136

PUBLICATIONS

English. Obviously the bibliography
is a limited literature reference. The
presentation of the reactions and
applications of castor oil are made
simply, that is. easy to understand.
but not in any detail. One would need
to go to the technical and patent liter-
ature 10 gain a complete understand-
ing of either the reaction or
application presented.
This monograph is a basic refer-
ence for those wishing a general
overview of castor oil reactions and
applications. It should find a place in
technical libraries, but probably nOI in
the personal library of the industrial
chemist.
Joseph G. Endres
Central Soya Company, Inc.
Fort Wayne. Indiana
New books
NIOP Trading Rules Book,
National l nstitute of Oilseed
Products, 2600 Garden Rd .. Suire
208. Monterey. CA 93940, $30 to
NIOP members, S50 to nonmembers.
plus shipping (S6 in U.S.; S13,
Canada and Mexico: $22 in Europe,
South America. North Africa; $30 in
Asia. Africa. Australia. New
Zealand, Middle East. Indian and
Pacific Ocean islands; and $32 to
Venezuela, Colombia. Philippines as
well as Caribbean and Central
American nations).
The Pedersen Memorial Issue,
guest editors R.M. Izatt and 1.S.
Bradshaw, Kluwer Academic
Publishers Group. Marketing
Department, PO Box 989, 3300 AZ
Dordrectu, The Netherlands, Dfl.
285.00, £98.00, 410 pages, 1992.
From The Intepharm Group of
Companies, 1358 Busch Parkway.
Buffalo Grove. IL 60089:
Drug, Device and Diagnostic
Manufacturing, 2nd Edition: The
Ultimate Resource Handbook, edit-
ed by Carol DeSain, $139,429
pages. 1992.
Fluid Sierilization by Filtration:
The Filler-Integrity Test and Other
Filtration Topics, by Peter Johnston.
$82.56,133 pages, 1992.
The Regulalion of Membrane Lipid
Metabolism, 2nd Edition, CRC
Press Inc., Lewis Publishers, 2000
Corporate Blvd. N.W., Boca Raton.
FL33431. $79.95. 241 pages, 1992.
Organized Solutions, Surfactants in
Science and Technology, Surfactant
Science Series, Vol. 44. edited by Stig
£. Friberg and Bjorn Lindman, $145.
410 pages, 1992. •

METHODOLOGY

Alternative methods to determine IV

Carbon tetrachloride will no longer be Series were asked to voluntarily per- (1989) with (he AOCS Cd Ib-S7
produced by the end of 1995. President form comparison studies between method (INFORM 3:1246 (1992)].
Bush, acting under the authority given cyclohexane and CC14 when analyzing The test was carried out on crude
him by the Clean Air Act of 1990, the IV of the check samples. Based on palm kernel and refined palm oil.
announced the phase-out in response to the results, cyclchexane became a sat- Comparing the 37 laboratories'
the Montreal Protocol on Substances isfactory replacement for CCI4 in the results on the analyses (ISO and
that Deplete the Ozone Layer which IV method for samples having an IV AOCS) for any sample. P-30-A (RBO
calls for a ban on chemicals in ques- of 120or less. For samples with an IV Palm Oil) or P-30-B (Crude Palm
tion, including carbon tetrachloride >120, especially fish oil, it was sug- Kernel Oil), a useful comparison on
(Chemical & Engineering News, Feb. gested that a longer reaction time is the influence of solvent choice was
17, 1992, p. 5). This could have major necessary. found (Table I).
implications on fats and oils analyses, In addition to the Smalley In summary of the first method,
but there are already three methods in Comparison Study. FOSFA coordi- both the AOCS and FOSFA studies
the AOCS Book of Methods used to nated a ring test comparing the show that AOCS Method Cd Ib-87
determine the iodine value (IV). Standard Wijs method ISO 3961 for determining IV does not give rise
The three methods are Cd Ib-B7.
Cd Ic-85 and Cd Id-92 (now available
Table 1
with the purchase or the 1992 Comparison of ISO 3961 with AOCS Cd 1b-87
Additions and Revisions), AOCS
Method Cd Ib-87 resulted from the Method Mean iodine vefues
completion of an AOCS Smalley ISO 396t (carbon tetrachloride) P30A P30-B
Comparison study [1. Am. Oil Chern. AOCS Cd 1b-8? (cyclohexune) 52.79 18.18
Slats (rom paired r-test P30-A P30-B
Soc. 65:745 (1988)] which used cycle- AVC11lge difference between ISO and
hexane as a 1; I replacement for CC14. AOCS detenninations -0.0775 -0.015
Smalley participants in the Edible FaLS. tI/ value 1.4 0.7
NIOP Fats and Oils, and Fish Oil aNeither are significant at the 95% confidence level.

