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KNH 411
Professor Matuzsak
Blood pressure is the force exerted by the blood on the walls of blood vessels.
During the contraction phase the force is called systolic blood pressure, and during
relaxation phase the force is called diastolic blood pressure. Blood pressure is measured
in mmHg using a sphygmomemeter. and is expressed using the reading for systolic
pressure first (the higher number) and the reading for diastolic pressure second (the lower
combination of cardiac output and total peripheral resistance. It involves the sympathetic
287)
factors such as diet, lack of exercise, smoking, stress, and obesity. There also appears to
Hypertension typically has no symptoms and often goes undiagnosed, which is how it
got the nickname of the “silent killer.” Hypertenstion can cause congestive heart failure,
People with blood pressure greater than or equal to 140/90mmHg are considered to be
hypertensive. However, both systolic and diastolic blood pressures do not need to be
above 160mmHg or a diastolic blood pressure greater than or above 100mmHg. The
diagnosis of hypertension should also include urinalysis, blood glucose, hematocrit and
lipid panel, serum potassium, creatinine, and calcium laboratory tests. (Page 288-289)
Risk factors for developing hypertension include excessive sodium intake, low
potassium intake, excessive alcohol intake, lack of exercise, smoking, stress, family
history, age (>55 for men, >65 for women), and obesity (BMI>30kg/m2). (Page 289)
7. What risk factors does Mrs. Sanders currently have?
According to Mrs. Sanders’s diet recall she has a high sodium intake. She doesn’t
exercise very much (although she did recently begin a walking program and has had
some weight loss success with the program) and used to smoke two packs of cigarettes a
day (fortunately, she quit “cold turkey” a year ago). She also has a family history of
Blood Pressure mm Hg
Category Systolic BP Diastolic BP
Normal <120 and <80
Prehypertension 120-139 or 80-89
Hypertension Stage 1 140-159 or 90-99
Hypertension Stage 2 ≥ 160 or ≥100
(Page 289)
nutrition therapy. The goal of treatment is to reduce the risk of cardiovascular and renal
10. Dr. Thornton indicated in his note that he will “rule out metabolic syndrome.” What
is metabolic syndrome?
Metabolic syndrome is a constellation of metabolic risk factors for coronary heart
11. What factors found in the medical and social history are pertinent for determining
Mrs. Sanders has a family history of HTN as her mother died from MI due to
uncontrolled HTN. Mrs. Sanders is overweight with a BMI of 25.8 (although has
recently implemented a walking program to lose weight), has high blood pressure at
160/100mmHg. Although she quit “cold turkey” a year ago, Mrs. Sanders used to smoke
two packs a day. From her diet recall, which included items such as canned tomato soup,
saltine crackers, and table salt seasoning, it is evident that Mrs. Sanders has a high intake
of sodium. She also mentions that she finds low sodium food lacking in flavor. Finally,
Mrs. Sanders is African American, which puts her in a higher CHD risk category as HTN
failure, kidney failure, myocardial infarction, stroke, or aneurysms. Her vision may be
impaired due to blood vessels bursting or bleeding within her eyes. Hypertension can
also lead to decreased left ventricular ejection fraction, ventricular arrhythmias, or even
not only reduce sodium intake, but also increase potassium, magnesium, calcium, and
fiber intakes within a moderate energy intake. The eating plan was created after a series
of clinical trials in the late 1990s that found that blood pressures were reduced with an
eating plan that was low in saturated fat, cholesterol, total fat, and that emphasized 8-9
servings of fruits and vegetables and three servings of low-fat dairy products. The plan
emphasizes whole-grain products, fish, poultry, nuts, vegetables, and fruits, and limits red
14. Using EAL, describe the association between sodium intake and blood pressure.
According to EAL, there is good evidence that high sodium intakes increase blood
pressure. “Seventeen studies demonstrate the benefit of reducing dietary sodium intake
for lowering blood pressure. A sodium intake of less than 2,300mg per day and further
(http://andevidencelibrary.com/conclusion.cfm?conclusion_statement_id=250636&highli
ght=sodium&home=1)
Lifestyle modifications that have been shown to lower blood pressure include
increased physical activity, smoking cessation, weight loss, reduced sodium, saturated
fat, and alcohol intake, and increased calcium, potassium, and fiber intake. (Page 292)
Mrs. Sander’s BMI is 25.8kg/m2, which classifies her as overweight, and increases
her risk for type 2 diabetes, hypertension, and CVD. (Page 300)
Using the Mifflin St. Jeor Equation Mrs. Sanders needs 1,343 kcal resting and her
Women: REE = 10 (weight in kg) + 6.25 (height in cm) – 5(age in years) -161
REE=10(72.7kg)+6.25(167.6cm)-5(54yr)-161
REE=1,343 kcal
Physical Activity Level=1.6 because she does walk 30min 4-5 times a week.
