Compurrrs d Structures Vol. 53, No. 6. pp. 1373-1379.

1994
Copyright 0 1994 Elsevier Science Ltd
Pergamon 00457949(94)E0247-Y Printed in Great Britain. All rights reserved
00457949/94 s7.cm + 0.00

A THERMOELASTIC ANALYSIS OF SHRINK-FIT TYPE

CONSTRUCTIONS BY BOUNDARY ELEMENT METHOD

G. Karami and S. Ghazanfari Oskooei

Department of Mechanical Engineering, School of Engineering, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran

(Received 5 June 1993)

Abstract-In this paper a boundary element method for the analysis of shrink fits is presented. The contact
stresses created at the interference layer of the mating bodies and all over boundaries can be accurately
evaluated. The shrinkage is usually generated or relieved by thermal expansions or by inertia forces and
thus a thermoelastic bodyforce analysis is performed. The method is straightforward. Only the boundaries
of the mating bodies are required to be discretized. Examples are shown to verify the accuracy of the
analysis.

I. INTRODUCTION as initial strains and using Betti’s reciprocal theorem,

Shrink-fit constructions would find many industrial one can find the displacement at any point of a
applications for varied purposes in industry: to two-dimensional elastic body when it is subjected to
increase the fatigue life of a wheel and axle; to tractions and displacements over the boundary and
increase the resistance to contact stresses and wear; to thermoelastic and body forces inside the domain in
increase the elastic pressure range of a pressure vessel the form
(either as a liner or as an external sleeve); to
strengthen a forging or extrusion die; as some typical
‘XPMP) = - T,i(P; Qk(Q)dr,
purposes, one finds the shrink-fit to be the optimum sr
solution. In producing a shrink-fit type of construc-
tion it is common to heat the outer component, in
order to expand it beyond the interference on the + uki(f’; Q)ti(Q)dre
diameter, and then slip it over the inner component,
while expanded. One may find many shrink-fit
circular elements, such as shafts and bearings, being
subjected to rotation and, hence, inertia forces.
Therefore, the thermal and inertia forces usually play
a major role in shrinkage analysis. In this paper, a
boundary integral equation method for thermoelastic
and bodyforce shrink-fits is presented. The accuracy
+
I{
n
P["k,j(pi 4) + ukj.i(pi 4)l + 6t,

and efficiency of the boundary element methods in

stress analysis is now a well established matter.
This paper can be found as a further application
of this powerful method to shrink-fit type prob-
lems. A multidomain boundary element procedure
with isoparametric representations of the geometry
and the field variables is used. In the regions of
(1)
interference contact element pairs and nodepairs inwhichi,j,k-+1,2,P,QEr;q,fi,nandrarethe
are defined and all kinds of contact conditions domain and boundary; u,(P) is the displacement
can be defined if necessary [l, 21, although in the vector at a boundary point P; q(Q), ti(Q) are the
examples included, only sticking contact conditions displacements and the tractions at a boundary point
are employed.
Q;J(q) is the bodyforce at a domain point q; EC is
the thermal strain and p and v are the shear modulus
2. REVIEW OF THE THERMOELASTIC AND BODYFORCE
and the Poisson’s ratio respectively; Uk,,(P; Q) and
BOUNDARY INTEGRAL EQUATIONS
Tki(P; Q) are the fundametnal Kelvin tensors for
By separating the total strains into elastic strains elastic displacements and tractions in the i direction
and thermal strains and treating the thermal strains due to an orthogonal unit load in the k direction. The

1373
1374 G. Karami and S. Ghazanfari Oskooei

auxiliary tensor C,,(P) is a matrix of numbers

calculated based upon the local geometry of r at P.
The second order tensors U,,(P; Q) and T,,(P; Q)
X
S{
”r r
{i6ij - 31 - v)r,,r,,lr,,n,

can be found in boundary element methods textbooks

(see for examples, Banerjee and Butterfield [3] and
Brebbia et al. [4]). The above equations apply to the
plane strain case, while in plane stress the last domain
-t {6ii(2h r - 1 + 2v)
integral becomes zero, and the equivalent value for v
should be used (see for example, Karami and
Kuhn [S]). + 20 -2v)r,,r,,}4,,(Qh + rWn r - 1)
To obtain the integrals in eqn (1) in a form of pure
boundary integrals so that the internal discretization
x {6i,2vr,,n, + (1 - 2v)
could be avoided, one should transform the domain
integrals over the boundary. By assuming L&= G,,ctT,
where c( is the coefficient of expansion, and by
defining y, the thermoelastic constant, to be equal to
2pc((1 + v)/( 1 - 2v) and after applying the divergence
theorem to the integral containing the thermal strains where S,, and Dk,, are the third order stress tensors
and bodyforces, the domain integrals in eqn (1) can and can also be found in the books by Banerjee and
be written in an equivalent form of Butterfield [3] and Brebbia et al. [4].
To solve a thermoelastic problem one should
Ik”T(P) =
s 0
ukt(J’; q)ti(q) - YT,i(q)jdflq
know the temperature change and its gradients over
the domain, which may not be available; however,
one can easily solve a heat conduction problem by
+
s
r
u,,(P; QNYQMQ)

