Table of Contents

Table of Contents
Chapter I Introduction
Chapter II Theory and Literature
2.1. Pitot Tube
2.2. Total Pressure
2.3. Static Pressure
2.4. Velocity Distribution
2.5. Free Stream Velocity
2.6. No Slip Condition
2.7. Boundary Layer
2.8. A Simple of Calculation Air Density
2.9. Gravity Acceleration
2.10. Differential Pressure Behind The Inlet Free Stream Velocity
2.11. Differential Pressure Over a Plate in The Test Section
Chapter III Methode of Experiment
3.1. Tools and Materials
3.2. Instructions
3.3. Data of Experiment
3.4. Table
Chapter IV Discussion
Chapter V Conclusion
Bibliography
 CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION
Aerodynamicists use wind tunnels to test models of proposed aircraft and engine
components. During a test, the model is placed in the test section of the tunnel and air
is made to flow past the model. Various types of instrumentation are used to determine
the forces on the model. There are four main types of wind tunnel tests.
In some wind tunnel tests, the aerodynamic forces and moments on the model
are measured directly. The model is mounted in the tunnel on a special machine called
a force balance. The output from the balance is a signal that is related to the forces and
moments on the model. Balances can be used to measure both the lift and drag forces.
The balance must be calibrated against a known value of the force before, and
sometimes during, the test. Force measurements usually require some data reduction or
post-test processing to account for Reynolds number or Mach number effects on the
model during testing. It is very important in data reports to always specify the reference
value of variables used in data reduction.
In some wind tunnel tests, the model is instrumented with pressure taps and the
component performance is calculated from the pressure data. Total pressure
measurement is the normal procedure for determining aircraft inlet performance.
Theoretically, the aerodynamic force on an aircraft model could be obtained using
pressure instrumentation by integrating the pressure times an incremental area around
the entire surface of the model. But, in practice, pressure integration is not used because
of the large number of taps necessary to accurately resolve pressure variations. Airfoil
drag can be determined by integrating the total pressure deficit in the wake created by
a wing model.
In some wind tunnel tests, the model is instrumented to provide diagnostic
information about the flow of air around the model. Diagnostic instrumentation includes
static pressure taps, total pressure rakes, laser Doppler velocimetry, and hot-wire
velocity probes. A diagnostic test does not provide overall aircraft performance, but
helps the engineer to better understand how the fluid moves around and through the
model. There are a variety of flow control devices that are employed to improve
performance of the aircraft, if the local flow conditions are known. Depending on the
type of instrumentation used in the experiment, steady state flow or unsteady, time-
varying, flow information can be obtained. The engineer must use some experience
when employing flow diagnostic instrumentation to properly place the instruments in
regions of flow gradients or separations.

1.1.Purpose of Experiment
a. Dapat mengetahui cara pengujian menggunakan wind tunnel
b. Dapat mengetahui apa itu boundary layer
c. Dapat menjelaskan lebih detail apa itu boundary layer
 CHAPTER II THEORY AND LITERATURE
2.1. Pitot Tube
Tabung pitot adalah instrumen untuk melakukan pengukuran tekanan
pada aliran fluida. Tabung pitot ditemukan oleh insinyur berkebangsaan Prancis, Henri
Pitot pada awal abad ke 18, dan dimodifikasi oleh ilmuwan berkebangsaan
Prancis, Henry Darcy di pertengahan abad ke 19 . Tabung pitot telah digunakan secara
luas untuk menentukan kecepatan dari pesawat terbang dan mengukur kecepatan
udara dan gas pada aplikasi industri .
Tabung pitot sederhana terdiri dari tabung yang mengarah secara langsung ke
aliran fluida. Tabung ini berisi fluida, sehingga tekanan bisa diukur dengan perubahan
tinggi dari fluida tersebut.
Pitot tubes are instruments to perform measurements of the pressure on the fluid
flow. Pitot tube was invented by France-born engineer, Henri Pitot in the early 18th
century, and modified by the France-born scientist Henry Darcy in the mid 19th century.
Pitot tubes have been used extensively to determine the speed of the aircraft simple and
measure the speed of the air and gas in industrial applications.
A simple pitot tube consists of a tube which leads directly to the fluid flow. This
tube contains a fluid, so that the pressure can be measured by changes in the height of
the fluid.

