Engineers in Society (Project Report)

UNIVERSITI TENAGA NASIONAL
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
COEB422
ENGINEERING IN SOCIETY
SEMESTER 2 2016/2017
PROJECT REPORT
QUESTION 3
3R’s (REDUCE, REUSE, RECYCLE)
SECTION :1
GROUP NAME : ZEUS
GROUP LEADER:
ID: ME095860 NAME: MOHD HAKIMI BIN ZULKEPLY
GROUP MEMBERS:
1. ID: ME095818 NAME: MOHD SYAFIQ BIN MOHD FAUZI
2. ID: ME095811 NAME: FUAD RASYADI BIN AB SAMAD
3. ID: ME095806 NAME: DZULFADHLY BIN SHAARI
4. ID: ME095312 NAME: AHMAD ASRUL BIN AYUB
LECTURER : MOKHTAR BIN MAJID, HAJI

TABLE OF CONTENT
CONTENTS PAGES
1 INTRODUCTION 1
2 LITERATURE REVIEW 2–4
3 METHODOLOGY 5–6
4 RESULTS 7 – 48
4.1 INCULCATION OF 3R CULTURE
IN DEVELOPED COUNTRIES 7 – 19
4.2 INCULCATION OF 3R CULTURE
IN MALAYSIA 20 – 29
4.3 SOCIETY ROLES 30 – 34
4.4 QUESTIONNAIRE 35 – 48
5 DISCUSSIONS 49
6 SUGGESTIONS AND CONCLUSIONS 50 – 53
7 REFERENCES 54 – 56
8 APPENDIX 57 – 66
A. QUESTIONNAIRE FORM 57 – 58
B. MEETING MINUTES 59 – 66
1.0 INTRODUCTION
For this semester's Engineering in Society (COEB422) course, the team were required
to fulfill certain objectives pertaining to our chosen project title which was 3R’s (Reduce,
Reuse, Recycle).
The three R's - reduce, reuse and recycle - all help to cut down on the amount of waste
we throw away. They conserve natural resources, landfill space and energy. Plus, the three R's
save land and money communities must use to dispose of waste in landfills. Siting a new landfill
has become difficult and more expensive due to environmental regulations and public
opposition.
The team has chosen to research and study about 3R’s. The reason why the title was
chosen as our project was because society should be aware of the importance of 3R’s culture in
modern era. Society should come up with a new way to prevent Earth suffering from the effect
of man-made destruction. The goals of this project include applying the professional Code of
Ethics/Code of Professional as an engineer in the society, relate real case study in Malaysia,
develop management skills and address the relevent issues that arises in the scope of the subject.
The main objective of the project is to study 3R’s.
3R’s are quite known in the society. A concern citizen should be aware and apply the
3R’s in daily life. Thus, this project task were to come up with a brilliant way that could help
the society adapt the 3R’s as a way of life. Moreover, this project covered most of 3R’s aspect
regarding engineers roles. Furthermore, developing country should be integrating 3R’s.
pg. 1
2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW
1. REDUCE
The first and most effective component of the waste hierarchy is reducing the waste
created. Consumers are encouraged to reduce their waste by purchasing in bulk, buying items
with less packaging and switching to reusable instead of single-use items. Businesses can adopt
manufacturing methods that require fewer resources and generate less waste. In addition to
benefiting the environment, these efforts often offer consumers and businesses the financial
incentive of lower expenses in purchases. [1]
The best way to manage waste is to not produce it. This can be done by shopping carefully and
being aware of a few guidelines [2]:
 Buy products in bulk. Larger, economy-size products or ones in concentrated form use
less packaging and usually cost less per ounce.
 Avoid over-packaged goods, especially ones packed with several materials such as foil,
paper, and plastic. They are difficult to recycle, plus you pay more for the package.
 Avoid disposable goods, such as paper plates, cups, napkins, razors, and lighters.
Throwaways contribute to the problem, and cost more because they must be replaced
again and again.
 Buy durable goods - ones that are well-built or that carry good warranties. They will
last longer, save money in the long run and save landfill space.
 At work, make two-sided copies when ever possible.
 Maintain central files rather than using several files for individuals.
 Use electronic mail or main bulletin board.
 Use cloth napkins instead of paper napkins.
 Use a dish cloth instead of paper towels.
pg. 2
2. REUSE
Despite efforts to reduce the amount of waste generated, consumers and businesses still
create substantial waste. Much of this waste can immediately be reused to minimize the strain
on the environment and municipal waste management. For example, consumers can refill a
purchased bottle of water with water from home to minimize the number of plastic bottles being
discarded. Consumers have a financial incentive here as well, as municipal water is far cheaper
than bottled water. [1]
It makes economic and environmental sense to reuse products. Sometimes it takes creativity
[2]:
 Reuse products for the same purpose. Save paper and plastic bags, and repair broken
appliances, furniture and toys.
 Reuse products in different ways. Use a coffee can to pack a lunch; use plastic
microwave dinner trays as picnic dishes.
 Sell old clothes, appliances, toys, and furniture in garage sales or ads, or donate them to
charities.
 Use resealable containers rather than plastic wrap.
 Use a ceramic coffee mug instead of paper cups.
 Reuse grocery bags or bring your own cloth bags to the store. Do not take a bag from
the store unless you need one.
pg. 3
3. RECYCLE
When waste is eventually discarded, segregating items for recycling from other waste
is important. Recyclables include glass, newspaper, aluminum, cardboard and a surprising array
of other materials. Lead, for example, has one of the highest recycling rates because of laws
requiring the recycling of lead-acid batteries. According to the U.S. Geological Survey,
recycled lead accounts for almost 90 percent of the lead used in manufacturing today. [1]
Recycling is a series of steps that takes a used material and processes, remanufactures, and sells
it as a new product. Begin recycling at home and at work [2]:
 Buy products made from recycled material. Look for the recycling symbol or ask store
managers or salesmen. The recycling symbol means one of two things - either the
product is made of recycled material, or the item can be recycled. For instance, many
plastic containers have a recycling symbol with a numbered code the identifies what
type of plastic resin it is made from. However, just because the container has this code
does not mean it can be easily recycled locally.
 Check collection centers and curbside pickup services to see what they accept, and begin
collecting those materials. These can include metal cans, newspapers, paper products,
glass, plastics and oil.
 Consider purchasing recycled materials at work when purchasing material for office
supply, office equipment or manufacturing.
 Speak to store managers and ask for products and packaging that help cut down on
waste, such as recycled products and products that are not over packaged.
 Buy products made from material that is collected for recycling in your community.
 Use recycled paper for letterhead, copier paper and newsletters.
pg. 4
3.0 METHODOLOGY
The three R's - reduce, reuse and recycle - all help to cut down on the amount of waste we
throw away. They conserve natural resources, landfill space and energy. Plus, the three
R's save land and money communities must use to dispose of waste in landfills.
Based on the 3Rs statement above, discuss on how the 3R culture is being inculcated in
developed countries and in Malaysia. How much difference can it make if society plays their
part in the 3Rs? Conduct a survey on the awareness relating to the 3Rs in sustainability.
Suggest ways to improve understanding and behavior towards the 3Rs for sustainable
development.
As shown in the block figure above, the current study was carried out to study 3R’s
initiative conducted by developed countries. The main objective was to determine how the 3 R
culture is being instil in developed countries and in Malaysia. Apart from that, this study
discussed the responsibilities of societies if they play their part in the 3R’s.
The methods used in this study were based on Bryman and Bell [3] cum Greener [4].
The methodology comprises of three major approaches, namely case studies, questionnaire and
secondary research. A total of three case studies were selected in this study, which involves
developed countries; Japan, Singapore and Hong Kong. The cases were analysis according to
the research strategies listed in Bryman and Bell [3], with a primary focus on how the respective
countries inculcated 3R’s and the implications that follows.
Secondly, a survey questionnaire was used in this study to gauge public awareness
towards the issue of 3R’s. An online questionnaire was preferred over traditional written
questionnaire since it is a more eco-friendly choice and simplifies the process of data collection.
The questionnaire form generated is made up of 13 questions. The questionnaire consists of a
mixture of personal factual attribute questions, multiple choice questions, rating scale
questions, Yes/No questions and open questions. Meanwhile, the target respondents were
limited to approximately 100 random individuals from all walks of life. Due to the limited
number of respondents, the data collected might not be totally accurate, but the results could
still be used to represent a general trend among the society.
pg. 5
Not least, secondary research [3], [4] were conducted from a plethora of sources such
as the Internet, newspapers and magazines in order to obtain additional ideas and evidences
which help in this study. The data obtained from the secondary research help polish the analysis
done on the case studies and questionnaire. The information collected comprises of a wider
perspective and helps eliminate stereotypic outcomes. As a result, this study will be able to
deliver an unbiased recommendation as to the appropriate ethical actions a company should
take when faced with a dilemma involving defective products.
pg. 6
4.0 RESULTS
4.1 INCULCATION OF 3R CULTURE IN DEVELOPED COUNTRIES
4.1.1 CASE STUDY 1: JAPAN
4.1.1.1 3R’S RELATED POLICIES
Referring to the speech from 3R Initiative (2006), Japan has reformed its waste
management and recycling policies and introduced new legislation to promote a Sound
Material-Cycle Society in the past decade in which consumption of natural resources is reduced
and environmental impact are abated through the promotion of the 3Rs.[5] Due to Japan is one
of the high technology developed country, in the policies which shown that the government not
only focuses on promoting 3Rs on local countries, but also trend to make effort on teaching
other developing countries on waste reduction.
In 2000, full-scale efforts to establish a sound material-cycle society have commenced

