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Volcanic: Rhyolite Dacite Andesite Basal! Komatiite TABLE 1.1 Approximate Average Mineral Composition (Volume Percent) of
Plutonic: Granite Granodiorite Diorite Gabbro Peridotite the Earth's (Upper) Crust and of Major lntrusive Rocks
100 Mineral Crust Granlte Granodlorlte Quartzdlorlte Dlorlte Gabbro
Plagioclase 41 30 46 53 63 56
V, Alkaliíeldspar 21 35 15 6 3
-¡¡;
eai
Quartz 21 27 21 22 2
Plagioclase
50 Amphibole 6 13 12 12
o Biotite 6 5 5
~
o
g Orthopyroxene 3 16
Clinopyroxene 8 16
o Olivine 0.6 5
70 65 60 55 50 45 40 Magnetite, 3 4
wt% SiO;, llmenite
Nler Wedepohl (1969); see a/so Huckenholz(1982) end Sch<Jn /1996).
Apatite 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.8 0.6
*Densidades
Almílrnlirr ,4.JIII 1:iah:na 75911 N.t11'!1(i1i: 2..Z4.S 30,000 ppm NílCI 1.022 JO API, STP 0.88
50,000 ppm NílCI 1.037 50 API, STP 0.78
A.nd';ilusile J.145 (;l:wllllfflile 2.JOO N~limi Hi,U
100,000ppm NaCI 1.073 70 API, STP 0.70
AÑ!)t:111it .. 2.%3 c;;,...,hite 2_2f,7 Odh.ocme 1.570
200,000ppm NaCI 1.146 Gas
Anonhilll: 2.700 ~m 2.J05 Phl!JS.CIÑle 2.7114
300,000ppm NaCI 1.219 Average natural gas, STP 0.000773;
~it.l! J.I !IO (;l:wmph.uW! ]_200 Polj,11:ilit .. Li'IIO 93 C 1200 Ft; 48 MPa 0.252
C7000psi)
Ar;1gm,ile Hlll Halile 2.16,J p..,~,., 4..l!IO
Gearhart fndu,t,.,.,. 119781.
Arscn,oprriti: íí,.162 Hcdc:nbell!iitc l.lil2 P)'li:le .S.011
3
Augitl!!' J.JOO HBn~ti:le '.U75' ÚIUpyro:an! l.JliO Density in 1 O' kg m
Graníte
1.()() UiO 200 2.50 3.00 3.50
B..nh, UBO Hor.-W.,nde 3.080 P)'IThotih, 4.610
lgneous rocks.-mtrusiva
Syeníte 1 1 =-::J
-
1
lla)t 2.Ml Dli4c 2.600 Qi.ruu; 2.(t4.II Dionte 1 11 11 11 1 1 ~ 1 1
1
ll:iolite 2.900 Dmeo.il., 4..7811 Re~m ]..5,;IO
Ouníte
ú,l,cit., VIO ~ 4.900 Ru1ir,,, 4.245
Gabbro ...-i 111
11
C,,..,itffile 6,.993 Kai11i1.., 2.1~ Ser;ps,ti""' 2.WO
Pyroxervte 1 1
I=
Peridotite
ChalkopyTile 11
Chlañlc
4.100
2.800
Ka.ali~
Kiescerite
2.5'94
2.5,3
Sidcrite
Si[lim:mite
l.94.4
J.Z4.I
1 1 1 1 1
,_
lgneous rock.s-extrus,va
Owomille 5.086 t::y.... il e 3.675 ~ali,rit .. 4..o&!I Rhyolite [ 1
•
Do.'lllmik 2.8fi6 ~ite 5_200 Tm..., 2.170 Marble 1 1 [J.~ [I 1
EnJL.lltrlc J.ZD9 1\1.1 l.tdiitc 4,.0JI, Vami<uti1,. :ZJOO
Schist
Phyllite l 1 1 1 1 1 ll I
Epidl:te J..5117 M.lrc:uill! 4.ll,O Wcllzta,ile H!09
Gneiss
F.ay.,litc 4..193 Mkrodllne 2.5611 Wu>!Cle 5_;21 Amphíbolite
~11
J I
1 1 1 1 1 1
~ rilLI mm~ and PM'llmtlffll
Edo¡jte [11]
s.,.. .al,;u App,,ndi"'!l
"- .., IGURE·U Mean e or dcnsit for i ncous and ic rocks.
Density in 1a3 kg m--3
1.00 1.50 2.00 2.50 3.00 TAllf 5.2 t.. U, ólllld Th CONem oí Some \1-,rals tchc:m1al fonmj,11 see
Appc,nch A Phyü,al propc:rtiff of rod·fonning mi=nlsl
Sedimentary rocks-consolidated
+-~~--+-+-r-t~-+---~--+~-~r=--1
Anhydrite «in•. Uin ppm 'ni in ppm R,,f.
