ELECTROMAGNETIC STIRRING FOR
CONTINUOUS CASTING - Part 1
Siebo Kunstreich (Danieli Rotelec, Bagnolet, France)
Electromagnetic stirring (EMS), also called
induction stirring, uses rotating or travelling
magnetic fields to generate a motion of the
liquid steel with the purpose to obtain
metallurgical improvements. The present
article is limited to continuous casting and
to alternating magnetic fields, it thus does
neither describe the stirring of liquid steel in
the ladle nor the electromagnetic brake
using permanent magnetic fields in slab
casting. The article is divided into two parts:
The present Part 1 offers in a first chapter a
historical review of EMS in billet, bloom and
slab casters. It then describes in chapters 2
and 3 the basics of electromagnetism and
fluid flow that are relevant for the
understanding of EMS. Part 2 to be
published in June 2003 presents in chapter
4 the metallurgical principles and in chapter
5 the industrial applications and results.
Published in La Revue de Métallurgie - CIT April 2003
1. HISTORY
1.1 Billets and blooms. The first trials of
electromagnetic stirring (EMS) in the continuous
casting of steel were reported in the 1950s from
the pilot casters at Schorndorf and Huckingen in
Germany by S. Junghans and O. Schaaber 1.
Stirrers were used to control the solidification of
rimming steel and these tests then continued into
the 1960s for alloy steels on Boehler's caster at
Kapfenberg in Austria 2. More systematic
developments took place in France, Great Britain,
the United States, the USSR and Japan in the
1970s, with French metallurgists from IRSID and
engineers from CEM as the leaders.
Historically, strand stirrers (S-EMS) came first.
They have been developed to improve the internal
solidification structure of the as cast billets and
blooms by suppressing mini ingots and generating
equiaxed structure. The earliest industrial
application of strand electromagnetic stirring was
implemented in 1973 by IRSID and CEM on each
of the four strands of SAFE's 240 mm2 bloom
caster at Hagondange, France 3. For almost ten
years S- EMS remained the predominant choice.
Both types, rotational as well as linear units, were
used for billets and blooms, but the rotational type
soon proved to be superior in efficiency and in
metallurgical results.
Mould electromagnetic stirring (M-EMS) was
initially developed to improve the surface and
subsurface quality of Si- and Al-killed steels cast
with open stream. Thanks to the use of low
frequency power supplies, it became possible to
use this technique with conventional copper
moulds. In 1977, the first industrial application
was implemented by IRSID and CEM on ARBED's
billet-bloom-round caster in Eschweiler, Germany
4
. Based on the industrial results from ARBED and
on process patents from USINOR and IRSID, M-
EMS was commercialised from 1977 onwards by
ROTELEC under the trademark Magnetogyr® -
Process 4,5,6.
1
The early 1980s were characterised by the
extension of M-EMS to shrouded casting and by
ROTELEC's 7 and KOBE STEEL's 8 joint
development of multistage stirring. The main
application consisted in combining M-EMS with a
strong stirrer in the final solidification zone called F-
EMS. The purpose of this development was to
reduce the centre segregation and to obtain ingot
equivalent quality in high carbon grades. The first
industrial installations of M+F-EMS have been
implemented in 1981 on KOBE STEELS bloom
caster at Kobe and in 1983 on YODOGAWA's billet
caster at Yodogawa 9 under the trademark of
Kosmostir-Magnetogyr® Process.
The real breakthrough of M-EMS was attained,
when it was noted that, in addition to the surface and
subsurface improvements, the shell thickness
became more uniform, which allowed significant
gain in casting speed and breakout safety, further
that M-EMS has a stronger effect on the
improvement of the internal solidification structure
(mini-ingot suppression, generation of large
equiaxed zone) than S-EMS, due to earlier
superheat dissipation and finally, that the negative
segregation within a narrow white-band - a
phenomenon typical of S-EMS - largely disappeared
in the case of M-EMS 10.
Taken together, all these positive effects have led to
a fairly complete replacement of S-EMS by M-EMS
in the casting of billets as well as blooms up to the
largest section sizes (400 mm x 600 mm at BHP
Newcastle) in spite of the apparent advantage of S-
EMS, that of low cost, S-EMS being no more used
but for some special cases and as multistage
combination stirring. Opposing views against M-
EMS were expressed in the literature until the late
1990s emphasising on powder entrapment and
accelerated nozzle wear as a dangerous drawback.
Sub-mould stirrers 11 or Kombi stirrers 12 were
proposed on the market as apparent
countermeasures and the double coil M-EMS
concept was promoted with the purpose to brake the
rotational flow velocity at meniscus with the upper
stirrer acting as brake whilst maintaining strong
stirring intensity with the lower stirrer 13,14. It has
however been shown, that this concept is
detrimental to the internal quality of the billets 15,16
and that all these countermeasures are useless, if
stirring power, stirrer position and length of
submerged entry nozzle are correctly controlled 17,18
(chapters 5.1/5.3).
Thus today, the metallurgical superiority of M-EMS
has definitively superseded all other types, the two
predominant applications in billet and bloom casting
are M-EMS for low and medium carbon grades and
low alloyed grades, M+F-EMS for high carbon and
high alloy grades, both rotational type.
Published in La Revue de Métallurgie - CIT April 2003
1.2 Slabs: The quality improvements obtained on
billets and blooms have created the motivation for
an extensive development of slab EMS. Several
types of linear induction stirrers below the mould
(S-EMS) have been experimented in the late
1970s by IRSID-CEM 19, NSC 20, NKK 21, ASEA-
CONCAST 22 and AEG-ELOTHERM 23 as well as
a conductive stirring technology by Sumitomo
Metals 24. In Europe, the first plant trials were
carried out in 1978 with IRSID-CEM's In Roll EMS
at DILLINGER HUETTE in Germany, followed in
1980 by a second generation at USINOR Dunkirk,
succeeding in an important reduction of the
rejection rate of plates after ultra sonic testing due
to the control of centre porosity and centre
segregation19. In Japan, NSC's stirrers made the
continuous casting of ferritic stainless steels
viable by control of ridging 25. An impressive
number of slab casters has been equipped in the
1980s with one of the three types of NSC, ASEA
26
(later ABB) or IRSID-CEM 27 (later Rotelec). All
three have in common the use of horizontal
travelling fields, but they differ in the way they are
used (single- or multi-stage stirrer) and installed in
the machines (behind, between or inside the
rollers). For the casting of micro alloyed high-
strength steels, In-Roll stirrers provided the best
combination of stirring efficiency and slab support
28
. Adverse effects of S-EMS on resistance to
hydrogen-induced cracking were reported, subject
to dispute 29. Today, the main application of S-
EMS for slabs is to generate an equiaxed
solidification structure for Stainless steel, Silicon
steel, tube and plate grades, the latter in
combination with soft reduction.
The first trials with linear stirrers in the mould of
slab casters (M-EMS) have been started by
IRSID-CEM in 1978 at DILLINGER HUETTE in
Germany 30. Two vertical stirrers were installed
inside the mould behind the copper plates of the
broad faces. This application, called NETINEL
process, succeeded in a large improvement in the
subsurface quality of Al-killed low carbon slabs.
NSC has installed in 1981 a different type of M-
EMS at HIROHATA works 31, where two horizontal
stirrers, also located behind the copper plates of
the broad faces, create a rotational horizontal
motion of the liquid steel and thus permit to make
pseudo-rimming steels castable by suppression of
CO blow holes. This type of rotational M-EMS has
been largely applied to the NSC casters and
recently to third parties 32, because it provides in
addition to the blow hole suppression other
advantages such as equalising of surface
temperature and of shell growth, reduction of
surface inclusions and smoothing of oscillation
marks. With the evolution to higher casting speed
on the slab casters, a third type of M-EMS has
been developed by NKK on the Fukuyama slab
casters in the late 1980s and early 1990s in order
2
to avoid slag and powder entrapments and surface
defects generated by meniscus fluctuations 33. It
consists of four linear horizontal stirrers, installed V
two by two behind the back-up plates of the broad
mould faces, and of controlling the flow velocity in
-Fx
the mould by either accelerating (EMLA) or braking
(EMLS) the spouting stream of the incoming steel 34. N S
This EMS adjusts the meniscus flow velocity to an B
optimized operational window independently of
throughput and slab size. It represents a new +Fx
generation of sophisticated process control which
can no more be operated manually. The decision to z
slow down or accelerate and at what intensity is
made in real time by a predictive computer model in
function of slab size, casting speed, SEN
geometry/depth and argon flow rate. y
→
V
The latest tendency goes to a flexible multi-mode
MM-EMS system which can be operated in the
x
accelerating, braking or rotational stirring mode on
the same caster in order to suit a large range of Fig. 1 - Principle of rotational stirrer.
sections, steel grades and casting speeds 35.
been cut open on one side and unrolled into a flat
Although it does not correspond, strictly speaking, to unit. One thus obtains a stator creating a travelling
the definition of EMS, since it uses permanent field (figure 2). This travelling magnetic field
magnetic fields, we want to mention the induces a force in the slab, which points in the
electromagnetic brake (EMBR), which has been direction of travel, i.e. parallel to the large face of
developed in cooperation between KAWASAKI the slab.
STEEL and ABB in 1982 at KSC Mitzushima 36, and
which has been applied since then in different τ
versions (EMBR, Ruler 37, FC Mould 38) to a large
number of casters including thin slab casters. Vx
N S
2. ELECTROMAGNETISM Fx Fx