in order to bring about the co-existence of the environment prosperity. The Fundamental Law
is enacted and the Fundamental Plan to establish a sound material-cycle society were
formulated, under which a series of Recycle Laws for establishing the recycling-based society
and even zero-waste society has been implanted comprehensively and systematically to
promote waste management and recycling measures in all municipalities of Japan (EA,
2000).[6] According to Figure 8, they include Waste Management and Public Cleansing Law,
Law for Promotion of Effective Utilization of Resources, Container and Packaging Recycling
Law, Home Appliance Recycling Law, Construction Material Recycling Act, Food Waste
Recycling Law and Law on Promoting Green Purchasing.
pg. 7
Figure 1: Legislative Framework of Establishing Environmental Sound Management on
Waste in Japan (Abstracted from Moriguchi, 2006)
pg. 8
Law Enacted Purpose Main Target
Year
Waste 1970 The purpose of preserving environment and improving All citizens,
Management and public health through the restriction of waste discharge, businessmen,
Public Cleansing appropriate sorting, storage, collection, transport, Central
Law recycling, disposal, or the like of waste and conservation Government
of a clean living environment. and Local
Government
Law for 2000 It aims at establishing a sound material-cycle economic Businessmen
Promotion of system by enhancing measures for recycling goods and and
Effective resources by implementing collection and recycling of manufacturers
Utilization of used products by business entities, reducing waste
Resource generation by promoting resource saving and ensuring
longer life of products, and newly implementing measures
for reusing parts recovered from collected used products
and at the same times as measures to address reduction of
industrial wastes by accelerating reduction of by-products
and recycle.
Container and 1995 In order to promote efficient use of recycled containers Businessmen
Packaging and packages generated and reduction of wastes by and
Recycling Law shifting those wastes into recyclable resources. manufacturers
Home Appliance 1998 It aims at realize sound waste treatment and efficient use Manufacturers,
Recycling Law of resources through reduction of wastes and full importers and
utilization of recyclable resources in order to realize a businessmen
sound material-cycle society and it introduces a new
framework of recycling of which the principle is to place
an obligation on manufactures and retailers of home
appliances
Construction 2000 It aims at recycling and reuse of prospected construction Contractors
Material materials in view of ensuring efficient use of resources.
Recycling Act
Food Waste 2000 This law stipulates the responsibilities of each stakeholder Businessmen
Recycling Law in terms of recycling of food resources and recycling and consumers
activities that should be carried out by food related
business entities based on criteria and the business entities
and consumers are required to be positively involved in
reduction of food waste, and the competent minister in
charge is to make guidance, counsel, recommendation and
order to food related business entities in accordance with
this criteria.
Law on Promoting 2000 This law is promoting comprehensive and planned The
Green Purchasing procurement of materials, components, products and government,
services with low environmental impact. This requires a enterprises and
commitment by all sectors to reduce environmental impact all citizens
that support the lifestyles and economic activities, and
promote a shift in demand towards eco-friendly goods.
Table 1: Related Legislative of Establishing Environmental Sound Management on Waste in
Japan (Abstracted from Moriguchi, 2006)
pg. 9
The national government intends to use these laws to force all citizens and business
operators to comply with mandatory recycling. Apart from the Basic Law, the plan sets forth
clearly-defined roles on realization of the 3Rs for such stakeholders as the central government,
local government, the private sector, communities and non-governmental organizations so that
these bodies can proceed with their own efforts with a full awareness of their expected roles.[7]
According to speech from Moriguchi (2006), Japan has set its quantitative targets during
the year of 2000 to 2010 for indicating based on material flow accounts and their efforts on
promoting ‘3Rs’ and establishing environmental sound management on waste. Compared with
the year of 2000, the targets will be achieved in the year of 2010 which include:
 50 per cent reduction on final disposal amount of waste;
 40 per cent increasing on cyclical use rate;
 20 per cent reduction of garbage discharged from households per person per day;
 40 per cent improvement on productivity on natural resources.
4.1.1.2 CAMPAIGNS ON 3R’S
1. Promoting household eco-account books

An eco-account book is a booklet provided by the government which can help
housewives to save their money in daily life. This book provides some useful tips for
housewives on how to save extra cost in daily lifestyle and provides a simple test for them to
select an appropriate saving course. The aim of this booklet can educate the housewives ‘Save
the environment and save money’. They can watch their savings grow when they keep their
lifestyle more eco-friendly. The government believes that a little effort today can make a big
different tomorrow.
pg. 10
2. Junior Eco-club program
For promotion of 3R-related activities, it is essential to let the public know that the
importance of their cooperation among them. For this reason, promotion of environmental
education designed to make people recognize the necessity for 3R-related activities is required
in addition to the consolidation of basic education and the promotion of hygiene education
(JME, 2005a). In view of the importance of environmental education for people, particularly
children who will be the leader of the next generation, to think and act toward realizing a
sustainable society and environmentally sound lifestyles, Junior Eco-club program is
implemented.
3. Eco-Town project scheme

Incentives for the promotion of the 3Rs can be classified into economics and social types
(JME, 2005a). In social incentives, the Eco-Community project scheme are launched, in which
projects with excellent ideas and creativity act as model projects are invited to be implemented
as demonstrations projects, and the Eco-Town project scheme, aimed at creating towns which
are in harmony with the environment, are promoted as part of the efforts to create a sound
material-cycle society. In economics incentives, subsidies and low-interest loans by public
financial institutions are given to the private sector for the establishment of 3R-reated facilitates
and also the reduction of property taxes are granted for them on promoting waste recycling
facilities. Moreover, in order to ensure the public and business sector to achieve the 3Rs, the
regulations relating to the 3Rs and waste management, which are mentioned the above
paragraph, are enacted and they bring great efforts on the achievement.[7]
pg. 11
4. Recycling enforced by laws
Each year about 50 million tons of waste is discarded by households in Japan. This,
along with lack of landfill sites, has become a major social problem. Recycling for steel cans,
aluminium cans, paper and corrugated cardboard become a habit on every Japanese’
households. These four materials have their market value when they recycled and there is no
law required for recycling them. However, since about 60 per cent of this waste by volume
consists of ‘discarded containers and wrapping’, reduction of this volume and recycling has
become an urgent issue. It was under these conditions that the Containers and Packaging
Recycling Law.[5] ‘Containers’ are bottles, cans, boxes, bags or the like into which
merchandise is placed, and ‘wrapping’ is sheets or the like in which merchandise is wrapped.
Under this law, households should make an effort on choosing products with simple package
and make active use of refillable containers. After, they should sort and wash of containers and
wrapping waste for taking in recycling. In order to promote this habit, the government conducts
some dissemination and educational activities including publishing newsletter, creating various
pamphlets, producing video programs etc (JME, 2008).[7]
To reach the above objectives, the efforts should be made for several parties. For
example, for national government, it should foster partnerships among stakeholder; for all
citizens, they should change their lifestyle for supporting ‘green’ life and for business
organizations, ‘3Rs’ should be promoted for them and for local governments, they should
enforce laws and regulations and act as coordinators among other parties.
pg. 12
4.1.2 CASE STUDIES 2: SINGAPORE
According to the information abstracted from Ministry of the Environment and Water
Resources MEWR (2006), the key targets on policies on waste are focused on the direction on
waste reduction and waste recycling. The government targets to extend the lifespan of Semakau
Landfill to 50 years and zero landfill should be strived towards; and also 60 per cent recycling
rate should be achieved in 2012 from 44 per cent in 2002.[8]
In order to minimise landfill use, Singapore government proposed to incinerate the

waste by incineration plants. Through incineration, the volume of the waste can be reduced by
as much as 90 per cent. However, the incineration plants are not just “rubbish burning facilities”
and they are sophisticated waste-to-energy facilities. They capture the energy embedded in
materials like paper, leather, plastics, rubber, wood scraps and food scraps, and use the energy
to generate electricity (NEA, 2008d) and this electricity can provide approximately 2 per cent
of Singapore’s total electricity supply (MEWR, 2006).[8] This converted process helps reduce
global warming by eliminating the production of methane. If rubbish is allowed to decompose
in landfills, significant amounts of methane will be generated. Methane has a global warming
potential over 20 times that of carbon dioxide (NEA, 2008d). However, the thoroughgoing
solution on minimizing landfill use is to reduce waste that filled.
By reducing the amount of waste generated, valuable resources are conserved and the
need for subsequent disposal is minimized. To achieve this, National Environment Agency
(NEA) is actively engaging the public via education programmes such as the monthly “Bring
Your Own Bag” Campaign, which discourages the excessive wastage of plastic bags. In 2007,
a voluntary packaging agreement was also signed by the food & beverage industry to reduce
waste generation at source and promote the adoption of best practices among industry
players.[9]
pg. 13
Recycling recovers valuable resources and helps to minimise the need for waste
disposal. In 2007, centralised recycling bins are also provided for every 5 blocks of flats in
HDB estates to make it easy for Singaporeans to recycle. Under the National Recycling
Programme (NRP), Public Waste Contractors provide door-to-door collection services for
recyclables such as paper, plastics, glass and metal cans and it will also be extended to various
schools and private condominiums that have opted to engage its services (NEA, 2008b).
However, the service is not free of charge; the fee is levied by the contractors and which is
controlled by the NEA.
Recycling of food wastes is launched by National Environment Agency (NEA) and

Southeast Asia’s first food waste recycling plant, IUT in Singapore and the Singapore Green
Plan aims to raise the recycling rate of food waste from the current 8 per cent to 30 per cent by
the year 2012. According to what Leon Khew, APM of IUT Singapore mentioned in Jin (2008)
that a renewable energy is produced by using food waste which provides biogas and it can be
used on gas engines that can produce green energy.[9] Besides, the incinerator plant is estimated
to be able to produce more than 6MW of electrical energy per hour and which can provide
enough power for over 10 000 households. Both parties believe that the plant can make nothing
to waste and it can also produce compost which actually goes back to planting trees and flowers
etc, so that what we call ‘closing the carbon loop’.

