AUTOMATIC RAIN OPERATED WIPER

SYNOPSIS:-
 Rain operated motor is consists of conduction sensor (Tough sensor)
circuit, Control Unit, wiper motor and glass frame. The sensor is used to detect the
rain or water flow. There is any rain on the class, the sensor senses the rain or flow
water and giving the control signal to the wiper motor.
CHAPTER-1
1. INTRODUCTION:-

We have pleasure in introducing our new project “AUTOMATIC

RAIN OPERATED WIPER”, which is fully equipped by sensors circuit and
wiper motor. It is a genuine project which is fully equipped and designed for
Automobile vehicles. This forms an integral part of best quality. This product
underwent strenuous test in our Automobile vehicles and it is good.The Automatic
rain operated wiper system is a fully automation project.This is an era of
automation where it is broadly defined as replacement of manual effort by
mechanical power in all degrees of automation. The operation remains an essential
part of the system although with changing demands on physical input as the degree
of mechanization is increased.Degrees of automation are of two types, viz.

• Full automation.
• Semi automation.
1.2. NEED FOR AUTOMATION:-

Automation can be achieved through computers, hydraulics,

pneumatics, robotics, etc., of these sources, pneumatics form an attractive medium
for low cost automation. Automation plays an important role in automobile.

Nowadays almost all the automobile vehicle is being atomized in order to

product the human being. The automobile vehicle is being atomized for the
following reasons.

To achieve high safety

• To reduce man power

• To increase the efficiency of the vehicle
• To reduce the work load
• To reduce the vehicle accident
• To reduce the fatigue of workers
• To high responsibility
• Less Maintenance cost
The major components of the “Automatic rain operated wiper” are follows

• Conductive Sensor
• Class frame and Supporting Structure
• Battery
• Wiper Motor and its arrangement
• Relay
1.3 WORKING OPERATION:-

The battery supplies the power to the sensor as well as rain operated
motor. Wiper motor is automatically ON during the time of rainfall. The senor is
fixed in the vehicle glass. The conductive (Touch) sensor is used in this project. It
senses the rainfall and giving control signal to the control unit. The control unit
activates the wiper motor automatically. This operation is called “AUTOMATIC
RAIN OPERATED WIPER ”.

1.4. BLOCK DIAGRAM

CHAPTER-2

2. DRAWING:-

2.1 The working principle of the wiper motor:-

Wiper Motor, the power source of the wiper blade, is the core of the whole
wiper system. Therefore, the quality of the wiper motor must be guaranteed to
ensure its performance. The wiper motor is a permanent-magnet direct current
(DC) one. It is equipped on the front windscreen glass with the mechanical parts of
the worm gear. The worm gear functions to slow down and increase torque. Its
output shafts spur four-bar linkage, by which the movement is changed from rotary
to swinging.

Three-brush structure is adopted to make speed change more convenient.

The intermittent relay, by which the interval is controlled, utilizing the return of
switch contacts and the charge-discharge function of the resistor-capacitor in the
relay, drives the wiper to wipe in a certain cycle. The wiper blade tape, the tool to
clean the rainwater and the filth on the glass, presses the surface of the glass with
springs. Only when the tip of the blade is in a certain angle with the glass, can the
required function be realized.

Generally speaking, there is a wiper control knob, with stalls of low peed, high
speed and intermission, on the handle of auto combination switch. The top of the
handle is the key switch, after pressing which water will erupt to wiper blade, of
the scrubber. The scrubber system, consisting of plastic water tank (1.5—2 liters),
micro-electric centrifugal water pump, pipes, spray nozzles, is very ordinary
equipment in automobiles. Water in the tank is supplied through the pump to 2—4
spray nozzles, by which it is extruded into trickles. Then the trickles are sprayed
onto the windshield glass, to clean the glass with the wiper blade.

2.2 FIBERGLASS:-

Fiberglass (or fibre glass) is a type of fiber-reinforced plastic where the

reinforcement fiber is specifically glass fiber. The glass fiber may be randomly
arranged, flattened into a sheet (called a chopped strand mat), or woven into a
fabric. The plastic matrix may be a ther moset polymer matrix – most often based
on thermosetting polymers such as epoxy, polyester resin, or vinylester - or a
thermoplastic.

The glass fibers are made of various types of glass depending upon the
fiberglass use. These glasses all contain silica or silicate, with varying amounts of
oxides of calcium, magnesium, and sometimes boron. To be used in fiberglass,
glass fibers have to be made with very low levels of defects.

Fiberglass is a strong lightweight material and is used for many products.

Although it is not as strong and stiff as composites based on carbon fiber, it is less
brittle, and its raw materials are much cheaper. Its bulk strength and weight are
also better than many metals, and it can be more readily molded into complex
shapes. Applications of fiberglass include aircraft, boats, automobiles, bath tubs
and enclosures, swimming pools, hot tubs, septic tanks, water tanks, roofing, pipes,
cladding, casts, surfboards, and external door skins.

Other common names for fiberglass are glass-reinforced plastic (GRP),[1] glass-
fiber reinforced plastic (GFRP)[2] or GFK (from German: Glasfaserverstärkter
Kunststoff). Because glass fiber itself is sometimes referred to as "fiberglass", the
composite is also called "fiberglass reinforced plastic." This article will adopt the
convention that "fiberglass" refers to the complete glass fiber reinforced composite
material, rather than only to the glass fiber within it.

Unlike glass fibers used for insulation, for the final structure to be strong, the
fiber's surfaces must be almost entirely free of defects, as this permits the fibers to
reach gigapascal tensile strengths. If a bulk piece of glass were defect-free, it
would be equally as strong as glass fibers; however, it is generally impractical to
produce and maintain bulk material in a defect-free state outside of laboratory
conditions.

2.3 Production:-

The process of manufacturing fiberglass is called pultrusion. The

manufacturing process for glass fibers suitable for reinforcement uses large
furnaces to gradually melt the silica sand, limestone, kaolin clay, fluorspar,
colemanite, dolomite and other minerals to liquid form. It is then extruded through
bushings, which are bundles of very small orifices (typically 5–25 micrometres in
diameter for E-Glass, 9 micrometres for S-Glass). These filaments are then sized
(coated) with a chemical solution. The individual filaments are now bundled in
large numbers to provide a roving. The diameter of the filaments, and the number
of filaments in the roving, determine its weight, typically expressed in one of two
measurement systems:

• yield, or yards per pound (the number of yards of fiber in one pound of
material; thus a smaller number means a heavier roving). Examples of
standard yields are 225yield, 450yield, 675yield.
 • tex, or grams per km (how many grams 1 km of roving weighs, inverted
from yield; thus a smaller number means a lighter roving). Examples of
standard tex are 750tex, 1100tex, 2200tex.

