1.

Object-oriented programming (OOP) is a programming language model organized around

objects rather than "actions" and data rather than logic. Historically, a program has been viewed
as a logical procedure that takes input data, processes it, and produces output data.

2. SIMULA was the first object language. As its name suggests it was used to create simulations.
Alan Kay, who was at the University of Utah at the time, liked what he saw in the SIMULA
language. He had a vision of a personal computer that would provide graphics-oriented
applications and he felt that a language like SIMULA would provide a good way for non-
specialists to create these applications. He sold his vision to Xerox Parc and in the early 1970s, a
team headed by Alan Kay at Xerox Parc created the first personal computer called the Dynabook.
Smalltalk was the object-oriented language developed for programming the Dynabook. It was a
simulation and graphics-oriented programming language. Smalltalk exists to this day although it
is not widely used commercially.

The idea of object-oriented programming gained momentum in the 1970s and in the early 1980s
Bjorn Stroustrup integrated object-oriented programming into the C language. The resulting
language was called C++ and it became the first object-oriented language to be widely used
commercially.

In the early 1990s a group at Sun led by James Gosling developed a simpler version of C++
called Java that was meant to be a programming language for video-on-demand applications. This
project was going nowhere until the group re-oriented its focus and marketed Java as a language
for programming Internet applications. The language has gained widespread popularity as the
Internet has boomed, although its market penetration has been limited by its inefficiency.

3. Basic terminology for OOP:

 modularity: breaking an application into logical sub-parts, that are easier to code and maintain than a
whole.
 abstraction: classes should be defined as broadly as possible, and only find specifics through inheritance
 encapsulation: separating and hidding functionality how-to from input-output. Objects are called to
accomplish a tasks, we don’t care how they do it.
 polymorphism: calling the same method can have different results, depending upon the object type.
 superclass: or base class, another name for the parent class that inherits its properties to any given child
class.
 overriding: redefining the functionality of a given parent method in the child class, by using the same
method signature (method name and number of arguments). Final methods can’t be over-ridden: final
function myfunc () {…}

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 4. Code Reuse and Recycling: Objects created for Object Oriented Programs can easily be reused
in other programs.

 Encapsulation (part 1): Once an Object is created, knowledge of its implementation is not
necessary for its use. In older programs, coders needed understand the details of a piece of code
before using it (in this or another program).
 Encapsulation (part 2): Objects have the ability to hide certain parts of themselves from
programmers. This prevents programmers from tampering with values they shouldn't.
Additionally, the object controls how one interacts with it, preventing other kinds of errors. For
example, a programmer (or another program) cannot set the width of a window to -400.
 Design Benefits: Large programs are very difficult to write. Object Oriented Programs force
designers to go through an extensive planning phase, which makes for better designs with less
flaws. In addition, once a program reaches a certain size, Object Oriented Programs are
actually easier to program than non-Object Oriented ones.
 Software Maintenance: Programs are not disposable. Legacy code must be dealt with on a daily
basis, either to be improved upon (for a new version of an exist piece of software) or made to
work with newer computers and software. An Object Oriented Program is much easier to modify
and maintain than a non-Object Oriented Program. So although a lot of work is spent before the
program is written, less work is needed to maintain it over time.