Dielectric Response Analysis

on Power Transformers

Stephanie Rätzke
2 February 2011
 Advanced Insulation Diagnostics

C and DF measurement over wide

frequency range for generally all 0,0001 5000
Frequency / Hz
insulation systems

Transformers

• Analysis of moisture content

• Oil deterioration

• Quality control in factory

February 2,
2011 Page: 2
 Application: Bushings, Cables, Rotating Machines
and CT
CT's
s

C and DF measurement over wide

frequency range for generally all 0,0001 5000
Frequency / Hz
insulation systems

Bushings
• Moisture and aging
• Shorted layers
Cables, generator, motor,
VT and CT insulations

February 2,
2011 Page: 3
 Content

1 Water in transformers
1.

2. Dielectric spectroscopy

3 Moisture analysis
3.

4. Case studies

February 2,
2011 Page: 4
 Content

1 Water in transformers
1.

2. Dielectric spectroscopy

3 Moisture analysis
3.

4. Case studies

February 2,
2011 Page: 5
 Risks of Water in Transformers

BreakdownVoltage / kV
75
TAN 0
0,01
01
TAN 0,10
70
1. Dielectric strength decreases TAN 0,3
TAN 0,49
- PD inception voltage
- Breakdown voltage 60

50
0 5 10 15 20
MoistureSaturation/ %

2. Accelerated aging of cellulose 1000

e expectance / a
Dr
Depolymerization by hydrolysis y
100 1%
 Short circuit current forces may
destroy winding 10

Life
2%

3%
1
4%

0,1
50 70 90 110 130
Temperature / °C
February 2, L. E. Lundgaard,“Aging of oil-impregnated paper in power transformers”,
2011 Page: 6
IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, Jan. 2004
 Risks of Water in Transformers

3. Bubble evolution
from wet paper
 PD or breakdown
may occur

February 2,
2011 Page: 7
 Moisture Content and Age of 80 Transformers
in DE,
DE PL,
PL SE

5
Moisture content byy FDS / %

0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
Age of transformers / a
February 2,
2011 Page: 8
 Measurands for Water

Water content (absolute water content)

• Water mass related to dry mass or mass as sampled
• Measure 0 - 25 % for cellulose
or ppm (µg/g) for oil

aper / %
6
• Important for drying 5

oisture in Kraft pa
• Typical range: 0,5 – 5 % 4
Moisture
isotherms
3
21°C
2
Water saturation (relative humidity) 40°C
40 C

Mo
1 60°C
• Water vapour pressure relative to saturation 80°C
• Measure 0 - 100 % 0 10 20 30 40
Moisture saturation / %
• I f
Information
ti about
b t watert availability
il bilit / activity
ti it
• Important for damaging effects, migration,
equilibrium, drying potential
• Typical range: 0
0,55 – 30 %

February 2,
2011 Page: 9
 Absorption Capacity of Oil and Cellulose

m]
MoisttureSaturation[ppm
Oil Saturated
Oil: S t t d hydrocarbons
h d b 800
Oil 1
Ions
• Nonpolar molecules  very low Oil 4
Silicone
600 Oommen
water solubility (ppm) NN 0,49
Water
• Increases with aromatics, 400
aging products (acids)
200

Cellulose: Glucose rings with OH-groups

0
• Polar and therefore hygroscopic, 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
Temperature [°C]

• Water receptivity 2000

2000-fold
fold to oil 25

Water content (%)

Strongly bound Less strongly bound Solvent and
monolayer water layers and free water
H
H
H O
capillary adsorbed water
H H H
O H
O H
H H 20
O O
O O
H
H H
H H H H H
O H O H
O
O H O O

W
C H H
H H 15
O H
n
o rptio
De s
10

Increasing pressure
and/or temperature
5 n
or ptio
Ads

Chemical
February 2, Physical Capillar 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
adsorption
2011 adsorption condensation Page: 10
Relative humidity (%)
 Moisture Distribution
Migration: Oil free pressboard Impregnated pressboard Distribution example:
Temperature 20°C 70°C 20°C 70°C • 150 MVA, 7 t cellulose,
Time constant
• 70 t mineral oil,
17h
1,7 0 03 h
0,03 333 h 6h
• temperature 40°C
At WPb = 0,5 % d = 1 mm