Year
Environmental Public 1970 The regulation includes the requirement of Domestic/non-
Health domestic/non-domestic premises to prepare the refuse domestic premises
(Public Cleansing) bins and the fees for collection and removal of refuse.
Regulations
Environmental Public 1989 The regulation is to guide how general waste collectors General waste
Health (General treat the wastes which generated from grease collectors
Waste Collection) interceptors, sewerage system, sanitary conveniences,
Regulations dangerous substance, toxic industrial waste and
recyclables.
Hazardous Waste 1998 The regulation includes the control method on the Manufacturers
(Control of Export, hazardous waste to export, import or transit in the and the
Import and Transit) territories. government
Regulations
Table 2: 3R’s Related Law In Singapore
pg. 14
4.1.2.2 CAMPAIGNS ON 3R’s
1. Recycling Day
Recycling Day is launched in every year and its activities are held at four different sites
in 2007 in order to reach out to Singaporeans in all parts of Singapore. Its main objective is to
increase public awareness and educate residents on waste recycling. This programme provides
a place for people to exchange recyclables for daily items and have a chance to be a Champion
Recycler. Besides, the participants can learn more about 3Rs through the 3Rs funfair games and
exhibition booth. NEA (2008c) mentions that the programme can explain the 3Rs and engages
the young children in active and fun learning of the 3Rs, using colourful pictures and
illustrations.[10]
2. Waste minimisation and recycling programme

The programme is going to promote the 3R’s all sectors of society via distributing
pamphlets, posting posters and holding exhibits. By practising the 3R’s at schools, work places
and homes, everyone can play a part in minimizing waste. To meet this challenge in waste
management, the Waste Minimisation Unit (now known as the Waste Minimisation Section
under NEA) was set up in Feb 1992 to promote and spearhead waste minimisation in
Singapore.[10] The National Recycling Programme was launched in April 2001 for all
households in HDB estates and landed properties to participate in recycling (NEA, 2008).[9]
Under this programme, the public waste collectors licensed by NEA are required to tie up with
recycling companies to implement door-to-door collection of recyclable material in both HDB
estates and landed properties within their servicing sectors.
3. Bring your own bag day (BYOBD)

The launch of the monthly Bring Your Own Bag Day every first Wednesday of the
month was taken a step on April 2007. On BYOBD, shoppers are encouraged to bring their
own shopping bags. Otherwise, they can purchase reusable bags available at the participating
supermarkets or voluntarily donate 10 cents for each plastic bag taken at the checkout counters.
pg. 15
4. Schools recycling outreach programme
The Schools Recycling Outreach Programme was launched during the 2005 Clean &
Green Week Schools Carnival. This is another environment-themed Community Involvement
Programme besides NEA's Seashore Life programme. The main objectives of the Recycling
Outreach Programme are
a. To provide a more structured programme for the school community in taking on
recycling and National Recycling Programme matters, and
b. to encourage the school community to reach out to the neighbouring community around
the school and educate them on recycling and National Recycling Programme.
5. Youth environment envoy programme

This programme aims to nurture and build a network of youth (age between 15 to 35)
who will become leaders and change agents in moving their peers and the community towards
environment ownership and sustainability. They will receive training to strengthen their
knowledge on environmental issues and attend workshops to improve their public speaking,
networking, facilitation, project management and motivational skills so as to enable them to
take on a proactive role as a leader and change agent for environmental sustainability. [10]
pg. 16
4.1.3 CASE STUDIES 3: HONG KONG
In Hong Kong, a total of 3.4 million tonnes of refuse was disposed of at the three
landfills in 2005. Obviously, relying solely on landfills to treat solid waste is not sustainable.
In any advanced society, the treatment of municipal waste must involve waste reduction,
recovery and reuse and appropriate treatment of what is left. In Policy Address 2005-06 stated
that methods to resolve the waste problem completely include policy incentives to change
people’s habits of waste disposal, the encouragement of recovery and reuse and the promotion
of recycling industries.[11]
pg. 17
Year
Waste Disposal 1980 Provides for the licensing of collection services and All citizens,
Ordinance disposal facilities for waste, the prohibition of contractors and
livestock keeping in urban areas, the control on businessmen
livestock keeping in restriction areas, the control on
discharge or deposit of
livestock waste in designated control areas, the
control scheme on chemical waste, the control on
illegal dumping of waste, the control on import and
export of waste and for the establishment of a system
whereby specified wastes must be notified to the
relevant authority who may give directions as to the
method of disposal. Requires also the
production of a comprehensive plan for the collection
and disposal of wastes.
Waste Disposal 1988 Sets out the legal requirements for proper handling of Contractors
(Livestock Waste) livestock waste to guard against dangers to public
Regulations health or risks of pollution.
Waste Disposal 1992 Provides for control of all aspects of chemical waste Manufacturers
(Chemical Waste) disposal, including storage, collection, transport,
(General) treatment and final disposal.
Regulation
Waste Disposal 1992 Prescribes the forms and fees for application of Contractors and
(Permits and licences for waste collection and disposal, and the businessmen
Licences) (Forms permits for import and export of waste.
and Fees)
Regulation
Waste Disposal 1992 Provides for the setting up of an appeal mechanism Contractors,
(Appeal Board) against decisions made under the Waste Disposal manufacturers
Regulation Ordinance. and
businessmen
Waste Disposal 1995 Requires payment of charges for disposal of chemical Contractors,
(Charges for waste at the Chemical Waste Treatment Centre thus manufacturers
Disposal of creating an economic incentive towards waste and
Chemical Waste) minimization. businessmen
Regulation
Waste Disposal 1997 Provides for the maintenance of orderly conduct Contractors,
(Designated Waste within sites used for waste disposal activities; manufacturers
Disposal Facility) measures to counteract the evasion of charges and
Regulation payable in connection with the provision of waste businessmen
disposal services at such sites; and proof of matters
in proceedings before a court in relation to the
provision of waste disposal activities at such sites
Table 3: 3R’s Related Law in Hong Kong
pg. 18
4.1.3.2 CAMPAIGNS ON 3R’s
1. Source separation, reducing waste and recycling programmes

The programme asks participating housing estates and buildings to set up waste
separation and recovery facilities at convenient locations on each floor, such as refuse rooms
and staircase landings. If that is not possible in the short term, they are asked to set up
appropriate facilities on the ground floor of each block. The types of recyclables collected have
been expanded beyond paper, aluminium cans and plastic bottles, which have been recovered
for more than a decade in Hong Kong, to include such everyday items as plastic shopping bags,
compact discs and metal tins (EPD, 2008).[11] Under this programmes, some competition and
activities are created for encouraging households to practice waste separation. Like ‘Source
Separation of Waste – Model Family Competition’ and ‘Lunar Year – end Recycling
Campaign’, both of them can promote the public awareness and to encourage families in Hong
Kong to implement waste reduction and source separation at home.
2. Financial incentives programme

In fact, the environmental levy on plastic shopping bags is one of a financial incentives
programme in Hong Kong. The government imposes money from consumers or retails for the
purpose on reducing the waste creation. The other example is ‘Construction Waste Disposal
Charging Scheme’, which is started on 2005. As mentioned before, about 38 per cent of the
total waste generated is construction waste. This charging scheme is used to encourage the
waste producers to reduce, sort and recycle construction waste so that their disposal costs can
be minimized and our valuable landfill space can be preserved.
In order to encourage schools towards a green school, ‘The Hong Kong Green School
Award’ is organized by EPD since 2000.[13] Under implanting this scheme, the schools can
enhance environmental awareness, develop environmentally friendly attitude and promote
green practices among school managers, teachers, non-teaching staff, students and their parents.
The winning schools are awarded cash prizes which can set up their school environmental
resource centres or environmental education centres in their schools.
pg. 19
4.2 INCULCATION OF 3R’s CULTURE IN MALAYSIA
4.2.1 INTRODUCTION
Malaysia launched the first official 3Rs strategies in late 1980s where campaigns focused
mainly on the recycling activities. Many players are involved in Malaysian 3Rs programs. They
include the Ministry of Housing and Local Government, local authorities, concessionary
companies, collectors and manufacturers, non-governmental organizations, private residents
associations, educational institutions, private waste recyclers and others.
The objective of the 3Rs program is to reduce the nation’s generation of solid waste by
REDUCE, REUSE and RECYCLE. This objective is in line with the National Recycling
Target; 22% of the total solid waste can be recycled by the year 2020. The current rate is about
5%. Every year about 60% of the allocation given (so far RM70 million or US$18 million) is
used to increase awareness among the public. Some of the medium used are poster, pamphlets,
bulletin, and electronic medium such as television, radio, websites, school busses, LRT,
billboards, exhibition, carnivals and seminar. [14]
4.2.2 3R’S RELATED POLICIES IN MALAYSIA
1. Action Plan for a Beautiful and Clean Malaysia (ABC)