INFORM, Vol. 4, no. I (January 1993)


10 values that arc statistically differ-
ent. Consequently. it can be slated
that the use of cyclohexane in place
of CCI4 as the solvent does not affect
the observed IV for titration of
triglyceride oils having IVs either
below 120 (Smalley) or between 18
and 52 (FOSFA).
The second method. AOCS Cd I d-
92, was adopted as a recommended
practice in the 1992 Additions and
Revisions and uses cyctohcxane and
glacial acetic acid (I: I, v/v) as a
replacement for CCI4•
The results of an ISO/lUPAC
comparison study between cyclohex-
ane + acetic acid and CCI4 [INFORM
1:484 (1990)1 showed excellent
agreement, except with hydrogenated
soybean oil. Reaction times were one
hour for all samples, except crude fish
oil and tung oil (IVs of [09 and 164,
respectively) in which a two-hour
reaction was used (this is recom-
mended with IV > 150). The
ISO/IUPAC results strongly suggest-
ed that longer reaction times are nec-
essary when using cyctohexane to
determine the IV of high IVoils.
Lastly, the third method, Cd Ic-85,
calculates the IV from GLC fatty acid
composition. This technique is not a
rapid method but does obtain two
results from one analysis. Please note
that for oils with an unsaponifiable
content >0.5% (fish oils) the calcula-
tion tends to be low.
FOSF A harmonization acttvutes
On Dec. 8, AOCS Technical Director
David Berner traveled to London to
attend the FOSFA Harmonization of
Analytical Methods meeting. Re-
presentatives from international groups
such as British Standards Institute,
PORIM (Palm Oil Research Institute of
Malaysia) and IUPAC (International
Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry)
met to discuss the methods of analysis
of fats and oils and otlseeds. More
specifically, the results of collaborative
tests on Lovibond Color, determination
of Ilashpoint and hexane levels in sol-
vent extracted oils were reviewed. In
METHODOLOGY
addition, the methods of analysis and
results of a FOSFA International ring
test dealing with glucosinoletes in mpe-
seed were discussed. Lastly, the impact
of analytical reagents to the environ-
ment and JUPAC proposals on analyti-
cal methodology were examined.
Berner presented the AGCS
Harmonization Activities of
1991-1992. including: (a) revision of
procedures for statistical analysis, (b)
completion of a standarized method for
SFC by NMR and the FAME(fAG
study that standardizes GC procedures
and methylation methods. (c) continua-
tion of Irons fatty acid by IR and
GLCf[R and the development of statis-
tics for the acid value Method Ce 5a-40
through the Smalley program, (d) no
action on AOCS peroxide value and oil
content method, and (e) listing of
FOSFA recommended international
trade methods for '93 Additions &
Revisions to the AOCS Official
Methods and Recommended Practices.
Committee meetings
The Commercial Fats and Oils
Analysis Committee and the Uniform
Methods Committee (UMC) met in
Chicago on Nov. 23, 1992. The
Commercial Fats and Oils Committee
discussed standardization of the
Mettler dropping point apparatus and
plans for a collaborative study of the
dropping point methods during 1993.
Other projects discussed included
results from a collaborative study of a
method for determining citric acid in
oils, chlorophyll method and potential
improvements to the isooctane method
for determining peroxide value.
The final results of the internauon-
al study on the determination of solid
fat content by NMR were reviewed.
Concerns were expressed about com-
pletion of work on the method and the
continuation of the NMR committee
following the resignation of the com-
mittee chairperson, who had been
reassigned by his company.
The UMC review tile status of the
1992 Additions and Revisions, the
review of methods for the 1993 print-
137
ing of the Official Methods and
Recommended Practices, the use of
surveys to improve technical program
and possible updating of the
Mehlenbacher book, Analysis of Fats
and Oils. Methods about which there
were particular concerns included Q-
monoglycerides, with the recommen-
dation to update and correct Cd II-57
and to research an HPLC that would
provide results of monoglycerides,
diglycerides, rrlgtycertdes and free
fatty acids from one analysis; methyla-
tion procedure, with the recommenda-
tion to consider the adoption of a
base-catalyzed methods. Methods pro-
posed for adoption in 1993 included
determination of pesticides in oils and
fats, determination of protein nitrogen
by combustion (AOAC International
methods), and FOSFA International
method for the determination of the
oils content of otlsecds. The UMC will
meet Wednesday, April 28, 1993. in
Anaheim during the AOCS-JOCS
Annual Meeting and Exposition.
Additions and revisions
The 1992 Additions and Revisions to
AOCS Official Methods and Recom-
mended Practices was mailed during
December to persons who had placed
orders by Dec. I. Persons who wish
to receive the set should order now;
orders will be filled in the order in
which they are received. The 1992
updates include 10 new methods
(based on collaborative studies) and
45 revisions to existing methods.
A & A Laboratories
A & A Laboratories in Springdale,
Arkansas. has been added to the list
of laboratories certified by AOeS for
analysis of soybean meal.
The laboratory's address is 100
Backhus , Springdale, AR 72764
(phone: 50 1-756-1270). Approved
chemists on staff are Gordon L.
Whitbeck and John Dillard. •
This repon was prepared by Janet
Steiner. AOCS technical department
assistant,
tNFORM,Vol. 4. no. 1 (January 1993)