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MAGNETIC
Magnetic materials encompass a wide variety of materials, which are used in a diverse
range of applications. Magnetic materials are utilized in the creation and distribution
of electricity, and, in most cases, in the appliances that use that electricity. They are
usedfor the storage of data on audiotape and videotape and on computer disks. In the
world of medicine, they are used in body scanners and in a range of applications
where they are attached to or implanted into the body. The home entertainment
market relies on magnetic materials in applications such as PCs, CD players,
televisions, games consoles, and loudspeakers.
The magnetic properties of matter are primarily determined by crystal structure and
the number of outer electrons on the metal atoms. After a brief description of the
principal structures of nonmetallic, magnetic materials, there is a discussion of the
two most widely used descriptions of outer electrons in solids: the collectiveelectron
description of band theory and the localized-electron description of ligand-field theory.
A numerical estimate of the critical separation Rc for transition-metal atoms is given,
in which the collective-electron picture is more appropriate for R < Rc and the
localizedelectron description is better for R > Rc. Octahedral vs tetrahedral
site-preference energies of transition-metal cations play an important role in spinels
and garnets - ferrimagnetic materials in wide use in practical applications. The present
state of theoretical site-preference energies is critically reviewed, and it is pointed out
that failure to account properly for anion polarizations has led to incorrect quantitative
conclusions, which have been previously predicted on a point-charge ligand-field
model. Since the melting point Tmp of a transition-metal compound is primarily
determined by the outer s-p electrons, there may be a transition temperature Tt < Tmp
below which there is d electron ordering. Such ordering is usually reflected in both
the crystallographic and magnetic properties of these materials. Nine types of electron
ordering at a Tt < Tmp are identified and briefly discussed.
OPTICAL