Prior to 1988 and the ABC, there was no concerted and formal policy to guide solid
waste management in Malaysia. Solid waste management in terms of collection and
management were mainly handled by the Local Authorities (LAs) without much involvement
from the Federal government. The Ministry of Housing and Local Government (MHLG) in
1998 with the assistance of the Japanese International Cooperation Agency (JICA) formulated
an Action Plan on Municipal Solid Waste Management or more commonly known as an Action
Plan for A Beautiful and Clean Malaysia (ABC). The proposed national policy by ABC was
formulated with the aim to produce a national uniform municipal solid waste system that was
productive, environmentally sounds and socially acceptable in Malaysia by the year 2010. The
ABC generally is considered to have been succeeded by the National Strategic Plan on Solid
Waste Management in Malaysia officially adopted in 2005. [15]
pg. 20
2. National Strategic Plan for Solid Waste Management in Malaysia (NSP)
The National Strategic Plan for Solid Waste Management (NSP) was formulated in 2002
and adopted in 2005 by the Government of Malaysia (GOM) and provides the basis for SWM
policies and measures in Peninsular Malaysia until 2020 The NSP scope covers municipal solid
waste in Peninsular Malaysia including solid waste from household, institutional, commercial
and industrial premises, as well as those generated from construction and public cleansing
activities. The key strategy of the NSP is to achieve “Sustainable waste management through
reduction, re-use and recycling and the use of appropriate technologies, facilities, and
equipment to provide a sustainable and comprehensive solid waste management service”.[16]
3. Master Plan on National Waste Minimization (2006)

The Master Plan on Waste Minimization (MWM) was launched in 2006 with the
objective to provide Vision, Strategies and Roles of Stakeholders to minimize the amount of
solid waste disposed in Malaysia. The Vision of the WMP is “To realize a Material Cycle
Society, where waste minimization activities are systemized and sufficiently enrooted in the
behavior of government, private sector, and the people in Malaysia”. The MWM outlined
waste minimization strategies, action plans for Federal Government, action plans for the local
authorities and pilot projects including the preparation of guidelines on waste minimization.
[17]
4. National Solid Waste Management Policy (2006)

The National Solid Waste Management Policy is aimed at establishing an integrated
solid waste management system that is comprehensive, cost effective, sustainable and accepted
by the public, emphasizes environmental protection, selective of affordable technologies and
ensure the public health. The implementation of the Policy will be through the waste
management hierarchy with emphasis on waste reduction through 3R activities, intermediate
treatment and final disposal. [15]
pg. 21
5. Solid Waste and Public Cleansing Management Act (2007)
The SWM Act regulates the management of solid waste and public cleansing to ensure
the maintenance of proper sanitation in Peninsular Malaysia and the Federal Territories of
Putrajaya and Labuan. The SWM Act includes the term controlled solid waste to denote the
source of the waste and defines solid waste as scrap material or other unwanted surplus
substance or rejected products arising from the application of any process but excludes
scheduled waste, sewage and radioactive waste. The SWM Act defines recycling as to collect
and separate solid waste for the purpose of producing products. [18]
4.2.3 3R’s ACTIVITIES
4.2.3.1 LOCAL AUTHORITIES (LAs)
1. Majlis Perbandaran Pulau Pinang (MPPP) , Penang

In MPPP, recycling activities began in 1993 under the first-launched NRP. In 2002
MPPP started the ‘vendor system’ to network waste generators with recyclers and recycling
agents. 24 companies including Malaysian Newsprint Industry (MNI), SPM and KL Glass from
outside Penang are registered in the system. The recyclables collected are paper, cardboard
boxes, aluminium cans, plastics and metal scraps (exclude bulky items e.g. cars). MPPP also
began collecting household hazardous wastes (fluorescent tubes and batteries). These wastes
are stored at the depot in Kampung Jawa. In 2004, they began collecting computers together
with Majlis Perbandaran Seberang Perai (MPSP). In cooperation with Dell, computers are
collected and those found to be workable are donated while those beyond repair are cannibalised
and useable materials salvaged for recycling. In conjunction with National Recycling Day 2004,
MPPP launched a ‘waste separation programme’ on 11 November. The area chosen is hillside,
and involves 776 houses and 34 roads. [19] MPPP also implemented “Community Waste
Recycling Program” under United Nations Development Programme - Public Private
Partnership for the Urban Environment (UNDP-PPPUE), involving civil society and private
sector. [19]
pg. 22
2. Majlis Daerah Kerian (MDK) , Perak
Recycling activities are carried out by people/companies that do not participate in
MDK’s programmes. MDK has carried out waste minimisation activities mainly in line with
LA 21’s Sub-committee on Environment. They now have 15 collection centres, 6 of which are
managed by Residents Associations (RA) and an NGO (KALAM, Kuala Gula). [20]
3. Majlis Daerah Kinta Selatan (MDKS) , Perak

To increase awareness and public participation, MDKS has published leaflets, flyers
and participated in campaigns and other public gatherings. Under the NRP, MDKS set up 15
collection centres. The operation of collection centre was handed over to an NGO, Xim Phou
Moon (XPM) at no cost to MDKS. The main item brought in is paper and others are mainly old
clothing. At the landfill, waste pickers are allowed to remove recyclables for sale to Koperasi
Anggota. The main recyclables are paper, plastics and glass. Paper from shops and restaurants
are collected by MDKS. 23 schools are also participating in the recycling programme. [19]
4. Dean Bandaraya Kuala Lumpur (DBKL)

Most of the recycling activities at DBKL are organised by Alam Flora Sdn Bhd (AFSB).
Recycling activities in Bangsar and Damansara are successful in KL area. Most of the
recyclables are collected at Buy-back Centre in parking lobby of Mid Valley Mega-mall
operated by AFSB. Environmental Protection Division of DBKL is implementing Eco
Partnership Programme funded by UNDP. Collection boxes of used batteries were installed in
clinics, educational institutes, etc. under the programme. The Division has a research
programme on disposal of batteries using bio-technology in cooperation with University of
Technology Malaysia (UTM). Collected batteries under the Programme are stored and sent to
UTM for the research, while those collected by AFSB are transported to Sungai Besi landfill
site. [19]
pg. 23
5. Majlis Perbandaran Kuantan (MPK) , Pahang
MPK has created a recycling unit that works closely with other government agencies
e.g. Department of Environment, Alam Flora Sdn Bhd (AFSB), residents associations and
NGOs. The main activities are setting up of collection centres and public awareness
programmes, which include talks and school programmes. A recycling campaign was launched
in April 2001 and priority is accorded to ‘reduction at source, reuse & recycling’ as opposed to
disposal. Waste picking at landfill is not active in Kuantan. In 2004, the ‘Kelab 25” programme
was launched as part of the efforts to achieve 25 per cent recycling rate in Kuantan by year
2007. [19]
6. Majlis Bandaraya Melaka Bersejarah (MBMB) , Melaka

Recycling activities at MBMB are confined to gotong royong clean-up campaigns that are
carried out once a year in a particular area. Southern Waste Management Sdn Bhd (SWMSB),
the concessionaire for the southern region, implements other programmes for waste
minimisation. [21]
7. Majlis Bandaraya Johor Bahru (MBJB) , Johor

Recycling activities at MBJB are confined to gotong royong clean-up campaigns that
are carried out once a year in a particular area. The LA organises talks and visits e.g. to schools,
and participate in exhibitions to promote recycling. Recycling is also promoted on radio talk
shows (Suara Melaka). Most of the recycling activities are organised by SWMSB. [21]
8. Dewan Bandaraya Kuching Utara (DBKU) , Sarawak

The concept for the 3Rs employed by DBKU for SWM is based on strategic partnership with
nine recyclers/recycling agents and with vendors and NGOs. DBKU also gets cooperation of
factories and housing estate and village community groups. The approach relies on market
forces where DBKU acts as ‘matchmaker’ between waste generator and recycler, and there is
no licensing system. DBKU has set up 16 collection centres in housing estates, shophouses,
schools, markets and offices. 118 premises have been supplied with bins of various capacities.
The main recyclables collected are old cardboard cartons, plastics, old newspapers followed by
glass, scrap metal and wood. The recyclers buy items from the collection centres, which in turn
normally obtain their recyclables free of charge from the public [21]
pg. 24
9. Majlis Bandaraya Kuching Selatan (MBKS), Sarawak
The approach adopted by MBKS involves the cooperation of vendors/contractors, and the
participation of NGOs, schools and petrol kiosks. Five (5) buy-back centres have been set up
since 2002 and these are located in housing areas and/or near shopping complexes/market. The
centres are open at specific times only. The centres are usually manned by MBKS staffs. The
centres accept paper, plastics, metal (steel and aluminium cans) and used clothing. The centres
also receive used car batteries, old computers and scrap iron. MBKS has modified MHLG’s
design of the centres in particular the addition of four (4) hoppers for the public to drop-off their
recyclables according to the 4 types abovementioned. MBKS has also introduced an innovative
system for exchange of recyclables. No cash is given but the public is given coupons within a
point system. These coupons can be exchanged for household goods every last Sunday of the
month. Old clothing is donated to charities. Recyclables are sorted and then sent to the
Peninsula as there are no local re-processing facilities (only one small plastics factory). [20]
10. Majlis Bandaraya Miri (MB Miri), Sarawak

The concept adopted for the 3Rs is to have a partnership with seven recyclers/recycling agents
and with NGOs, CBOs, private sector and individuals. These 7 companies collect and mainly
export recyclables to the Peninsula. MB Miri has set up four (4) collection centres. The recyclers
buy items from the NGO or CBO-managed collection centres (including those set up under the
LA 21 programme described below) that in turn normally obtain their recyclables free of charge
from the public. Clothing is cleaned and sold, or otherwise donated to charities. [22]
11. Dewan Bandaraya Kota Kinabalu (DBKK), Sabah