2.1 Principle Liquid steel cannot be moved

By - By
magnetically, since it is always above the Curie
temperature and thus nonmagnetic. We do not use Jz z - Jz
magnetic, but electro-magnetic stirring. In other y
words, we use electromagnetic forces like in an
electrical asynchronous AC motor. We distinguish x
between rotational and linear stirrers (inductors,
motors), the former applied to billet and bloom Fig. 2 - Principle of linear stirrer.
sections, the latter used primarily in slab casting.

A rotational stirrer acts like the stator of an AC

motor. It is fed by a three phase or sometimes two
phase power supply at frequency f and creates a
rotating magnetic field within its pole gap (figure1).
This magnetic field induces a torque over the section
of the billet or bloom passing through the stirrer. The
liquid steel consequently becomes the rotor and
rotates around the axis of the billet in a plane
perpendicular to the casting direction.
A linear stirrer can be thought of as the
transformation of a cylindrical inductor, which has
2.2 Faraday and Lorentz The stirrer
performance for both rotational and linear systems
is given by the stirring force F, more precisely by
the electromagnetic force density F (N/m3), which
depends on the relative velocity between liquid
steel and magnetic field and on the magnetic
induction B (Tesla or Gauss). Assuming that the
liquid steel velocity is small as compared to the
magnetic field velocity, we can replace the relative
velocity by the absolute velocity of the magnetic

Published in La Revue de Métallurgie - CIT April 2003 3

 By
field V (m/s) and obtain the following simple
relations:

Faraday's law, equation [1], says that the moving

magnetic field induces eddy currents J that are f1
perpendicular to V and B. Lorentz's law, equation
[2], says that the eddy currents J combined with the f2
magnetic induction B produce a force F that is
perpendicular to J and B ('three finger' rule) and
thus parallel to V: f3
→ → →
J=σVΛB [1] y
where σ is the electrical conductivity of steel
→ → → Fig. 3 - Magnetic induction B across the mold of a
F=JΛB =σ(VΛB)ΛB [2] M-stirrer operating at constant coil current and
different frequencies

In the rotational geometry of figure 1, the north pole
has become south and the south pole north after
half a period ν/2; thus the peripheral speed of the
rotating field is given by
V = π r / ν/2 = 2 π r f =: Vx
f being the frequency of the rotating field and of the
electrical power supply (assuming a two pole motor).
In the linear geometry of figure 2, the north pole
having become south after half a period ν/2, the
travelling speed of the field is
becomes smaller with increasing frequency.
Figure 3 shows the magnetic induction B across
the mould in the case of M-EMS. The main
decrease of B occurs in the copper tube of the
mould, because the copper has a much higher
[3] electrical conductivity than the steel. At 50 or 60
Hz, B would be almost zero inside the liquid steel
and the effect of the stirrer would no more be
stirring, but induction heating of the mould copper
tube. That's why mould stirrers operate at low
frequency.
1,3
Torque at Mould Wall (arbitrary units

1,2

V = τ / ν/2 = 2 τ f =: Vx
1,1
Sq100-Cu8.5
[4] 1,0
Sq130-Cu11
0,9
Sq160-Cu13
where τ is the pole pitch In both geometries, 0,8 Sq200-Cu16
0,7
equations [1] and [2] become 0,6
M EMS
0,5