2.2. Tekanan Total

Di Atmosfir, beberapa tekanan statis selalu diberikan, tapi untuk tekanan
dinamis akan diberikan jika ada gerakan tubuh relatif terhadap udara. Tekanan Total
adalah jumlah dari tekanan statis dan tekanan dinamis. Tekanan Total juga dikenal dan
disebut sebagai dampak tekanan, tekanan pitot atau bahkan tekanan ram.
In the atmosphere, some of the static pressure is always given, but for dynamic
pressure will be given if there is a movement of the body relative to the air. The Total
pressure is the sum of the static pressure and dynamic pressure. The Total pressure is
also known and referred to as impact pressure, pitot pressure or even the ram pressure.

2.3. Tekanan Statik

Tekanan statik atau tekanan thermodinamika pada persamaan Bernoulli adalah
tekanan fluida yang diukur oleh alat yang bergerak bersama dengan fluida. Kondisi ini
sangat sulit diwujudkan, namun dengan kenyataan bahwa tidak ada variasi tekanan pada
arah penampang tegak lurus aliran, maka tekanan statik dapat diukur dengan membuat
lubang kecil pada dinding aliran sedemikian rupa sehingga sumbunya tegak lurus
dinding aliran (wall pressure tap). Cara lain adalah dengan memasang probe atau tabung
pitot pada aliran fluida jauh dari dinding aliran.
Static pressure or thermodinamika pressure at Bernoulli equation is the pressure
of the fluid being measured by the tool moves along with the fluid. This condition is
very difficult to be realized, but with the fact that there is no pressure in the direction
perpendicular to the flow cross section, then the static pressure can be measured by
making a small hole in the wall of the flow in such a way so that its axis perpendicular
flow wall (wall pressure tap). Another way is to install a pitot tube or probe on fluid
flow away from the wall of the flow.

2.4. Velocity Distribution

2.5. Kecepatan Free Stream

2.6. No Slip Condition

When a fluid is forced to flow over a curved surface, such as the back side of a
cylinder at sufficiently high velocity, the boundary layer can no longer remain attached
to the surface, and at some point it separates from the surface—a process called flow
separation. The no-slip condition applies everywhere along the surface, even
downstream of the separation point.
The no-slip condition is a model for fluids flowing around rigid bodies. it is
used to model viscosity effects of the flow around the solid body. Basically, the no-
slip condition states that the flow velocity around the body is very low, and at the
body surface the velocity is zero.

2.7. Boundary Layer

Konsep lapisan batas pertama kali dikemukakan pada tahun 1904 oleh Ludwig
Prandtl, seorang ahli aerodinamika Jerman. Sebelumnya, analisa aliran fluida terbagi
menjadi dua konsep dasar, yaitu aliran tanpa pengaruh gesekan yang dikemukakan oleh
Leonhard Euler seorang ahli hidrodinamika pada tahun 1755. Analisa aliran tanpa
gesekan dinyatakan dalam persamaan Euler. Dengan banyaknya kontradiksi pada hasil
eksperimennya, persamaan Euler dijelaskan lebih rinci untuk kondisi aliran bergesekan
oleh Navier pada tahun 1827, lalu oleh Stokes pada tahun 1845, yaitu persamaan
Navier-Stokes.
Pada saat aliran fluida bergesekan, terjadilah sebuah gesekan. Pengaruh gesekan
akan menimbulkan lapisan batas dan akhirnya disebut dengan boundary layer (lapisan
batas)
Boundary layer (lapisan batas) adalah suatu lapisan yang terbentuk disekitar
penampang yang dilalui oleh fluida tersebut, karena mengalami hambatan yang
disebabkan oleh beberapa faktor, seperti faktor gesekan, dan efek- efek viskos.
The boundary layer concept was first put forward in 1904 by Ludwig Prandtl in
aerodynamics, an expert in Germany. Earlier, analysis of the fluid flow is divided into
two basic concepts, i.e. the flow without friction influence expressed by Leonhard Euler
a hydrodynamics in 1755. Analysis of flow without friction is expressed in Euler's
equations. With so many contradictions on the results of his experiments, Euler's
equation is explained in more detail to the flow conditions of the receiver by Navier in
1827, and then by Stokes in 1845, i.e., Navier-Stokes.
At the time, fluid flow there was a friction rub together. Influence of friction
will cause the layer boundary and eventually called the boundary layer
Boundary layer is a layer that is formed around the cross-section which is
traversed by the fluid, as experienced barriers caused by several factors, such as the
friction factor, and viscous effects.