125/95°C 1,4/2,1% 270/420

cellulose W = 3 %
 210 kg water

T+ T–
oil 16 ppm  1,1
1 1 kg H2O

85/65°C 2,4/2,9% 441/1105

 Important to know how wet
T
Temp. M i
Moisture DP the paper/pressboard is
is, not
[Ryzhenko, V. Sokolov, V.: Effect of Moisture on Dielectric Withstand Strength of Winding Insulations in Power
the oil!
Transformers. Electrical Stations (Electric Power Plants) No. 9, 1981]
February 2,
2011 Page: 11
 Content

1 Water in transformers
1.

2. Dielectric spectroscopy

3 Moisture analysis
3.

4. Case studies 10

Dissipation factor
1

0,1

0,01

0,0001 0,01 1 100

Frequency (Hz)

February 2,
2011 Page: 12
 Test Circuits Circuit:
• Connect all HV and LV bushings to
each other
Voltage source (RVM: one winding with ground)
~ • Main insulation between HV and LV
Current meter winding will be measured (also single
windings to tank possible)
HV-winding
• Guard required
(RVM: not possible)
LV i di
LV-winding
Guard

Measurement of:
• Time domain voltage after charging
Main insulation  RV method
Tank • Time domain current during charging
and discharging  PDC method
• Frequency domain current and
dissipation factor  FDS method
• Combination of TD and FD
 DIRANA method
February 2,
2011 Page: 13
 Effectiveness of Guarding

Voltage source
G

Instrrument
~ ISur IVol Insulation
under test Current sense 1
A
IVol
A
A
ISur
IVol + ISur ISur
Guard
Test circuit without guarding:
CL CHL CH
 Sum of volume and surface current

LV IVol HV
~ ISur IVol Insulation
under test
Guarding
g at a power
p transformer:
• Currents over bushing surfaces
ISur
• Currents through bushing insulations
A
IVol • Shielding
g of electromagnetic
g fields
Test circuit with guarding: (corona, high currents)
 February
Only2, volume current
2011 Page: 14
 Measurement Set-Up

Voltage source
G No guard:
Instrrument

Current sense 1 • Currents over bushing g surfaces

A
IIVol
vol+
• Currents through bushings
• Electromagnetic fields
A
ISur ISur (corona, high currents)
ISur  Disturbed measurement
Guard
• Guarding absolutely necessary!
CL CHL CH

LV
LV IVol
V l HV

February 2,
2011 Page: 15
 Measurement in Frequency Domain

Voltage source
~ Dissipation factor in frequency domain

Current meter
10

Dissipation factor
HV-winding

LV-winding 1
?
Guard
0,1

0,01
Main insulation
Tank
0,001
0,0001 0,001 0,01 0,1 1 10 100 1000
Frequency (Hz)

February 2,
2011 Page: 16
 Content

1 Water in transformers
1.

2. Dielectric spectroscopy

3 Moisture analysis
3.

4. Case studies 10

Dissipation factor
1
?
0,1

0,01

0,0001 0,01 1 100

Frequency (Hz)

February 2,
2011 Page: 17
 Interpretation in Frequency Domain

Insulation
Pressboard: geometry
water, lmw acids
n factor
Oil: carbon, soot,
hmw acids
10
Dissipation

1
Pressboard,
connections,
0.1 Overall response guarding
1% 1pS/m,
1%, 1pS/m X30
X30, Y15

0.01

0.001

0.0001
0.0001 0.001 0.01 0.1 1.0 10 100 1000
f/Hz

February 2,
2011 Page: 18
 Superposition of Dielectric Phenomena

Pressboard Oil Interfacial Polarization

DF
DF DFDF
10.0 10.0
1.000 1%@20°C 1pS/m@20°C X/Y=30/15%
0 500
0.500 1 00
1.00 1 00
1.00
0.30
3
0.200 0.10 0.10
0.100 2
0.050 0.01 0.01
1
0.020 0.001 0.001
0.010
0.0001 0.0001
0.005 f/Hz f/Hz f/Hz
0.001 0.01 0.1 1.0 10.0 100 0.001 0.010 0.100 1.00 10.00 100.00 0.001 0.010 0.100 1.00 10.00 100.00

