Learning “Computer Science”

(Informatika)

Computational Thinking & Bebras Challenge

Informatics and ICT
Computational Thinking,

Tim Pembina IOI (TOKI) – Bebras Indonesia

Inggriani – inge@informatika.org
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Adi Mulyanto – adi@informatika.org
Tujuan
 Apa itu CT (Computational Thinking)
 Zaman sekarang adalah “era informasi”,

Computational Thinking & Bebras Challenge

komputer semakin diperlukan dalam
kehidupan sehari-hari, bermasyarakat dan
berprofesi. Oleh sebab itu CT perlu
diperkenalkan sedini mungkin
 Selain diplot dalam kurikulum, perlu cara lain
untuk memperkenalkan dan juga membuat
siswa tertarik – “lomba”, “challenge”,
“olimpiade”. Di tingkat internasional:
 IOI- International Olympiad in Informatics
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 Bebras Challenge
Computational Thinking & Bebras Challenge
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 21ST CENTURY LEARNING
HTTP://WWW.P21.ORG/

Four Cs of 21st century

learning:
Collaboration.

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Communication.
Critical thinking.
Creativity.

SCAN Fundamental Skills

Basic Skills: reads, writes, performs arithmetic and mathematical operations,
listens and speaks.
Pers
Thinking Skills: thinks creatively, makes decisions, solves problems, visualizes,
iapa
knows how to learn, and reasons n
Personal Qualities: displays responsibility, self-esteem, sociability, self- Prod
management, and integrity and honesty i ITD
21st century learning skill
http://www.p21.org/our-work/p21-framework

 1. Content Knowledge and 21st Century Themes,

incl. Reading, math, science, geography,……
2. Information, Media and Technology Skills:

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
Information Literacy, Media Literacy, ICT Literacy
 3. A focus on creativity, critical thinking,
communication and collaboration is essential
to prepare students for the future.
 Creativity and Innovation
 Critical Thinking and Problem Solving
 Communication and Collaboration
 4. Life and Career Skills: Today's students need to
develop thinking skills, content knowledge, and
social and emotional competencies to navigate 5
complex life and work environments.
HTTPS://EN.WIKIPEDIA.ORG/WIKI/21ST_CENTURY_SKILLS

The skills have been grouped into three main areas:[11]

• Learning and innovation skills: critical thinking and problem solving,
communications and collaboration, creativity and innovation
• Digital literacy skills: information literacy, media literacy, Information
and communication technologies (ICT) literacy
• Career and life skills: flexibility and adaptability, initiative and self-

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direction, social and cross-cultural interaction, productivity and
accountability

7 Survival Skills
In 2008, author and Harvard Graduate School of Education researcher
Tony Wagner identified what he termed the "7 Survival Skills" needed for
the modern workplace:[34]
• Critical thinking and problem solving
• Collaboration
• Agility and adaptability
• Initiative and entrepreneurialism
• Effective oral and written communication
• Accessing and analyzing information 6
• Curiosity and imagination
Informatics (CS) versus ICT

 Informatics (Computer Science) is concerned with

designing and creating informatics ‘products’ and
‘tools’, such as: algorithms, programs, application

Computational Thinking & Bebras Challenge

software, systems, methods, theorems, computers, …

 ICT – applications of CS (computing) – concentrates on

how to use and apply informatics and other information
technology tools in working with information;
can be also creative

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 Computational Thinking

 Originally used by Seymour Papert,

MIT, in Mindstorms: Children,

Computational Thinking & Bebras Challenge

computers, and powerful ideas,
Basic Books Inc. 1980.

 Popularized by Jeanette M. Wing

(2006) Computational Thinking.
Communications of the ACM, 49(3),
33-35.

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http://research-srv.microsoft.com/en-us/um/redmond/events/asiafacsum2012/day1/Jeannette_Wing.pdf
Computational Thinking

"Computational Thinking is the thought

processes involved in formulating

Computational Thinking & Bebras Challenge

problems and their solutions so that the
solutions are represented in a form that
can be effectively carried out by an
Jeanette M. Wing
information-processing agent.“ Carnegie Mellon
University

J. Cuny, L. Snyder, and J. M. Wing.

Demystifying Computational Thinking for 9
Non-Computer Scientists, 2010
HTTPS://EN.WIKIPEDIA.ORG/WIKI/COMPUTATIONAL_THINKING

Generalization/Abstraction
Decomposition

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Algorithm

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Computational Thinking
 Metode menyelesaikan persoalan dengan menerapkan
teknik ilmu komputer (informatika).
 Tantangan bebras menyajikan soal-soal yang

