MEKANIKA BATUAN

TEGANGAN DAN REGANGAN PADA BATUAN

I Gde Budi Indrawan,

Indrawan Ph.D.
Ph D
Email: igbindrawan.ugm@gmail.com

V. TEGANGAN DAN REGANGAN PADA BATUAN –

Konsep Tegangan
 Rock strength
– Stress required to break down the rock.
 Stress
– Force per area applied on an object.
– Is in the same unit as pressure (i.e., Pa).
» 1 Pa = 1 N/m2 = 1 kg/m.s2
 Pressure
– Is a concept in fluid.
– Corresponds to the normal stress when the concept of
pressure is applied to solid.
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V. TEGANGAN DAN REGANGAN PADA BATUAN –
Konsep Tegangan

– Like the fluid, solid can sustain a force normal to its

surface.
– However, unlike the fluid, solid can also sustain the forces
parallel to its surface.
» For solid, the stress can be further classified into normal
stress and shear stress.
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V. TEGANGAN DAN REGANGAN PADA BATUAN –

Konsep Tegangan
 Normal Stress and Shear Stress

Fh
 
A

• Normal stress
» [+] value  compressive normal stress
» [-] value  tensile normal stress

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V. TEGANGAN DAN REGANGAN PADA BATUAN –
Konsep Tegangan
• Since stress can be divided into normal stress (compressive
and tensile stress) and shear stress, the rock should also
have 3 types of strength:
– Compressive strength (σc)
– Tensile strength (σT)
– Shear strength ()

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V. TEGANGAN DAN REGANGAN PADA BATUAN –

Konsep Tegangan
• Typically for the same kind of rock:

σT <  < σc

• Usually, the σT is only about 10% of σc.

• σT governs rock behavior when a rock is under bending
stresses.

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V. TEGANGAN DAN REGANGAN PADA BATUAN –
Konsep Tegangan

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V. TEGANGAN DAN REGANGAN PADA BATUAN –

Konsep Regangan
• Batuan yang dikenakan beban (compressive, tensile, or shear
stress) akan mengalami deformasi (perubahan bentuk dan
ukuran) yang disebut strain.
strain

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V. TEGANGAN DAN REGANGAN PADA BATUAN –
Konsep Regangan
• Types of deformation:
− Elastic deformation: temporary PLASTIC /DUCTILE BEHAVIOR

deformation
d f ti that
th t is
i recoveredd
when the deforming force is
removed.
− Plastic deformation: permanent
deformation that is not recovered
when the stress is removed.

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V. TEGANGAN DAN REGANGAN PADA BATUAN –

Konsep Regangan
• Rock behavior:
− Brittle  fractured
− Ductile  folded

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V. TEGANGAN DAN REGANGAN PADA BATUAN –
Konsep Regangan
• Factors affect rock behavior:
− Temperature
At high temperature, molecules and their bonds can stretch
and move, thus rocks will behave in more ductile manner. At
low temperature, rocks are brittle.
− Confining Pressure:
At high confining pressure, rocks are less likely to fracture
because the p pressure of the surroundings
g tends to hinder the
formation of fractures. At low confining stress, rocks will be
brittle and tend to fracture sooner.

Stephen A. Nelson @ Tulane University

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V. TEGANGAN DAN REGANGAN PADA BATUAN –

Konsep Regangan
− Strain rate
At high strain rates, rocks tend to fracture. At low strain rates,
more time is available for individual atoms to move and
therefore ductile behavior is favored.
− Composition
Some minerals, like quartz, olivine, and feldspars are very
brittle. Others, like clay minerals, micas, and calcite are more
ductile due to the chemical bond types that hold them
t
together.
th
The mineralogical composition of the rock will be a factor in
determining the deformational behavior.
Stephen A. Nelson @ Tulane University

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V. TEGANGAN DAN REGANGAN PADA BATUAN –
Konsep Regangan
− Presence or absence of water. Water appears to weaken the
chemical bonds and forms films around mineral grains along
which slippage can take place.
place Thus wet rock tends to behave
in ductile manner, while dry rocks tend to behave in brittle
manner.

Stephen A. Nelson @ Tulane University

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V. TEGANGAN DAN REGANGAN PADA BATUAN –

Konsep Regangan
• Displacement vs. Strain dalam konteks uji mekanika batuan
• Displacement (u):
− Perubahan ukuran sampel: u = ∆L = Lt - Lo
− Satuan: mm
• Strain ():
− Perubahan ukuran relatif terhadap ukuran awal (∆L/Lo x
100%)
00%)
− Satuan: %
− Axial strain (y) dan lateral strain (x)

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V. TEGANGAN DAN REGANGAN PADA BATUAN –
Konsep Regangan
• Young’s modulus (E):
- Average modulus (Em): slope
of the straight portion of the
curve.
- Tangent modulus (Et): slope of
the curve generally at 50% of
peak strength.
- Secant modulus (Es): slope of
th straight
the t i ht liline that
th t jjoins
i ththe
origin of the curve to peak
strength.

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V. TEGANGAN DAN REGANGAN PADA BATUAN –

Konsep Regangan
• Poisson ratio ():
- Ratio of lateral strain to axial strain in an axial loaded
specimen.
specimen W 0

W L W
W  L  
W0 L0 L L0

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