Fluid

Dynamic Viscosity:
Property of fluid which offers resistance to the movement of one layer of fluid over
another adjacent layer of the fluid. Unit is kgs/m2.

Kinematic Viscosity
Ratio between dynamic viscosity and density of fluid. Unit is m2/s

Newton’s Law of Viscosity states that shear stress is directly proportional to the velocity
gradient.

Surface Tension:
Tensile force acting on the surface of a liquid in contact with a gas or on the surface
between two immiscible liquids such that the contact surface behaves like a membrane.
Unit is N/m.

Rain droplets are formed due to this property.

Capillary Effect:

Phenomenon of rise or fall of a liquid surface in a small tube relative to the adjacent
general level of liquid when the tube is held vertically in the liquid.. If the fluid rises it is
called capillary rise or else it is called capillary depression.

Value depends upon specific weight of the liquid, diameter of the tube and surface
tension of the liquid.

Pressure:

Force acting per unit area of the fluid surface is called pressure..

Pascal’s Law:

Pressure at a point in a static fluid is equal in all directions.

Bernoulli’s Equation:

Assumptions are inviscid , steady, incompressible and irrotational flow. So when

applying to real fluids which are viscous losses have to be taken into consideration.

Pressure Head + Kinetic Head + Datum Head = constant.

Applications are Venturimeter, Orifice meter and Pitot tube.

Archimedes Principle:

Buoyancy

When a body is immersed in a fluid, an upward force is exerted by the fluid on the body.
This upward force is equal to the weight of the fluid displaced by the body and is called
the force of buoyancy.

Reynolds Number:

Ratio of Inertia Force to Viscous Force. Less than 2000 means laminar flow. If it is
greater than 4000 that it is turbulent flow.

Steady Flow
Fluid properties do not change with time.

Uniform Flow:
Velocity at any given time does not change with respect to space

Laminar Flow:
Fluid particles move along well defined paths or stream line and all the stream-lines are
straight and parallel.

Turbulent Flow
Moves in a zig-zag flow and eddy formation takes place.

Compressible Flow:
Density of fluid changes from point to point

Rotational Flow
Fluid particles while traveling along stream-lines, also rotate about their own axis.

Continuity Equation
Based on conservation of mass. States that discharge is constant.

Euler Equation:
States that net force acting on the fluid is the sum of gravity force, pressure force,
turbulent force and force due to compressibility. Assumption is that the flow is ideal i.e
the viscosity is zero.

Navier Stokes Equation:

It states that the net force is the sum of gravity force, pressure force, viscous force and
force due to compressibility. Assumption is that the flow is laminar.