These rovings are then either used directly in a composite application such as
pultrusion, filament winding (pipe), gun roving (where an automated gun chops the
glass into short lengths and drops it into a jet of resin, projected onto the surface of
a mold), or in an intermediary step, to manufacture fabrics such as chopped strand
mat (CSM) (made of randomly oriented small cut lengths of fiber all bonded
together), woven fabrics, knit fabrics or uni-directional fabrics.

2.4 Chopped strand mat

Chopped strand mat or CSM is a form of reinforcement used in fiberglass.

It consists of glass fibers laid randomly across each other and held together by a
binder.

It is typically processed using the hand lay-up technique, where sheets of

material are placed in a mold and brushed with resin. Because the binder dissolves
in resin, the material easily conforms to different shapes when wetted out. After the
resin cures, the hardened product can be taken from the mold and finished.

Using chopped strand mat gives a fiberglass with isotropic in-plane material
properties.

Sizing

A coating or primer is applied to the roving to:

• Help protect the glass filaments for processing and manipulation.

• Ensure proper bonding to the resin matrix, thus allowing for transfer of shear
loads from the glass fibers to the thermoset plastic. Without this bonding, the
fibers can 'slip' in the matrix, causing localized failure.[citation needed].

• A fiberglass component is typically of a thin "shell" construction, sometimes

filled on the inside with structural foam, as in the case of surfboards. The
component may be of nearly arbitrary shape, limited only by the complexity
and tolerances of the mold used for manufacturing the shell.

• The mechanical functionality of materials is heavily relied on the combined

performances of both the resin (AKA matrix) and fibres. For example, in
severe temperature condition (over 180 °C) resin component of the
composite may lose its functionality partially because of bond deterioration
of resin and fibre.[8] However, GFRPs can show still significant residual
strength after experiencing high temperature (200 °C).[9]

• Types of glass fiber used

• Composition: the most common types of glass fiber used in fiberglass is E-

glass, which is alumino-borosilicate glass with less than 1% w/w alkali
oxides, mainly used for glass-reinforced plastics. Other types of glass used
are A-glass (Alkali-lime glass with little or no boron oxide), E-CR-glass
(Electrical/Chemical Resistance; alumino-lime silicate with less than 1%
w/w alkali oxides, with high acid resistance), C-glass (alkali-lime glass with
high boron oxide content, used for glass staple fibers and insulation), D-
glass (borosilicate glass, named for its low Dielectric constant), R-glass
(alumino silicate glass without MgO and CaO with high mechanical
requirements as Reinforcement), and S-glass (alumino silicate glass without
CaO but with high MgO content with high tensile strength).
 • Naming and use: pure silica (silicon dioxide), when cooled as fused quartz
into a glass with no true melting point, can be used as a glass fiber for
fiberglass, but has the drawback that it must be worked at very high
temperatures. In order to lower the necessary work temperature, other
materials are introduced as "fluxing agents" (i.e., components to lower the
melting point). Ordinary A-glass ("A" for "alkali-lime") or soda lime glass,
crushed and ready to be remelted, as so-called cullet glass, was the first type
of glass used for fiberglass. E-glass ("E" because of initial Electrical
application), is alkali free, and was the first glass formulation used for
continuous filament formation

It now makes up most of the fiberglass production in the world, and also is the
single largest consumer of boron minerals globally. It is susceptible to chloride ion
attack and is a poor choice for marine applications. S-glass ("S" for "stiff") is used
when tensile strength (high modulus) is important, and is thus an important
building and aircraft epoxy composite (it is called R-glass, "R" for "reinforcement"
in Europe). C-glass ("C" for "chemical resistance") and T-glass ("T" is for "thermal
insulator"—a North American variant of C-glass) are resistant to chemical attack;
both are often found in insulation-grades of blown fiberglass. Fiberglass is an
immensely versatile material due to its light weight, inherent strength, weather-
resistant finish and variety of surface textures. The development of fiber-reinforced
plastic for commercial use was extensively researched in the 1930s. It was of
particular interest to the aviation industry. A means of mass production of glass
strands was accidentally discovered in 1932 when a researcher at Owens-Illinois
directed a jet of compressed air at a stream of molten glass and produced fibers.

After Owens merged with the Corning company in 1935, Owens Corning
adapted the method to produce its patented "Fiberglas" (one "s"). A suitable resin
for combining the "Fiberglas" with a plastic was developed in 1936 by du Pont.
The first ancestor of modern polyester resins is Cyanamid's of 1942. Peroxide
curing systems were used by then.

Advanced manufacturing techniques such as pre-pregs and fiber rovings extend

fiberglass's applications and the tensile strength possible with fiber-reinforced
plastics.

Fiberglass is also used in the telecommunications industry for shrouding

antennas, due to its RF permeability and low signal attenuation properties. It may
also be used to conceal other equipment where no signal permeability is required,
such as equipment cabinets and steel support structures, due to the ease with which
it can be molded and painted to blend with existing structures and surfaces. Other
uses include sheet-form electrical insulators and structural components commonly
found in power-industry products.

Because of fiberglass's light weight and durability, it is often used in protective

equipment such as helmets. Many sports use fiberglass protective gear, such as
goaltenders' and catchers' masks.
2.5 Storage tanks

Several large fiberglass tanks at an airport

Storage tanks can be made of fiberglass with capacities up to about 300

tonnes. Smaller tanks can be made with chopped strand mat cast over a
thermoplastic inner tank which acts as a preform during construction. Much more
reliable tanks are made using woven mat or filament wound fiber, with the fiber
orientation at right angles to the hoop stress imposed in the side wall by the
contents. Such tanks tend to be used for chemical storage because the plastic liner
(often polypropylene) is resistant to a wide range of corrosive chemicals.
Fiberglass is also used for septic tanks.

2.6 House building

A fiberglass dome house in Davis, California

Glass-reinforced plastics are also used to produce house building

components such as roofing laminate, door surrounds, over-door canopies, window
canopies and dormers, chimneys, coping systems, and heads with keystones and
sills. The material's reduced weight and easier handling, compared to wood or
metal, allows faster installation. Mass-produced fiberglass brick-effect panels can
be used in the construction of composite housing, and can include insulation to
reduce heat loss.