In DBKK, recycling activities began in 1993 under the first-launched NRP. In 1999, DBKK
started Sustainable Urban Development Project (SUDP) in cooperation with Danish
Cooperation for Environment and Development (DANCED) and formulated Integral Solid
Waste management Strategic Plan. DBKK also set up website, “www.malaysiarecycle.net”, for
information exchange of recycling industry among stakeholders and raising public awareness
under the SUDP. In 2001, DBKK started recycling and composting programme. 9 collection
centres were constructed and operated by DBKK in cooperation with private collectors. School
level recycling programme is also started in 2004. Training workshops for trainers and road
shows are carried out in order to raise public awareness. DBKK set up the recycling target 15
per cent by year 2015. [23]
pg. 25
4.2.3.2 CONCESSIONAIRES
1. Alam Flora Sdn. Bhd. (AFSB)

AFSB, whose service areas cover the Central and Eastern regions of Peninsular
Malaysia has been promoting the 3Rs through school programme, community recycling
programme, ICI (industrial, commercial and institutional) programmes and disposal facilities
programme.
2. Southern Waste Management Sdn. Bhd. (SWMSB)

In the southern region, Southern Waste Management Sdn. Bhd. (SWMSB) is the key
player in promoting the 3Rs. The company has now taken over solid waste collection services
in 27 LAs, 20 of which were taken over in 2003. SWMSB’s recycling programmes in Johor
began in 2001 therefore most activities have focussed in Johor Bahru.
4.2.3.3 NGOs AND COMMUNITY BASED ORGANISATIONS (CBOs)
1. NGOs
(a) Buddhist Tzu-Chi Merit Society (BTC)

BTC has been operating as a non-profit organisation in Malaysia since 1993. BTC’s
recycling activities began in 1996 under their charity programmes. BTC’s motto is ‘TURN
TRASH TO GOLD”. In Malaysia, 3Rs activities began in KL, Petaling Jaya and Klang. BTC
has set up mobile collection/drop-off centres (e.g. mainly in residential areas). To date 60 points
have been selected and are operational in the Klang Valley. Each month about 500 -600
volunteers work at these centres. Collection at mobile centres is carried out once a month on
the third Sunday of the month. BTC collects paper, plastics (including PET bottles & bags),
metals (including aluminium cans), glass (for reuse & recycling), and old clothing and textiles
(sorted for emergency relief, charity homes & for resale) . BTC also accepts other recyclables
including car batteries, furniture, and electrical and electronic items. Recyclables are sorted and
collected by recyclers or transported to recyclers (usually free of charge by voluntary
transporters). [20]
pg. 26
(b) National Committee of Women’s Organisation (NCWO)
Environment Commission of NCWO started a community recycling buyback centre in
2001 to serve as a collection centre for recyclables (paper, glass, plastics and aluminium cans)
in the community. This centre was established in cooperation with Alam Flora(AFSB) and
MPPJ. [23]
(c) Xim Phou Moon Welfare Society Malaysia (XPM)

XPM has been operating as non-profit organisation since 1996 and recycling activities
have been carried out by the Women’s wing, an affiliate of XPM. 3Rs activities are carried out
in cooperation with supermarkets and shopping complexes. XPM has set up a network of drop-
off centres (e.g. at shopping complexes), and mobile collection centres for recyclables.
Collection at mobile collection centres is carried out once, twice or four times a month.
(d) Treat Every Environment Special Sdn Bhd (TrEES)

TrEES carries out the following environmental education programmes to inspire and activate
environmentally sustainable habits among Malaysians. [18]
2. Residents Associations (CBOs)
(a) Bandar Sri Damansara Residents Association (BSDRA)

BSDRA operates in a permanent office built on land donated by the developer L&G.
There are about 14,000 households in the area. Community activities including recycling were
began about 3 years ago. The current BSDRA committee operates a collection centre that is
open once a month. For the convenience of residents, BSDRA has just completed building a
drop-off bay with hopper. Volunteers sort wastes into paper, aluminum cans, glass, plastics and
metals. Recyclables are transported to recycling centres by contractors and sometimes by
transporters who volunteer their services. Public awareness programmes are carried out through
word of mouth, school programme (with AFSB) and through printed materials e.g. Berita
BSDRA. [17]
(b) Damansara Jaya Residents and Owners Association (DJROA)

DJROA established community recycling centre under the Local Agenda 21 pilot
project in MPPJ funded by UNDP. The centre was operated as a buy-back centre every Sunday
by resident volunteers. AFSB is providing advisory services and some material support to assist
operation of the centre. [17]
pg. 27
4.2.3.4 MANUFACTURERS ASSOCIATIONS
1. Paper and Pulp Manufacturers Association of Malaysia

There are twenty paper mills in Malaysia and only one mill in Sabah which uses virgin
pulp. The rest are using waste paper as their raw material. Malaysian Newsprint Industries Sdn.
Bhd. (MNI), one of the members of Paper and Pulp Manufacturers Association of Malaysia,
carries out paper recycling programme at schools, offices and communities. Their recycling
programmes provide storage containers to encourage waste paper segregation, hassle-free
collection, and recycling education. In school programme waste paper can be exchanged for
cash and computers. [18]
2. Malaysia Plastics Manufacturers Association (MPMA)

A Plastic Waste Management Task Force (PWMTF) was set up in MPMA based on the
dialogue between the Ministry of Science, Technology and Environment and MPMA. The
members of the Task force are resin manufacturers, resin importers, converters, recyclers,
AFSB, the Department of Environment (DOE) and the MHLG. The activities undertaken by
PWMTF are 1) Education and awareness campaign to educate on the 2Ds (Don’t litter/Dispose
properly) and the 2Rs (Reuse/Recycle), 2) Plastics coding system to identify and separate
plastics for recycling, and 3) Feasibility study on the options of plastics waste management in
Malaysia. Malaysian Plastics Waste Management Feasibility Study was carried out in
cooperation with Canadian International Development Agency (CIDA). [18]
3. Federation of Malaysian Manufacturers (FMM)

Environment protection and management is a key objective in the FMM Strategic
Action Plan 2001/2004. In line with the action plan, FMM is promoting waste exchange among
FMM members by using internet registry system “FMM Waste Exchange Registry”. Target
waste is solid and scheduled waste. [18]
pg. 28
4.2.3.5 OTHER PLAYERS
1. Supermarkets/Shopping Complexes
(a) IKEA, Mutiara Damansara

Recycling activities at IKEA began when the store opened in August 2003. Facilities
for solid waste management were designed in the planning of the store incorporating storage
bays for waste containers/compactor and proper storage facilities. The company charges
different rates for different types of recyclables and according to type of container and
frequency of collection. Paper and cardboard is compacted or stored in 1 tonne container. There
is also a manual baler. Items collected are cardboard, plastics, metal, wood and other materials.
Wood is shredded and used in boiler. Other initiatives include the use of biodegradable plastic
bags (imported) and rainwater harvesting for use in flushing toilets. Solar panels are also used
to supplement electricity. [19]
(b) IKANO Power Centre, Mutiara Damansara

At IKANO Power Centre where there many tenants including F&B outlets, solid waste
is separated into wet and dry waste. Two storage areas are provided; wet waste in an enclosed
and ventilated area.
Dry waste is transported to the storage area where wastes are separated according to type;
polystyrene, plastic straps, paper, cardboard, aluminum and metals, and glass bottles.
Polystyrene is compacted using a Taiwanese machine before being collected by a vendor. A
baler is used for compressing plastic straps. [19]
2. Research Organisation
(a) Socio-Economic and Environmental Research Institute (SERI)

SERI was established by the Penang State Government as the “think tank” of Penang to
formulate strategic planning and policy recommendations. SERI’s activities are funded by the
Penang State Government and donors e.g. UNDP. Apart from research activities SERI is also
engaged in training of community members in organizing community projects. They have
produced a manual for this purpose. They have also established a recycling network. SERI also
acts as secretariat to the Penang Environmental Working Group (PEWOG). Activities include
matchmaking generator and recycler, and management of e-wastes. [23]
pg. 29
4.3 SOCIETY ROLES
Citizen cooperation in 3R’s would thus play an important role in 3R’s for upcoming years. It is
not easy nor simple to promote citizen behavior towards 3R’s[24]. For instance, several pros
and cons showed that even though citizens appreciate pro-enviroment.
Pros of 3R’s
1. Protects Environment: The foremost benefit or recycling is that it helps in protecting the
enviroment [25] in the most balanced manner. While many trees are cut down
continually, recycled paper made from certain trees is re-used repeatedly to minimize
felling/ deforestation. With re-cycled paper as an outstanding example, a number of
other natural resources can be reused this way.
2. Reduces Energy Consumption: A large amount of energy is consumed by processing