Jz = σ Vx By [5] 0,4

0,3

Fx = σ ∝f
0,2

Vx By2 By2 [6] 0,1

0,0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15

i.e. the volume force generated by a given stirrer in Frequency (Hz)

a given point of the steel is proportional to the
power supply frequency and to the square of the
magnetic induction in the same point inside the
steel. (Equation 6 is a very rough simplification
assuming a homogeneous magnetic field inside
not moving metal, but it is sufficient to understand
the electromagnetic principles of EMS.)
2.3 Choice of frequency and performance
The magnetic induction B inside the steel depends
itself on the power supply frequency and becomes
the smaller, the higher the frequency. This relation is
shown qualitatively in figures 3 and 5, where f1 < f2
< f3. The phenomenon is related to the ‘’skin effect’’
according to which the eddy currents are
concentrated on the outer part of an electrical
conductor, if the frequency increases, because the
penetration of the magnetic field into the metal
Fig. 4 - Stirring torque versus frequency in different
product sections and mould thickness for a given
M-stirrer operating at constant coil current
The stirring force density F, being the product of
the term B2(f), which decreases with increasing
frequency, and of the term f as per equation [6],
has a maximum at a specific optimum frequency
fOP. This optimum frequency fOP is the smaller, the
bigger the copper thickness of the mould and, in
case of rotational EMS, the bigger the section
size. It can be computed exactly as function of the
geometrical conditions and of the type of copper.
Figure 4 shows this relation for different billet
sections and copper tube thickness calculated for
pure copper and for a given stirrer with inside
diameter 585 mm operated at a given coil current.
The optimum frequency is in the range of 8-9 Hz

Published in La Revue de Métallurgie - CIT April 2003 4

 Figures 3 and 5 are also valid for linear stirrers, if
for billets 100 mm2 and < 3 Hz for blooms 200 mm2.
two stirrers are placed on both large faces of a
The y-axis of that figure does not show the volume
slab with transverse flux coupling. In case of one
force F but the volume torque T at the mould wall.
linear stirrer on only one side of the slab, B
By decreases continuously over the full thickness of
the slab with increasing distance y from the stirrer.
Figures 4 and 6 remain qualitatively correct for
linear stirrers, if one replaces the section size by
the pole pitch, i.e. the optimum frequency fOP is
the smaller, the bigger the copper thickness of the
f1 mould and the bigger the pole pitch τ of the
f2 inductor. Quantitatively however, fOP is in the
range of 1-2 Hz for M-EMS and 4-5 Hz for S-EMS.

The above given values and figures are calculated

f3
y the liquid steel does not yet move. This
Fig. 5 - Magnetic induction across the strand section
of a S- or F-stirrer operating at constant coil current
different frequencies.
Figure 5 shows the case of S or F-EMS, where the
decrease of the magnetic induction B occurs inside
the steel with increasing penetration to the product
axis. Figure 6 shows the volume torque T at a liquid
pool radius equal to 30% of the corresponding
section versus frequency for different sections
calculated for a given stirrer with inside diameter 550
mm operated at a given coil current. The optimum
frequency is around 50 Hz for billets and around 25
Hz for blooms.
for the case of a starting torque or thrust of an
asynchronous electrical motor, i.e. assuming that
approximation is justified as long as the slip of our
motor is big, i.e. as long as the speed of the liquid
steel is small compared to the synchronous speed
of the rotating or travelling magnetic field given by
the frequency of the power supply.
The performance of stirrers cannot be compared
by comparison of the magnetic induction B in a
given point of space. This error however is
frequently committed by people who have to
choose between different suppliers. First, it
follows from equation [6], that the indication of B
alone without the frequency makes no sense.
Second, to obtain the performance of a stirrer, i.e.
the total torque of a rotational stirrer or the total
thrust of a linear stirrer, one obviously has to take
the integral of the volume force F over the cross
section of the liquid pool x,y and along the height

1,5

1,4

1,3 Sq150
Torque at 30% liquid pool diameter

1,2
Sq200
1,1

1,0
Sq250
(arbitary units)

0,9 Sq300
0,8

0,7

0,6
S,F EMS
0,5

0,4

0,3

0,2

0,1

0,0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

Frequency (Hz)

Fig. 6 - Stirring torque versus frequency in different sections for a given S- or F-stirrer operating at constant
coil current.

Published in La Revue de Métallurgie - CIT April 2003 5

 1,1
z of the stirrer. It is easy to understand that a longer 1,0

stirrer with same magnetic field strength in the

STIRRING FORCE F (arbitrary units)

D=50mm
0,9
D=150mm
center will have a bigger performance due to a 0,8 D=250mm
bigger integral of F over the height. It is less obvious 0,7 Linear EMS

to understand the importance of the integral over 0,6

y
y
the cross section x,y. This is illustrated in figure 7 0,5
DD
Fx

that shows the magnetic field and the torque in the 0,4

x,y plane of two rotational stirrers at two moments 0,3

when the direction of the rotating field is parallel to a 0,2

mould face (0°) or to the mould diagonal (45°). The 0,1

two-phase stirrer with four poles and coils is 0,0

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220 240

supposed to be less expensive than the three-phase SLAB THICKNESS y (mm)

stirrer with six poles and coils. Both have the same
magnetic induction on the axis ( and moreover same
pole width, same distance pole/steel, same Cu tube
180 mm2), hence the same performance according
to the above mentioned wrong idea. In fact, the
three phase stirrer has an almost perfect
homogeneous field (parallel field lines means
homogeneous) during its rotation and therefore
produces a torque that increases steadily from the
center to the mould wall and that is perpendicular to
the field lines. The two phase stirrer has a strongly
unhomogeneous field at any rotational position and
hence produces an irregular torque that becomes
strongly negative at a position perpendicular to the
main torque. Negative torque means pushing in
opposite direction. The resulting torque integral over
the x,y plane of the two phase stirrer is obviously
much smaller than that of the three phase stirrer.
2.4 Efficiency The closer the magnetic pole of the
stirrer to the liquid steel, the bigger is the magnetic
induction B and thus the stirring force F, all other
parameters being given. For rotational EMS, this
dimension is given by the pole gap, i.e. the inside
Fig. 8 - Stirring force across a 240 mm thick slab for
different distances D between stirrer and slab
surface.
diameter of the stirrer, which obviously depends
on the section size of the billet or bloom and, in
the case of M-EMS, on the choice to locate the
stirrer inside the mould assembly (internal stirrer)
or around it (external stirrer). For linear EMS, this
dimension is given by the distance D between
stirrer and slab surface, which in case of M-EMS
depends on the thickness of copper and back up
plates and in case of S-EMS on the choice to
install the stirrer behind, between or inside the
strand rollers. Figure 8 shows the stirring force
inside a 240 mm thick slab obtained with a given
stirrer (pole pitch 650 mm, frequency 4 Hz) for
different distances D between stirrer and slab
surface. The three curves with decreasing force
refer to only one stirrer at 50, 150 and 250 mm
distance from the slab surface, the symmetrical
curve refers to two identical stirrers on both sides
of the slab at 150 mm distance with transvers flux
coupling.

2 ph.

torque position 0° torque position 45°

3 ph.

Fig.7 - Magnetic induction (left) and torque (right) in the horizontal plane of two-phase (top) and three phase
(bottom) M-EMS.