Computational Thinking & Bebras Challenge

mendorong siswa untuk berpikir kreatif dan kritis dalam
menyelesaikan persoalan dengan menerapkan konsep-
konsep berpikir komputasional.
 Komputer dapat digunakan untuk membantu
menyelesaikan persoalan. Namun sebelum persoalan
dapat ditangani, persoalan dan cara penyelesaiannya
perlu dipahami.
 Computational thinking (CT) memungkinkan kita
melakukan hal tsb.
 CT memungkinkan kita untuk menangani masalah yang
kompleks, memahami apa masalahnya, dan
mengembangkan solusi yang mungkin. Kemudian kita
dapat menyajikan solusi ini dengan cara yang bisa
dipahami oleh manusia, komputer, atau keduanya 11
Computational Thinking
 Komputer dapat digunakan untuk membantu
menyelesaikan persoalan. Namun sebelum
persoalan dapat ditangani, persoalan dan cara

Computational Thinking & Bebras Challenge

penyelesaiannya perlu dipahami.
 Computational thinking (CT) memungkinkan
kita melakukan hal tsb.
 CT memungkinkan kita untuk menangani
masalah yang kompleks, memahami apa
masalahnya, dan mengembangkan solusi yang
mungkin. Kemudian kita dapat menyajikan
solusi ini dengan cara yang bisa dipahami oleh
manusia, komputer, atau keduanya.
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(Sumber: Computational Thinking – BBC Bitsize)
Computational Thinking
 Computational Thinking (CT) adalah proses
penyelesaian persoalan yang mencakup
sejumlah karakteristik dan disposisi.

Computational Thinking & Bebras Challenge

 CT sangat penting untuk pengembangan
aplikasi komputer, namun diperlukan juga
untuk mendukung penyelesaian persoalan di
semua disiplin ilmu, termasuk matematika,
sains, dan humaniora.
 Siswa yang belajar CT (di semua bidang)
dapat mulai melihat hubungan antar topik
serta antar prodi dan kehidupan nyata.

(Sumber: Computational Thinking - Google for Education) 13

Computational Thinking
 Konsep CT adalah proses mental (misalnya
abstraksi, perancangan algoritma, dekomposisi,
pengenalan pola, dll) dan hasil nyata (misalnya

Computational Thinking & Bebras Challenge

otomasi, representasi data, generalisasi pola, dll)
yang terkait dengan penyelesaian persoalan dalam
komputasi.
 CT melibatkan keterampilan yang didukung dan
harus ditingkatkan melalui sejumlah sikap yang
meliputi:
 Percaya diri dalam menghadapi kompleksitas
 Gigih dalam bekerja dengan masalah yang sulit
 Toleran dalam menghadapi ambiguitas
 Kemampuan untuk mengatasi persoalan yang
terbuka
 Kemampuan berkomunikasi dan bekerja dengan 14
orang lain untuk mencapai tujuan dan solusinya
Computational Thinking:
Operational definition for K-12 education
Computational thinking (CT) is a problem-solving process
that includes (but is not limited to) the following characteristics:

Computational Thinking & Bebras Challenge

 Formulating problems in a way that enables us to use a computer and
other tools to help solve them
 Logically organizing and analyzing data
 Representing data through abstractions such as models and
simulations
 Automating solutions through algorithmic thinking (a series of ordered
steps)
 Identifying, analyzing, and implementing possible solutions with
the goal of achieving the most efficient and effective combination of steps
and resources
 Generalizing and transferring this problem solving process to a wide
variety of problems
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ISTE and CSTA, 2011

Contoh soal bebras
 (lihat slides lain, untuk contoh setiap

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COMPUTATIONAL THINKING
HTTP://WWW.BBC.CO.UK/EDUCATION/TOPICS/Z7TP34J

Four key techniques

(cornerstones) to CT:
decomposition - breaking down a

Computational Thinking & Bebras Challenge

complex problem or system into
smaller, more manageable parts
pattern recognition – looking for
similarities among and within
problems
abstraction – focusing on the
important information only,
ignoring irrelevant detail
algorithms - developing a step-by-
step solution to the problem, or
the rules to follow to solve the
problem
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 Computational Thinking & Bebras Challenge
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CT IN UK
 CT Concept,
Informatics
Capability
Data collection Find a data source for a problem area
Data analysis Write a program to do basic statistical calculations on a
set of data
Data Use data structures such as array, linked list, stack,
representation queue, graph, hash table
Problem
Define objects and methods; define main and functions
decomposition
Abstraction Use procedures to encapsulate a set of often repeated
commands that perform a function; use conditionals,
loops, recursion,
Algorithms & Study classic algorithms; implement an algorithm for a
procedures problem area
Automation Run programs
Parallelization Threading, pipelining, dividing up data or task in such
a way to be processed in parallel
Simulation Algorithm animation, parameter sweeping
Informatika Mulai K-8
 Di negara maju, “Computer Science” (yang di Indonesia
diterjemahkan sebagai “Informatika”) sudah mulai
diajarkan di tingkat SD, mengacu ke kurikulum yang
disusun oleh persatuan guru-guru dan sejumlah sumber
daya untuk belajar sudah disediakan untuk dimanfaatkan

Computational Thinking & Bebras Challenge

para guru, termasuk model kurikulum “Computer Science”
yang terdiri atas 4 tingkatan sebagai berikut:
 Level I, Foundations of Computer Science, recommended
for grades K–8;
 Level II, Computer Science in the Modern World,
recommended for grades 9 or 10;
 Level III, Computer Science as Analysis and Design,
recommended for grades 10 or 11;
 Level IV, Topics in Computer Science, recommended for
grades 11 or 12.

