetic responsible
Lipids- They are water insoluble molecules that are
instruction for
composed of carbon,
used in the template
hydrogen and oxygen.
the in the
Fats and oils- are triglycerides that are combinations of
development synthesis of glycerol and three fatty acids.
and proteins Proteins- Proteins are polymers of amino acids. They
functioning of which in turn are found as structural materials in hair, nails and
all living control the connective tissues.
organisms. operation & Enzymes- are proteins that act as biological catalysts.
function of Nucleic Acids- Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and
the cell Ribonucleic acid (RNA) are nucleic acids. Both DNA and
Function Long-term Transfer the RNA are polymers that are made up of nucleotides.
storage and genetic Nucleotides- are molecules that are composed of three
transmission information parts: a five carbon sugar, a nitrogen-containing base,
of genetic for the and a phosphate group.
information creation of
proteins Glossary of Terms
from the • Biomolecule is any molecule that is produced by a
nucleus to living organism,
the including large macromolecules such as proteins,
ribosomes polysachharides,
Sugar and Deoxyribose Ribose lipids and nucleic acids.
Bases sugar sugar • Condensation reaction is a process by which two
molecules form a
Phosphate Phosphate bond with the removal of a molecule of water.
backbone; backbone; • Hydrolysis is a reaction in which water is added to a
Four Bases: Four Bases: reactant, breaking
adenine, adenine, the reactant into two product molecules.
guanine, guanine, • Monomer is a small molecule that joins with other
cytosine, and cytosine, similar molecules to
thymine and make a polymer; repeating units of a polymer
uracil • Polymer is a large organic molecule consisting of small
repeating units
Pairing of A-T (Adenine- A-U
called monomers.
Bases Thymine) (Adenine-
G-C (Guanine- Uracil)
Cytosine) G-C
(Guanine-
Cytosine)
 SCIENCE REVIEWER Q4
c. saturated fatty acid
b. unsaturated fatty acid
d. phospholipid

Summative Assessment 9. Disaccharide is formed by combining two

monosaccharides. What do you
1. Nutritional chemists have found that burning 1 gram call the process of combining 2 or more simple sugars?
of fat releases twice the amount of heat energy as a. Hydrolysis
burning 1 gram of starch. Based on this information, c. Condensation
which type of biomolecule would cause a person to gain b. Peptide bonding
more weight? d. Saccharide bonding
a. carbohydrate
c. proteins 10. Which of the following elements is NOT present in
b. fat carbohydrates?
d. nucleic acid a. carbon
b. oxygen
2. Lipids are insoluble in water because lipid molecules c. nitrogen
are _________? d. hydrogen
a. hydrophilic
b. neutral 11. Which of the following biomolecules contain only
c. hydrophobic the elements carbon,
d. Zwitter ions hydrogen and oxygen?
a. carbohydrates and lipids
3. Which of the following groups are all classified as c. proteins and nucleic acids
polysaccharide? b. lipids and proteins
a. sucrose, glucose and fructose d.nucleic acids and carbohydrates
c. glycogen, sucrose and maltose
b. maltose, lactose and fructose 12. Which of the following sugars are the components
d. glycogen, cellulose and starch of lactose?
a. glucose & galactose
4. Amino acids are the building blocks of which group of c. glucose & fructose
biomolecules? b. fructose and galactose
a. proteins d. glucose and glucose
b. carbohydrates
c. lipids 13. What type of chemical bond is illustrated by the
d. nucleic acid arrows below?
a. sugar-sugar bond
5. Which of the following is the major function of c. peptide bond
carbohydrates? b. glycerol- fatty acid bond
1. structural framework d. hydrogen bond
2. storage
3. energy production 14. Which of the following sugars are the components
a. 1 only b. 2 only c. 3 only d. 1 & 3 only of maltose?
a. glucose & galactose
6. In which organs are glycogen stored in the body? c. glucose & fructose
A. liver and spleen b. fructose and galactose
C. liver and bile d. glucose and glucose
B. liver and muscle
D. liver and adipose tissue 15. The sugar in RNA is _____________, the sugar in
DNA is ________.
7. When digesting a complex carbohydrate, water is a. deoxyribose, ribose
added and simple b. ribose, deoxyribose
sugar is obtained through which process? c. ribose, phosphate
a. Photosynthesis d. ribose, uracil
c. Hydrolysis
b. Condensation
d. Dehydration

8. What kind of molecule is represented by the

structure below?
CH3CH2CH2CH2CH=CHCH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2
COOH
a. monosaccharide