Published in La Revue de Métallurgie - CIT April 2003 6

 N P1P2P3
B U
UMAX
I
IMAX
(a) (b)
Fig. 9 - a) Electrical diagram of a three phase stirrer; b) magnetic induction B versus coil current; c) voltage
U versus coil current at different frequencies f1 < F2 < F3; d) electrical apparent (S), active (P) and reactive
(Q) power
2.5 Electrical characteristics This paragraph
describes the electrical parameters of a stirrer with
the purpose to explain their meaning to non
electrical people:.
- The stirrer is a three phase (or two phase) inductor.
Each phase is connected on one side to its power
terminal P1, P2, P3 and on the other side to the
neutral N. The power terminals are connected to an
electrical power supply, the neutral N may be but
must not be connected to outside (figure 9a).
Coil current I of each phase, measured in Ampère
(A). Like in every three phase system I1 = I0 sin (ωt),
I2 = I0 sin (ωt+2π/3), I3 = I0 sin (ωt+4π/3), the sum of
the three currents is zero at any time. The current
can be modified by the electrical power supply
continuously from 0 to 100%. It is the setting value
for the stirring force (or torque), because coil current
multiplied by coil turns generates the magnetic
induction B measured in Gauss (figure 9b). For
technical reasons the coil current must be limited to
a maximum value which is given by the section of
the copper conductor used for the coils and by the
efficiency of the coil cooling.
- Voltage measured in Volt either between Phase
and Neutral (V) or between Phases (U), it then is
greater by a factor of √3 (U=V √3) in three phase
systems and by a factor of √2 in two phase systems.
The voltage increases with increasing coil current
because of the Ohmic resistance R of the coil
conductor and with increasing frequency because of
the inductance L of the coils. The voltage is not a
setting value, but results from the current and
frequency setting values. There is no theoretical
limitation for the stirrer voltage, however the design
voltage should be kept as low as possible for
security reasons in order to limit the earth leakage
currents and to obtain a good life time of the coil
insulation. In practical operation, the voltage is
limited by the design voltage of the power supply,
figure 9c.
- Power in alternating current circuits one has to
distinguish between apparent, active and reactive
Published in La Revue de Métallurgie - CIT April 2003
f3
f2 S(kVA) Q(kVar)
f1
I ϕ
(c) IMAX (d)
P(kW)
power. The apparent power S is the product of
voltage, current and number of phases (S=3 x V x
I) and is expressed in kVA. It is the vector sum of
two other components, the active power P
expressed in kW and the reactive power Q
expressed in kVar: S2 = P2 + Q2. The power factor
or cosϕ is the ratio of P and S: Pf =cosϕ =kW /
kVA, figure 9d. The active power P represents the
physical reality of spending energy to accomplish
a certain work, in the case of an electrical motor it
represents the heat generated by the currents in
the copper conductors and the mechanical work
furnished by the motor, in our case of the stirrer it
represents the heat generated by the coil currents
and by the eddy currents and the mechanical
work furnished to put the liquid steel into rotation.
The ‘’reality’’ of the active power is given by the
fact that current and voltage are in phase, that
means they have no time lack one against the
other. The reactive power is a ‘’virtual’’ power due
to the fact that current and voltage have a phase
shift of π/2, that means they oscillate with a time
lack between each other of a quarter of period,
one is maximum when the other is zero. This
phase shift is caused by the inductance L of the
coils. A hypothetical perfect motor with efficiency
100% would have a Pf = 1, that means apparent
power S = active power P, reactive power Q = 0.
Our stirrer which is a motor with very bad
efficiency has a power factor in the range of 0.3 to
0.5.
- Frequency f measured in Hz. It can be modified
by the electrical power supply continuously within
a certain range. It is the setting value for optimum
efficiency and is set as function of the copper
thickness and section size. The frequency is not
directly limited to a fixed range. However, for an
inductive electrical load like the stirrer the
electrical data current, voltage and power depend
all on frequency and therefore the frequency must
be specified to characterize a stirrer.
Imagine to operate the stirrer at its maximum coil
current and to increase the frequency: The
voltage will increase with increasing frequency
7
 Voltage (V) Current (A)
I=IMAX U=UMAX
frequency f (Hz) frequency f (Hz)
Fig. 10 - Voltage (V), current (A) and power (kVA) versus frequency below and above maximum coil current.
due to the fact that the stirrer is an inductive load
(the complex resistance R = jωL). When the voltage
has reached the limit given by the design of the
power supply, the frequency can still be further
increased, but the power supply will no more be able
to maintain the maximum coil current, because it is
designed for a maximum voltage and maximum
power. Because of these relations, it is convenient to
indicate the so called maximum frequency, which is
the frequency of maximum power up to which
maximum coil current can be maintained (figure 10).
It follows from above that a specification of a stirrer
in terms of voltage, current and apparent power
makes no sens, if the corresponding frequency is
not indicated.
3. FLUID FLOW
3.1 Flow velocity The stirring force acting on the
liquid steel generates a flow in form of one or
several recirculating loops. It is of interest to know
the order of magnitude of the flow velocity and the
extension in space of these loops or vortices in order
to imagine, understand or even simulate the
resulting metallurgical effects (chapter 4).
Optical observations of the rotating meniscus
obtained with M-EMS show velocities in the range of
0.5 - 1.0 m/s for billets or blooms 39 and 0.2 - 0.4 m/s
for slabs 31. Below the meniscus, the velocities can
no more be observed directly. Experimental
methods use sticks or paddles immersed in the steel
to deduct the flow velocity below the meniscus from
the inclination of or the force acting on the stick or
paddle. Still further down from meniscus, the flow
velocities can be evaluated from the deflection angle
of dendrites 40 between their normal direction
perpendicular to the solidification front and a
deviation pointing against the flow velocity. This
method permits to investigate the flow velocity
above and below the stirrer and thus gives an
information about the extension of the loops. In S-
Published in La Revue de Métallurgie - CIT April 2003
Power (kVA)
I=IMAX U=UMAX I=IMAX U=UMAX .
frequency f (Hz)
EMS of slabs, the extension of the flow pattern
can also be analysed from the position of the
white bands 19. Water models, frequently used for
slab flow simulations, can only simulate the
electromagnetic forces by propellers or by
injection of gas or water, and therefore can give
only qualitative information, but experimentation
with low melting metals permits the quantitative
measurement of the flow velocity in the space
above, inside and below the stirrer.
3.2 Linear or rotational flow Both types,
rotational as well as linear stirrers were initially
used for billets and blooms and arguments, based
more on intuition and commercial interest than
physical understanding of the process, were used
to promote the one or the other. Very soon,
however, rotational stirring proved to be better,
not only in terms of electrical efficiency but also in
terms of fluid-flow mechanics and metallurgical
results. Hydro-dynamically speaking, indeed, a
rotational movement can easily be generated in a
long product, as it naturally expands above the
stirrer by viscosity and below the stirrer by inertia.
In contrast, a linear movement rapidly decays
outside the area of influence of the driving force of
the stirrer. In addition, the strength of a linear
stirrer can only develop in a thick steel liquid pool,
i.e., if the section of the cast product is large. For
this reason, linear stirrers were rapidly abandoned
for billet casters and, nowadays, only a few
survive on bloom casters.
3.3 Rotational EMS for billets and blooms
As shown above, this is the most appropriate type
for billets and blooms. The decay of the rotational
velocity below the stirrer depends on the viscosity
of the liquid steel and the roughness of the
solidification front, i.e. on casting temperature and
steel composition. In M-EMS, the extension of the
rotational flow can reach more than 2 m below the
meniscus 4.
For EMS simulations with low melting metals,
Wood metal has been found to be more suitable
than mercury, because its physical properties like
8
 AB