Limestone +--+-H-+++-\d,iii~~~-r-H
+----l--1--.¡_jf--l--J--A~~~~~-l--W
05-1 0.1-rn Oi-lO Sch
Sandstone IIg_14.0 0.1-3.0 001-i'.O BA
t-~;-+-t---'-,-:--+-.--c~ I u• cuida!.J 0.1-111 J_; xh
~==~~~~~~~!!:~~~~==~~
Salt
+---+-+--11-+-+-+.--1-+:,:;::,...._._¡_+-.._.-++-l l!habte t.1-10 1-40 05-50 Hu
Sedimentary rocks-unconsolidated
t, 1-10.1 l&.51 1-40 Oi-.10 xh
Sand,gravel
Loam
~1-IIJ «nm
Clay -t---::::l::::t: 1-11 0.1; Hu
Lignite ,.9-'l 8 <JIOI BA
..c:::::::::::::::i..J.....L...L...1....1-..J.....1...----'---.1...Jc..J
10.1,;• Sch
FIGURE 4.5 Mean range of density for sedimenta')' rocks.
I le l.5-ILI 1-5 Hu
1.0
TABLE 5.2 (Contlnued)
l.5-8.J I 1[ 1 s 10-li xh
Mineral Kln, Uin ppm T1t in ppm Reí.
whmtr 0-0& 1-12 Hu
Glauconite 5.08-.UO BA
0.41 1.i-l 6-1<1
3.2-5.8 (4.5( <10 Sch
U-9 Sch
3.2-5.8 (4.5[ 2-8 Ri
0-0.J l-.> Hu
Phosphate 1000-350 1-5 BA 0-0.]1 lll 11
VJlues in I J Me .nrer,1¡;es.Reference key: BA: Bilker All,,s (1985}; Sch: Schlumberger (1981); Do: l'tate.tu b.osall 0.61 O.'iJ l.'16 BA,
Dortman (1976}; RyCe: Ryb.1ch ,1nd Cermak (1982); 8: Bücker ef ,1/. (1989); KdHa: Kapt>elmerer Sch
,1nd H,1ene/ (1974/; D: Dobrynin et ,1/. (1004); R: Ryb,1ch (1976/; Y,1lcine, ,1/. (1977); KGS: K,1ns.u
Geological Suivey (2010/. I Contrnuedl
TABU :J.3 (Continued) TABLE 5.4 Mean API Values far Gamma Activlty
RockType Kin "i, Uin ppm Th in ppm R.ef.
Material Gamma In API
Andes1re 1 - 0.8 1.9 Sch
Quartz, calcite, dolomite (clean) o
1.7 1.1 4.0 o
Plagioclase (albite, anorthite) o
Dacite 13 2.5 10.0 o
Alcali feldspar (orthoclase, anorthoclase, microcline)
Upante 37 4.i 19 Do
Muscovite ::::;270
Mebmcwphites
Cnl!S5-SwissA~ 0.12-4; 0.9-14 U .. 25.i RyCe Biotite
13.111 (4.951 113.11 Kaolinite 80-130
Gneiss KTB Germanyl 1.28.::0.li' Z.6.::1.2 8.1.:: 2.0 B
lllite 250-300
Edog11e 0.8 0.1 0.4 o
Chlorite 180-250
Amph.bol1te-S\\ISS Alps 0.11-UZ 0-7.8 0.01-13.7 R)Ce
11.111 11.651 11.01 Montmorillonite 150-200
Amph.bol 1te 0.6 o.r 1.8 Do Sylvite 500+
\~s1te 11CTB, Gmn.i")l 0.6 .::0.5 2.5.:: 1.6 2.5.:: 1.6 B
Carnallite
Sch1st-Swiss Alps 0.19-4 44 0.4-l., 1.6-1,.l RyCe
12.111 2.141 19 ill Dsts from Schlumber¡;e,(2()()()).