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CT & STEM
 Di negara “maju”:
 Computing (Informatika) sedang hangat digarap
menjadi salah satu pelajaran wajib setara dengan STEM
(Sains, Teknologi, Engineering, Mathematics)

Computational Thinking & Bebras Challenge

 STEM diperluas menjadi STEM-C, atau memasukkan
Computational Thinking dalam semua bidang studi
lainnya.
 Pengajaran STEM dilengkapi dengan kemampuan
berpikir komputational, dengan menggunakan TIK.
 Indonesia :
 Algoritma, pemrograman yang di Indonesia baru
diajarkan di Perguruan Tinggi sudah masuk ke
kurikulum Sekolah Menengah Atas. Fokusnya bukan
hanya programming tetapi problem solving yang
mengarah ke solusi-solusi yang didukung komputer.
 Kurikulum CT dan Informatika negara maju tersebut
juga perlu untuk diperkenalkan ke guru-guru sekolah
menengah di Indonesia 21
KURIKULUM INFORMATIKA TINGKAT SMA
UNESCO
ACM
Basic Concepts of ICT
Computer Organization
Managing Files
Information systems
Software Applications
Networks
Social and ethical issues
Digital Representation of information
Spreadsheet design
Information organization

Computational Thinking & Bebras Challenge

Database Design
Modeling and abstraction
Modeling and simulation
Algorithmic thinking and programming
Robots
Universality
Elements of programming
Limitation of information technology
Software development
Societal impact of IT
Top down program design

https://csta.acm.org/Curriculum/sub/CurrResources.html
https://csta.acm.org/Curriculum/sub/CurrFiles/K-12ModelCurr2ndEd.pdf
https://csta.acm.org/Curriculum/sub/CurrFiles/L1-Objectives-and-Outlines.pdf
https://csta.acm.org/Curriculum/sub/CurrFiles/L2-Objectives-and-Outlines.pdf
https://csta.acm.org/Curriculum/sub/CurrFiles/L3-Objectives-and-Outlines.pdf
https://csta.acm.org/Curriculum/sub/CurrFiles/CASUKComputingCurric.pdf
http://www.exploringcs.org/
http://scratched.media.mit.edu/resources/scratch-curriculum-guide-draft 22
http://www.bootstrapworld.org/
 National Curricula National Curricula
Germany Austria
Information and Data Problem and strategy
Algorithms Hardware
Language and automata Software
Information system Outline of problem oriented
Informatics and society programming language
Introduction to Operating
system
Working with application
software
Application areas and
computers
Change of life through ICT
Mew trends and technology
Di Indonesia:
Materi tsb baru diajarkan di
Perguruan Tinggi
National Curricula
Lithuania
Algorithms
Program structure
Variables, Data types and
structures, Assignment
statement, Relational and
logical operators, if
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statement, loops,
compound statement,
procedure and function
parameters, recursion
Control data and
correctness of program
Programming style and
culture ommentary
Algorithmic thinking
Top-down program design
Social impact of IT
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 The PISA is a worldwide
exam administered
every three years that
measures 15-year-olds

Computational Thinking & Bebras Challenge

in 72 countries.
About 540,000 students
took the exam in 2015.

https://www.oecd.org/pisa/
https://www.oecd.org/pisa/pisa-2015-
results-in-focus.pdf
https://www.oecd.org/pisa/PISA-2015-
Indonesia.pdf

http://www.cgdev.org/blog/need-
pivot-learning-new-data-adult-
skills-indonesia

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Capaian Indonesia pada
tes pisa
https://www.oecd.org/pisa/

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Dibandingkan dengan
test 2013 ini, ranking
Indonesia pada pisa
2015 sudah membaik

Tahun 2013 25
UK: harmful ICT replaced by CS – 2012

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September2014:
Computing at School
On all stages of K-12

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https://code.org/
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https://code.org/
 Computational Thinking & Bebras Challenge
http://www.themarysue.com/code-dot-org-launch/#geekosystem 29
CONTOH TOOLS UNTUK BELAJAR : SCRATCH
HTTPS://SCRATCH.MIT.EDU/

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EUROPEAN PROJECT FOR SUPPORTING
CT-MATH-SCIENCE FOR LIFE

Computational Thinking & Bebras Challenge

Project pengembangan Learning Kits dari Universitas
http://www.mascil-project.eu/ 31
GOOGLE SUPPORT FOR COMPUTATIONAL THINKING

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https://www.google.com/edu/resources/programs/exploring-computational-thinking/
https://computationalthinkingcourse.withgoogle.com/course?use_last_location=true
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TERIMAKASIH

Computational Thinking & Bebras Challenge

http://bebras.or.id
Bebras Indonesia

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