z upper loop
y
rotational
flow
x
lower loop

Fig. 11 - Flow configuration of rotative stirring: a)Primary horizontal flow and secundary vertical recirculation
loops; b) flow configuration with upper stirrer acting as a braker; c) flow configuration with upper stirrer acting
as accelerator.

density, viscosity and surface tension are much
closer to those of steel. Such simulations have
confirmed the reality of a theoretically predicted 41
flow phenomenon, which then was proved important
for the understanding of M-EMS of billets and
blooms 18 (figure 11a): The primary effect of
rotational EMS is the generation of the horizontally
rotating movement. The rotational velocity close to
the wall (i.e. along line B in fig.11a) is maximum in
the middle of the stirrer, since the magnetic
induction and hence the stirring force is maximum
there. This rotation creates a radial pressure
gradient, such that the pressure near the wall is
greater than on the axis. Since the rotational velocity
decreases, if one moves vertically out of the centre
of the stirrer, the pressure near the wall is maximum
in the centre of the stirrer and decreases vertically
above and below this position. One obtains a new
vertical pressure gradient which drives the liquid
metal from the centre of the stirrer upwards and
downwards along the wall and thus creates the
upper and lower recirculating loops, figure 11a. In
the Wood metal simulation, we have measured the
vertical flow velocity along the line A in figure 11a
and found that it is surprisingly strong. In the case of
depth below the meniscus (mm)
cannot extend above the meniscus, the returning
flow velocity along the axis becomes very fast,
almost as fast as the primary rotational velocity,
and extends into the area below the centre of the
stirrer (figure 11b). Accelerating makes the
inverse effect. It decreases or cancels the vertical
pressure gradient near the wall and therefore
decreases or cancels the upper loop (figure 11c).
Based on the measurements of the flow velocity,
the total flow rate of the upper and lower loop has
been estimated and compared to the flow rate of
the incoming steel. In the case of single coil EMS
(without brake) it represents about 70% of the
incoming flow, in the case of double coil EMS with
strong brake it represents about 140% of the
incoming flow 17. One has to conclude, that the
vertical recirculation loops generate a flow of
liquid metal which cannot be neglected with
respect to the incoming steel and which therefore
must be relevant for the metallurgical effects. This
will be confirmed in chapter 4.
0
A Zst = -120mm

Zst =- 215mm
one single coil, figure 11a, the velocity of the upper -100 Zst = -310mm
and lower loop is in the range of 25% of the primary Zst

rotational velocity. The presence of the meniscus -200

creates a dissymmetry between the upper and the
lower loop. If the stirrer is moved upwards closer to
-300
the meniscus, the upper loop becomes smaller and
less intense, whereas the lower loop does not
change neither its extension nor its velocity (figure -400
12) 18.
-500
The double coil EMS permits to change the velocity -0.2 -0.15 -0.1 -0.05 0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2
profile above the stirrer by means of the braking or vertical velocity (m/s) on line A, Icoil = 150A
accelerating effect of the additional upper stirrer Fig. 12 - Absolute horizontal flow velocity of Wood's
(figure 11b,c). Braking strongly increases the vertical metal in a 150 mm2 mould for different stirrer
pressure gradient near the wall and therefore positions
strongly increases the upwards directed flow along
the wall of the upper loop. Since the upper loop