TABLE 5.7 Average K, U, and Th Content and Heat Production Rate far
\\arble 0.2 1.1 2.1 o Sorne Sedimentary Rocks
Sftlimenb
Rock Type Kin % Uin ppm Th in ppm Density in g crn " A in ¡,Wm-3
c.arbon.1te 0.0-1.0 2.8-1 ..5 0.1-iO BA
10.11 2.11 (1.71 Limestone 0.3 2.0 1.5 2.6 0.62
l.Jmeslone O.l 1.6 1.8 o Dolomite 0.7 1.0 0.8 2.6 0.36
O.l z.o 1..5 R Salt 0.1 0.02 0.01 2.2 0.012
Dolom1te 0.4 3.i 2.8 o Anhydrite 0.4 0.1 0.3 2.9 0.090
o., 1.0 0.8 R
Shale, siltstone 2.7 3.7 12.0 2.4 1.8
\\arl 0.8 Z.8 2.5 o
Black shale 2.6 20.2 10.9 2.4 5.5
~,
Anh ydnte 0.4
0.1
TAIILI' 1,2 Density, Ebstlc Mod .. , ;and \~.,.Velodties OÍ Sorne Rock·
0.1
0.01
O.l
O.l
R
R
Quartzite
Arkose
0.9
2.3
0.6
1.5
1.8
5.0
2.4
2.4
0.32
0.84
Form.ing Miner~ls
p ,, v, v. ,, Graywacke 1.3 2.0 7.0 2.4 0.99
i\iinC!nil
kgm .J "
GP.a GP.a m•' ms I
Refncntt Rybach (1976); see Yalcin et al. (1977).
........,..,,.,
J:onlrnl~ 3114
TABLE 5.12 Neutron Response of Sorne Rock Components, Expressed as
~ 411111 171JJ 9:U 11510 .-~:,o o_.1; ,1
Neutron Porosity <f>N
P)-.d. f"ld< hO I l.l 6]' ,700 4190 0.11, \1 Water, fresh Calcite o
P)~< llW 941 5-_o 1no 411111 0 ..15 \1 Water, 200,000 ppm NaCI 0.9 Dolomite 0.01-0.02
-·~
•A.,l."'l~'p.:r""f~r
-
11>10
1;w
lit JO
lólO
)7 5
114
))
;s. 6
l>.O
40
19.5
2S6
4úl!O
70'50
5Cl40
M60
2)90
1800
)190
3110
o J2
0.?9 e;
0.111 G
O 35 \1
\1
Oil, average
0.0017
Quartz
Gypsum
-0.02
0.49
Dolom,te 2860 94 46 7370 0.19 G Gasoline oil 1250 T=307 K, p =803 kgm-3
4000
2870 94.9 45.0 7340 3960 O.JO M Water 1497 T = 298 K, distilled
Siderite 3960 123.7 51.0 6960 n90 0.32 M 1585 p = 0.103 MPa; 1000 ppm NaCI
Aragoml" 29]0 47 38.5 5790 )6JO 0.18 G 1638 p= 0.103 MPa; 1500 ppm NaCI
Anhydnte 1970 55 JO 5620 3140 0.17 G
1689 p = 0.103 MPa; 2000 ppm NaCI
2980 56.1 29.1 5640 3130 0.18 M
Afrtt Ebert (19761, Bul.11ov., e, .11. (1970), T.,giev and A1ustaf.,cv (1975), Gre¡¡ory {I 9901, SerTa
Barite 4500 54.9 23.7 4350 2150 O.J2 G {1984), Ellis (1987), B.,ker AtfaslWestem Atlas (1992).
Gypoum 2350 M
1
Apatite ]218 C,C,80 3830 0.16 G V9'ocrty III m1
5010 143 128 79?0 5060 0.16 G
o 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 IIOOO 7000 8000 9000
Gne , u, pataffel
TABLE 8.1 SpedAc Eledrical Reslstlvlty R and Relatlve Permlttlvlty t,
(al Radiofrequencles) of Selecled Minerals Gneoas, papendcula r
Mineral R
st, papend,cular
Mineral R ,, ., ohmm ~r "r S<H OJatUJte
ohm m
Serpenlllllte
(O) (O) (KJ (O) (O) (K)
Edog,te
S1hcates Suhates
Shala
Albrte 4.8-10" 6.95 5.3-5.5 Halides
Sand. gravel ._. _.
Anofllute 7.7 10• 6.9 7.0-7.l Halite 5.0.10" 5.9 5.7-6.2
Libradorite 6.J · 10" 5.87 Syh-1te 4-4-6-2 ,
"1uscOliite U. 10" 7.6 6-2-8.0 Fluorite 7.7. JO" 6.76 6-79
FIGURE 6.3 R.in~e o( comprcssionaJ Chi¡;hcr values} and shear wa,-c (lower ~alurs> ,-clocities
BiotJte 8.3 10'0 6.3 6.1-9.3 Ch1des, suliides
for cD1Umoolyoccurrin¡; rocks,
Chlorile 1.6-10' 9.0 Hematite 1.0 lo' 25.0 25.0
4
Kaohmte 3-2 10· 11.8 Magnet1te 1.0 · IO
Carbonates P)TIII' 1.0,10 ' ll.7-81.0
Calcite 9.0 1011 6 35 7.8-8.S Galena 1.0 -10 ' 17.9