They contribute to a known vector of IfT as the

dr,. (2) boundary elements for this purpose. Knowing that
the linear stationary governing equation is V’+ = IC,
its boundary integral equation form then becomes

bodyforce and the temperature should be known.

Now, by defining the scalar potential due to thermal
forces and body forces to be 4’ and 4 r respectively,
where 4,; = yT,,, ?,! = -fk and 4 = 4’+ &J’, and
after a further application of the divergence theorem (5)
and Green’s second identity and taking point p,
@ E n) to the boundary point P, the integral eqn (2)
can then be written as a boundary-type integral: where 4@) is the value of potential at a domain point
p and K is a constant. The values of the potentials and
[,“i-@) = _ (1- 2v) their gradients over the boundary of the domain
167r(l -v)p s, could be similarly evaluated by a limiting procedure
as p-P.
X {[(2enr - I)$ + 2r,, r,in,]
3. NUMERICAL PROCEDURE
x4(Q) - Wr - l)rr,k4+(Qh
Numerical solutions to the boundary integral
+r2(dnr - l)nk$,ii} dr,, (3) equations are found by discretizing the boundary of
each domain into elements and expressing the
where r = IP - Ql. By directly applying the distributions of the unknowns in terms of suitable
strain-displacement relations to the equations for algebraic functions involving values at the certain
internal displacements, the integral equations for the nodal points associated with that element. As
strains at interior points may be derived. Further quadratic isoparametric elements are used here, the
application of the stress-strain identities to these geometry as well as the nodal field variables, the
equations yields an extra term for the internal stress displacements, the tractions, the variation of poten-
integral equation: tials and potential gradients, are all expressed in
terms of quadratic shape functions of the intrinsic

s s
coordinate 5 :
Qi,@)= - &,,(P;Qh(Q)drp + D,,@; Q)
I- I-
xk (t ) = W, (t h,, uk (t ) = N,,, (‘t bk,,,
1
xMQ)--4”(Qhldrp+ 16n(l -v) [A (5) = N,, (5 bk,,, 4(5) = ~,,,(rM,,,~ (6)
 Analysis of shrink fit type constructions 1375

evaluated. The stresses on the boundary nodes can be

exactly calculated by the limiting values of the
integral eqn (5) (when the points p-P). However,
an expedient way, perhaps, is to derive these values
22.50 from the nodal tractions and the displacements on
the boundary using the stress-strain and strain-
displacement relations.