Published in La Revue de Métallurgie - CIT April 2003 9


3.4 Linear EMS for slabs The most frequently
used type of slab EMS is horizontal strand stirring S-
EMS, where the thrust of one stirrer pushes the
liquid steel horizontally and produces the "butterfly"
pattern with one loop above and one below the
stirrer, both rotating in the vertical plane of the slab.
Figure 13a shows a computer simulation of such
butterfly pattern 39 . Its flow velocity depends on
the stirring force generated by the stirrer, whereas
its extension is mainly influenced by the width of the
slab, since the flow has the tendency to be circular.
The number of loops and hence the vertical
extension of the flow can be increased by the use of
multi stage EMS. Figure 13b shows the "triple zero"
flow pattern obtained with double stage In Roll EMS
as evaluated experimentally from the position of
white bands 19. Increased extension of the loops
means better mixing of hot liquid from the upper part
with cold liquid from the lower part of the strand,
which in turn generates more equiaxed structure
(chapter4.2).
2,1m
stirring force
Fig. 13 - (Left) Computer simulation of S-EMS butterfly
flow pattern in slab obtained with one horizontal
stirrer. (Right) Triple zero flow pattern in 2,1 m large
slab obtained with double stage In-Roll EMS
The second type of slab stirring is EMRS, rotational
stirring in a horizontal loop in the mould. It is
generated by means of two linear stirrers placed
behind the large mould faces and operated with
inverse direction of the stirring force. Numerical
modelling of this configuration shows a fairly uniform
rotational flow in the area of the stirrer and a fast
decay of this flow below the stirrer 42. Such decay
appears plausible from the fluid mechanical point of
view, the opposite flows cancelling each other due to
the small dimension of the slab thickness as soon as
the stirring force disappears below the stirrer. In
other words, a vortex in the horizontal plane of the
slab decays rapidly below the stirrer and one should
Published in La Revue de Métallurgie - CIT April 2003
expect metallurgical effects only in the vicinity of
the stirrer, whereas the vortex in the vertical plane
of the slab rotates well and expands to regions far
outside the stirrer.
Double Roll Single Roll
Favoured by narrow slab, high Favoured by large slab, low speed,
speed, low Argon, deep SEN high Argon, shallow SEN
Fig. 14 - Double-roll and single-roll flow are the two
naturally stable flow configurations in the slab
mould.
The third type of linear EMS in slabs is basically
different. It is not used to generate recirculation
loops of liquid steel that in turn generate
metallurgical improvements. It is used to control
quantitatively the flow velocity of the existing
vortices in the mould that are generated by the
liquid steel poured into the mould through the
submerged entry nozzle. Conventional slabs are
cast with two port nozzles that generate a single-
roll or double-roll flow pattern (figure 14). Double-
roll flow pattern exists, if the liquid steel velocity
exiting the nozzle is high enough to hit the narrow
mould faces. It then splits into one part forming
the upward vortex and one part going
downward. This flow pattern is favoured by high
casting speed (high throughput), narrow slab size,
deep nozzle immersion and low Argon injection.
Single roll flow pattern exists, if the liquid steel
velocity exiting the nozzle is low enough to be
directed upward to the meniscus by the Argon
bubbles before reaching the narrow mould faces.
This flow pattern is favoured by low casting speed
(low throughput), large slab size, shallow nozzle
immersion and high Argon injection. The four
casting parameters slab width, casting speed,
nozzle immersion and Argon injection are
changing from one cast to another or even within
one cast. Therefore, the flow pattern is out of the
control of the caster operators and can switch
from one type to the other or even become
steadily unstable. Since the flow pattern strongly
influences the slab quality, the purpose of the
third type of slab EMS is to stop unstable flow
pattern, to transform single-roll into double-roll
pattern and to optimize the double-roll pattern in
that the upward flow velocity is not too low, not
too high, but quantitatively controled within an
optimum operational window. That is possible
with four linear horizontal stirrers installed two by
10
 Submerged single-roll flow pattern into an optimized double-
Meniscus Entry Nozzle Mold Plate roll flow by accelerating with stirring mode EMLA
Flow （SEN) at 450 Amp. The left-hand side diagrams show
liquid steel trajectories in a 2-D mathematical
simulation (the SEN is at the far left) and the
right-hand side diagrams represent steel
EMLS EMLS EMLA EMLA meniscus velocities (positive velocities go from
the SEN to the narrow face). Meniscus velocities
without EMLA at 0 Amp coil current are
represented in all three diagrams for reference.
Figure 17 shows a naturally established double
Travelling Direction Spouting Stream of roll flow pattern without stirring that is transformed
of Magnetic Field Molten Steel into a detrimental returning single roll by
excessive slowing down with EMLS mode at 380
Amp. That shows that wrong stirring settings must
Fig. 15 - Flow control in slab mould by braking (EMLS) be avoided. The modes EMLS and EMLA can
and accelerating (EMLA) the spouting stream. no longer be operated manually. Here we enter
into a new generation of sophisticated on-line flow
two behind the back-up plates of the broad faces in control. The decision to slow down or accelerate
the middle of the mould. They are operated either and at what intensity is made in real time by a
with a magnetic field travelling from the narrow predictive computer model in function of slab size,
mould faces inward to the nozzle thus slowing down casting speed, SEN geometry/depth and argon
the liquid steel exiting the nozzle, that is called the flow rate.
EMLS mode, or with a magnetic field travelling from
the nozzle outward to the narrow mould faces thus

3.4 Magnetohydrodynamics The flow velocity

Meniscus flow velocity

can be computed theoretically by the resolution of

Mold height (m)

Maxwell's and Navier-Stokes's equations. In the

(m/min)

1970s and 1980s, this type of MHD computations

has been carried out only for simplified cases in 1
Coil current = 0 A or 2 dimensions due to their extreme complexity.
In the 1990s, the computations have been
Half mold width (m) Half mold width (m) extended to three dimensions and numerical
modelling using commercially available codes has
become more easy. These simulations generally
Meniscus flow velocity

calculate the Lorentz force in the simplified

Mold height (m)

manner of equation [6] assuming the liquid steel

(m/min)

velocity to be small against the magnetic field

velocity and then introduce the Lorentz force as
Coil current = 250 A
an externally imposed force into a turbulent model
of the fluid mechanics. We will not go into the
Half mold width (m) Half mold width (m) details of such modelling within the scope of this
article. Further information can be found for
instance in the proceedings of the international
Meniscus flow velocity

symposiums on Electromagnetic Processing of

Mold height (m)

Materials, EPM, 1994 in Nagoya, 1997 in Paris

(m/min)

and 2001 in Nagoya.

The most simplified approach is one dimensional:

Coil current = 450 A Within the same simplifications of equation [6]
above, the flow velocity of the liquid steel U can
Half mold width (m) Half mold width (m) be expressed as function of the two stirring
parameters magnetic induction B and power
Fig. 16 - Transformation of a naturally single-roll flow supply frequency f by
into double roll forced by EMLA.
U = k B √f [7]

The constant factor k depends on the material

accelerating the liquid steel exiting the nozzle, that constants like density, viscosity, electrical
is called the EMLA mode (figure 15). Figure 16 conductivity etc and on the geometry of mould,
shows the transformation of a naturally established strand and stirrer. This phenomenological formula

