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A REVIEW OF INNOVATIVE RURAL ROAD CONSTRUCTION

TECHNIQUES
Deepak Tiwari1, Manoj Sharma2, A.S.Trivedi3
1
PG Scholar, Civil Engineering, IPS–CTM, Gwalior (M.P)
2
Asst prof, Civil Engineering, IPS–CTM, Gwalior (M.P)
3
Prof, Civil Engineering IPS–CTM, Gwalior (M.P)
Email: deeptiwari6200@gmail.com1, manojsharma623@ymail.com2
ashnriju@rediff.com3
Abstract Roads Development in India. The rural
Rural Roads Connectivity is one of the key for connectivity is expected to have many positive
rural development, as it promotes access to impacts on economy, agricultural, employment
economic and social services, generating and social services to rural masses. India is
increased agricultural income and distinguished for its geographical diversities
employment. While building rural roads, the with mountains, hills, rivers terrains, forest, wet
provisions based on the parameters that affect lands, deserts and scattered habitations in remote
the sustainability a t minimum cost. The areas. Also, there exists a wide range in the sub-
conventional methods and specifications tend grade soil types, rainfall, traffic pattern and
to recommend technology and materials, availability of construction materials. These
however difficult and distance away they may natural barriers create problems for developing a
be, which normally result in higher cost of standard uniform technique to serve the
construction. This call for introduction requirements at all the sites. This requires
innovative approaches in rural roads building adoption of different technologies based on site
for achieving cost-effectiveness. Though such specific conditions. For the construction of Rural
methods and technologies were tried world Roads, Indian Roads Congress has brought out
over, they could not become popular in India, Rural Road Manual IRC SP: 20-2002 for design
due to procedural constraints and lack of and construction. The design is based on the
awareness. An attempt is made to bring in CBR value of the soil sub-grade and the 10 years
together innovative technologies and discuss projected cumulative traffic with an assumed 8%
their positive impacts so as to convince the traffic growth per year. Based on this concept,
field engineers in adopting such technologies normally two layers of WBM with 75 mm
at placed found effective.  thickness is laid over the granular sub-base with
INTRODUCTION suitable material having minimum 16% CBR.
About 800 million people of India live in nearly However, there are situations in many states
3 lakh villages scattered all over the country. where the prescribed standards are not available
Roads provide the means to bring the rural at normal leads resulting in longer haulage and
population on to the main stream. The State and higher costs. If the locally available materials,
Central level, through different programs, about including marginal and industrial waste
50% of habitations in the country are still not materials are utilized, it could be possible to
connected by all- weather roads. As a Poverty reduce the cost of road construction. Several
reduction strategy, PMGY was launched as a types of new materials are tried to establish the
100% centrally funded programme for Rural efficacy of new materials in road construction.

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However, the use of new materials and implemented, the use of other materials is not so
technologies is not becoming popular owing to widely adopted except for in- plant roads.
certain procedural constraints as well as lack of However, construction technologies with the use
awareness and therefore appropriate steps may of such materials can also be successfully
have to be taken for popularizing the new adopted, if the field engineers are properly
technologies for building better rural roads with trained.
Studies were carried out on the use of waste
less cost. Adoption of such technique may also
materials like rice husk ash and lime sludge.
result in the conservation of natural resources,
These materials, if left un-used, may affect the
energy environment
surroundings and also create problem for their
2. SOIL IMPROVEMENT TECHNIQUE
disposal. Use of those waste materials in road
One of the proven technologies for the use of
construction can alleviate the problem of their
local soil and marginal aggregates is
disposal to great extent. In India, studies were
stabilization. The stabilization can be
conducted at CRRI, IIT Roorkee and several
mechanical or chemical and several types of
other places for their use in stabilizing the soil.
stabilizing agents have proved to be suitable
The results indicated that heir usage has great
under different conditions of soil and impact on the improvement of soil properties.
environment. The soil stabilization techniques The studies suggested that they are very useful
include: for stabilizing clayey soils. The summary of the
 Stabilization with lime. results indicate the following.
 Stabilization with cement.  Improve Atterberg limits to make soil
 Stabilization with a combination of lime suitable for road building.
and cement  Increase the unconfined compressive
Specifications for soil stabilization are included strength of soil as well as CBR
in both MoRT&H and MoRD book of
specifications their adoption is not getting 3. Innovation in Soil Improvement
popular, due to problems associated in attaining Recently several environmental friendly
homogeneity of soil-stabilizer mix in the field enzymes have come into the market such
and achieving the desired results. The only
Fujibeton, Terrazyme and Renolith. These
constraint in the use of the above techniques lies
product indicates minimization, elimination of
on the procedures adopted in the field. It is
possible to popularize the use of stabilization the use of aggregate. Such materials can also be
techniques through appropriate training and tried in the rural roads construction after proving
capacity building of the field engineers. Further, their efficacy in the Indian conditions.
development of low end technology equipment,
4. Soil Stabilizing Agent
for use in the rural roads also facilitates wider
The Fujibeton material is climatically stable
use of these methods.
material and suitable for stabilization of all types
In addition to the above, several methods are of soils.The product is an inorganic polymer that
being tried with the use of industrial waste by chemically binds with all compounds, where
products in road building. The following are blended with ordinary Portland cement in 1 to
some of the important materials which have 5% by weight of OPC. The blended mix which
proved good. is used for stabilization of soil that improves the
 Fly Ash for the construction of the properties of soil.
embankments and stabilization of sub- The design concept is based on the optimization
base and base-courses. of agent mix for stabilization based on
 Steel and copper slag for the unconfined compressive strength results,
construction of sub-base and base determined on the given soil for different
course proportions of soil-Fujibeton mix and
 Marble dust in sub-grade and sub base. calculation of the thickness of the stabilization
Though the construction of different elements of layer based on design CBR test, wheel load and
the road with Fly Ash has been successfully volume of traffic. The top layer of the pavement
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should be covered with 4 to 6 cm asphalt transverse section of slopes.