raw materials at the time of manufacture. Recycling helps to minimize energy
consumption, which is crucial for massive production, such mining or refining. This
also makes the production process very cost-effective and beneficial for manufacturers.
3. Reduces Pollution: Industrial waste today is the main source of all types of
pollution[26]. Recycling of industrial products such as cans, chemical, plastics helps to
cut down pollution levels considerably, as these materials are re-used, instead of
throwing them away irresponsibly.
4. Reduces Global Warming: Recycling helps to alleviate global warming[27] and its will
effects. Massive waste is burned in heaps which produces large amount of greenhouse
gas emissions such as CO2 and CFC’s. Recycling ensure that the burning process is
minimized and any waste is re-generated as a useful product with no or minimal
harmful impact on the environment. Recycling produces less greenhouse gases as
industries burn fewer fossil fuels for eco-friendly products.
pg. 30
5. Judicious and Sustainable use of Resources: Recycling promotes judicial and
sustainable use of resources. This process ensures that there is no discriminate use of
any material when available in plenty in the present. Recycling[28]is encouraged at all
levels, starting from school to corporate offices and at international levels. This means
we can preserve all precious resources for our future generation, without any
compromise in the present.
6. Conserves Natural Resources: If old and used materials are not recycled, the new
products are made from extracting fresh raw materials from beneath the earth through
mining and extraction. Recycling helps in conserving important raw materials and
protects natural habitats for the future. Conserving natural resources such as wood,
water and minerals ensures its optimum use.
7. Reduces Amount of Waste to Landfills: Recycling old and waste products into new
products reduces the amount of waste that go to landfills. This helps in reducing water
and land pollution as landfills are a major source in contributing to destruction of
natural environment. Recycling programs keep 70 tons of waste from being deposited
into landfills every year.
8. Create Green Jobs: Recycling is good for the environment and apart from that it also
creates green jobs. According to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics[29], green goods
and services accounted for 3.1 million jobs in the United States by 2010.
pg. 31
Cons of 3R’s
1. Not always Cost Effective: Recycling is not always cost-effective. Sometimes, there
may be a need to establish separate factories to process reusable products. This may
create more pollution as they would go under the process of cleaning, storage and
transportation.
2. Recycled Products May not Last for Long: Recycled products are always not of durable
quality. Such items are mostly made of trashed waste, picked up from heaps other waste
products which are of fragile or overly used. For this reason, recycled products are
cheap and last for a shorter period.
3. Unsafe and Unhygienic Recycling Sites: Recycling sites are often unsafe and
unhygienic. Places where all sorts of waste is dumped are conducive for debris
formation and spread of disease and other dangers caused by harmful chemicals and
waste. This not only causes widespread pollution but is harmful for dedicated people
who recycle such products. Such waste if mixed with water, leads to leach ate formation
and leads to toxification of water bodies including drinking water.
4. Not widespread on Large Scale: Although recycling is an important step to minimize

pollution, unfortunately this process is just a small part of long-term success. Recycling
often occurs at a small scale- homes or schools and has failed to be useful at a large
level such as at industries or holistically at a global stage. Saving paper at schools cannot
be compared to oil spills[30] or massive tree felling at at industrial level.
5. High Initial Cost: Setting up new recycling unit involves high cost. This huge cost can
come up as a part of acquiring different utility vehicles, upgrading the processing
facility, educating residents by organizing seminars and other programs, disposing of
existing waste and chemicals.
pg. 32
Figure 2: Air pollution
Figure 3: Paper recycling
pg. 33
Figure 4: Oil spill
After weighing, the pros and cons of 3R’s , one can wisely take crucial steps involved
in this process. Understanding the impact of recycling is essential on a large-scale which if done
effectively can bring in massive positive results, beneficial to mutual existence of human beings
and environment.
pg. 34
4.4 QUESTIONNAIRE
The questionnaire survey was conducted on 101 random respondents with different
backgrounds. This wide distribution enables the study of public awareness towards the issue of
defective products. The questionnaire form was distributed online via Google Forms and could
be accessed from the link: https://goo.gl/forms/NTlSeq64ce8wS30x1. A sample of the same
questionnaire form is also attached in Appendix. The collected responses were then analyzed
and presented as follows.
Personal Factual Attribute Questions (Question 1 and 2)

Personal factual attribute questions helps in the survey conducted by grouping the
respondents into groups of similar backgrounds. This grouping enables the interpretation of the
mindset among these groups and how they contrast to one another. [4] The first two questions
in this questionnaire comprise of personal factual attribute questions and the analysis can be
seen in Figure and .
Yes/No or Agree/Not Agree Question (Question 3, 4 and 5)

Similar to objective questions, Yes/No questions provide limited responses and in this case,
directly opposite responses [4]. As seen below in the questions, two Yes/No and one Agree/Not
Agree questions were included to obtain extra data for the study.
Rating scale questions (Question 6, 7 and 8)

Rating scale questions help in the analysis of the degree to which the respondents agree to a
given statement. Three rating scale questions were included in this questionnaire and focus on
the idea on should respondents awraness regarding 3R’s.
Open questions with multiple answers (Question 9, 10, 11, 12 and 13)
Open questions enable the respondents to voice out their opinions towards a topic of interest.
The responses obtained hence have a wider scope and require thorough analysis for a general
trend [4].
pg. 35
1. Gender
FEMALE; 34.7%
MALE; 65.3%
Figure 5: Question 1 response statistics
Figure 5 shows the gender of all respondents who had answered the questionnaire. Out of the
101 respondents, more than half of the respondents are males. Hence, this survey is capable of
identifying does gender affect 3R’s sustainability. This is because most waste management
workers are male. There are differences in the way women and men look at waste. Thus taking
gender issues into consideration means that generation of waste, and hence the definition and
designation of what will become 'waste', becomes important [31].
pg. 36
2. Occupation
HOUSEWIFE/H
OUSEHUSBAND
; 14.9%
RETIREE; 2%
FREELANCER; STUDENT;
2% 40.6%
FULL-TIME
WORKER;
41.6%
Figure 6 shows the occupations of all respondents who had answered the questionnaire. Out of
the 101 respondents, almost half of the respondents are students. Hence, this survey is capable
of identifying how the nation will deal with cases involving 3R’s sustainability in the future.
This is because within the next 5 years, the students will be stepping into the working
environment and their mindset will shape the nation image.
pg. 37
3. People need to be more educated on the subject of recycling
NOT AGREE; 0%
AGREE; 100%
Figure 7 shows the statistics of the responses obtained. As observed, the results obtained are all
101 respondents agreeing on the idea that people need to be more educated on the subject of
recycling. This indicates that the Malaysian community are concern on the effect of uneducated
citizen which will produce more garbage.
pg. 38
4. Do you prefer carpool to reduce carbon emission?
NO; 10.9%
YES; 89.1%
Meanwhile, exhibits the degree of exposure of the Malaysian community towards the issue of
carpooling. As seen in Figure 8, majority of the respondents gave a ‘Yes’ response, which
shows that the Malaysian community has a relatively high awareness on issues involving carbon
emission. Hence, the responses obtained throughout the survey questionnaire could be deduced
to be mature and accurate.
pg. 39
5. Would you invest your money for a better 3R’s management?
32.7%
37.6%
YES
NO
29.7%
MAYBE
Figure 9 shows the expectation of the respondents towards a better 3R’s management. Most of
the respondents strongly feel that appropriate measures should be taken by the company to
counter the 3R’s issue although it involves extra costs and time. 32.7 % respondents willingly
invest their money for a better 3R’s initiation in Malaysia. But, some respondents do not want
invest their money for a greener life.
pg. 40
6. How often do you recycle?
ALWAYS; 2% NEVER; 3%
OFTEN; 16.8%
RARELY; 29.7%
SOMETIMES;
48.5%
Figure 10 shows the responses of the fellow respondents on recycling frequency. Although most
respondents will opt to recycle reusable products, a small portion of respondents have never
practise recycling. Respondents who choose to recycle, have many reasons to do so. Some
respondents will recycle according to the situation that will be xplain on next question.
pg. 41
7. How frequent do you try to reduce your energy and water use?
ALWAYS; 8.9% NEVER; 2%

RARELY; 8.9%
OFTEN; 27.7%
SOMETIMES;
52.5%
Figure 11 shows the responses of the respondents on saving energy and water. Most respondents
chose to reduce the use of water and energy, but still a small portion of respondents have never
tried to reduce water and energy. Respondents who choose to have a greener life, have many
reasons to do so. Only 8.9% of respondents that always tried to reduce water and energy usage.
This shows that some Malaysian community does not care about energy and water usage that
they tend to waste it.
pg. 42
8. How convenient are the location of recycling bins in Malaysia?
60 56.4%
50
40
30
25.7%
20 16.8%
10
1% 0%
0
1 2 3 4 5
*Rating: From 1 (Not at all convenient) to 5 (Very convenient)
Figure 12 shows the statistics of the responses obtained. As observed, the results obtained are
majority of the respondents rate that the location of recycling bins in Malaysia are not to
convenient yet it is still acceptable. This indicates that the Malaysian community needs more
recycling bin in convenient location to encourage people to practise 3R’s.
pg. 43
9. Why do you recycle?
Care for the environment 93.1%
My parents taught me 34.7%
Peer influence 14.9%
Had to follow certain rules 56.4%
Other 1%
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Figure 13 shows the reasons of the respondents as on why recycling is practised. Approximately
93.1% of respondents state that environment should be taken care. Most of the respondents said
that rules are made to be followed at residential area. The respondents too suggest that parents
play an important rule and influence on practising 3R’s.
pg. 44
10. What types of items do you regularly recycle?
Newspapers 84.2%
Bottle/Cans 70.3%
Electronic waste 11.9%
Cardboard/Mixed paper 44.6%
Other 0%
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
On the other hand, Figure 14 shows the possible products that can be recycle. The survey
showed that the newspapers are a common choice when compared to electronic waste. This
might be due to the same sense of security that users are woried about as he or she might risk
exposing their own data if smartphones were to be recycled. However, it is a relief to realize
that most respondents chose to recycle most of common household items.
pg. 45
11. In which way do you conserve energy?
Other 0%
Use a clothing rack to dry clothes 75.2%
Turn off the light when not in use 76.2%
Turn off electronics when not in use 58.4%
Switch off air conditioner when not in use 63.4%
Use energy-saving bulb

