Module of

Computer Digital
Fundamentals Lab
Laboratory
Activity 2016

Digital Laboratory
Department of Electrical Engineering Computer
Faculty of Engineering
Universitas Indonesia Hardware
EXPERIMENT 2

COMPUTER HARDWARE

A. OBJECTIVES
1. Able to describe every hardware contained within a computer system.
2. Able to asemble the hardwares into a set of computer so that it can work.

B. THEORYS AND SIGNIFICANCES

Computer is a machine that consists hardware and software. Hardware is the

basic part of a computer, because it is the part that set various function from various
device into a set of computer. Generally, computer is divided into three important
parts, i.e. Processor, Memory, and I/O Devices.

Arithmat
Input ic &
Logic

Memory
Control

Output

Figure 1.1 – General Diagram of Computer

1. Central Processing Unit (CPU)

 Figure 1.2 - Processor

Central Processing Unit or well known as CPU and Processor is a part

that controls all operation in computer. Processors that available at this time
are development of Intel microprocessor 8086 or x86 because same principle
work.

BUS
 Figure 1.3 – General Block Diagram of x86 Microprocessor

Processor has ALU (Arithmatic Logic Unit), Registers, Control Unit,

IR (Instruction Registers), PC (Program Counter), MAR (Memory Address
Registers), and MBR (Memory Buffer Register). And those components are
connected with a way called bus. Bus has function to connect all component,
as a way to transfer information and data, and make them work together.

Processor has a measurement for its power, i.e. Clock timing and Hertz
is its unit (common value in GHz). If the clock value came bigger, the
working time of processor will become faster. But with the limited value of
normal processor clock, the clock value no longer determines processor’s
power. Another technology like multi-core, Hyper Threading ®, and multi-
layer in die began to manipulated processor’s power without large clock
value.

Intel and AMD are huge manufacture companies that produce

microprocessor for dekstop, notebook, etc. Each other has a speciality in its
product they produced. In addition, there are manufacture company like VIA,
IBM, SUN, Motorolla, etc.

Socket
Processor socket is a place where processor attached. Socket
placed on Motherboard(describe later). It has same characteristic
with processor, i.e. the shape, hole and pin, and architecture.

Table 1.1 – Intel and AMD socket type and its processor
Socket Processor
DIP Intel 8086, 8088
PLCC Intel 80186, 80286, 80386
Socket 1,2,3,4,5,6,7, Intel 80486, Pentium, Pentium MMX, Pentium Pro
Super Socket 7, 8 AMD K5, K6, K6-2, K6-2 III
IDT WinChip C6, WinChip 2, Rise mP6, Cyrix MIII
Slot 1 Intel Pentium II, Pentium III
Slot 2 Intel Pentium II Xeon
Slot A AMD Athlon
Slot B Alpha 21264
Socket 370 Intel Pentium III, Celeron
VIA Cyrix III, C3
Socket 478/Socket Intel Pentium 4, Celeron, Pentium 4EE, Pentium 4M
N
Socket 495 Intel Celeron
Socket 939 AMD Athlon 64, Athlon 64 FX, Athlon 64 X2,
Opteron
LGA 775/ Socket T Intel Pentium 4, Pentium D, Celeron, Celeron D,
Pentium XE, Core 2 Duo, Core 2 Quad, Xeon
Socket M/775 Intel Core Solo, Core Duo, Dual-Core Xeon,Core 2
Duo
Socket P Intel Core 2
Socket 441/ BGA Intel Atom Series
LGA 1366/Socket B Intel Core i7(900 series), Xeon (35xx, 36xx, 55xx,
56xx series)
LGA 1156/ Socket (Intel Nehalem) Intel Core i7 (800 series), Core
H i5(700, 600 series), Core i3 (500 series),
Xeon(X3400, L3400 series), Pentium (G6000
series), Celeron (G1000 series).
LGA 1248 Intel Itanium 9300 series
LGA 1567 Intel Xeon 6500/7500
LGA 1155/ Socket Intel Sandy Bridge
H2
LGA 2011/ Socket Intel Ivy Bridge
R
Socket FM1 AMD Llano Processor
Socket FM2 AMD Trinity Processor
Socket AM2 AMD Sempron, Athlon, Phenom
Socket AM3 AMD Sempron, Athlon II, Phenom II, FX
2. Memory

Memory is a place to save program or data. Processor needs the data in

memory to execute process. And there are memory with different speed level,
i.e. from tha fastest register, cache memory, main memory, and secondary
memory.

Register is the fastest memory type in computer system. Based on

Figure 1.2, register is located in the processor. The location make it data
transfer processing is the fastest.

