Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
% of Total
Type Definition Introductions
New Concept New concept for category. Requires significant spending. 13%
Brand Extension Transfer of brand name from one product category to
another. 2%
Line Extension New flavors, colors, sizes added to existing product lines. 66%
Upgrade/Replacement "New" product replaces existing item. Retains same UPC,
distribution channel and shelf space. 19%
Totals 100%
Source:
Joint Industry Task Force on new Product Introductions and Deletions, "Managing the
Process of Introducing and Deleting Products in the Grocery and Drug Industry,
"Grocery Manufacturers of America, Inc., Washington, D.C., 1990.
Exhibit 2: Average Cost of New Product Introductions, 1998
Of which:
Consumer Advertising and Promotion 46%
Trade Deals and Allowances 16%
R&D and Market Analysis 18%
Other 20%
Source: Joint Industry Task Force on new Product Introductions and Deletions,
"Managing the Process of Introducing and Deleting Products in the Grocery and Drug
Industry," Grocery Manufacturers of America, Inc., Washington, D.C., 1990.
a
SKU: Stock Keeping Unit. A separately identified item category offered for sale. For
example, the Trombly's product line included 17 SKUs: 6 peanut butter SKUs (four
flavors, creamy and chunky), 1 peanut sauce SKU, and 10 candy SKUs.
Exhibit 3-Alternative Media Costs and Delivery
Source: Sissors, Jack Z. and Lincoln Bumba (1988), Advertising Media Planning, Third Edition, Lincolnshire,
IL: NTC Publishing, p.296.
Exhibit 7-Comparative Gross Margins
a
@ $2.99 per 7.5 oz. jar.
Exhibit 8: PBF Product Mix and Projected Gross Margins
In July 1989, chunky and creamy peanut butters accounted for approximately 28% of PBF /
Trombly's sales; flavored products were 58%. Peanut sauce was 14%. Candy products were not yet
authorized for sale in most of the supermarkets, but were projected at 28% of company sales for
1989 and 1990. Most of the candy sales would be made in July for delivery in the fourth quarter of
the year.
Exhibit 9: Comparative Balance Sheets
LIABILITIES
STOCKHOLDERS EQUITY
Cost of Sales
Materials $83,963 $98,532 $129,592 $143,502
Freight In 0 0 432 3,855
Direct Labor 0 0 40,494 85,169
Total Cost of Sales $83,963 $98,532 $170,518 $232,526
Total Cost of Sales $21,960 $15,132 $23,500 $28,500 $25,000 $24,300 $11,050 $31,000 $46,000 $80,500 $92,000 $82,800 $481,742 49.94%
Gross Profit $13,640 $2,868 $10,500 $14,500 $7,000 $9,700 $16,050 $35,000 $64,000 $104,500 $108,000 $97,200 $482,958 50.06%
Gross Margin 38.31% 15.93% 30.88% 33.72% 21.88% 28.53% 59.23% 53.03% 48.18% 56.49% 54.00% 54.00% 50.06%
Total Marketing $31,470 $25,200 $36,200 $26,600 $26,500 $27,100 $27,610 $32,100 $39,500 $47,000 $47,500 $47,500 $414,280 42.94%
Total Expenses $52,145 $42,325 $52,658 $45,175 $46,675 $47,475 $48,085 $52,275 $60,575 $69,075 $69,575 $69,575 $655,613 67.96%
Net Profit/Loss -$38,505 -$39,457 -$42,158 -$30,675 -$39,675 -$37,775 -$32,035 -$17,275 $3,425 $35,425 $38,425 $27,625 -$172,655 -17.90%
Exhibit 12: Cash Flow Projections 1989
MONTHLY SALES
Wholesalea $23,000 $8,000 $23,000 $32,000 $21,000 $23,000 $15,100 $55,000 $100,000 $175,000 $200,000 $180,000 $855,100
Mail Order-Tins 5,600 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5,600
Store 7,000 10,000 11,000 11,000 11,000 11,000 12,000 11,000 10,000 10,000 0 0 104,000
Cash from Salesb $52,048 $33,540 $23,270 $24,700 $33,003 $34,530 $33,895 $29,840 $57,124 $101,950 $156,500 $191,000