concrete. This technology is used in strengthening of
Soil agent improves CBR of the sub-grade and layers of un-surfaced roads, in base layers and
does not create shrinkage cracks and is highly sub-base layers covered with asphalt material.
effective for clayey/soils. With Fujibeton, a high Among the soil materials stabilized by
dry density is obtained with minor compaction. Terrazyme are sandy clay, silty clay, sandy silt,
Small equipment like tractor mounted plastic and non-plastic clay, sandy loam, fine
equipment are sufficient. Also, this technology loam, loam mixed with clay.
does not require skilled manpower for road 3.2 Soil Cement Renolith Stabilization
construction. This technology is efficient and Technique:
economical for construction of embankment and
sub-grade & sub-base course. Renolith is polymer based chemical, which is
environmentally friendly and which facilitates
3.1 Terrazyme is a natural, non-toxic; the bonding of soil particles Soil-cement with
environmentally safe, bio-enzyme product agent has a high modulus of elasticity and can
that disperse the wheel loads very effectively. It is a
Technologies in Rural Roads Construction semi-rigid material. A feature of this technology
is that it requires very little amount of aggregate,
There are several other techniques that can be which is useful at places where the material
adopted in conditions of low bearing capacity haulage is more. The use of agent, when used in
soils, marshy lands and location with drainage soil stabilization with cement, gives strong and
problems such as the use of geo- textiles. Several durable base. This type of construction does not
types of geo-textiles including synthetic, jute require surfacing for low volume roads, since the
coir etc. are proved to give good results and base course is stabilized.
provide cost effectiveness for rural roads.
reinforcement. It is environment friendly. Jute
Use of Jute Geo-textile Geo- textiles can be more effective, eco-friendly
Jute Geo-textile is a kind of natural technical and economical if used judiciously and jointly
textile laid in or on soil to improve its with other measures. Based on the experiences of
engineering properties. It is made out of yarns the use of Jute Geo Textiles, MoRD in
obtained form the jute plant. Jute Geo Textiles collaboration with JMDC is implementing a pilot
have high moisture absorption, high initial project in five States covering a length of about
tensile strength, bio- degradable and improved 58 Km under different soil and environmental
soil structure on degradation. The basic functions conditions
of JGT are separation, filtration, drainage and
initial. improves engineering qualities of soil This project is taken up with different types of
reduces ruts and potholes resulting in more Jute Geo –Textile and placement at different
durable and longer lasting roads. The function of levels. The post construction performance
agent is to minimize absorbed water in the soil monitoring is expected to give valuable data for
for maximum compaction, which decreases the arriving at standards and specifications of this
technique which helps for wider application.
swelling capacity of the soil particles and
The project is in progress and the results are
reduces permeability. The application of agent
expected shortly.
enhances weather resistance and increases load-
bearing capacity of soils especially in 4.1 Flexible-Concrete Pavement Technology
clayey/soils. This will provide cost effectiveness IIT has developed a new technology for low
both in the initial construction cost and cost cement concrete road construction, which
maintenance cost. has proved to be suitable in place of
Advantages of Terrazyme Technology conventional Cement concrete roads for low
Improvement in soil CBR. volume traffic. Even though the initial cost of
Minimum loss of gravel due to erosion or flexible-concrete road is high compared to cost
abrasion by the traffic preserving original of conventional flexible pavement, the life cycle