Published in La Revue de Métallurgie - CIT April 2003 11

has been verified in experiments with mercury and
Wood metal 43. It can be used, within the
configuration of rotational stirring and a given
geometry, to describe the influence of the stirring
Meniscus flow velocity
Mold height (m)
(m/min)
Half mold width (m)
Meniscus flow velocity
Mold height (m)
(m/min)
Half mold width (m)
Meniscus flow velocity
Mold height (m)
(m/min)
Half mold width (m)
Fig. 17 - Transformation of a naturally double-roll flow
into returning single-roll forced by excessive EMLS.
parameters B or f or to transpose results from one
material to another. However it cannot be used to
predict absolute flow velocities for cases of different
stirrers and/or different geometries, since it contains
only a one-dimensional information. Therefore,
caution has to be paid to consider such velocity
values as an invariant criterion to obtain given
metallurgical results.
RESUMÉ EN FRANCAIS
BRASSAGE ELECTROMAGNETIQUE POUR
COULEE CONTINUE - Partie 1
Siebo Kunstreich (Danieli Rotelec, Bagnolet, France)
Le brassage électromagnétique (BEM) utilise des
champs magnétiques tournants ou glissants pour
générer des mouvements de l'acier liquide afin
d'obtenir des améliorations métallurgiques. Le
Published in La Revue de Métallurgie - CIT April 2003
Two dimensional simulations are necessary to
describe the butterfly or triple-zero flow pattern of
slab S-EMS as shown in figure 13. For that
purpose, it is enough to import the simplified
Lorentz force profile of equation [6] into the fluid
mechanical computation. However, for the
simulation of the single-roll/double-roll flow control
with EMLS/EMLA it is advisable to introduce the
electromagnetic coupling that considers not only
the effect of the imposed magnetic field via the
Lorentz force on the liquid steel velocity, but also
Coil current = 0 A
the effect of the liquid steel velocity via induced
Half mold width (m) currents on the magnetic field (figures 16,17).
Such two dimensional simulations are important to
work out the predictive computer models used in
the flow control of EMLS/EMLA operation. The
ever growing computation speed of the computers
might even permit in the near future to use these
simulations directly in on-line operation.
Coil current = 280 A Three dimensional simulations still need
considerable computation time and therefore are
Half mold width (m) not suitable for process control, at least for the
moment being. They are however extremely
useful for fundamental studies and basic
understanding.
To be continued with Part 2: 4. METALLURGY (4.1
Stirring intensity 4.2 Columnar to equiaxed transition
4.3 Surface and subsurface quality 4.4 White bands 4.5
Coil current = 360 A Center segregation 4.6 High carbon grades) 5.
INDUSTRIAL APPLICATIONS AND RESULTS (5.1
Half mold width (m) Different types for billets and blooms 5.2 Typical results
for M-EMS and M+F-EMS in billets and blooms 5.3
Negativ effects in billets and blooms 5.4 S-EMS for
slabs 5.5 Rotational M-EMS for slabs 5.6 EMLS-EMLA
5.7 Multiple Mode EMS) 6. CNCLUSIONS
Siebo Kunstreich, 60 years, diploma in
physics and doctor in physics of the
University of Munich, Germany. Member of
the board and Managing Director of
ROTELEC S.A.
présent article se limite à la coulée continue et
aux champs magnétiques alternatifs, il ne décrit
donc ni le brassage de l'acier dans les poches, ni
le frein électromagnétique, qui utilise des champs
statiques. L'article est divisé en deux parties. La
présente première partie commence par un
historique du BEM pour billettes, blooms et
brames. Elle décrit par la suite (chapitres 2 et 3)
les bases de l'électromagnétisme et des
écoulements de fluide nécessaires à la
compréhension du BEM. La partie 2, qui sera
publiée en juin 2003, présente les principes
12
métallurgiques (chapitre 4) ainsi que les applications
industrielles et leurs résultats (chapitre 5).
HISTORIQUE
Après quelques essais initiaux dans les années
1950 et 60, c'est dans les années 1970 que le BEM
a été développé systématiquement et en première
ligne par les métallurgistes de l'IRSID et les
ingénieurs de CEM. Le BEM fut d'abord appliqué au
produits longs dans le refroidissement secondaire
avec l'objectif d'améliorer la qualité interne des
billettes et des blooms par élimination des mini-
lingots et de la porosité interne, et par augmentation
de la zone equiaxe. La première installation
industrielle de brassage secondaire (S-EMS) date
de 1973 et a été réalisée par l'IRSID et CEM sur la
machine à blooms de 240 mm2 de la SAFE
(aujourd'hui Ascométal). En 1977, l'IRSID et CEM
développèrent le brassage en lingotière (M-EMS)
pour améliorer la qualité de surface et sous-cutanée
d'aciers calmés au silicium ou à l'aluminium et
coulés à jet ouvert. La première application fut faite
sur la machine à billettes/blooms et ronds, à 4 brins,
de l'ARBED à Eschweiler en Allemagne. Sur la base
de ces résultats industriels et de brevets de procédé
d'USINOR et IRSID, le brassage en lingotière fut
commercialisé à partir de 1977 par ROTELEC sous
le nom Procédé Magnetogyr®. Le début des années
80 fut caractérisé par l'application du brassage M
aux coulées avec busettes immergées et poudre.
KOBE STEEL et ROTELEC furent les premiers à
proposer la combinaison d'un brassage en lingotière
(M) et d'un brassage final (F) en fin de solidification.
Les premières installations M+F furent faites en
1981 et 1983, respectivement, par KOBE/SHINKO à
KOBE STEEL sur une machine à blooms et par
ROTELEC/KOBE à YODOGAWA STEEL sur une
machine à billettes. Des brasseurs linéaires ont été
proposés pour brassage secondaire ou final dans
les années 1980 et certaines variantes autour du
brassage en lingotière telles que le brassage "sub-
mould", "Kombi" ou "dual M" dans les années 1980
et 1990. Aujourd'hui, le brassage rotatif en lingotière
constitue la très grande majorité des applications
pour produits longs.
Le BEM de brames utilise exclusivement des
brasseurs linéaires. Le brassage secondaire (S-
EMS) a été développé à la fin des années 1970 par
ASEA-CONCAST, AEG-ELOTHERM, IRSID-CEM,
NKK, NIPPON STEEL et SUMITOMO afin
d'améliorer la santé interne. NIPPON STEEL était
le précurseur de son application aux nuances inox
permettant de contrôler le chiffonnage des inox
ferritiques, et USINOR Dunkerque de l'application du
double brassage aux nuances de tôles fortes,
permettant la réduction d'un facteur trois des rejets
de tôles au contrôle par ultrasons. Après des essais
en 1978 à DILLINGER HUETTE par IRSID-CEM
d'une version BEM en lingotière appelée NETINEL,
le brassage en lingotière de brames fut
essentiellement marqué par le brassage rotatif
(EMRS) développé par NIPPON STEEL en 1981 et
Published in La Revue de Métallurgie - CIT April 2003
installé depuis sur un grand nombre de ses
machines. Son propos est d'éliminer les
boursouflures en surface et en sous-cutané des
brames et d'homogénéiser la température du
ménisque et la première solidification. Dans le
cadre de l'évolution vers des vitesses de coulée
élevées, un troisième type de BEM pour brames a
été développé en fin 1980 - début 1990 par NKK.
Ici, il ne s'agit plus de créer un mouvement de
l'acier liquide pour obtenir des améliorations