Beg. Cash from Ops -14,000 -16,621 -33,956 -75,121 -107,821 -121,540 -140,742 -162,268 -187,658 -206,886 -208,151 -176,848
Total Cash $38,048 $16,919 -$10,686 -$50,421 -$74,818 -$87,010 -$106,847 -$132,428 -$130,534 -$104,936 -$51,651 $14,152
COST OF SALES
Wholesale $6,945 6,600 13,000 25,000 14,222 10,755 9,890 12,464 29,091 53,125 80,625 88,713
Additional Overhead 3,500 3,500 3,500 0 0 3,500 3,500 0 0 0 0 0
Gross Cash Available $27,603 $6,819 -$27,186 -$75,421 -$89,040 -$101,265 -$120,338 -$144,892 -$159,625 -$158,061 $132,276 $74,561
a
Expected wholesale sales level based on proposed distribution system
b
Cash From Sales are:
Wholesales: 5% collected in current month, 70% collected 2nd month, 24% collected 3rd month, 1% bad debt
Mail Order: 75% collected in current month, 25% collected in 2nd month
Store: 100% collected in current month
c
Interest Calculations: Equipment Loan of $100,000 @ 12.5% and Working Capital Loan balance outstanding @ 12.5%
Exhibit 13: Sources and Uses of Funds 1989
Ending Cash Position $0 -$2,305 -$20,557 -$5,888 -$36,255 -$51,641 -$60,000 -$70,790 $37,847 $8,758 $33,326 $35,463
Monthly Cash From Ops -16,621 -17,335 -41,165 -32,700 -13,719 -19,202 -21,525 -25,390 -19,228 -1,264 31,303 51,260
Working Capital Loans 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Capital Source 0 0 13,750 0 0 12,500 25,000 0 100,000 150,000 0 0 301,250
Other Loans 25,000 12,500 43,750 25,000 0 0 0 62,500 0 0 0 -50,000 118,750
Total Sources $8,379 -$7,140 -$4,222 -$13,588 -$49,974 -$58,343 -$56,535 -$33,681 $42,924 $157,493 $64,629 $36,723
USES:
Equip. Debt Payment (5) $1,667 $1,667 $1,667 $1,667 $1,667 $1,667 $1,667 $1,667 $1,667 $1,667 $1,667 $1,667 $20,000
LC Loan Payment 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Working Cap. Loan Pymt. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Past A/P & Accrual Pymt. 9,017 10,500 0 21,000 0 0 10,000 0 30,000 120,000 25,000 0 225,517
New Sales Incentives 0 1,250 0 0 0 0 2,589 2,500 2,500 2,500 2,500 2,500 16,339
Total Uses $10,684 $13,417 $1,667 $22,667 $1,667 $1,667 $14,255 $4,167 $34,167 $124,167 $29,167 $4,167
Ending Cumulative Cash Balance -$2,305 -$20,557 -$5,888 -$36,255 -$51,641 -$60,010 -$70,790 -$37,847 $8,758 $33,326 $35,463 $32,556
Exhibit 14: Profit and Loss Projections 1990
Jan-90 Feb-90 Mar-90 Apr-90 May-90 Jun-90 Jul-90 Aug-90 Sep-90 Oct-90 Nov-90 Dec-90 1990 Y/E
Wholesale Revenue $150,000 $170,000 $200,000 $225,000 $240,000 $260,000 $265,000 $270,000 $350,000 $400,000 $375,000 $375,000 $3,280,000
Store Revenue 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Total Revenue $150,000 $170,000 $200,000 $225,000 $240,000 $260,000 $265,000 $270,000 $350,000 $400,000 $375,000 $375,000 $3,280,000
Cost of Sales
Wholesale $69,000 $78,200 $92,000 $103,500 $110,400 $119,600 $121,900 $124,200 $161,000 $184,000 $172,500 $172,500 $1,508,800
Additional Overhead 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Total Cost of Sales $69,000 $78,200 $92,000 $103,500 $110,400 $119,600 $121,900 $124,200 $161,000 $184,000 $172,500 $172,500 $1,508,000
Gross Profit $81,000 $91,800 $108,000 $121,500 $129,600 $140,400 $143,100 $145,800 $189,000 $216,000 $202,500 $202,500 $1,771,200
Gross Margin 54.00% 54.00% 54.00% 54.00% 54.00% 54.00% 54.00% 54.00% 54.00% 54.00% 54.00% 54.00% 54.00%
Total Expenses $74,075 $76,075 $88,075 $99,075 $100,575 $102,575 $113,075 $118,575 $138,575 $153,575 $158,075 $159,075 $1,381,400
Net Profit/Loss $6,925 $15,725 $19,925 $22,425 $29,025 $37,825 $30,025 $27,225 $50,425 $62,425 $44,425 $43,425 $389,800