2.7 Piping

GRP and GRE pipe can be used in a variety of above- and below-ground systems,
including those for:

• Desalination

• Water treatment

• Water distribution networks

• Chemical process plants

• Firewater

• Hot and Cold water

• Drinking water

• Wastewater/sewage, Municipal waste

• Natural gas, LPG

Examples of fiberglass use

Kayaks made of fiberglass

• DIY bows / youth recurve; longbows

• Pole vaulting poles

• Equipment handles(Hammers, axes, etc.)

• Traffic lights

• Ship hulls

• Rowing shells and oars

• Waterpipes

• Helicopter rotor blades

• Surfboards, tent poles

• Gliders, kit cars, microcars, karts, bodyshells, kayaks, flat roofs, lorries

• Pods, domes and architectural features where a light weight is necessary

• High-end bicycles[citation needed]

• Auto body parts (for instance, body kits,[14] hoods, spoilers, etc.), and entire
auto bodies (e.g. Lotus Elan, Anadol, Reliant, Quantum Quantum Coupé,
Chevrolet Corvette and Studebaker Avanti, and DeLorean DMC-12
underbody)
• Antenna covers and structures, such as radomes, UHF broadcasting
antennas, and pipes used in hex beam antennas for amateur radio
communications

• FRP tanks and vessels: FRP is used extensively to manufacture chemical

equipment and tanks and vessels. BS4994 is a British standard related to this
application.

• Most commercial velomobiles

• Most printed circuit boards consist of alternating layers of copper and

fiberglass FR-4

• Large commercial wind turbine blades

• RF coils used in MRI scanners

• Drum Sets

• Sub-sea installation protection covers

• Reinforcement of asphalt pavement, as a fabric or mesh interlayer between

lifts[15]

• Helmets and other protective gear used in various sports

• Orthopedic casts[16]

• Fiberglass grating is used for walkways on ships and oil rigs, and in factories

• Fiber-reinforced composite columns

• Water slides
 In the modern era, electrical energy is normally converted from mechanical
energy, solar energy, and chemical energy etc. A battery is a device that converts
chemical energy to electrical energy. The first battery was developed by
Alessandro Volta in the year of 1800. In the year 1836, John Frederic Daniell, a
British chemist developed the Daniell cell as an improved version of the voltaic
cell. From that time until today, the battery has been the most popular source of
electricity in many daily life applications. In our daily life, we generally use two
types of battery, one of them is which can be used once before it gets totally
discharged. Another type of battery is rechargeable which means it can be used
multiple times by recharging it externally. The former is called primary battery and
the later is called secondary battery. Batteries can be found in different sizes. A
battery may be as small as a shirt button or may be so big in size that a whole room
will be required to install a battery bank. With this variation of sizes, the battery is

used anywhere from small wrist watches to a large ship. We often see this
symbol in many diagrams of electrical and electronics network. This is the most
popularly used symbol for battery. The bigger lines represent positive terminal of
the cells and smaller lines represent negative terminal of the cells connected in the
battery
CHAPTER-3

3. Working Principle of Battery

To understand the basic principle of battery properly, first, we should have

some basic concept of electrolytes and electrons affinity. Actually, when two
dissimilar metals or metallic compounds are immersed in an electrolyte, there will
be a potential difference produced between these metals or metallic compounds. It
is found that, when some specific compounds are added to water, they get
dissolved and produce negative and positive ions. This type of compound is called
an electrolyte. The popular examples of electrolytes are almost all kinds of salts,
acids, and bases etc. The energy released during accepting an electron by a neutral
atom is known as electron affinity. As the atomic structure for different materials
are different, the electron affinity of different materials will differ. If two different
kinds of metals or metallic compounds are immersed in the same electrolyte
solution, one of them will gain electrons and the other will release electrons.
Which metal (or metallic compound) will gain electrons and which will lose them
depends upon the electron affinities of these metals or metallic compounds.

The metal with low electron affinity will gain electrons from the negative
ions of the electrolyte solution. On the other hand, the metal with high electron
affinity will release electrons and these electrons come out into the electrolyte
solution and are added to the positive ions of the solution. In this way, one of these
metals or compounds gains electrons and another one loses electrons. As a result,
there will be a difference in electron concentration between these two metals. This
difference of electron concentration causes an electrical potential difference to
develop between the metals. This electrical potential difference or emf can be
utilized as a source of voltage in any electronics or electrical circuit. This is a
general and basic principle of battery .

All batteries cells are based only on this basic principle. Let’s discuss one by
one. As we said earlier, Alessandro Volta developed the first battery cell, and this
cell is popularly known as the simple voltaic cell. This type of simple cell can be
created very easily. Take one container and fill it with diluted sulfuric acid as the
electrolyte. Now immerse zinc and one copper rod in the solution and connect
them externally by an electric load. Now your simple voltaic cell is completed.
Current will start flowing through the external load. Zinc in diluted sulfuric acid
gives up electrons as below:

These Zn + + ions pass into the electrolyte, and their concentration is very high near
the zinc electrode.

As a result of the above oxidation reaction, the zinc electrode is left negatively
charged and hence acts as cathode. The diluted sulfuric acid and water disassociate
into hydronium ions as given below:

Due to the high concentration of Zn + + ions near the cathode, the H3O+ ions are
repelled towards the copper electrode and get discharged by removing electrons
from the copper atoms. The following reaction takes place at the anode:
As a result of the reduction reaction taking place at copper electrode, copper is left
positively charged and hence it acts as the anode. Daniell Battery Cell: The Daniell
cell consists of a copper vessel containing copper sulfate solution. The copper
vessel itself acts as the positive electrode. A porous pot containing diluted sulfuric
acid is placed in the copper vessel. An amalgamated zinc rod dipping inside the
sulfuric acid acts as the negative electrode. When the circuit is completed, diluted
sulfuric acid in the porous pot reacts with zinc so as to liberate hydrogen gas. The
reaction takes place as below:

The formation of ZnSO4 in the porous pot does not affect the working of the cell,
until crystals of ZnSO4 are deposited.

The hydrogen gas passes through the porous pot and reacts with the CuSO 4
solution as below:

Copper so formed gets deposited on the copper vessel.

 Batteries that are stored for a long period or that are discharged at a small
fraction of the capacity lose capacity due to the presence of generally irreversible
side reactions that consume charge carriers without producing current. This
phenomenon is known as internal self-discharge.
 Further, when batteries are recharged, additional side reactions can occur,
reducing capacity for subsequent discharges. After enough recharges, in essence all
capacity is lost and the battery stops producing power.