4. NUMERICAL EXAMPLES

In order to illustrate the accuracy and the

Fig. 1. A compound rotating disk (a = 0.06 m, b = 0.125,
r = 0.25. E,=Ez=200GPa, v,=v,=O.3, p,=pz=
8000 kg/m’, a, = c+ = 1.2 x 10-6m/mcC, UI = 242 r.p.s.).
where N,,,(t), m = 1,2,3 are quadratic shape
functions of the intrinsic coordinate, 5 (5 = - 1, 0
and + 1 at the first, second and third nodes along the
element), Xkmr fkm, ukm, are, respectively, the coordi-
nate, traction and displacement in the k direction of
node m and 4, is the potential at node m. When two
bodies are shrink-fitted together, then in boundary
element analysis each body is treated as a single
domain, with the nodes located on the boundary. On
the interface of the two bodies element-pairs and
node-pairs are defined and the continuity and
equilibrium conditions are forced in the form of
sticking contact conditions, that is
u{+x~=u~+x~,
t; + tf = 0,
where f and g represent the node number from body
1 and body 2 making a nodepair f,.The amount of
shrinkage (6-l”) at the nodepair fg,can be initially
implemented in the geometry of the nodepair in the
form x$-x: = S{g. For each body a system of
equations would be derived and by implementing the
continuity and equilibrium conditions, together with
the other boundary conditions, the combined system
of equations would be solved, the solution which
gives the displacements and tractions over the entire
boundary of the two bodies. If necessary, the dis-
placements and stress inside the bodies can then be
suitability of the method, several two-dimensional
thermoelastic, bodyforce shrink fits problems are
studied.
4.1. A compound rotating disk
In this example, two disks shrink-fitted together are
considered. The geometry and the material properties
of the two disks are given in Fig. 1. The amount of
shrink fit, 6,, is assumed to be 0.0286 m. The interface
pressure at the interface surfaces due to shrink fit
would be 14 MPa. Once this compound disk rotates
at 242 r.p.s. the interface pressure would be dropped
to 7 MPa [6]. To analyze this probelm by BEM,
two different procedures can be employed in bound-
ary condition implementation. Either geometrically
divide the amount of shrinkage between the two disks
and solve the multidomain problem exposed to a
rotation of 242 r.p.s., or assume the two parts of the
disk are exposed to a temperature difference, so that,
due to thermal expansion, the same amount of
shrinkage would be created on the interface surfaces.
(7) This can be done on the basis that the normal strain
multiplied by coefficient of expansion is equal to the
temperature change T, that is 6, = ab( T, - T,), where
b is the interference radius, 6, the shrinkage at b and
t( is the coefficient of expansion. Keeping T, to be
zero, and for an equal coefficient of expansion and
elastic material properties for both inner and outer
disk, then T, becomes 19.05”C. Now assuming the
outer disk is subjected to a temperature change
of -19.05”C, and with the compound disk under
a rotation of 242r.p.s., the solutions for the
radial stress and tangential stress are presented in
Table 1 and plotted in Fig. 2. The results for the two
different procedures are nearly the same (considering

Table 1. The tangential and radial stress (in N/m2) for the compound rotating disk
Rad. stress (u , x 10+6) Tang. stress (u,, x 10+6)

Radial dist. Analytical BEM Analytical BEM

0.06000 0.0000 0.0025 - 11.9297 - 11.9980
0.07625 -2.7555 -2.6752 --9.8484 - 10.0004
0.09250 -4.4985 -4.5108 - 8.94055 -9.1034
0.10875 -5.8416 - 5.3092 - 8.5932 - 8.5732
0.12500 - 7.028 1 - 7.0496 -8.5636 -8.5644
0.12500 - 7.028 I - 7.0498 37.1522 38.0400
0.15625 - 1.0048 - 1.1208 28.4524 27.6321
0.18750 1.1137 - 1.1242 23.0625 22.9645
0.21875 1.1894 I .07456 19.1207 18.7324
0.25000 0.0000 0.00532 15.8492 15.8432
1376 G. Karami and S. Ghazanfari Oskooei

-200

.05 .06 .07 .06 .09 .lO

Radial distance (m)

Fig. 2. The distribution of the tangential and radial stress for the compound disk.

the amount of shrinkage is small) and agree well with
the analytical solutions. The analytical solutions are
found by superposing the solution for the individual
disks subjected to the interface pressure and the
solution when the compound disk is rotating at
242 r.p.s. [7]. For boundary element analysis, a 22.5”
sector of the compound disk, as shown in Fig. 1, is
considered. The sector is then discretized into a total
of 16 quadratic boundary elements including two
Fig. 3. A 22.5” slice of the compound disk discretized into
16 quadratic elements.
interface elements on each side, as shown in Fig. 3.
A plane stress case is assumed for the analysis.
4.2. Gun barrel
In this example, a gun barrel subjected to a shrink-
fit interface pressure of 52.41 MPa (7000 p.s.i.) and
an internal (shooting) pressure of 220.6 MPa
(32000 psi.) is considered. For the analysis the same
discretization used in the previous example is em-
ployed (a = 0.04077 m, b = 0.06159, c = 0.09779,
El = E2 = 270 GPa, vl = v2= 0.3, @l= c(*= 1.2 x
10-6m/m”C). This example can also be solved in
two different procedures by forcing the shrinkage
either through geometrical differences or temperature
differences. The results for boundary element analysis
are presented in Table 2 and plotted in Fig. 4. Again
an excellent agreement can be seen. The analytical
solution is found by superposition of the solutions for
the compound cylinder and individual cylinders when
they are subjected to appropriate pressures [7, 81.

