Remote sensing

Introduction, application & examples

of optical satellite imagery

Ge110 2010/Week-4
 What can we use it for?
The remote sensing data can be used in
„ Mapping
• Geologic mapping, vegetations… etc.

„ Monitor
• Tectonic deformation, deforestation.. etc.

„ Quick response
• Hazard estimations… etc.

„ Make DEM (Digital Elevation Model)…

and more…

http://landsat.gsfc.nasa.gov/images/archive/f0007.html
 Common types of remote sensing’s data source

„ Active system „ Passive system

• Radar
• Aerial photo
• Lidar • Satellite image
• Sonar

http://www.public.asu.edu/~ozielke/programs_tools/index.html Google Earth history image

 Common types of remote sensing’s data source

„ Active system „ Passive system

• Radar
• Aerial photo
• Lidar • Satellite image
• Sonar

http://www.digitalglobe.com/
 What do we need to know..
„ Image Acquisition
„ Image Processing
„ Image Interpretation
 What do we need to know..
„ Image Acquisition Across-Track Scanner
Push-broom Scanner
„ Image Processing
Framing Camera
„ Image Interpretation
 What do we need to know..
„ Image Acquisition Across-Track Scanner
Push-broom Scanner
„ Image Processing
Framing Camera
„ Image Interpretation

http://landsat.gsfc.nasa.gov/ http://asterweb.jpl.nasa.gov/
 What do we need to know..
„ Image Acquisition
„ Image Processing ENVI

„ Image Interpretation ERDAS IMAGINE

Matlab, IDL
PCI Geomatics.. etc.
 What do we need to know..
„ Image Acquisition
„ Image Processing
„ Image Interpretation Your brain
Tools

http://rst.gsfc.nasa.gov/Sect2/Sect2_3.html
 Satellite (sensor) you should know
„ Landsat (Landsat-1 to Landsat-7)
„ ASTER (Terra)
„ MODIS (Terra / Aqua)
„ SPOT (SPOT1 to SPOT5)
„ IKONOS
„ Quickbird
„ etc.

You can find more information from

http://www.satimagingcorp.com/
 Satellite (sensor) you should know
„ Landsat (15 – 120m)
„ ASTER (15 – 90m)
„ MODIS (250 – 1000m)
„ SPOT (2.5 – 20m)
„ IKONOS (1.0 – 4.0m)
„ Quickbird (0.6 – 2.4m)

You can find more information from

http://www.satimagingcorp.com/
 Swath (KM) Res(min) Res(MAX)
Landsat 5 185 130 30
Landsat 7 185 60 15
ASTER 60 90 15
MODIS 2330 1000 250
ALOS(PRISM) 70 2.5 2.5
SPOT1-3 60 20 10
SPOT4 60 20 10
SPOT5 60 20 2.5
FORMOSAT-2 24 8 2
QuickBird 16.5 2.4 0.6
WorldView 17.6 0.6 0.5
WorldView2 16.4 1.8 0.5
Geoeye-1 15.2 1.65 0.4
IKONOS 11.3 3.2 0.82
OrbView-2 2800 4500 1100
AVHRR 2399 1000 1000
Corona 18 7 7
KH-7 22 1.2 0.6
KH-9 37 10 0.6
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 Please keep in mind..
„ Satellite image ɽ Photo
„ Image color ɽ real color

(CORONA) (Quick Brid, from Google Map)

 Please keep in mind..
„ Satellite image ɽ Photo
„ Image color ɽ real color
http://landsathandbook.gsfc.nasa.gov

Landsat L0R
 Please keep in mind..
„ Satellite image ɽ Photo
„ Image color ɽ real color Aster data level

Level Product Description

Image data plus radiometric and geometric coefficients. Data are

1A Radiance at sensor
separated by telescope
Registered radiance at
1B 1A data with radiometric and geometric coefficients applied
sensor

2 AST09 Surface radiance Radiance corrected for atmospheric effects

AST14 Digital elevation

DEM produced by stereo correlation of nadir and aft Band 3 data
model
3
AST14OTH 15 orthorectified L1B radiance images, in GeoTiff
AST14DMO 15 orthorectified L1B images + DEM
 Please keep in mind..
„ Satellite image ɽ Photo
„ Image color ɽ real color

http://asterweb.jpl.nasa.gov/images/spectrum.jpg
 Please keep in mind..
„ Satellite image ɽ Photo
„ Image color ɽ real color
Landsat 7 Wavelength Resolution
(ETM+ sensor) (micrometers) (m)

Band 1 0.45 - 0.515 30 Blue

Band 2 0.525 - 0.605 30 Green
Band 3 0.63 - 0.69 30 Red
Band 4 0.75 - 0.90 30 Near IR
Band 5 1.55 - 1.75 30 Mid IR
Band 6 10.40 - 12.5 60 Thermal
Band 7 2.09 - 2.35 30 Mid IR
Pan Band .52 - .90 15 VIN – Near IR
 True Color

•R/G/B = R/G/B
•Natural looking
•Provides the best
water penetration

http://landsat.gsfc.nasa.gov/education/compositor/
 False Color

•R/G/B = NIR/R/G
•Most common false
color combination.
•It gives results similar
to traditional color
infrared aerial photo.

http://landsat.gsfc.nasa.gov/education/compositor/
Band combinations:
Why we want to use different band combinations in the satellite image ?

http://rst.gsfc.nasa.gov/Sect2/Sect2_1.html (From: ASTER Mineral Index Processing Manual)

Different types of surface/material are sensitive in different wavelength, false

color image can let our research target stands out.
 MODIS
(Moderate Resolution
Imaging Spectroradiometer)

http://modis.gsfc.nasa.gov/about/specifications.php

Wavelength
MODIS Res (m)
(nm)