Internal energy losses and limitations on the rate that ions pass through the
electrolyte cause battery efficiency to vary. Above a minimum threshold,
discharging at a low rate delivers more of the battery's capacity than at a higher
rate. Installing batteries with varying A·h ratings does not affect device operation
(although it may affect the operation interval) rated for a specific voltage unless
load limits are exceeded. High-drain loads such as digital cameras can reduce total
capacity, as happens with alkaline batteries. For example, a battery rated at 2 A·h
for a 10- or 20-hour discharge would not sustain a current of 1 A for a full two
hours as its stated capacity implies.

3.1 RELAYS
A relay is a switch worked by an electromagnet. It is useful if we want a
small current in one circuit to control another circuit containing a device such as a
lamp or electric motor which requires a large current, or if we wish several
different switch contacts to be operated simultaneously.

When the controlling current flows through the coil, the soft iron core is
magnetized and attracts the L-shaped soft iron armature. This rocks on its pivot
and opens, closes or changes over, the electrical contacts in the circuit being
controlled it closes the contacts.

The current needed to operate a relay is called the pull-in current and the
dropout current in the coil when the relay just stops working. If the coil resistance
R of a relay is 185 and its operating voltage V is 12V, the pull-in current I is given
by:

I=V = 12 = 0.065A = 65mA

R 185

• Reed switches:
Relays operate comparatively slowly and for fast switching

of a signal circuit, e.g. in a telephone exchange, reed switches are used. The reeds
are thin strips of easily magnetizable and demagnetizable material. They are sealed
in a glass tube containing an inert gas such as nitrogen to reduce corrosion of the
contacts.

The switch is operated either by bringing a magnet near

or by passing a current through a coil surrounding it. In both cases reeds become
magnetized, attract each other and on touching they complete the circuit connected
to the terminals. They separate when the magnet is removed or the current stops
flowing in the coil.

When the changeover reed switch operates, the reed is attracted from the non-
magnetic contact to the magnetic one.

• Protection of transistor-controlled relays and reed switches:

 When the current in the coil of a reed switch falls to zero, a large voltage is
induced in the coil due to its inductance. This voltage could damage any transistor
used to control the current in the coil. However if a diode is connected in reverse
bias for the supply voltage it offers an easy path to the induced voltage and stops it
building up to a high value.

• Earth-leakage (or residual current) circuit breaker:

This is sometimes present as a safety device in mains electrical circuits. In one

variety, current passes to earth through a relay-type ‘trip coil’ when for example;
the metal case of the appliance becomes ‘live’ due to a fault. As a result the rod in
the coil opens the switch, which can be set to break the circuit before the case rises
above say 25V.
3.2 POWER SUPPLY:

This circuit is worn to renovate the AC to DC. It restrains of step down

transformer, bridge rectifier, ripple filter, voltage regulator and line filter.
Rationale of transformer is to step down the 230 VAC to 15VAC. This AC voltage
is auxiliary rectified using bridge rectifier, the productivity of bridge rectifier is
pulsating DC with small AC ripples. This AC ripples are then filtered using
1000uF shunt capacitor. Because the capacitor grounds AC signal and evade the
DC, so the output across the shunt capacitor is pure DC. This DC voltage is
unfettered, because change in primary of the transformer will change this DC
voltage. So it needs to regulate the voltage. Here we use series voltage regulator is
used to regulate the voltage. At last one 10uF shunt capacitor is used to filter the
fluctuation due to switching of SCR’s.
3.3 VOLTAGE REGULATOR

The LM7805 series of three terminal regulators is available with

several fixed output voltages making them useful in a wide range of applications.
One of these is local on card regulation, eliminating the distribution problems
associated with single point regulation. The voltages available allow these
regulators to be used in logic systems, instrumentation, HiFi, and other solid state
electronic equipment. Although designed primarily as fixed voltage regulators
these devices can be used with external components to obtain adjustable voltages
and currents .

The LM7805 series is available in an aluminum TO-3 package

which will allow over 1.0A load current if adequate heat sinking is provided.
Current limiting is included to limit the peak output current to a safe value. Safe
area protection for the output transistor is provided to limit internal power
dissipation. If internal power dissipation becomes too high for the heat sinking
provided, the thermal shutdown circuit takes over preventing the IC from
overheating. Considerable effort was expanded to make the LM7805 series of
regulators easy to use and minimize the number of external components. It is not
necessary to bypass the output, although this does improve transient response.

3.4 FEATURES OF VOLTAGE REGULATOR

• Output current in excess of 1A

• Internal thermal overload protection

• No external components required.

3.5 VOLTAGE DIVIDER

Voltage divider restricting the resistance values between 1 k- and 100

k- for the sake of obtaining accurate voltage and current readings with your meter.
With very low resistance values, the internal resistance of the ammeter has a
significant impact on measurement accuracy. Very high resistance values may
cause problems for voltage measurement, the internal resistance of the voltmeter
substantially changing circuit resistance when it is connected in parallel with a
high-value resistor.
CHAPTER-4

4. SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM

4.1 Schematic diagram of Voltage Divider

We are purposely restricting the resistance values between 1 k- and 100 k-

for the sake of obtaining accurate voltage and current readings with your meter.
With very low resistance values, the internal resistance of the ammeter has a
significant impact on measurement accuracy.

Very high resistance values may cause problems for voltage measurement,
the internal resistance of the voltmeter substantially changing circuit resistance
when it is connected in parallel with a high-value resistor. Connect the three
resistors in series, and to the 6-volt battery, as shown in the illustrations. Measure
battery voltage with a voltmeter after the resistors; have been connected to it,
noting this voltage on paper as well. It is advisable to measure battery voltage
while it's powering the resistor circuit because this voltage may slightly from a no-
load condition. The "free-form" method where all components are connected
together with "alligator-" style jumper wire sis the least professional, but
appropriate for a simple experiment such as this.
 Breadboard construction is versatile and allows for high component density
(many parts in a small space), but is quite temporary. Operations are read-modify-
write operations. Therefore, a write to a port implies that the port pins are read, the
value is modified and then written to the port data latch. Terminal strips a much
more permanent form of construction at the cost of low component density. We
saw exaggerated in the "parallel battery" experiment while powering a high-
wattage lamp: battery voltage tends to "sag" or "droop" under load. Although this
three-resistor circuit should not present a heavy enough load (not enough current
Each resistor voltage drop will be some fraction or percentage of the total voltage,
hence the name voltage divider given to this circuit. While the input voltage may
vary over some permissible voltage range, and the output load may vary over some
acceptable range, the output voltage remains constant within specified voltage
variation limits .This fractional value is determined by the resistance of the
particular resistor and the total resistance. If a resistor drops 50% of the total
battery voltage in a voltage divider circuit, that proportion of 50% will remain the
same as long as the resistor values are not altered.
CHAPTER-5

5.CIRCUIT DESCRIPTION

POWER SUPPLY:

Here in this project most of the operations are operated in 5V and 12V. So
we use 230V/12V potential transformer and 7805 regulator for 5V. Power supply
circuit consists of bridge rectifier, ripple filter, regulator and line filter. Bridge
rectifier is constructed using 1N4007 diode. Ripple filter is build around
1000uF/25V.