2.8. A Simple of Calculation Air Density

2.9. Gravity Acceleration

Kita dapat mengetahui nilai gravitasi bumi dari jari-jari bumi dan massa bumi
menggunakan rumus:
We get to know earth’s gravity value from radius and mass of earth with
formula:
𝑮𝒙𝑴
𝒈=
𝒓²
Dengan M adalah massa bumi yang bernilai M = 5.98 * 1024 kg, kemudian r
adalah jari-jari bumi yang bernilai r = 6.378 * 106 meters, dan G dalam sistem ini
adalah gravitasi konstan yang memiliki nilai G = 6.67 * 10-11 Nm2/kg2 . Sehingga nilai
gravitasi yang didapat adalah.
With M is mass of earth with value M = 5.98 * 1024 kg, and then r is a radius
of earth with value r = 6.378 * 106 meters, and G in this system is constant gravity
with value of this gravity is G = 6.67 * 10-11 Nm2/kg2
𝑮𝒙𝑴
𝒈=
𝒓²
𝐍𝐦²
𝟔. 𝟔𝟕 ∗ 𝟏𝟎¯¹¹ 𝒙 𝟓. 𝟗𝟖 ∗ 𝟏𝟎²⁴ 𝐤𝐠
𝒌𝒈²
𝒈=
(𝟔. 𝟑𝟕𝟖 ∗ 𝟏𝟎⁶ 𝐦𝐞𝐭𝐞𝐫𝐬)²
𝒈 = 𝟗. 𝟖𝟏 𝒎/𝒔²

2.10. Differential Pressure Behind The Inlet Free Stream Velocity

2.11. Differential Pressure Over a Plate in The Test Section

CHAPTER III METHOD OF EXPERIMENT

Sebelum dan sesudah melakukan praktikum, kelompok kami terlebih dahulu
menghitung nilai kelembaban, suhu, dan temperatur dalam ruangan dengan nilainya
sebagai berikut:

Jam Kelembapan Tekanan Suhu

14.02 (Sebelum Praktek) 30% 1058 x 10² Pa 29,5° C

14.46 (v=2302 rpm selesai) 30% 1058,5 x 10² Pa 29,5° C
15.08 9v=2504 rpm selesai) 33,50% 1059 x 10² Pa 28° C

3.1. Tools and Materials

Alat dan bahan yang kelompok kami pakai antara lain sebagai berikut:
HYGROMETER, TERMOMETER, MANOMETER, WIND TUNNEL, PLAT
DATAR, PITOT TUBE, ALKOHOL, JANGKA SORONG, MISTAR
3.2. Instructions
3.3. Data of Experiment
-- Kecepatan yang digunakan saat praktek
V1 = 2302 rpm
V2 = 2504 rpm
-- Pengukuran Plat:
Panjang pelat, P = 24 cm
Lebar pelat, L = 12 cm
Tinggi pelat, T = 0,11 cm
-- Ukuran Pitot Tube
Diameter dalam, Dd= 1.5 mm
Diameter luar Dl = 3 mm
-- MaSsa jenis alcohol : 800 kg/m3

3.4. Table

CHAPTER IV DISCUSSION

CHAPTER V CONCLUSION

Bibliography
1. http://orang-energy.blogspot.co.id/2015/12/tekanan-stagnasi-tekanan-statis-
dan.html
2. https://ronipanjoel.wordpress.com/2012/05/28/boundary-layer-lapisan-batas/
3. https://www.grc.nasa.gov/WWW/K-12/airplane/tuntest.html
4. https://www.quora.com/What-is-the-physics-behind-no-slip-condition-in-
fluid-mechanics
5.