42.6%
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
Figure 15 shows how the respondents choose to conserve energy. Approximately equal
numbers of respondents suggest that using a clothing rack can reduce energy. Common practise
that is turning off the light was the most easiest way to save energy. The respondents too suggest
that air-conditioner must be off in order to reduce energy. But, less than half of the respondents
actually used energy-saving bulb, which can conserve more energy than the filament-type bulb.
pg. 46
12. What would make 3R’s an interesting option to you?
Prepare more recycling center 91.1%
Efficient waste management 69.3%
Grant prizes for every items you recycle 31.7%
Conduct campaigns 58.4%
Other 0%
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Figure 16 shows the options of the respondents as to whatwould make 3R’s an interesting
option. Approximately higher numbers of respondents suggest that more recycling center
should be build to provide recycling services and find a reusable items since most items at a
recycling center can be turn into something new. The respondents too suggest that efficient
waste management can attract their ineterest in 3R’s. Prompt actions should be taken by the
company itself and suggest a stricter system check on the waste managment. 31.7% respondents
suggest that they will practise 3R’s if there are prizes to be grated for every items they recycle.
Campaigns is one of the typical initiation from the government every year to attract Malaysian
community to practise 3R’s.
pg. 47
13. Preferable environment to live in
Adapt to the current environment 2%
Live in a chaotic environment where waste

2%
does not properly managed
Live in a green and healthy environment 96%
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
Lastly, Figure 17 shows the expectation of the respondents as to preferable environment to live
in. 96% of respondents chose to live in a green and healthy environment. A healthy environment
could bring happiness to families. It turns out that "going green" doesn't have to mean expensive
investments like solar panels, sustainable wood flooring, and nontoxic paints. Experts say that
simple changes in your everyday life are all it takes to make your home a healthier, safer,
greener place to be. But don't forget that human beings are creatures of habit, and change takes
time. Begin with small steps. For example, make a commitment to change just one habit every
month [32].
pg. 48
5.0 DISCUSSIONS
The ethical actions that need to be carried out by a country if any unwanted pollution
happens
When encountering issues on pollution, a country should be honest and openly clarify any
unwanted incident. The act of denial should be avoided as it leads to unwanted confusions and
results in bad image for the country. Besides, the country should properly manage its waste and
toxic. Although this mean would result in great losses, an effectively formulated healing plan
would not only protect the image of the country, but also fulfill the country’s social
commitment. Not least, the country should strive for continuous quality improvements. Earlier
failures in the past should be taken as a lesson and improvements should be made to ensure the
country’s future.
Responsibilities of engineers in sustaining 3R’s

Engineers are always the strongest asset any company could have. They play an important role
in conducting green initiative, as well as finding the best possible solution to prevent Earth’s
destruction. As known by all, overspilled landfill due to human have cause unwanted effect.
Hence, it is the responsibilities of engineers to make sure that all waste will go through certain
process such as reusing and recycling items. Besides, engineers have invented green
automobile, incinerations and even come up with thousands of initiative to preserve the Earth.
In the end, engineers are also a part of society which play the biggest part in preserving the
nature.
Safety and Sustainability Issues

Safety and sustainability issues are always of prior concern when it comes to cases involving
3R’s. Whenever wastes are not properly managed, the earth could suffer. This fact is obvious
as proved by global warming. On the other hand, it is a simple idea that by reuse, reduce and
recycle, Earth can be preserve, hence how could its occupant ever possibly be ungrateful? As
stated earlier, sustainability principle indicates developments that meet present needs and
aspirations without affecting the future generation and viability of the planet. This is exactly
opposite when it comes to 3R’s. The existence of unwanted waste from illegal authorities cause
unnecessary damage and sustainability is none other than a theoretical dream.
pg. 49
6.0 SUGGESTIONS AND CONCLUSIONS
Sustainable development means the economic development that is conducted without depletion
of natural resources. Since we human have exploited a lot of natural resources for our needs
and greed, we are facing with the danger of running out of resources for further development.
Therefore, right now the humanity is starting to realize the danger and started to fully maximize
the usage of currently used resources which bring to the 3Rs that is Reduce, Reduce and
Recycle. In order to improving the understanding and behaviour towards the 3Rs for sustainable
development, there are three components that plays the main role which deciding the fate of a
country that is the government, society, and family. These three components should be heading
towards the same ending in order to maximize people’s understanding towards the 3Rs.
Government power are normally considered a great power since most of the time,
government decides the laws and rules of society. Therefore, first and foremost in order to
improving the understanding towards the 3Rs, government is the one whom should initially be
taking the initiative to relay the information towards the society. There are many ways to relay
the information about 3Rs, the easiest is to do a campaign. But the campaign should have many
phases since all-out changes aren’t received well by society. Taking look of what Malaysia’s
government have done in order to promote 3Rs can be an example on how to start a campaign.
Usually, each region will have a specific department that collect domestic waste. In
order to promoting the 3Rs, notice in a form of pamphlet have been distributed to all house
which notify the residents of the new upcoming rule. The government also gives time to the
society to prepare for the new change. They now must differentiate and separate daily domestic
waste that they produced into recyclable waste and non-recyclable waste. Each type of waste
has a different day of collection to make the job easier for the department that is collecting the
wastes. As the type of waste is different, the method used to take care of the waste is also
different. That is why we must separate them.
pg. 50
After the notice and initial phase of the campaign, the government should implement
law towards the one who objects or did not complies with the campaign. Implementing fines
should be enough to keep the society to keep the campaign going throughout the years.
Normally, there would be some rejection from the society since the campaign only means more
works for them as they now had to separate the waste that they normally mixed into one trash
bin. But then, as time pass by, society will be able to understand and corporate with the
campaign and slowly, separating the waste would become a daily routine and ensuring the
continuation of 3Rs.
Society on the other hand, doesn’t have much power to change laws and rules but
society’s power can overturn a government. In order to improving the understanding and
behaviour towards the 3Rs, society should support the campaign that government already
started. One of our society’s behaviour is believing and do what the majority part of the society
believe and do. Although this behaviour may be or may not be a good trait for a developing
country, in case of promoting 3Rs, the society could take advantage on this trait. As said earlier,
as time passed by, little by little, the 3Rs culture would be assimilated in the society as the keep
continuing doing it.
Next, society also should work together with government in order to further improving
the understanding and behaviour towards 3Rs. Making an event like a large-scale recyclable
waste collection would be the simplest thing to do. Society also can request for the specific
trash bin that accept only recyclable item like the one that already present for ease of separating
wastage. Also, although it is currently conducted, getting paid for the recyclable item we send
to some NGOs is a popular way to promote the 3Rs culture. NGOs also could collaborate with
government. They could give rewards to those regularly sending the recyclable item for recycle
like giving them a higher payment than what is normally paid. This could increase the society’s
spirit to keep practicing the 3Rs in their daily life.
pg. 51
Family is considered root of society. Most of us believe if we wanted to start something,
family are the one who should start to change first. Because the society consist of a lot of family
residing inside a region. Therefore, a change inside a family will lead to a change to the society.
At the pinnacle of family, lies the parent which playing main role in educating their children.
Parent are the one who should become an example to their children in improving the
understanding and behaviour towards 3Rs. Because normally children will copy what their
parent do. In fact, all they do since infant is copying their parent behaviour, speech and
movement. Therefore, if the parent were trying to change them, parent is the one who should
change first.
First thing that should been done is to notify the children about the change that will be
taking place inside the house. Give them information and clear understanding about what 3Rs
is and how important 3Rs is toward sustainable development of a country and how they could
contribute to the country by practicing 3Rs. Next, parent should teach the children on how to
differentiate the wastage. Although such thing might have been taught in school, confirming
their knowledge would make the children remembers more. Providing separate recycle bin
might help the children even more as they could differentiate which item should go where.
Parents could also give the children some pocket money right after selling the recyclable
item to NGOs or government. Because it is agreeable that separating the waste that were
normally mixed out of the blue is kind of hard to go as the practice have blended inside of us.
By doing that, children will notice that their efforts are profitable to themselves and could rise
the children spirit to keep doing what they have been doing and slowly the culture will become
a daily routine for them. As time goes by when their children have their own family, they would
practice the same thing for their children and this would continue towards the next generation
and passed on to the future generation. A good practice would always stay inside a person.
pg. 52
In all, if these three main components started to work together, the country itself will
start to change and achieving a sustainable development would be easier to reach. Recycling
used paper for example could lessen the number of trees that been cut down each year for the
purpose of creating paper. The same principle could be applied to the other recyclable as each
of them could be recreated. Taking aluminium for example, melting them and recreate them is
a good practice and much cheaper rather than finding raw material to created new item each
time. Therefore, if all of us doing all the things mentioned, the understanding and behaviour
towards the 3Rs for sustainable development would be greatly improved.
pg. 53
7.0 REFERENCES
[1] The Three R's: Reduce, Reuse and Recycle. Accessed on 15th December 2016.
https://dnr.mo.gov/env/swmp/pubs-reports/threers.htm
[2] The Meaning of the Three R's: Reduce, Reuse and Recycle. Access on 15th December
2016.http://homeguides.sfgate.com/meaning-three-rs-reduce-reuse-recycle-79718.html
[3] A. Bryman and E. Bell, Business Research Methods, New York, United States: Oxford
University Press Inc., 2011.
[4] S. Greener, Business Research Methods, Ventus Publishing ApS, 2008.
[5] 3R Initiative (2006) Chair’s Summary of Senior Officials Meeting on the 3R Initiative
on 6-8 March 2006 in Tokoy, Japan.
http://www.env.go.jp/recycle/3r/en/s_officials/01.pdf
[6] EA (2000) The Challenge to Establish the Recycling-based Society – The Basic Law
for Establishing the Recycling-based Society Enacted, The Environment Agency, Japan.
http://www.eic.or.jp/eanet/
[7] JME (2005), Japan’s Action Plan for a World-Wide Sound Material-Cycle Society
through the 3R Initiative, Ministry of the Environment, Government of Japan, Press
Release on 28 April 2005
[8] Jin, H. (2008) SEA's first food recycling plant generates biogas, fertilizers., Chancel
NewsAsia, 16 March 2008, Singapore.
[9] MEWR, Ministry of the Environment and Water Resources, 2006. Singapore Green
Plan 2012. Ministry of the Environment and Water Resources, Singapore.
http://app.mewr.gov.sg/
[10] NEA (2008a) The Art of Recycling: Eco Youth Give Creative Boost To Signapore’s
Drive Towards 60% Recycling Rate. New Release No.: 22/2008, 13 April 2008.
[11] Chan, E. Y. L. and Lai, T. K. L. (2000) The Recovery and Recycling of Municipal Solid
Waste in Hong Kong, Environmental Protection Department, HKSAR.
[12] EPD (2008a) Building regulation amended to improve source separation of waste,
Environmental Protection Department, Hong Kong, Press Release on 16 May 2008.
http://www.epd.gov.hk/epd/english/news_events/press/ press_080516b.html
pg. 54
[13] Lai, W. K. I (2005) Waste Minimization in Hong Kong Households and Offices: How
Individuals Can Create Less Waste In Their Every Day Lives and How Different
Organizations Can Provide Implementation Support. Ms. D, The University of Hong
Kong.
[14] Agamuthu P., Santha C., Fauziah SH. & Dennis V., (2011a). Sustainable Waste
Management in Malaysia: A Focus on 3R Related Policies. International Conference of
Solid Waste 2011 Moving Towards Sustainable Resource Management, Hong Kong.
[15] Dennis (2001), “Policy for an Integrated Solid Waste Management in Malaysia”, Thesis,
University Malaya.
[16] Agamuthu, P, Santha C, Fauziah SH, Dennis V. (2011b). 3R Related Policies for
Sustainable Waste Management In Malaysia. IT APN International Conference
“Innovation and sustainability transitions in Asia” held on 9-11 January 2011 at
University of Malaya, Malaysia.
[17] Abdul Nasir Abdul Aziz, 2007. Institutionalising Solid Waste Management in Malaysia.
Department of National Solid Waste Management, Ministry of Housing and Local
Government Malaysia.
[18] GOM (2007), “Solid Waste & Public Cleansing Corporation Act”, Government of
Malaysia.
[19] MHLG (2005), “National Strategic Plan for Solid Waste Management in Malaysia”,
Ministry of Housing & Local Government Malaysia.
[20] MHLG (2006), “The Study of National Waste Minimization in Malaysia”, Ministry of
Housing and Local Government and the Japanese International Cooperation Agency.
[21] MHLH (1998), “Action Plan for a Beautiful and Clean Malaysia”, Unpublished
Document, Ministry of Housing & Local Government Malaysia.
[22] MHLG (2006), “The National Solid Waste Management Policy” Ministry of Housing
and Local Government.
[23] GOM (2007), “Solid Waste & Public Cleansing Management Act”, Government of
Malaysia.
[24] Citizen attitude and policy for 3R(Reduce, Reuse, and Recyle Behaviour in Japan,pp.2
(http://www.ewmce.com/Resources/Documents/Daisuke_Numata_
_Citizen_Attitude_and_Policy_for_3R_in_Japan.pdf, accesed on 20 December 2016)
pg. 55
[25] Current Environmental Issues, http://www.conserve-energy-future.com/current -
environmental-issues.php ,accessed on 21 December 2016
[26] What is Pollution?, http://www.conserve-energy-future.com/PollutionTypes.php ,