5.2 POWERSUPPLY SECTION

Types of Power Supply:

There are many types of power supply. Most are designed to convert high voltage
AC mains electricity to a suitable low voltage supply for electronics circuits and
other devices. A power supply can by broken down into a series of blocks, each of
which performs a particular function.

For example a 5V regulated supply:

Each of the blocks is described in more detail below:

• Transformer - steps down high voltage AC mains to low voltage AC.

• Rectifier - converts AC to DC, but the DC output is varying.

• Smoothing - smooths the DC from varying greatly to a small ripple.

 • Regulator - eliminates ripple by setting DC output to a fixed voltage.

Power supplies made from these blocks are described below with a circuit diagram
and a graph of their output:

• Transformer only

• Transformer + Rectifier

• TransforTransformer onlymer + Rectifier + Smoothing

Transformer + Rectifier + Smoothing + Regulator Transformer only

The low voltage AC output is suitable for lamps, heaters and special AC motors. It
is not suitable for electronic circuits unless they include a rectifier and a smoothing
capacitor.

Further information: Transformer

Transformer + Rectifier

The varying DC output is suitable for lamps, heaters and standard motors. It
is not suitable for electronic circuits unless they include a smoothing
capacitor.
Further information: Transformer | Rectifier

Transformer + Rectifier + Smoothing

The smooth DC output has a small ripple. It is suitable for most electronic
circuits.

Further information: Transformer | Rectifier | Smoothing

Transformer + Rectifier + Smoothing + Regulator

 The regulated DC output is very smooth with no ripple. It is suitable for all
electronic circuits.

Further information: Transformer | Rectifier | Smoothing | Regulator

5.4 Transformer:
Transformers convert AC electricity from one voltage to another with little loss of
power. Transformers work only with AC and this is one of the reasons why mains
electricity is AC.

Step-up transformers increase voltage, step-down transformers reduce voltage.

Most power supplies use a step-down transformer to reduce the dangerously high
mains voltage (230V in UK) to a safer low voltage

The input coil is called the primary and the output coil is called the secondary.
There is no electrical connection between the two coils, instead they are linked by
an alternating magnetic field created in the soft-iron core of the transformer. The
two lines in the middle of the circuit symbol represent the core.

Transformers waste very little power so the power out is (almost) equal to the
power in. Note that as voltage is stepped down current is stepped up.

The ratio of the number of turns on each coil, called the turns ratio, determines
the ratio of the voltages. A step-down transformer has a large number of turns on
its primary (input) coil which is connected to the high voltage mains supply, and a
small number of turns on its secondary (output) coil to give a low output voltage.

turns ratio = V p = N p and power out = power in

Vs Ns Vs × Is = V p × I p
Vs = secondary (output) voltage
Ns = number of turns on secondary coil
I s = secondary (output) current
V p = primary (input) voltage
N p = number of turns on primary coil
I p = primary (input) current

Transformer
circuit symbol

Transformer:

Rectifier:
There are several ways of connecting diodes to make a rectifier to convert AC to
DC. The bridge rectifier is the most important and it produces

Full-wave varying DC. A full-wave rectifier can also be made from just two
diodes if a centre-tap transformer is used, but this method is rarely used now that
diodes are cheaper. A single diode can be used as a rectifier but it only uses the
positive (+) parts of the AC wave to produce half-wave varying DC.
5.5 Bridge rectifier:
A bridge rectifier can be made using four individual diodes, but it is also available
in special packages containing the four diodes required. It is called a full-wave
rectifier because it uses all the AC wave (both positive and negative sections).
1.4V is used up in the bridge rectifier because each diode uses 0.7V when
conducting and there are always two diodes conducting, as shown in the diagram
below. Bridge rectifiers are rated by the maximum current they can pass and the
maximum reverse voltage they can withstand (this must be at least three times the
supply RMS voltage so the rectifier can withstand the peak voltages). Please see
the Diodes page for more details, including pictures of bridge rectifiers.

Output: full-wave varying DC

(using all the AC wave

Bridge rectifier
Alternate pairs of diodes conduct, changing over
the connections so the alternating directions of AC are
converted to the one direction of DC.

Single diode rectifier:

A single diode can be used as a rectifier but this produces half-wave varying DC
which has gaps when the AC is negative. It is hard to smooth this sufficiently well
to supply electronic circuits unless they require a very small current so the
smoothing capacitor does not significantly discharge during the gaps. Please see
the Diodes page for some examples of rectifier diodes.

Output: half-wave varying DC

Single diode rectifier
(using only half the AC wave)

Smoothing:

Smoothing is performed by a large value electrolytic capacitor connected across

the DC supply to act as a reservoir, supplying current to the output when the
varying DC voltage from the rectifier is falling. The diagram shows the
unsmoothed varying DC (dotted line) and the smoothed DC (solid line). The
capacitor charges quickly near the peak of the varying DC, and then discharges as
it supplies current to the output.
Note that smoothing significantly increases the average DC voltage to almost the
peak value (1.4 × RMS value). For example 6V RMS AC is rectified to full wave
DC of about 4.6V RMS (1.4V is lost in the bridge rectifier), with smoothing this
increases to almost the peak value giving 1.4 × 4.6 = 6.4V smooth DC.

Smoothing is not perfect due to the capacitor voltage falling a little as it

discharges, giving a small ripple voltage. For many circuits a ripple which is 10%
of the supply voltage is satisfactory and the equation below gives the required
value for the smoothing capacitor. A larger capacitor will give less ripple . The
capacitor value must be doubled when smoothing half-wave DC.

