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Keywords- (Ti-6Al-4V) Titanium Alloys; arc welding; Welding is a method of repairing or creating metal
Gas Metal Arc Welding; Gas Tungsten ; Arc Welding; structures by joining the pieces of metals or plastic through
Titanium weldment. various fusion processes. Generally, heat is used to weld
the materials. Welding equipments can utilize open flames,
Nomenclature electric arc or laser light.
GMAW Gas Metal Arc Welding
GTAW Gas Tungsten Arc Welding There were several significant inventions in the welding
process as illustrated in the chart shown in figure 1:
PAW Plasma arc welding
EBW Electron-beam welding
LBW Laser-beam welding II. TITANIUM WELDING PROCESSES:-
FRW Friction welding Titanium and many of the titanium alloys are readily
RW Resistance welding weldable, using several welding processes. In recent years,
DW Diffusion welding titanium has become a chief material of majority of
EW Explosive welding manufacturing industries (Figure 2). Due to its chemical,
BW Brazing Welding physical and mechanical properties, titanium has to be
MMAW Manual Metal Arc Welding processed differently from conventional alloys [4]. The
following fusion-welding processes are used for joining
HAZ Heat Effected Zone
titanium and titanium alloys [5]:
Proceedings National Graduate Conference 2012 (NatGrad2012),
Universiti Tenaga Nasional, Putrajaya Campus, 8-10 Nov 2012
1- Heat exchangers
2- Piping systems in the chemicals
3- Offshore industries
4- Process instrumentation such as pumps and valves
5- Aircraft construction
6- Medical implants
7- Sports goods such as tennis rackets and golf clubs
8- Spectacle frames
9- Jewellery
10- Paint pigmentation
11- Paper and many other industries
Since titanium has excellent corrosion resistance, high E. Akman [9] has studied about (Ti-6Al-4V) titanium
specific tensile strength and good workability, it is widely alloys welded by Laser welding (Figure 4). He has
used for automotive parts, heat-exchanger plates, etc. identified that laser welding techniques can provide a
However, as far as the weldability of titanium is significant benefit for the welding of titanium alloys
concerned, there are a number of problems, which need because of its precision and rapid processing capability.
special attention, because during welding process titanium For pulse mode Nd:YAG laser welding, pulse shape,
is heated hence, it easily combines with oxygen and energy, duration, repetition rate and peak power are the
nitrogen in the air and its mechanical properties most important parameters that directly or synergistically
deteriorate. Furthermore during arc welding of titanium influence the quality of pulsed seam welds. Moreover he
the metal can be exposed to air, hence, it is necessary to has examined the welding parameters for joining a 3-mm
Proceedings National Graduate Conference 2012 (NatGrad2012),
Universiti Tenaga Nasional, Putrajaya Campus, 8-10 Nov 2012
X X
H. Zuhailawati [15] has welded titanium with nickel by
Welding Direction
Spot Resistance Welding; she has studied the shear
Z strength and micro-structural characteristics of the spot
brazed titanium and nickel base metal with and without
Z
addition of filler metal. To comprehend the influence of
Filter Shielding Gas welding on the final properties of the joints the strength of
50mm Shielding Gas the joints was assessed using a shear test mode, and the
15mm
microstructure was studied using an optical microscope,
31.6mm
Y Welding Direction Y scanning electron microscope, and energy-dispersive
(a(a)
)
(b) spectroscopy.
Figure 4. Laser welding [9] K. Szymlek [17] has reviewed of methods of titanium and
steel welding. Based on this study it is evident that,
titanium can be joined with steel by means of explosive
Qi Yunlian [10] has compared three welding process, in a welding or brazing. Joining titanium with steel by TIG
study entitled "Electron beam welding, laser beam welding welding and friction welding methods is possible with the
and gas tungsten arc welding" titanium sheet , use of copper and tantalum or vanadium interlayer.
microstructures, properties and technical parameters of
welding specimen of 0.5 mm thick sheets of commercial V. DISCUSSION:
purity titanium (C.P. Ti) were studied. The results indicate
that, the EBW is more suitable for C.P. Ti sheets welding, Titanium and its alloys are very important in the
and the welding seam without any defects. industries. Most of welding methods can be applied to
titanium and its alloys. Selection of the best method to
weld titanium depends on the purpose of the product. The
Kato [11] has stated that Titanium (Ti/Ti) rods and interaction of oxygen with titanium and its alloys makes
titanium and stainless steel (Ti/SS) rods has been joined by the welding method by using inert gases, pressure welding
diffusion welding under phase transformation in an air or welding without heat is preferable. The fusion welding
atmosphere. method is preferred widely in the industry because the
durability and tensile strength of products are good. The
particles of base metal will be fused with particles of filler
Y-S.Kim [12] has revealed that the transition of metal metal due to heat the produced during welding process.
transfer mode in gas metal arc welding (GMAW) occurs There are several methods of Fusion welding by; using
much more gradually than is generally believed. inert gases, and table 1 shows a comparsion between
differint methods in titanium weldes : -
Welding process
GMAW MMAW RW LBW EBW PAW DW FRW BW EW
GTAW
Specifications consumable
consumable
consumable
consumable
consumable
consumable
consumable
Non-
Non-
Non-
Non-
Non-
Nil
Nil
Nil
Nil
Type of Electrode
Shock force
Shock force
Fusion and
Fusion and
explosion
Fractions
pressure
pressure
Fusions
Fusions
Fusions
Fusions
Fusions
Fusions
Fusions
of the
of the
Type of welding pool
protection
High-tech
High-tech
High-tech
Some
Some
Some
Some
Some
Techniques
little
little
little
Required
Required
Required
Required
Required
medium
medium
medium
medium
Required skills and
Low
Low
experience
Unsafe
Unsafe
Safe
Safe
Safe
Safe
Safe
Safe
Safe
Safe
Safe
Safety
Very Weak
very strong
very strong
very strong
Acceptable
Acceptable
Excellent
Excellent
Excellent
strong
Weak
Seam strength
High
High
High
Low
Low
Low
Low
Low
Fair
Fair
Fair
Cost
medium
Wide
Wide
Wide
Wide
close
close
close
close
close
close
Application
VI. CONCLUSION:-
Titanium can be welded by using many different
Due to the physical and mechanical properties, titanium technics in the welding industry. Titanium weldment has
has many benefits such as, high melting temperature and taken a wider range of uses in various fields of our life.
light weight compared with steel, expanded field of uses. By comparing the GTAW method with other welding
The problem of titanium (Ti-6Al-4V) alloys is methods show us that this method is the best way to
maintaining the titanium without changeing in metal welding titanium and its alloys. GTAW method is a safe
phase due to the rise in temperatures. Titanium weldment and minority-cost and does not require high skills at
requires high durability. By fusion welding methods can welders and also wide applications compared with other
making the weldment to be more durability . welding methods.
Proceedings National Graduate Conference 2012 (NatGrad2012),
Universiti Tenaga Nasional, Putrajaya Campus, 8-10 Nov 2012