Band 1 630-690 250 R

Band 2 780-900 250 N IR

Band 3 450-520 500 B

Band 4 530-610 500 G

Band 5 1230-1250 500 N IR

Band 6 1550-1750 500 M IR

Band 7 2090– 2350 500 M IR

R/G/B = 1/4/3 (R/G/B) http://ge.ssec.wisc.edu/modis-today/index.php
R/G/B = 7/2/1 (M IR/N IR/R) http://ge.ssec.wisc.edu/modis-today/index.php
R/G/B = 1/4/3 (R/G/B) http://ge.ssec.wisc.edu/modis-today/index.php
R/G/B = 7/2/1 (M IR/N IR/R) http://ge.ssec.wisc.edu/modis-today/index.php
Other than single band combinations:
There are other way to display (analysis) our satellite image..

R-G-B = 3-2-1

R-G-B = 4-3-2

Band Ratio
R-G-B = 6-3/2-4/5

PCA analysis
R-G-B = PC1-2-4

http://rst.gsfc.nasa.gov/Sect2/Sect2_4.html#2-7
False-colour images sometimes is a kind of standard imagery.
False-colour doesn't mean that it must looks weird…

Wavelength
ASTER (sensor)
(micrometers)

B1 VNIR_Band1 0.52 - 0.60

Landsat 7 Wavelength
(ETM+ sensor) (micrometers)
B2 VNIR_Band2 0.63 - 0.69
B3 VNIR_Band3N/B 0.76 - 0.86
Band 1 0.45 - 0.515 B
B5 SWIR_Band4 1.60 - 1.70
Band 2 0.525 - 0.605 G B6 SWIR_Band5 2.145 - 2.185
B7 SWIR_Band6 2.185 - 2.225
Band 3 0.63 - 0.69 R
B8 SWIR_Band7 2.235 - 2.285
Band 4 0.75 - 0.90 N IR B9 SWIR_Band8 2.295 - 2.365
B10 SWIR_Band9 2.36 - 2.43
Band 5 1.55 - 1.75 M IR
B11 TIR_Band10 8.125 - 8.475
Band 6 10.40 - 12.5 Th B12 TIR_Band11 8.475 - 8.825

Band 7 2.09 - 2.35 M IR B13 TIR_Band12 8.925 - 9.275

B14 TIR_Band13 10.25 - 10.95
Pan Band .52 - .90 B15 TIR_Band14 10.95 - 11.65
False Color

RGB = 321

R = N-IR
G = Red
B = Green
http://www.ersdac.or.jp/ASTERimage/Image/023_SAF.jpg
False Color

RGB = 231

R = Red
G = N-IR
B = Green
http://www.ersdac.or.jp/ASTERimage2/Image/06.JPG
 How about satellite that provides the high-res
image?
„ They usually provides good imagery, but not as many
bands as those satellite…
pixel
Sensor spectrum spectral bands
size

Sensor spectrum pixel size spectral bands Panchromatic

0.6 m 0.44 - 0.90 µm
B1 : Blue
2.4 m 0.45 – 0.52 µm
B2 : Green
QuickBird 2.4 m 0.52 – 0.6 µm
Panchromatic 2.5 or 5 m 0.48 - 0.71 µm B3 : Red
2.4 m 0.63 – 0.69 µm
B1 : green 10 m 0.50 - 0.59 µm B4 : near
2.4 m 0.76 – 0.9 µm
SPOT 5 B2 : red 10 m 0.61 - 0.68 µm infrared (NIR)
B3 : near infrared 10 m 0.78 - 0.89 µm Panchromatic
B4 : mid infrared (MIR) 20 m 1.58 - 1.75 µm 0.8 m 0.53 - 0.93 µm
B1 : Blue
3.2 m 0.45 – 0.52 µm
B2 : Green
IKONOS 3.2 m 0.51 – 0.6 µm
Monospectral 10 m 0.61 - 0.68 µm B3 : Red
3.2 m 0.63 – 0.7 µm
B1 : green 20 m 0.50 - 0.59 µm B4 : near
3.2 m 0.76 – 0.85 µm
SPOT 4 B2 : red 20 m 0.61 - 0.68 µm infrared (NIR)
B3 : near infrared 20 m 0.78 - 0.89 µm
B4 : mid infrared (MIR) 20 m 1.58 - 1.75 µm PRISM Panchromatic 2.5 m 0.52 – 0.77 µm
Panchromatic 10 m 0.50 - 0.73 µm
SPOT 1
B1 : green 20 m 0.50 - 0.59 µm http://www.eorc.jaxa.jp/ALOS/en/about/avnir2.htm
SPOT 2
B2 : red 20 m 0.61 - 0.68 µm
SPOT 3
B3 : near infrared 20 m 0.78 - 0.89 µm http://www.digitalglobe.com/index.php/85/QuickBird

http://www.spotimage.com/web/en/233-resolution-and-spectral-bands.php http://www.geoeye.com/
Enhanced color image

FORMOSAT – 2 (Panchromatic, 2m)

Enhanced color image

FORMOSAT – 2 (Multispectral, 8m)

Enhanced color image

FORMOSAT – 2 (Pansharp image, 2m)

 Other satellite image products from modern satellites

http://www.satimagingcorp.com/svc/ikonos-stereo-satellite-images.html

http://dprg.geomatics.ucalgary.ca/Research/EpipolarGeometryLinear
 Try yourself
„ Open LANDSAT and ASTER image in ENVI
„ Make a false color image
• Band combinations / Band Ratios / PCA
„ Output your image to Arc-Map