5 × Io
Smoothing capacitor for 10% ripple, C =
Vs × f

C = smoothing capacitance in farads (F)

Io = output current from the supply in amps (A)
Vs = supply voltage in volts (V), this is the peak value of the unsmoothed DC
f = frequency of the AC supply in hertz (Hz), 50Hz in the UK
CHAPTER-6

6.CONNECTING WIRE IS USED AS A TOUCH SENSOR

CONNECTING WIRES

Often, when building electronics projects, little thought is given thought is

given to the connecting wire. While it is possible to "get away with" almost
anything for many projects, it is sometimes necessary to connect the various
electronics components using the right wire. For example it is often useful to use
coloured connecting wire to indicate such items as electronics wire used for
connecting the supplies, signals, and grounds. In this way it is easier to identify the
different signals and lines and this reduces the possibility of errors. In addition to
this it is sometimes necessary to have connecting wire of a particular size to ensure
the connections are made in the right manner. If the wire is too thick it may not be
easy to accommodate in some situations, whereas thicker wire may be needed for
higher currents of physical strength or robustness in other situations.

6.1 Types of electronics connecting wire

Electronics wire for connecting is often categorised by the insulation. The type of
insulation is important because it often governs the type of use for which it is
suitable.

• Bare copper wire:

Wire that is not insulated can be used in a variety of ways. It may be used
to correct problems on a printed circuit board where insulation may not be a
problem. It may also be used in areas where sleeving may be slid over the
wire to protect it from causing shorts, or it may be used in areas where it is
 not possible to cause short circuits. Although it is possible to use bare copper
wire, usually it is pre-tinned to enable easier soldering.

• Enamelled copper wire:

This type of copper wire has a form of insulation made from enamel. This
is effectively like a varnish over the copper wire. Enamelled copper wire is
used in applications such as coils where insulation is required but the
thickness of the insulation may be an issue. The enamel is not as robust as
other forms of insulation so it is not used where it my be scratched or
knocked. there are some forms of enamelled wire where the insulation or
enamel will burn of when being soldered. This enables the wire to be used
on circuit boards and removes the need for stripping the wire before
connections are made. However care must be taken when using this wire as
accidental connections may be made if the insulation is abraded.

• PVC wire:

PVC wire is the most common form of wire today. Although it is usually
termed PVC wire, it should be more correctly termed PVC coated wire as
the PVC forms the insulation. The advantage of PVC wire is that it is
adequate for most situations and the ends are easy to strip to make
connections. However it can melt or in severe cases it can burn when it
becomes hot. Also when it is cold, the PVC becomes brittle and can crack if
bent.

• PTFE wire:

PTFE wire is far more expensive than PVC wire. Like PVC wire, it should
be more correctly termed PTFE coated wire. The PTFE insulation is more
 robust, and can be used over a much wider range of temperatures. However
it is much more expensive and it is also much more difficult to strip to
expose the bare copper wire for making connections or soldering.These are
the main types of wire that are used, and although there are some other
types, these are by far the most widely used.

A wire is a single, usually cylindrical, flexible strand or rod of metal. Wires are
used to bear mechanical loads or electricity and telecommunications signals.
Wire is commonly formed by drawing the metal through a hole in a die or draw
plate. Wire gauges come in various standard sizes, as expressed in terms of a
gauge number. The term wire is also used more loosely to refer to a bundle of
such strands, as in "multi stranded wire", which is more correctly termed a wire
rope in mechanics, or a cable in electricity.

Wire comes in solid core, stranded, or braided forms. Although usually circular
in cross-section, wire can be made in square, hexagonal, flattened rectangular, or
other cross-sections, either for decorative purposes, or for technical purposes such
as high-efficiency voice coils in loudspeakers. Edge-wound coil springs, such as
the Slinky toy, are made of special flattened wire.

Electrical wires are usually covered with insulating materials, such as plastic,
rubber-like polymers, or varnish. Insulating and jacketing of wires and cables is
nowadays done by passing them through an extruder. Formerly, materials used for
insulation included treated cloth or paper and various oil-based products. Since the
mid-1960s, plastic and polymers exhibiting properties similar to rubber have
predominated.

Two or more wires may be wrapped concentrically, separated by insulation, to

form coaxial cable. The wire or cable may be further protected with substances like
paraffin, some kind of preservative compound, bitumen, lead, aluminum sheathing,
or steel taping. Stranding or covering machines wind material onto wire which
passes through quickly.

Some of the smallest machines for cotton covering have a large drum, which
grips the wire and moves it through toothed gears; the wire passes through the
centre of disks mounted above a long bed, and the disks carry each a number of
bobbins varying from six to twelve or more in different machines. A supply of
covering material is wound on each bobbin, and the end is led on to the wire,
which occupies a central position relatively to the bobbins; the latter being
revolved at a suitable speed bodily with their disks, the cotton is consequently
served on to the wire, winding in spiral fashion so as to overlap. If a large number
of strands are required the disks are duplicated, so that as many as sixty spools may
be carried, the second set of strands being laid over the first.

For heavier cables that are used for electric light and power as well as
submarine cables, the machines are somewhat different in construction. The wire is
still carried through a hollow shaft, but the bobbins or spools of covering material
are set with their spindles at right angles to the axis of the wire, and they lie in a
circular cage which rotates on rollers below. The various strands coming from the
spools at various parts of the circumference of the cage all lead to a disk at the end
of the hollow shaft. This disk has perforations through which each of the strands
pass, thence being immediately wrapped on the cable, which slides through a
bearing at this point. Toothed gears having certain definite ratios are used to cause
the winding drum for the cable and the cage for the spools to rotate at suitable
relative speeds which do not vary. The cages are multiplied for stranding with a
large number of tapes or strands, so that a machine may have six bobbins on one
cage and twelve on the other.

6.2 SOLID WIRE

Solid wire, also called solid-core or single-strand wire, consists of one piece
of metal wire. Solid wire is useful for wiring breadboards. Solid wire is cheaper to
manufacture than stranded wire and is used where there is little need for flexibility
in the wire. Solid wire also provides mechanical ruggedness; and, because it has
relatively less surface area which is exposed to attack by corrosives, protection
against the environment.

Stranded wire

Stranded copper wire

Stranded wire is composed of a number of small wires bundled or wrapped

together to form a larger conductor. Stranded wire is more flexible than solid wire
of the same total cross-sectional area. Stranded wire tends to be a better conductor
than solid wire because the individual wires collectively comprise a greater surface
area.
 Stranded wire is used when higher resistance to metal fatigue is required.
Such situations include connections between circuit boards in multi-printed-circuit-
board devices, where the rigidity of solid wire would produce too much stress as a
result of movement during assembly or servicing; A.C. line cords for appliances;
musical instrument cables; computer mouse cables; welding electrode cables;
control cables connecting moving machine parts; mining machine cables; trailing
machine cables; and numerous others.