accessed on 21 December 2016.
[27] Global warming facts, http://www.conserve-energy-future.com/various-global-

warming-facts.php , accessed on 21 December 2016.
[28] Paper recycling, http://www.conserve-energy-future.com/PaperRecycling.php ,

[29] Bureau of labor statistics, https://www.bls.gov/ , accessed on 21 December 2016.
[30] Oil spill, http://www.conserve-energy-future.com/effects-of-oil-spills.php , accessed on

21 December 2016.
[31] Gender Issues in Waste Management. https://www.gdrc.org/uem/waste/gender/gender-
waste.html, accessed on 26 December 2016.
[32] 25 Ways to Create a Green and Healthy Home.

http://www.webmd.com/women/features/25-ways-create-green-healthy-home#1,
pg. 56
8.0 APPENDIX
APPENDIX A – QUESTIONNAIRE FORM

3R’s - Reuse, Reduce, Recycle
This survey aims to collect informations from you on the awareness relating to the 3R’s
sustainability. Kindly fill up this survey. Your cooperation is much appreciated. Thank You.
1. Gender
MALE FEMALE
2. Your occupation
STUDENT FULL-TIME WORKER
FREELANCER RETIREE
HOUSEWIFE/HOUSEHUSBAND OTHER:
3. People need to be more educated on the subject of recycling.

AGREE NOT AGREE
4. How often do you recycle?

NEVER RARELY SOMETIMES OFTEN ALWAYS
5. Why do you recycle? (Choose more than one)

Care for the environment
Had to follow certain rules
Peer influence
My parents taught me
Other:
6. What types of items do you regularly recycle? (Choose more than one)
Newspapers
Bottles/Cans
Electronic waste
Cardboard/Mixed paper
Other:
7. How convenient are the location of recycling bins in Malaysia?

Not at all 1 2 3 4 5 Very
convenient convenient
8. How frequent do you try to reduce your energy and water use?
NEVER RARELY SOMETIMES OFTEN ALWAYS
pg. 57
9. In which way do you conserve energy? (Choose more than one)
Use a clothing rack to dry
clothes
Turn off the light when not in
use
Turn off electronics when not in
use
Switch off air conditioner when
not in use
Use energy-saving bulb
Other:
10. Do you prefer carpool to reduce carbon emission?

YES NO
11. What would make 3R’s an interesting option to you? (Choose more than one)
Prepare more recycling
center
Efficient waste management
Grant prizes for every items

you recycle
Conduct campaigns
Other:
12. Would you invest your money for a better 3R’s management?
YES
NO
MAYBE
13. Do you prefer
Live in a green and healthy environment
Live in a chaotic environment where waste does

not properly managed
Adapt to the current environment
pg. 58
APPENDIX B – MINUTES OF MEETING
pg. 59

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UNIVERSITI TENAGA NASIONAL

LECTURER : MOKHTAR BIN MAJID, HAJI

4.1 INCULCATION OF 3R CULTURE IN DEVELOPED COUNTRIES

4.1.1 CASE STUDY 1: JAPAN

4.1.1.1 3R’S RELATED POLICIES

In 2000, full-scale efforts to establish a sound material-cycle society have commenced

4.1.1.2 CAMPAIGNS ON 3R’S

1. Promoting household eco-account books

3. Eco-Town project scheme

4.1.2.1 3R’S RELATED POLICIES

In order to minimise landfill use, Singapore government proposed to incinerate the

Recycling of food wastes is launched by National Environment Agency (NEA) and

Law Enacted Purpose Main Target

2. Waste minimisation and recycling programme

3. Bring your own bag day (BYOBD)

5. Youth environment envoy programme

4.1.3.1 3R’S RELATED POLICIES

1. Source separation, reducing waste and recycling programmes

2. Financial incentives programme

4.2.2 3R’S RELATED POLICIES IN MALAYSIA

1. Action Plan for a Beautiful and Clean Malaysia (ABC)

3. Master Plan on National Waste Minimization (2006)

4. National Solid Waste Management Policy (2006)

4.2.3 3R’s ACTIVITIES

4.2.3.1 LOCAL AUTHORITIES (LAs)

1. Majlis Perbandaran Pulau Pinang (MPPP) , Penang

3. Majlis Daerah Kinta Selatan (MDKS) , Perak

4. Dean Bandaraya Kuala Lumpur (DBKL)

6. Majlis Bandaraya Melaka Bersejarah (MBMB) , Melaka

7. Majlis Bandaraya Johor Bahru (MBJB) , Johor

8. Dewan Bandaraya Kuching Utara (DBKU) , Sarawak

10. Majlis Bandaraya Miri (MB Miri), Sarawak

11. Dewan Bandaraya Kota Kinabalu (DBKK), Sabah

1. Alam Flora Sdn. Bhd. (AFSB)

2. Southern Waste Management Sdn. Bhd. (SWMSB)

4.2.3.3 NGOs AND COMMUNITY BASED ORGANISATIONS (CBOs)

(a) Buddhist Tzu-Chi Merit Society (BTC)

(c) Xim Phou Moon Welfare Society Malaysia (XPM)

(d) Treat Every Environment Special Sdn Bhd (TrEES)

2. Residents Associations (CBOs)

(a) Bandar Sri Damansara Residents Association (BSDRA)

(b) Damansara Jaya Residents and Owners Association (DJROA)

1. Paper and Pulp Manufacturers Association of Malaysia

2. Malaysia Plastics Manufacturers Association (MPMA)

3. Federation of Malaysian Manufacturers (FMM)

(a) IKEA, Mutiara Damansara

(b) IKANO Power Centre, Mutiara Damansara

(a) Socio-Economic and Environmental Research Institute (SERI)

2. Reduces Energy Consumption: A large amount of energy is consumed by processing

4. Not widespread on Large Scale: Although recycling is an important step to minimize

Figure 3: Paper recycling

Personal Factual Attribute Questions (Question 1 and 2)

Yes/No or Agree/Not Agree Question (Question 3, 4 and 5)

Rating scale questions (Question 6, 7 and 8)

Figure 5: Question 1 response statistics

Figure 7: Question 3 response statistics

Figure 8: Question 4 response statistics

Figure 9: Question 5 response statistics

Figure 10: Question 6 response statistics

ALWAYS; 8.9% NEVER; 2%

Figure 11: Question 7 response statistics

Figure 12: Question 8 response statistics

*Rating: From 1 (Not at all convenient) to 5 (Very convenient)

Care for the environment 93.1%