New Wet / aged Hot wet

Hot, wet, aged
conductivity

Pressboard
Pressboard

Geometry
Insulation

DF
3%, 43pS@50°C
10.00
DF DF@50Hz=1,5%
5.00
Oil

1.00 3%, 10
3% 10pS@20°C
S@20°C 1.00
DF@50Hz=0,4% 0.50
0.30
30/15%@20°C 0.20
0.10
DF@50Hz=0,23% 0.10 0.10
0.05
0.03
0.02
0 01
0.01 0.01 0 01
0.01
DF 0.001 0.010 0.100 1.000 10.000 100.000
f/Hz f/Hz 0.001 0.010 0.100 1.000 10.00 100.00
0.001 0.010 0.100 1.000 10.000 100.00 f/Hz

February 2,
2011 Page: 19
 Capacitance and Dissipation Factor at Mains Frequency

5.000

Hz

Hz
0.1H

50H
DF
2.000

1.000  Frequency 50/60Hz

0.500  Limits e.g. < 0.5% new,
< 1 % ffor aged trff
0.200
0.12
0.100
New Moderate Aged  No discrimination between
0.050 oil, cellulose and interfacial
0.020
polarisation
0.010
0.0036
0.005
0 0024
0.0024

0.0001 0.001 0.010 0.10 1.0 10.0 Freq/Hz 1000

 Improvement by
measurement 15-400
15 400 Hz

February 2,
2011 Page: 20
 Time and Frequency Domain
1000
( )
Current(nA)

moisture of
high cellulose
100 and aging Time Domain
low
conductiviity
10 • Polarization- and
insulation
geometry
Ipol depolarization currents PDC
1 Idep high
oil

low
01
0,1
1 10 100 1000 10000
Time(s)
n factor

10 moisture of
cellulose, Frequency Domain
Dissipation

aging
1 high • Frequency Domain
high
low Spectroscopy FDS
01
0,1 l
low
moisture of

Low frequencies
nd aging
ellulose

inssulation
geometry

0,01 high for water determination

oil

an
ce

conductivity low  Long test duration

d i
0,001
0,0001 0,001 0,01 0,1 1 10 100 1000
February 2,
2011 Frequency
Page:(Hz)
21
 Improvement: Analysis

10
pation factor

2,1% aged
1,2% aged
Analysis bases on comparison of
1 2,0% new laboratory data to real transformer data
0,8% new
Dissip

0,1 Improvements on analysis

• Reliable data pool
0,01 • Weighting of low frequency data
• Compensation
C ti off conductive
d ti agingi
0,001 products
1E-04 0,001 0,01 0,1 1 10 100 1000
Frequency / Hz

February 2,
2011 Page: 22
 Moisture Analysis Based on Comparison

Measurement Data base

Temperature

Oil XY-model
Y

Oil Spacers

Barriers X

Comparison
10
Tangent Delta
a

moisture content,
oil conductivity
0,1

0,01
0,0001 0,01 Frequency [Hz] 100
February 2,
2011 Page: 23
 Ratio of Pressboard to Oil
HV-winding
Spacer Y  Barriers/oil = X = 20-50%,
Barrier higher for old transformers
Oil Oil Spacers
Core
LV-winding Barriers X  Spacers/oil = Y = 15- 25%,
higher for old transformers
70
Barriers X in %

22 kV 65 kV
60 110 kV 220 kV
400 kV 500 kV
50
autotransformer
40

30

20

10

0
1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010
February 2,
2011 Page: 24
Year of manufacture
 Moisture Assessment According to IEC60422

Saturation Content
Dryy <6 < 2,2
Moderately wet 6-22 2,2-3,7
Wet 22-30 3,7 - 5
Extremely wet > 30 >5
Moisture saturation levels according to IEC60422
Moisture content [[%]

4 Maintenance depending on
3 asset management
Wet,
2 > 30 % • Importance of transformer
Moderately extremely
wet • Future operation
1 wet
Dry • Costs
0 10 20 30
Moisture saturation [%]
February 2,
2011 Page: 25
 Content