I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I
.lO .15 .20 .25

Radial diatanca (m)

Fig. 4. The distribution of the tangential and radial stress for the gun barrel.
 Analysis of shrink fit type constructions 1311

Table 2. The tangential and radial stress (in N/m2) for the gun barrel
Rad. stress ((r, x IO+“) Tang. stress (6,) x IOft’)

Radial dist. Analytical BEM Analytical BEM

0.040770 - 220.600 -220.321 126.847 136.745
0.045975 - 183.491 - 183.372 89.738 1 93.2765
0.051180 -157.117 - 155.423 63.3637 67.3725
0.056385 - 137.703 - 135.728 43.9502 41.1219
0.061590 - 123.000 - 120.471 29.2473 32.4166
0.061590 - 123.000 - 120.482 284.739 289.346
0.070640 -74.1091 -76.3987 235.848 231.327
0.079690 -40.9076 -42.8672 202.646 203.176
0.088740 - 17.3357 -20.1323 179.074 176.272
0.097790 0.00000 0.00320 161.739 163.323

4.3. Two square blocks one case, it is assumed that the internal block is
Two hollow square blocks fitted on each other and subjected to a constant temperature change
subjected to either a constant or quadratic tempera- (T = 400°C) while the outer block has no tempera-
ture distribution change are shown in Fig. 5. Due to ture change (0°C). The result for the contact stress
symmetry, l/8 of the two bodies are considered in (-a/c&T) created at the interface is plotted in Fig. 7
boundary element analysis. The discretization is
shown in Fig. 6 with a total of 24 quadratic elements,
including 7 interface element pairs on each side.
There is no analytical solution for this problem. In

b
’ I

Fig. 5. A compound square block (a = 2 m, b = 3, c = 4, Fig. 6. A 45” slice of the compound disk discretized into 24
Y, = “* = 0.3). quadratic elements.

I-“” I “‘I I “‘I I “I’ I ‘1

0 .5 1.0 1.5 2.0

y-distance

Fig. 7. The contact stress at the interface of the two blocks when only the internal block is subjected to
a constant temperature change (T).
 1378 G. Karami and S. Ghazanfari Oskooei

y-distance

Fig. 8. The contact stress at the interface of the two blocks when the blocks are subjected to a constant
temperature change (T), with different coefficients of expansion.

y-distance

Fig. 9. The contact stress at the interface of the two blocks when the blocks are subjected to a parabolic
temperature change of T = r, - cr2, with T0 = 400 m/m”C, c = 20.

when the blocks have the same coefficient of expan- the sudden decrease and increase in the stress at the
sion and same material properties (v, = v2 = 0.3). In last two nodes show this, this does not significantly
another case, the change in temperature for both influence the accuracy of the stress at the other nodes.
blocks are the same but with different coefficients of
expansion for the internal block (tl,) and for the 5. CONCLUSIONS
external block (cQ). The results for such an analysis
for the contact stresses are shown in Fig. 8. In the A quadratic isoparametric boundary element
third case, with an equal coefficient of expansion for method for two-dimensional thermoelastic body-
the blocks, the change in temperature distribution is force shrink-fit analysis is presented. The method can
assumed to be parabolic (T = T, = cr’, where r is the be very accurate, in the sense that with a few elements
distance from the center of the compound block, a near accurate result can be achieved, and very
T, = 4OO”C, c = 20). With this data, the contact stress efficient in the sense that only the boundaries of the
(-cr/ctET,) is again plotted in Fig. 9. In all the mating bodies needed to be discretized and thus lots
results, due to the presence of the sharp corner, a of unwanted data and calculations can be avoided.
singularity in the stress at the last node of contact
elements can be seen. Although it must be mentioned REFERENCES

that the quadratic representation of the corner 1. G. Karami, A Boundary Element .fir Two-Dimensional
element is not enough to represent this behavior and Ehfic Contact Problems. Springer-Verlag, Berlin (1988).
 Analysis of shrink fit type constructions 1379

2. G. Karami, Boundary element analysis of two- thermo-elastic forces in boundary element analysis
dimensional elastoplastic contact problems. Int. J. Num. of elastic contact and fracture mechanics prob-
Meth. Engng 36, 221-235 (1993). lems, Eng. Anal. Boundary Elements. 10, 313-322
3. P. K. Banerjee and R. Butterfield, Boundary Element (1992).
Methods in Engineering Science. McGraw Hill, London 6. T. Blazinski, Applied Elasto-Plasticity of Solids.
(1981). Macmillan, London (1983).
4. C. A. Brebbia, J. C. F. Telles and L. C. Wrobel, 7. S. P. Timoshenko and J. N. Goodier, Theory of
Boundary Element Methods Techniques. Springer- Elasticity. John Wiley, New York (1970).
Verlag, Berlin (1984). 8. E. Volterra, and J. H. Gains, Advanced S/rength qf
5. G. Karami and G. Kuhn, Implementation of Materials. Prentice-Hall, New Jersey (1971).