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(Article Originally Published in American Psychologist 1961)

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All professions are becoming appreciably more concerned with the importance of their
"public image." Psychology, under the auspices of the APA, is no exception. The APA
Policy and Planning Board (1948) suggested in its Annual Report that the association
should try to create a better and more accurate public understanding of Psychology.
Subsequently, in 1952, funds were appropriated for a professional public relations
officer to be attached to the APA Central Office. More recently, Newman (1957) has
stated that, in addition to causing the public to perceive psychology clearly and
without distortion, "we must see ourselves accurately in the present situation and
then we may go about our job in the future more usefully."

To assess one component of the public image of the psychologist - to see him through
the eyes of others, and perhaps in true perspective - the present writers have
theorized that a content or thematic analysis of cartoons might be relevant. It is
believed that cartoon analysis has not been employed in this respect. Cartoons
dramatize the issues and attitudes of the clay, and cartoon characters reflect the role
expectations held by the public, for a person or group of people.

Newspapers, magazines, and journals provide the facts, the statistics, and the history
of a society. However, Mills (1958) stated that, it is the cartoonists who hold to light
the faults and failings and who point up the fads, foibles, and follies that amuse and
worry society.

In order to determine how the psychologist appears, through the eyes of the
cartoonist, the following general hypotheses were investigated:

1. Considerable overlap would occur between the public's role expectations of

psychologist, psychiatrist, and various other undifferentiated but psychologically
oriented personnel.

2. Psychology, both as a science and as a profession, generates little in the way of

public interest regarding inter - or intraprofessional issues, or public issues, as
indicated by the relative frequency of cartoon themes concerning psychologists.

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3. While the APA increased its membership by over 250% from 1949 to 1959, public
interest would not have kept pace as shown by the relative frequency of cartoon
themes concerning psychologists.

4. Psychology has not kept pace in terms of the ratio of cartoon themes concerning
psychology to total cartoon themes featuring the members of the family of professions
and occupations requiring additional education beyond the AB.

DESIGN

The total cartoon production obtained from the following magazines was counted,
classified, and analyzed in terms of content and apparent cartoonist attitude: Saturday
Evening Post, (1949 and 1959), Ladies' Home Journal (1949 and 1959), New Yorker
(1949 and 1959), Esquire (1949 and 1959), Colliers (1949), and Look (1959).

The magazines were selected on the basis of their popularity (circulation), the quantity
of their cartoon production, the range of interest indicated in terms of the "types" of
magazines included, and the magazines' availability as determined by their inclusion in
a large library's reading list. Four of the magazines met all of the criteria for selection.
Two magazines, Colliers and Look, met all of the criteria except the criterion of
"availability." Colliers was available until 1957 when it ceased publication. Look was
not available in the library until 1954. The present writers decided to include these two
magazines in view of the fact that they met the other criteria very well, and because
the criteria were stringent enough to eliminate nearly all other popular magazines.

Upon analysis of the cartoons, all psychologically oriented professions were classified
in terms of occupational role as: psychologist, psychiatrist, or undifferentiated but
psychologically oriented personnel (including high school or vocational counselor,
social worker, etc.).

Cartoons dealing with all professions were defined as those professions or occupations
requiring additional education beyond (the 4-year baccalaureate. These professions
and occupations include: physician, lawyer, judge, optometrist, scientist
(undifferentiated), psychologist, dentist, psychiatrist, veterinarian, professor, and
counselor.

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TABLE 1: TOTAL CARTOON PRODUCTION BY PUBLICATION AND BY YEAR

Total Cartoon Production

Magazine 1949 1959

Saturday Evening Post 1316 703

Ladies' Home Journal 105 47

New Yorker 604 775

Esquire 179 99

Colliers 817 ---

Look --- 115

Total 3021 1739

Although military officers, teachers, clergymen, and orchestra conductors could have
had advanced training, they were excluded from this category inasmuch as advanced
education is not a prerequisite to their functioning in a professional status.

RESULTS

A total of 3,021 cartoons were reviewed for 1949 and 1,739 cartoons were obtained
for review for 1959. It is apparent that a sharp reduction in cartoon production in most
of the magazines employed has taken place over the 10-year time span as indicated by
Table 1.