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cost with maintenance costs over a period of 15- conservation of material. This results in
25 years is less compared to the conventional reduction .
one. The technology consists of placing a form
work of plastic cells 150 x 150mm and 100mm The noteworthy feature of soil-Cement-Renolith
deep over the prepared foundation of road and Stabilization that it requires very little
placing zero slump concrete in the cells and 4.2 Use of waster plastic Blended Bitumen
compacting with road roller/ plate compactor /
earth rammer. On curing, a flexible-concrete To improve the performance of bituminous
pavement is obtained which will not wear even mixed used in the surfacing course of roads. the
under iron tired carts if aggregates of good used of re-cycled plastic, mainly polyethylene, in
quality are used. A model rode has already been the manufacture of blended indicated reduced
constructed in a village close to Kharagpur permanent deformation in the form of rutting and
using the technology IITGP- reduced low temperature cracking of the
Road.Experimentation through pilot project for pavement surfacing. Laboratory studies were
the IITGP-Road technology is being tried I the carried out at the Centre for Transportation
construction of the rural rods under PMGSY, so Engineering of Bangalore University, in which
as to enable standardization and popularization the plastic was used as an additive with heated
of this cost effective solution. bitumen n different proportions (ranging from
zero to 15% by weight of bitumen) The results of
Case Studies in India:
the laboratory investigations indicated that, the
 length of roads around 1000 m in various addition of processed plastic of about 7.8% by
stretches were constructed using waste weight of bitumen, helps in substantially
plastic as an additive in bituminous mix
under the scheme “1500 km Plastic Tar improving the stability, strength, and other
Road”, and found that, the performance desirable properties of bituminous concrete mix,
of all the road stretches are satisfactory. even under adverse water-logging conditions.
 The performance of the road stretches The additions of 9.0% by weight of processed
constructed using waster plastic in plastic for the preparation of modified bitumen
Karnataka is also found to be results in a saving of 0.5% bitumen by weight of
satisfactory. the mix or about 8.5% bitumen per cubic meter
The construction of roads using Waste Plastic in
of BC mix in the cost of construction. A typical
the above states is based on the guidelines analysis for saving of cost in terms of material,
developed by Bangalore University. standard machinery and labor for two layers of WBM (75
specifications are not available on the use of mm each) and 3.75 m carriageway indicate a
waste Plastic in Bituminous road Construction. saving of about Rs. 8.0 lakhs with medium lead.
In this regard, IRC was specially requested by
NRRDA for the preparation of such Guidelines It Is not only the reduction of cost, but the real
for enabling the construction of Rural Roads interesting part of this is the conservation of
under PMGSY using Waster Plastic. In order to natural resources and energy along with
facilitate the development of Guidelines on this, preservation of the environment, which gives
an Expert Group has been appointed by NRRDA long way, if such aggregate free construction of
for preparation of interim guidelines for the use rural roads are encouraged and popularized
of Waste plastic which will be sent to IRC for CONCLUSION
approval and releasing as IRC guidelines. From the above discussions, the following
Impacts of Innovative Technologies conclusions can be drawn:
Fujibeton can used to improve CBR for the
The stabilization of soil with Enzyme based sub-grades by about 2.6 times. Simple tractor
stabilizers like Fujibeton, Terrazyme and mounted agriculture equipment can be
Renolith, can eliminate the need for the use of employed for construction and Economy in
aggregate material in base course resulting in construction when aggregates are to be brought

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from far off distance as well as due to reduced availability of suitable standard equipment.
thickness of sub base / base course.
During the implementation of such Projects the
Terrazyme increases CBR of soil sub-grade by field engineers are to be taken into confidence
more than 100%. Impedes widespread and need to be involved eight form Project
occurrence of dust from loose fine material in Preparation. All technical and implementation
the surface of the soil roadways and reduces processes are to be meticulously documented
cost of construction by 15-20%. The roads which become handy in the disseminations
constructed using Terrazyme minimizes the process for exposing more field engineers to the
material loss of gravel from erosion or technologies. This will instill confidence among
abrasion by the traffic on the soil roadways them and large scale adoption of these
preserving original transverse section and
technologies would become possible. These
slopes and impedes widespread occurrence of
projects also brings out the cost effectiveness and
dust from loose fine material in the surface of
conservation of natural resources that may lead
the soil roadways.
to environmental preservation in the long run.
amount of aggregate, performs with increased
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