Cache memory is a connector between processor and main memory. It

serves buffer place for saving frequently used data in execution. Cache
memory has slower speed acess than register memory. It was made to solve
the speed bottleneck between processor and main memory. Cache memory
has many level, a few years ago only one level, but need of faster excecution
made cache into 3 levels, L1, L2, and L3 cache. Higher level show farther
distance from processor, and its capacity is more bigger to compete with the
lower level that near from the processor.

Figure 1.5 – Cache Memory Location

 Main memory is a part that saves execution of program. The program is
being executed by a secondary memory transferred to the main memory to
speed up the execution process. Main memory also called Random Access
Memory (RAM). RAM is the memory serves as the primary media while
before the data is processed by processor. RAM is a type of memory that can
be written and read. This is also volatile so that the data contained in RAM
will be lost if power source disconnected or turned off your computer.

Therefore, it takes another memory that stores instructions which needs

to be done by the processor when it first turned on. So the ROM is the
solution. ROM is memory read-only and non-volatile. On the PC, the
memory contains the BIOS (Basic Input Output System). BIOS informations
contain the basic configuration of the PC used example is AMIBIOS,
AWARD BIOS, etc.. ROM BIOS there are various types. The settings in the
BIOS, which can be changed by the user, stored in the NVRAM (Non-
Volatile RAM) is supplied by a backup battery.

On the motherboard there are also a few slot to put the memory. That
modules are attached to the corresponding slot. Many years ago, memory
type supported by the motherboard chipset is determined by the wilderness.
However the present, memory type is determined by the type of processor,
because the processor a memory controller. In general, memory is divided
into two modules: Single Inline Memory Module (SIMM) or Dual Inline
Memory Module (DIMM).
 SIMM is not used anymore, as it can be said to be rare. That modules  

are included only in the pre-Pentium motherboards appear. The last
generation was SIMM Extended Data Out (EDO) RAM used by the
Pentium processor. 

 DIMM is a module that has two sides. Memory modules like this are 
often encountered. Various DIMM sold in the market: 

1) SDRAM: used by the family of Intel Pentium 1 to Pentium 3, AMD
Athlon / Duron processor and more.

2) RDRAM / Rambus: used only a few generations of Pentium, namely

Pentium iii, Pentium 4 early, and Xeon.
 3) DDR SDRAM: first used by AMD Athlon later
the Pentium 4.

4) DDR2 SDRAM: used by processor that manufactured before 2010

like Intel Core 2 and AMD Sempron
5) DDR3 SDRAM: isthe fastest memory used PC
desktop. Used by processors such as the Intel Core i7,
and the AMD Phenom II.
Some other forms of memory modules, among others:

1) Small Outline DIMM (SO-DIMM) memory has the same function

with regular DIMMs, but they are much shorter so that it can
installed on the notebook and Serber who have a small room.

2) Sully Buffered DIMM (FB-DIMM), it has a buffer on the DIMM

each signal pin to ensure the signal remains in a state perfect for a
clock. Usually used by the server or workstation to ensure data
remains perfect condition.

3) ECC / Registered DIMM, DIMM type comes Error Control /

Correction to detect and correct errors occurs in the stored data.
Usually used on the server or workstation.

Secondary Memory: an additional memory to store data and programs.

Secondary memory typically has a large capacity. Secondary memory may
include an optical drive, floppy disk, hard disk, etc.. For connecting it
depends on the type of each port memory them. For the optical drive, hard
disk, solid state disk usually use port SATA, PATA or SCSI. Floppy disks
have konekto own kind. For others can use the USB port, Firewire, SCSI,
parallel, and others.

3. I/O Device

It is a tool used to enter input into the computer and also released the
results of the current input and what processed in the computer. Examples of
input devices are the keyboard, mouse, microphone, etc.. While the examples
of output devices are monitors, speakers, printer, etc..
 I/O port is where the installation of a gate or plug device I / O. All ports are
controlled from the processor. Sample ports on motherboard can be seen in Figure
1.6. Below is an explanation of the the types of ports on the motherboard:

1) Parallel port (LPT), is the port used for connecting equipment that transmits
data in parallel. For example: printers, scanners, etc..

2) Serial port (COM) port is used to connecting equipment that transmits data
serially. Example: mouse, modem, etc..

3) VGA port, a port that is directly related to the monitor. Generally motherboard
today has this port. However, if it is not, it should install the VGA card.

4) USB (Universal Serial Bus), a universal serial port for tools that work with serial
data transmission. Example usage: digital cameras, scanners, printers,
modems, etc..
5) Port AT/PS2, usually an input port for mouse and keyboard.