Cumulative Profit/Loss $6,925 $22,650 $42,575 $64,000 $94,025 $131,850 $161,875 $189,100 $239,525 $301,950 $346,375 $389,800
%
100.00%
46.00%
54.00%
4.92%
10.00%
7.10%
7.01%
1.95%
30.99%
5.34%
1.83%
0.91%
0.39%
2.65%
11.13%
42.12%
11.88%
Exhibit 15: Cash flow Projections 1990
Jan-90 Feb-90 Mar-90 Apr-90 May-90 Jun-90 Jul-90 Aug-90 Sep-90 Oct-90 Nov-90 Dec-90
MONTHLY SALES
Wholesalea $150,000 $170,000 $200,000 $225,000 $240,000 $260,000 $265,000 $270,000 $350,000 $400,000 $375,000 $375,000
Mail Order-Tins 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Store 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Cash from Salesb $181,500 $156,700 $165,000 $192,050 $217,500 $235,000 $252,850 $261,400 $270,100 $329,800 $382,750 $377,250
Beg. Cash from Ops 0 16,568 17,248 7,239 3,841 11,615 30,684 46,293 60,681 77,123 101,931 151,408
Total Cash $181,500 $173,268 $182,248 $199,289 $221,341 $246,615 $283,534 $307,693 $330,781 $406,923 $484,681 $528,658
COST OF SALES
Wholesale $86,955 $78,785 $88,045 $101,998 $113,415 $117,075 $124,635 $127,620 $133,413 $163,875 $179,188 $173,438
Additional Overhead 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Gross Cash Available $94,545 $94,483 $94,203 $97,291 $107,926 $129,540 $158,899 $180,073 $197,369 $243,048 $305,494 $355,220
Total Expenses $77,977 $77,235 $86,964 $93,450 $96,311 $98,856 $112,606 $119,391 $120,246 $141,116 $154,086 $160,381
Cummulative Cash from Ops $16,568 $17,248 $7,239 $3,841 $11,615 $30,684 $46,293 $60,681 $77,123 $101,931 $151,406 $194,839
Monthly Cash Generated from Ops $16,568 $680 -$10,009 -$3,398 $7,774 $19,069 $15,609 $14,389 $16,441 $24,809 $49,476 $43,431
a
Expected wholesales sales level based on proposed distribution system
b
Cash from Sales are:
Wholesales: 5% collected in current month, 70% collected 2nd month, 24% collected 3rd month, 1% bad debt
Mail Order: 75% collected in current month, 25% collected in 2nd month
Store: 100% collected in current month
c
Interest Calculations: Equipment Loan of $100,000 @ 12.5% and Working Capital Loan balance outstanding @ 12.5%
$3,280,000
$0.00
$0.00
Exhibit 16- Sources and Uses of Funds 1990
Jan-90 Feb-90 Mar-90 Apr-90 May-90 Jun-90 Jul-90 Aug-90 Sep-90 Oct-90 Nov-90 Dec-90
Ending Cash Position $32,556 $32,457 $36,470 $29,795 $19,731 $20,838 $23,240 $27,182 $29,904 $34,679 $47,821 $85,630
Monthly Cash From Operations 16,568 680 -10,009 -3,398 7,774 19,069 15,609 14,389 16,441 24,809 49,476 43,431
Working Capital Loans 0 20,000 20,000 15,000 15,000 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 70,000
Capital Source 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Other Loans 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Total Sources $49,124 $53,137 $46,462 $41,397 $42,504 $39,907 $38,849 $41,571 $46,345 $59,487 $97,297 $129,062
USES:
Equip. Debt Payment (5) $1,667 $1,667 $1,667 $1,667 $1,667 $1,667 $1,667 $1,667 $1,667 $1,667 $1,667 $1,667 $20,000
LC Loan Payment 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Working Capital Loan Pymt. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Past A/P & Accrual Pymt. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
New Sales Incentives 15,000 15,000 15,000 20,000 20,000 15,000 10,000 10,000 10,000 10,000 10,000 10,000 160,000
Total Uses $16,667 $16,667 $16,667 $21,667 $21,667 $16,667 $11,667 $11,667 $11,667 $11,667 $11,667 $1,167
Ending Cumulative Cash Balance $32,457 $36,470 $29,795 $19,731 $20,838 $23,240 $27,182 $29,904 $34,679 $47,821 $85,630 $117,395