métallurgiques. Il s'agit de contrôler
quantitativement la vitesse d'écoulement de l'acier
liquide au menisque par freinage (EMLS) ou
accéleration (EMLA) du jet liquide entrant dans la
lingotière. L'application la plus récente
développée à partir de 2000 est un système à
modes multiples (MM-EMS) qui peut être utilisé
en mode rotatif, accélérateur ou frein sur la même
machine, voire sur la même coulée, afin de
s'adapter à une large gamme de formats, vitesses
de coulée et nuances.
ELECTROMAGNETISME
Le principe électromagnétique du brassage rotatif
et linéaire est expliqué par analogie au moteur
électrique asynchrone, à partir des lois de
Faraday et de Lorentz. Les caractéristiques
électriques du brasseur, courant, tension,
fréquence et puissance, sont passées en revue
avec leur signification pratique. Il existe une
fréquence d'alimentation électrique optimale pour
chaque cas, par exemple au delà de 50 Hz pour
S- et F-EMS de billettes, en dessous de 10 Hz
pour M-EMS de billettes et blooms et le brassage
linéaire de brames. Le champs magnétique
(Gauss) ou la puissance électrique (kVA) ,
souvent indiqués en tant que critères de
performance, ne sont pas suffisants pour évaluer
la performance des inducteurs et n'ont pas de
signification si l'on ne précuise pas la fréquence.
Un brasseur rotatif bi-phasé, à même valeur de
champs sur l'axe, a une performance
considérablement inférieure à celle d'un brasseur
tri-phasé.
ECOULEMENT DE L'ACIER LIQUIDE Les
modes d'écoulement de l'acier liquide générés par
le BEM sont décrits pour les produits longs et
produits plats. Pour les produits longs, le
brassage rotatif est le mode quasi exclusif. L'effet
primaire du brasseur est la génération d'un
écoulement circulaire dans le plan horizontal. Cet
écoulement crée en tant qu'effet secondaire deux
boucles de recirculation axi-symétriques au
dessus et en dessous du brasseur. L'intensité de
ces boucles est du même ordre de grandeur que
la boucle primaire. C'est pourquoi on doit
comprendre le brassage rotatif en tant
qu'écoulement tri-dimensionnel, la réduction
habituelle à une image bi-dimensionnelle ne
13
permettant pas d'expliquer les effet métallurgiques
sur la santé interne du produit.
Dans les brames, on utilise trois types de brassage.
Le plus répandu est le brassage linéaire horizontal
sous la lingotière (S-EMS) qui, en version simple
brassage, crée deux boucles de recirculation
verticales de part et d'autre du brasseur, appelées
écoulement papillon, ou, en version double
brassage, trois boucles appelées écoulement triple
zéro. Plus ces boucles prennent de l'extension
verticale, plus l'effet métallurgique sur la santé
interne du produit est prononcé. Le deuxième type
est le brassage rotatif en lingotière (EMRS) qui est
généré par deux brasseurs linéaires poussant
horizontalement et en sens inverse le long des
larges faces de la lingotière. Contrairement au
brassage rotatif de produits longs, l'effet
métallurgique de ce brassage est limité au voisinage
du brasseur, parce que l'écoulement rotatif est
amorti rapidement en-dehors du brasseur. Le
troisième type de brassage est fondamentalement
différent, en ce que l'on ne crée pas un écoulement
pour obtenir des améliorations métallurgiques, mais
que l'on règle quantitativement la vitesse
d'écoulement au menisque de la brame. Ceci est
possible avec quatre brasseurs linéaires placés
deux par deux le long des larges faces de la
lingotière et fonctionnant soit avec champ glissant
vers l'intérieur, des petites faces vers la busette, en
ralentissant le jet d'acier sortant de la busette
(EMLS), soit avec champ glissant vers l'extérieur, de
la busette vers les petites faces de lingotière, en
accélérant le jet d'acier liquide (EMLA). Ce brassage
permet de convertir des écoulement instables ou de
mode simple-boucle en mode double-boucle à
vitesse optimisée, indépendamment des conditions
de coulée.
La magnétohydrodynamique calcule les
écoulements du métal liquide par couplage entre les
équations électromagnétiques (Maxwell) et de
mécanique des fluides (Navier-Stokes). De simples
approximations uni-dimensionnelles permettent de
relier la vitesse d'écoulement aux paramètres de
brassage à condition de rester dans une géométrie
donnée. Des approximations bi- et tri-
dimensionnelles sont utilisées pour simuler des cas
industriels.
Partie 2 à suivre avec 4. METALLURGIE ( 4.1
Intensité de brassage 4.2 Transition basaltique -
équiaxe 4.3 Qualité de peau et souscoutanée 4.4
Bandes blanches 4.5 Ségrégation axiale 4.6
Nuances haut carbon), 5. APPLICATIONS
INDUSTRIELLES ET RESULTATS (5.1 Divers types
pour billettes et blooms 5.2 Résultats typiques de M-
et M+F EMS 5.3 Effets négatifs dans billettes et
blooms 5.4 S-EMS pour brames 5.5 M-EMS rotatif
pour brames 5.6 EMLS EMLA 5.7 Multi-mode EMS
et 6. CONCLUSIONS
Published in La Revue de Métallurgie - CIT April 2003
FIGURES
1. Principe du brasseur rotatif
2. Principe du brasseur linéair
3 Induction magnétique B à travers la lingotière
d'un brasseur M fonctionnant à courant
constant et à differentes fréquences
4 Force de brassage d'un brasseur M à courant
constant en fonction de la fréquence pour
différentes sections de produit et épaisseurs de
cuivre
5 Induction magnétique B à travers le produit d'un
brasseur S ou F fonctionnant à courant
constant et à différentes fréquences
6 Force de brassage d'un brasseur S ou F à
courant constant pour différentes sections de
produit
7 Induction magnétique (gauche) et couple
(droite) dans le plan horizontal de M-EMS bi-
phasé (haut) et tri-phasé (bas)
8. Force de brassage à travers une brame
d'epaisseur 240 mm pour différentes distances
D entre brasseur et surface de brame
9. 9a: Schéma électrique d'un brasseur triphasé
9b: Induction magnétique B en fonction du
courant de bobines I
9c:Tension V en fonction du courant de bobines
pour différentes fréquences f1 < f2 < f3
9d: Puissance électrique apparente (S), active
(P) et réactive (Q)
10 Tension (V), courant (A) et puissance (kVA) en
. fonction de la fréquence en dessous et au delà
du courant maximal
11 Configuration d'écoulement du brassage rotatif:
. 11a: Mouvement horizontal primaire et boucles
verticales secondaires
11b: Configuration avec brasseur supérieur en
mode accélérateur
11c: Configuration avec brasseur supérieur en
mode frein
12 Vitesse d'écoulement horizontale absolue de
2
. métal de Wood dans une lingotière 150 mm
pour différentes positions du brasseur
13 Simulation d'un écoulement de BEM secondaire
. type papillon généré avec un brasseur
horizontal dans la brame
13b:Butterfly flow pattern in 2,1m large slab
obtained with double stage In Roll EMS
Ecoulement type papillon obtenu dans une
brame de largeur 2,1 m avec des rouleaux
brasseurs en double brassage
14 Les écoulements de type double boucle et
simple boucle sont les deux configurations
naturellement stable dans la lingotière de
brame
15 Contrôle l'écoulement dans une lingotière de
brame par freinage (EMLS) et accélération
(EMLA) du jet entrant
16 Transformation d'un écoulement naturel de type
simple boucle en double boucle forcée par
EMLA
17 Transformation d'un écoulement naturel de type
double boucle en simple boucle retournée
forcée par EMLS excessif
14
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