6) Audio ports, a port associated with the audio device such microphone,
speakers, etc..

4. Motherboard

The motherboard or mainboard is often also called a connecting all

peripherals needed to assemble a PC. Thus, it plays an important role motherboard
that will determine Performance stability and a PC. The motherboard has major
parts as follows: system bus, socket for processor, memory slots, serial ports and
parallel, expansion slots, and peripheral controllers. In the market are often found
with many different types of motherboard different prices. Things that cause such
differences include:
  Chipset used 

 Completed facility or feature 

 The quality of the components used 

 Support drivers and utilities are adequate in the sales package 

 Additional optional 

 Support sales 
From the sales price offered, the motherboard can be divided into
three groups, namely:
 Motherboard value class 

The motherboard of this class has the cheapest prices compared with the
other two groups. Fittings are generally standard, or can said to be minimal
and poor features, especially the new features. Performance is mediocre or
may arguably low. 

 Motherboard mainstream class 

This class motherboard most widely circulated in the market. In general its
performance on average, with the most common found in today's modern PC.
Completeness as drivers, utilities, manuals, and packaging is quite adequate.
With the price mainstream motherboard variants possessed this class pretty
much. 

 Motherboard highend class 

PC with high-end motherboards can be used comfortably to run a variety of
needs ranging from AudioVideo processing, play the latest games, doing
graphic design and others. 

Form factor (form factor) motherboard is the type size and in the
manufacture of the motherboard layout. Or in other words, the form factor will
determine the dimensions of a motherboard that is long and wide, how laying of
each component along with the type of power supply is used. On older computers,
the form factor motherboards generally diversified AT (Advanced technology) and
Baby AT. Form factor is used in the system based 386. The next generation is based
on the ATX form factor (Advanced Technology Extended). ATX form factor is divided
into four types, namely:
 FlexATX  
   MicroATX  

  MiniATX  

 ATX Full-size  

There is also another form factor that is rarely heard, the form factor LPX,
Mini LPX, and NLX. LPX form factor designed by Western Digital and used branded
computers Packard Bell / NEC, Dell, and so on. The main difference is the expansion
board inserted the riser board expansion card that is parallel / parallel with
motherboard.

The important difference of four located on the ATX form factor size /
dimensions of each and hook holes motherboard (Screw holes) to the casing and
dimensions. The difference between the fourth dimension form factor is shown in
Table 1.2.
Form Factor Size
Maksimum FlexATX 9,0 x 7,4 inci (229 x 191 mm)

MicroATX 9,6 x 9,6 inci (244 x 244 mm)

MiniATX 11,2 x 8,2 inci (284 x 208 mm)

ATX Full-size 12,0 x 9,6 inci (305 x 244 mm)

Since the ATX form factor is no longer considered to answer the needs
and development of the Intel processor technology along with some
motherboard industry then announced the use of BTX form factor (Balanced
Technology Extended). BTX offers thermal management, better management
of voice disorders, increased performance Better PC systems, as well as a
stylish design system and answer computing needs in the present and the
future. In outline, BTX platform consists of three groups:

  Pico-BTX  

  Micro-BTX  
BTX  


5. Expansion Slots
 Expansion Slots are placed on the motherboard. There are several types
of expansion slots. It works to put a variety of expansion cards to expand the
functions of the computer. Expansion cards are used usually in the form of
graphics cards, sound cards, TV Tuner, LAN, modem, and others. Expansion
slots are commonly used family of PCI. The most commonly used PCI is the
32-bit PCI. These slots are usually white colored. Almost all equipment using
this type of expansion. There are two types of common slot, the slot with
3.3V and 5V voltage. to determine sufficient seen from the notch (bulge) in
this slot. There are also a PCI Express slot. This slot is a PCI slot serialized.
This slot is considered greater than regular PCI. This slot velocity variations,
from 1x, 4x, 8x, and 16x. Current PC architectures are already using PCI
Express as the main bus. Peripheral that use this slot is usually VGA card
(PCIe 16x), sound card, gigabit LAN, and so forth. There are other variations
of the PCI slot, the PCI-X slot. Slot is generally used on high-performance
workstations and servers. Peripherals use this slot are: Disk controller,
network interface, and others. Slot type is rarely found on the home PC.
There is also an AGP slot but is now rarely found in a new type of
motherboard. Another Slot that does not exist on the PC today is: ISA,
VESA, MCA, and others.