At high frequencies, current travels near the surface of the wire because of
the skin effect, resulting in increased power loss in the wire. Stranded wire might
seem to reduce this effect, since the total surface area of the strands is greater than
the surface area of the equivalent solid wire, but ordinary stranded wire does not
reduce the skin effect because all the strands are short-circuited together and
behave as a single conductor. A stranded wire will have higher resistance than a
solid wire of the same diameter because the cross-section of the stranded wire is
not all copper; there are unavoidable gaps between the strands (this is the circle
packing problem for circles within a circle). A stranded wire with the same cross-
section of conductor as a solid wire is said to have the same equivalent gauge and
is always a larger diameter.

However, for many high-frequency applications, proximity effect is more

severe than skin effect, and in some limited cases, simple stranded wire can reduce
proximity effect. For better performance at high frequencies, litz wire, which has
the individual strands insulated and twisted in special patterns, may be used.
6.3 Braided wire

A braided wire is composed of a number of small strands of wire braided

together. Similar to stranded wires, braided wires are better conductors than solid
wires. Braided wires do not break easily when flexed. Braided wires are often
suitable as an electromagnetic shield in noise-reduction cables.

6.4 TRANSISTORS

How transistors work is probably the hardest concept for you to understand as a
beginner. At least it was for me.The problem is that almost everyone is trying to
teach that a transistor is “…a semiconductor device”. And instead of just telling
you what it does, they explain that “…it consists of n-doped and p-doped
materials”.I don’t know about you, but that statement didn’t help me much!So let
me tell you, in a simple way, how transistors work. I even made a video for you,
just to make it clearer.The transistor is like an electronic switch. It can turn a
current on and off. A simple way you can think of it is to look at the transistor as
a relaywithout any moving parts. A transistor is similar to a relay in the sense that
you can use it to turn something ON and OFF.Check out the video explanation I
made on the transistor:There are different types of transistors. A very common one
is the “bipolar junction transistor” or “BJT”. And it usually looks like this:

It has three pins: Base (b), collector (c) and emitter (e). And it comes in two
versions: NPN and PNP. The schematic symbol for the NPN looks like this:
6.5 How transistors work

The transistor works because of something called a semiconducting material. A

current flowing from the base to the emitter “opens” the flow of current from the
collector to the emitter.
In a standard NPN transistor, you need to apply a voltage of about 0.7V between
the base and the emitter to get the current flowing from base to emitter. When you
apply 0.7V from base to emitter you will turn the transistor ON and allow a current
to flow from collector to emitter.

Let’s look at an example:

In the example above you can see how transistors work. A 9V battery connects to
an LEDand a resistor. But it connects through the transistor. This means that no
current will flow in that part of the circuit until the transistor turns ON.
To turn the transistor ON you need to apply 0.7V from base to emitter of the
transistor. Imagine you have a small 0.7V battery. (In a practical circuit you would
use resistors to get the correct voltage from whatever voltage source you have)

When you apply the 0.7V battery from base to emitter, the transistor turns ON.
This allows current to flow from the collector to the emitter. And thereby turning
the LED ON!
CHAPTER-7

7.1 THE WORKING PRINCIPLE OF THE WIPER MOTOR

Wiper Motor, the power source of the wiper blade, is the core of the whole
wiper system. Therefore, the quality of the wiper motor must be guaranteed to
ensure its performance. The wiper motor is a permanent-magnet direct current
(DC) one. It is equipped on the front windscreen glass with the mechanical parts of
the worm gear. The worm gear functions to slow down and increase torque. Its
output shafts spur four-bar linkage, by which the movement is changed from rotary
to swinging.

Three-brush structure is adopted to make speed change more convenient. The

intermittent relay, by which the interval is controlled, utilizing the return of switch
contacts and the charge-discharge function of the resistor-capacitor in the relay,
drives the wiper to wipe in a certain cycle. The wiper blade tape, the tool to clean
the rainwater and the filth on the glass, presses the surface of the glass with
springs. Only when the tip of the blade is in a certain angle with the glass, can the
required function be realized.

Generally speaking, there is a wiper control knob, with stalls of low peed, high
speed and intermission, on the handle of auto combination switch. The top of the
handle is the key switch, after pressing which water will erupt to wiper blade, of
the scrubber. The scrubber system, consisting of plastic water tank (1.5—2 liters),
micro-electric centrifugal water pump, pipes, spray nozzles, is very ordinary
equipment in automobiles. Water in the tank is supplied through the pump to 2—4
spray nozzles, by which it is extruded into trickles. Then the trickles are sprayed
onto the windshield glass, to clean the glass with the wiper blade.

The mechanism to convert rotary motion to linear motion is very straight

forward, and its functionality is apparent from a visual inspection of a
disassembled motor assembly. This article, therefore, will discuss only the
operation of the motor and the park switch. Although written specifically for a
TR6, it is typical for many later model British cars. A separate description is
provided below for earlier models -- TR2, 3, 4, etc. A) NORMAL OPERATION:
Refer to Figure 1. In this mode of operation, the dash switch is in the normal, or
low speed, position, and internally, terminal 2 of the switch is connected to
terminal 3. Current flows through the motor as shown by the dotted red line. The
operation of the parking switch has no effect in this mode, as terminal 4 of the dash
switch is not connected to any other terminal.

B) HIGH SPEED OPERATION: Refer to Figure 2. In this mode, the dash

switch is in the high speed position, and current flow is as shown. This is basically
the same configuration as the normal mode, except the power flows through the
high speed brush rather than the normal speed brush. Internally, terminal 2 of the
dash switch is connected to terminal 1
C) WIPERS OFF, BLADES NOT IN THE PARKED POSITION:

Refer to figure 3. With the dash switch off, power is supplied to the motor through
the contacts of the parking switch, and the motor continues to operate. Until the
drive gear rotates to the point where the cam operates the switch plunger, the
motor will operate at the normal, or low speed, just as if the dash switch were still
on.