18. What nutrients in Mrs. Sanders’s diet are of major concern to you?
As a hypertension patient, the nutrients in Mrs. Sanders’s diet that are of major
concern to me include saturated fat, sodium, calcium, potassium, fiber, magnesium, and
cholesterol. According to her diet recall, Mrs. Sanders is consuming excessive amounts
of saturated fat, sodium, and cholesterol. Furthermore, she is not consuming enough
19. From the information gathered within the intake domain, list possible nutrition
20. Dr. Thornton ordered the following labs: fasting glucose, cholesterol, triglycerides,
creatinine, and uric acid. He also ordered an EKG. In the following table, outline the
indication for these tests (tests provide information related to a disease or condition).
Glucose 70-110 mg/dL 92 mg/dL Within normal Above normal value glucose levels
values risks for development of type 2
diabetes may be present.
BUN 8-18 mg/dL 20mg/dL High, above
the normal
range
Creatinine 0.6-1.2 mg/dL 0.9mg/dL Within normal
range
Total 120-199 mg/dL 270 mg/dL Too high, Decrease saturated fat and cholesterol
Cholesterol above normal intake
range
HDL- > 55 mg/dL F 30 mg/dL Low, below Increase fiber intake
cholesterol > 45 mg/dL M normal range
LDL- <130 mg/dL 210 mg/dL High, above Decrease saturated fat and cholesterol
cholesterol normal range intake
Apo A 101-199 mg/dL F 75 mg/dL Low, below Indicates low HDL levels which is
94-178 mg/dL M normal range higher risk for coronary heart disease
Apo B 60-126 mg/dL F 140 mg/dL High, above Indicates high LDL levels which
63-133 mg/dL M normal range increases blood pressure
Triglycerides 35-135 mg/dL F 150 mg/dL Within normal High fat intake
40-160 mg/dL M range
21. Interpret Mrs. Sanders’s risk of CAD based on her lipid profile.
When Mrs. Sanders first came in on 6/25 her total cholesterol was 270 mg/dL which
gave her more than twice the risk of heard disease compared to someone whose
cholesterol is below 200mg/dL. Nine months later Mrs. Sanders is still has a higher risk
with borderline high cholesterol of 210mg/dL. Similarly when she first came in her LDL
levels were very high at 210mg/dL. Nine months later she still has borderline high
levels. Even nine months since her initial visit, however, her HDL levels are still too low
at 38mg/dL, which puts her at major risk of heart disease. Finally, her triglyceride levels
have decreased from borderline high to normal since her first visit. Mrs. Sanders is still
at risk of CAD, however, since her initial visit on 6/25, her risk of CAD has decreased.
(Page 301)
indicate high levels of HDL. LDL transport cholesterol and lipids to tissues and serum
LDL levels are the single strongest indicator of CVD risk. Therefore, the higher the level
of apolipoprotein B found, the greater the risk for CAD. Oppositely, since HDL particles
are involved in the reverse cholesterol transport (from tissues to the liver) the more
apolipoprotein A found, the lower the risk for CVD. (Page 301)
23. Indicate the pharmacological differences among the antihypertensive agents listed
below.
24. What are the most common nutritional implications of taking hydrochlorothiazide?
loop of Henle of the kidney, which can affect the electrolyte balance. (Page 291)
25. Mrs. Sanders’s physician has decided to prescribe an ACE inhibitor and an
HMGCoA reductase inhibitor (Zocor). What changes can be expected in her lipid profile
to decrease. The ACE inhibitors competitively block the enzyme that converts
vasopressin release, and a resulting decrease in blood pressure. The HMGCoA reductase
inhibitor, Zocor, will lower her LDL cholesterol level by slowing down the synthesis of
An ACE inhibitor lowers blood pressure by blocking the enzyme that converts
not able to convert into angiotension II, the blood vessels dialate and relax, which allows
less resistance in the blood so that there is a lower blood pressure. (Page 292)
enzyme needed to produce cholesterol. The liver responds by producing extra LDL
receptors which reduce the amount of LDL in the bloodstream, which consequently
(https://provider.ghc.org/open/caringForOurMembers/patientHealthEducation/conditions
Diseases/statins.pdf)
antagonists, nitrate, digitalis, fibrinolytic therapy, and positive inotropic drugs. (Page
291)
29. What are the pertinent drug-nutrient interactions and medical side effects for ACE
interactions with natural licorice and salt substitutes. Side effects for HMGCoA
reductase inhibitors (also called statins) include interactions with grapefruit, and alcohol.