The 1949 cartoon production included three cartoons which could only be classified as
undifferentiated professional. One could have represented either a psychologist or
psychiatrist; another might have been a psychiatrist or MD; and the third one a
counselor, lawyer, or consultant of some type. In 1959 two cartoons required a
categorization of "undifferentiated professional" due to ambiguity. One depicted an
individual who was either a psychiatrist or an MD; and the other portrayed an
individual who could have been a MD, psychologist, or psychiatrist. These findings are
summarized in Table 2.

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TABLE 2: CARTOONS DEPICTING PSYCHOLOGICALLY ORIENTED OCCUPATIONAL
ROLES

1949 1959

Role N % N %

Psychologist 0 0 3 20

Psychiatrist 11 85 9 60

Psychologically Undifferentiated 3 15 2 90

Totals 14 100 14 100

It should be noted that out of more than three thousand cartoons analyzed in 1949 not
one showed a clear-cut psychologist role. However, 10 years later, in 1959, 3
psychologist cartoons emerged out of a total of only 1,739 cartoons. It is heartening to
note that while the APA did not quite triple its membership from 1949 to 1959,
cartoon production pertaining to psychologists did increase a full 300% during that
period - from zero to three!

While total cartoon production decreased, a net increase in cartoons depicting all
professional and scientific personnel occurred. A considerable amount of this increase
can be accounted for by "mad scientists" constructing and operating electronic brains
and computers. This increase, coupled with the net decrease in cartoons, created a
situation whereby professional cartoons increased from 3% to 5% of the total cartoon
production from 1949 to 1959.

The "all other professions" category of the total cartoon production portraying
professional people held relatively constant percentagewise (83% in 1949 vs. 82% in
1959). The "psychologically undifferentiated" portion of the professional group
increased from 3% to 3.5% of the total while psychology scored a net gain and thereby
harvested 3.5% of the total professional cartoon category. These gains, as disclosed in
Table 3, were presumably made at the expense of psychiatrists.

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TABLE 3 PSYCHOLOGICALLY ORIKNTED CARTOONS COMPARED WITH ALL OTHER
PROFESSIONAL CARTOONS

1949 1959

Role N % N %

Psychologist 0 0 3 3.5

Psychiatrist 11 14 9 11

Psychologically Undifferentiated 2 3 3 3.5

All Other Professions 63 83 70 82

Totals 76 100 85 100

DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS

Assuming that the cartoon is an instrument of public opinion, an analysis of 4,760

cartoons contained in six popular magazines for the years 1949 and 1959 has led the
present writers to the following conclusions:

1. Considerable overlap in public image does occur between psychologists,

psychiatrists, and other psychologically oriented personnel although there does appear
to be a trend toward more differentiation of roles. It is still probably true that "two-
thirds of the public do not know who we are" as revealed by Cohen and Wiebe (1955)
in their informal study.

2. Psychology as a science and as a profession does not appear to excite the public
imagination and generate public interest. Of the three cartoons concerning
psychologists, all were shown as professionals rather than scientists.

3. Contrary to the writers' hypothesis, psychology has kept pace with other members
of the family of professions and occupations requiring more than 4 years of college
preparation. This may be due to the aforementioned trend toward greater
differentiation of occupational roles. The psychologist is seen as a practitioner either
supplementing or supplanting the psychiatrist in his occupational role.

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4. Symbols seem to be important, if not absolutely necessary, for the differentiation of
occupational roles—at least through the eyes of the cartoonist. The physician is
characterized by either his stethoscope or his reflector, the psychiatrist is pictured with
his couch and/or his goatee, while the judge sits behind his bench, and the dentists
and optometrists are busy with their instruments and implements. Meanwhile the
psychologist does not seem to have any symbol to which he can lay easy claim as his
own.

REFERENCES

AMERICAN PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION, Policy and Planning Board. Annual Report:

1948. Amer. Psychologist, 1948, 3, 187-192.

COHEN, J., & WIEBE, G. D. Who are these people? Amer. Psychologist, 1955, 10, 84-85.

MILLS, M. R. The Saturday Evening Post cartoon festival. New York: Button, 1958.

NEWMAN, E. B. Public relations—for what. Amer. Psychologist, 1957, 12, 509-514.

END OF ARTICLE

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