1 Water in transformers
1.

2. Dielectric spectroscopy

3 Moisture analysis
3.

4. Case studies

February 2,
2011 Page: 26
 Case Study: New Transformers

DF • Very different DF curves

0.500 0716b / T11
0.200 • Same moisture content
0.100 0,4 % / 0,4%
0.050
0.020 • Different oil conductivity
0716b c
0 010
0.010 0,94 pS/m / 0,06 pS/m
T11
DAR

0.005
• PI would undervalue 0716b
PI

0.002
• Stop at 1 or 2 mHz would
0 0001 0.001
0.0001 0 001 0 01
0.01 01
0.1 10
1.0 10 Freq/Hz 1000 make analysis impossible

February 2,
2011 Page: 27
 Heavily Aged Transformer
• M
Manufactured
f t d in i 1950
• Oil: Shell K6SX from 1965,
acidity 0,5 mg KOH / g oil,
conductivity 1300pS/m @ 21°C
• DP 593 top / 718 bottom
DP from furane analysis: 237

Dielectric methods
Moisture in cellulose from dielectric
Moisture contentt / %

6 properties (PDC, FDS, Dirana)

5
Oil sampling
4 Moisture in cellulose derived from oil
3
2 Proved by paper samples
1
Moisture in cellulose by KF titration
0  Contradictory
C t di t results
lt
wc in Oil
FDS
Dirana

sat in Oil
PDC

KFT on
paper

February 2,
2011 Page: 28
Tangens Delta Practical Application: Dielectric Methods

10
• Manufactured in 1950
• Oil: Shell K6SX from 1965,
1 acidity 0,5 mg KOH / g oil,
conductivity 1300pS/m @ 21°C

01
0,1

6
0,01

nt
Moissture conten
0,0001 0,01 1 Frequency [Hz] 1000 5
4
Dielectric methods
3
Tangent delta at 25°C
25 C
2
High losses appear as water
 Aging products appears as water 1

 Dirana gives 22,9%

9% instead of 3
3,8/4%
8/4% 0
FDS
S
Dirana
a

wc in Oil
PDC
C

KFT on
n
paperr
sat in Oill
February 2,
2011 Page: 29
 Practical Application: Oil and Paper Sampling

6 • Manufactured in 1950
ontent

5 • Oil: Shell K6SX from 1965,

acidity 0
0,5
5 mg KOH / g oil
oil,
Moisture co

4
conductivity 1300pS/m @ 21°C
3
2
M

pressboard [%]
1 5
4,5
0
wc in Oil
Dirana
FDS
PDC

KFT on
n Oil

aper
4
3,5
,
P

pa
sat in

Moisture in p
3
2,5
Equilibrium diagram 2
21°C%
,
6,7% RS @ 24°C  W = 2,5
, % 15
1,5
40°C%

1 60°C%

KF titration of paper samples 0,5 80°C%

W = 2,6 % 0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
 Compensation for aging byproducts Moisture relative to saturation [%]
required!
February 2,
2011 Page: 30
 Transformer in Meiningen/Austria

Technical data

• Manufactured in 1967
• R t d power 133 MVA
Rated
• 230/115/48 kV
• Cooling: Oil forced/air forced

Drying required?

February 2,
2011 Page: 31
 Measurement Instruments
6

%]
Moisture in Kraft paper [%
5

3
21°C
2
40°C

1 60°C

80°C
0
Onsite oil samples 0 10 20 30 40
Moisture relative to saturation [%]
• Capacitive probe Vaisala HMP
228 RH = 10
228: 10,1%
1%
• KF titration CW = 19 ppm

Dielectric measurements
• FDS IDA 200
• PDC Keithley 6517A
February 2,
2011 Page: 32
 Measurement Results: Water in Cellulose

5
ulose [%]

4
Moisture in cellu

0
Dira Dira Dira Oil sample Oil sample
HV-LV LV- Tertiary Tertiary RS PPM
- Tank

February 2,
2011 Page: 33
 Water Concentration After Drying

• On-line drying with oil circulation for 1,5 years

5
se [%]

4
e in cellulos

3
Moisture

0
Dira Dira Oil sample
HV LV
HV-LV LV Tertiary
LV- RS

February 2,
2011 Page: 34
 Thank you!
© OMICRON Page 35