They should be taken on a low fat and low cholesterol diet and may cause constipation,
30. From the information fathered within the clinical domain, list possible nutrition
Some possible barriers to compliance include Mrs. Sanders not complying with a low
sodium diet because she feels that the food lacks flavor without the salt, and Bingo night.
It seems that on bingo night Mrs. Sanders forgoes her exercise and diet program. It
would also be helpful for both Mr. and Mrs. Sanders to be on the same page and work
together to be healthy.
32. Select two nutrition problems and complete the PES statement for each.
160/100mmHg.
b. High cholesterol related to inappropriate intake of fats as evidenced by patient’s
24-hour diet recall and cholesterol lab results of total cholesterol of 270mg/dL
with high LDL levels of 210mg/dL and low HDL levels of 30 mg/dL.
V. Nutrition Intervention
33. When you ask Mrs. Sanders how much weight she would like to lose, she tells you
should would like to weigh 125, which is what she weighed most of her adult life. Is this
reasonable? What would you suggest as a goal for weight loss for Mrs. Sanders?
Using the Hamwi Method, Mrs. Sanders’s ideal weight would be 130lbs.
100lbs for the first 5 feet of ht + 5 lbs for every inch over 5 feet:
Therefore, 125 is a pretty reasonable weight goal for Mrs. Sanders, although it would
be slightly lower than ideal. I would suggest she have a goal of 130lb as calculated by
Mrs. Sanders should lose this weight gradually so that she will be more likely to keep
the weight off. She could lose 1 to 2 lbs a week and lose the 30lbs in 4-7 months. (Page
264)
35. For each of the PES statements that you have written, establish an ideal goal (based
on the signs and symptoms) and an appropriate intervention (based on the etiology).
flavor to foods without adding salt and implementing the DASH diet with less
raise HDL level to >55 mg/dL by educating patient on the importance of and how
36. Identify the major sources of sodium, saturated fat, and cholesterol in Mrs. Sanders’s
diet. What suggestions would you make for substitutions and/or other changes that
would help Mrs. Sanders reach her medical nutrition therapy goals?
According to her diet recall, the major sources of sodium in Mrs. Sanders’s diet
include canned tomato soup, saltine crackers, and table salt added to flavor foods. I
would advise her to buy low sodium tomato soup or make her own at home, eat lower-
sodium whole-wheat crackers instead of saltines, and try to add spices and herbs instead
of salt to flavor her foods. The saturated fat and cholesterol in her diet comes from salad
dressing, donuts, added butter, and ice cream. I would advise her to limit her dessert
intake, maybe have either a donut or ice cream in a day instead of both. She could buy
lower fat dressings or oil-based dressings for her salad. She could also try to cook with
oil instead of butter, or try adding nut butter to her oatmeal instead of margarine.
37. What would you want to reevaluate in three to four weeks at a follow-up
appointment?
In three to four weeks I would want to reevaluate her efforts to eat lower sodium
foods and how she is doing with her walking program. I would check her weight and
cholesterol levels. I would also measure her blood pressure. Hopefully her progress will
38. Evaluate Mrs. Sanders’s labs at six months and then at nine months. Describe the
HDL has increased and LDL has decreased so that her total cholesterol level has
decreased. Her triglycerides have also decreased. While still not where they need to be,
her lipid profile is showing that she has made progress and that the program is working.
Mrs. Sanders’s BUN, glucose, Bilirubin, and RBC have all also decreased. These results
should help provide encouragement and motivation to help Mrs. Sanders stay with her
program.
References
Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics. (2005). Evidence Analysis Library: What evidence
suggests a relationship between sodium intake and blood pressure in healthy and
http://andevidencelibrary.com/conclusion.cfm?conclusion_statement_id=250636
&highlight=sodium&home=1
Group Health Cooperative. (2011). Statins & ACE Inhibitors. Retrieved from
https://provider.ghc.org/open/caringForOurMembers/patientHealthEducation/con
ditionsDiseases/statins.pdf.
Nelms M, Sucher K, Lacey, K., Habash, D., Roth S. Nutrition Therapy and
http://science.jrank.org/pages/3488/Hypertension-Prognosis.html.
Smith MEB, Lee NJ, Haney E, et al. Drug Class Review: HMG-CoA Reductase
Final Report Update 5 [Internet]. Portland (OR): Oregon Health & Science
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK47273/
http://www.webmd.com/diet/ss/slideshow-salt-shockers.