D) WIPERS OFF, BLADES IN THE PARKED POSITION:

Refer to Figure 4. When the drive gear has rotated to the point that the
blades are in their parked position, the cam button on the drive gear depresses the
parking switch plunger, operating the switch. Now, rather than the 12 volts as
before, ground is applied to the low speed brush, shorting out the armature
windings. The magnetic field that had built up in the windings when 12 volts was
applied will now discharge through the switch contacts, in very much the same
manner as the operation of the primary windings in the ignition coil. This
discharge current, shown as a dotted blue line, will be in the opposite direction as
the normal current flow, and will tend to reverse the rotation of the motor. Because
the windings are now short-circuited, the discharge takes place very quickly, and
the reversing energy lasts just long enough to stop the motor. The energy in the
discharge is such that the motor will stop immediately! In fact, if your are holding
the motor while testing this operation, hold on tight, because it stops so quickly
that it will jump out off your hand if you are not careful.
7.2 TROUBLE SHOOTING:

A) WIPERS DON'T WORK AT ALL:

1) Verify that the problem is electrical, and not mechanical - binding in the wiper
wheel boxes, etc., before proceeding with the electrical tests. This can be done
by listening to the motor with the switch on. If it is a mechanical problem, the
motor will hum.
2) As with all electrical problems, the first step is to verify that all connections are
good, and that there are no obvious breaks in the wiring. Repair or replace as
needed.
3) If a visual check shows the wiring and connections to be OK, remove the fuse
from position # 1 of the fuse box (white wires on one side, green on the other).
Jumper from the brown wire on fuse # 2 to the green wire on fuse #1. Why? This
has the same effect as turning on the ignition key, except the ignition (coil) itself
is not energized. Normally, the ignition key connects the white wire to the
aforementioned brown wire, which then feeds power to the accessories via the
green wire. Jumpering from brown directly to green just bypasses the ignition
switch. This is a good step for troubleshooting any electrical accessory that
requires the key to be on to work. By pulling the fuse to the white wire, the points
are not subjected to damage.
4) Remove the plug from the wiper motor.
5) Turn the wiper switch to the normal position, and check that 12 volts is present
at the terminal with the R/LG wire. With the wiper switch in the high position,
check for voltage at the terminal with the U/LG wire. Check for continuity to
ground at the terminal with the black wire.
a) If there is no voltage present, then the problem lies within the dash switch, the
power feed to the dash switch, or the wiring between the dash switch and the
wiper motor. See step (6) below.
b) If there is no ground continuity, then there is a break in the ground wire
somewhere that must be repaired.
c) If there is voltage present during the above tests, and there is ground
continuity, the problem lies internally to the wiper motor. See step (7) below.
6) If there was no voltage present during step 5), with the dash switch in the
normal position, test for voltage on the terminal of the dash switch with the R/LG
wire. With the switch in the high speed position, check for voltage at the terminal
with the U/LG wire.
a) If voltage is present at one terminal but not the other, the switch is bad, and
must be repaired or replaced. See step (8).
b) If no voltage is present at either of these terminals, disconnect the green lead
to the dash switch, and check for voltage on this lead.
c) If there is voltage on the green wire, then the switch is defective and must be
repaired or replaced.
d) If there is no voltage present, then there is a break in the green circuit
somewhere that must be repaired.
7) If all tests in step 5) were satisfactory, then the wiper motor must be
disassembled for further testing.
a) Check the condition of the brushes, and check that they are making good
contact with the armature. Replace the brush/wire set if needed.
b) Check for continuity between the terminals in the connector and the brushes.
Replace if needed.
c) If a) and b) are satisfactory, check for continuity in the armature windings.
Replace if needed.
8) If needed, the dash switch can often be repaired. Using a small screwdriver or
other tool, very carefully pry the case open. A close examination of the switch will
reveal where to pry, and how the switch comes apart. Very carefully note the
position of the contacts, springs, and other parts as you disassemble it. Clean the
interior and all the parts. Lightly rub the contacts with a piece of emery cloth, or
other abrasive (a pencil eraser works very well). Lubricate and reassemble.
Check with your local electronic supply house for the appropriate lubricant.

B) WIPERS WORK BUT WON'T PARK:

1) Perform steps 2) and 3) above.
2) Remove the plug from the wiper motor and check for voltage at the green wire.
There should be voltage here at all times, whether the wiper switch is on or off.
a) If you have voltage, continue to step 3).
b) If no voltage is present, there is a break in the green wire that must be
repaired.
3) Replace the plug and turn the dash switch to either the normal or the highspeed
position. Check for voltage on the brown/light green wire. Voltage should
be present at all times EXCEPT when the wiper blades are in their normal park
position. That is, the voltage should turn off as the blades pass through the park
position, and turn back on again as the blades leave the park position. There
should be a long on, followed be a short off, long on, short off, etc. It may be
difficult to measure the voltage on this wire. You may need to use a fine needle
to pierce the insulation, and measure the voltage at the needle.
a) If the tests in step three are satisfactory, remove the brown/light green wire
from the back of the dash switch and repeat the tests at this end of the wire. If
you get the same results, the dash switch is bad. If not, then there is a break in
the wire. Repair or replace as needed.
b) If the tests in step three failed, then the park switch inside the wiper motor
assembly is bad and must be repaired or replaced. Most likely, replacement will
be needed, as it may prove difficult to repair.

7.3 EARLIER MODELS:

Earlier models are a bit simpler than the later models, as you might expect. Power
is applied to the wiper motor at all times when the ignition switch is on, and the
motor is grounded by the operation of the dash switch. As soon as the wiper blades
move to some position other than the park position, the parking switch inside the
wiper applies ground to the motor. Thus, when the dash switch is turned off, the
motor will continue to operate until the blades reach the park position. There is no
field discharge current to assist the parking in this configuration, so the parking is
not as crisp as in the later models.

7.4 WIPER OPERATION:

A) NORMAL OPERATION:
Refer to Figure 5. With the dash switch on, the motor windings are grounded,
and the wipers are operating. The position of the insulated segment with respect
to the park switch is immaterial, as the motor is already grounded by the dash
switch - if the wipers are not in the park position, the park switch just provides an
additional ground path. The current path in this condition is shown by the dotted
red lines.
B) WIPERS OFF, BLADES NOT IN THE PARK POSITION:

Refer to Figure 6. With the dash switch off, the ground path is through the park
switch. As long as the wipers are not parked, the motor will continue to run. The
current path in this condition is shown by the dotted red lines
 7.4 . ADVANTAGES

• Low cost automation project.

• Free from wear adjustment.
• Less power consumption
• Operating Principle is very easy.
• Installation is simplified very much.
• To avoid other burnable interactions viz.… (Diaphragm) is not used.
• It is possible to operate Manually/automatically by proving On/Off
switch.
• Sensor cost is very low due to conductive sensor
7.5 DISADVANTAGES

• This system applied in the case of water falling on the class only.
• Addition cost is required to install this system to four wheeler.