6. Graphics Card

VGA (Video Graphics Array) is a standard computer display first

marketed by IBM in 1987. The graphics card / VGA is computer component
that supports to perform tasks specially when transferring data from a
computer to track or monitor unit with the word other translate the computer
output to the monitor. The graphics card is closely related the resolution of
the monitor. There are three types of graphics cards are used:

1) PCI graphics card, graphics card of this type using slots PCI (Peripheral
Component Interconnect)

2) Graphics card AGP (Accelerated Graphics Port), this type of graphics

card use the AGP port.
 3) PCI-Express graphics card, graphics card of this type using PCIExpress
port. There is also a chip on-board graphics card is embedded in its
motherboard, so no need to use a graphics card (card graphic add on). In
general, the graphics card is divided into three levels, namely:

  High end  

  Middle end  
Low end  

In terms of brands, a lot of manufacturers of graphics card makers. Some

graphics card manufacturers like ATI, nVidia, VIA, SiS, S3 and XGI.

7. Power Supply

Power supply is a supplier of electric power to all PC components. The

performance is strongly influenced by the power supply owned power output.
In addition, the heat generated by the power supply must also be considered.
Since most of the incoming power is converted into heat. If this heat exceeds
the tolerance, can interfere with the performance of the power supply so it
does not maximum.

Power supply is a device whose function is to convert the current

alternating (AC / Alternating Current) into direct current (DC / Direct
Current). Its main component is a transformer. The bigger the transformer,
the power output was greater. A power supply usually has multiple
connectors:

12V auxiliary

Designed to provide extra power to the CPU, this six or eight pin
adaptor fits into the slot beside the processor socket.
 Four-pin Molex

These connectors carry power from the PSU to older peripherals and
can be hooked up to fans, as well.

ATX power

The biggest cable connector in your PC, this large plug fits into a
similarly-sized black socket on the motherboard. Like all power cables, it
only fits one way.

Express power

Not to be confused with the similar-looking CPU power cable. While

low-power graphics cards can get by with no connectors, getting power
directly from the motherboard, performance graphics cards need at least one
six-pin connector. The more performance you want, the more power you need
to supply, so really high end cards typically need one six-pin and one eight-
pin connector. Make sure your power supply can accommodate these.
 These slot over various identical three-pin headers placed around the
motherboard, except the four-pin connector for the CPU cooler, which must
go over the pins labelled for the CPU fan. Otherwise, ensure the motherboard
has at least three more fan headers, as you need these for fans to provide

adequate cooling to your PC.

cables

These long, flat cables are for transferring data between the hard drives
and the motherboard. Try to get a motherboard that has rightangled SATA
connectors, so the graphics card doesn’t block any of them.

Front panel connectors

Assorted wires that lead from the buttons, lights, USB, and audio ports
on the front of your case, and fit over the appropriate pins at the bottom of the
motherboard.

SATA power cable

A long, thin connector, each hard drive or optical drive requires one of
these power cables plugged in next to the data cable above.
C. PROCEDURES
 Tools:  
  
 A Full Set Computer
 

Plus (+) and Minus (-) Screwdriver
  
 Thermal Paste
 Work Steps:  
 
 Place the motherboard on a flat, non-conductive surface. 
  CPU should either have notches cut into either side of the backing, ora 
 pattern of pins projecting from the bottom with a triangle missing in one 
corner. Compare these to the socket on the motherboard to see which way


 the CPU fits. 
 
Lift the catch on the CPU socket and raise the hinged cover. It only fits
 one way round, but may break if you try to force it. Carefully place it in 

the socket, taking care not to bend any of the pins, and then close the cover

and catch. 


 
Squeeze the thermal paste for just a little, and then spread it to all  processor surface 

Install the heatsink

 
 connectors and have a small notch cut out. Line this up with
 in gold
a corresponding ledge inside the memory slot tomake
 sure the RAM module is the right way round. Then clip it down. 
 
 Apply the motherboard into case with screw 


 backplate fits into the space you just made at the rear of the PC, and the
 row of gold connectors fits into the PCI Express port. Gently push it in 


 until the retention clip on the right hand side of the port locks into place. 
  
Install Hard Drive and Optical Drive to case, and then connect with
 SATA/PATA cable to motherboard. 
  
Attach the power supply, and then attach the cable from PSU to all

 pheripherals  Attach the cable from the front panel case to

motherboard 

D. POTENTIAL HAZARDS
  Wear shoes to avoid electricity hazard,  

 Avoid water and other liquid during experiment  
F. REFERENCES
 AMD Corp. Glossary; 

o http://support.amd.com/us/kbarticles/Pages/amdglossaryterms.aspx
o http://www.pchardware.co.uk/
o http://www.pchardware.co.uk/
o http://www.computerhope.com/jargon/cpu.htm
o http://www.computerhardware.pk/

 ASUS ROG. www.asus.com  