Paper IV – Previous year questions

(2001-2017), chapter wise with mark

distribution.
A. General and Systemic Pathology (Excluding Haematology Chapters)
1) The cell as a Unit of health and disease - Nucleolar organising regions(5)
2) Notch signal pathway.(5)
3) Inflammation - Selectins and integrins(5)
4) Immunology - Immunology of leprosy(5x3)
5) What is the pathogenesis of autoimmunity? Discuss the etiopathogenesis,
morphology and complication of SLE.(10)
6) Discuss effect of EBV in AIDS.(5)
7) Histopathology of delayed hypersensitivity reactions(2)
8) Skin changes in acute graft versus host disease.(2)
9) Discuss briefly mechanisms of autoimmunity.(5)
10) Discuss mechanisms of rejection of kidney allograft.(5)
11) What is amyloid? Describe physical and chemical nature of amyloid. Discuss
pathogenesis and classification of amyloidosis.(10)
12) What is immunological tolerance? Discuss mechanisms of tolerance with suitable
examples.(5)
13) Abnormalities of immune function in AIDS(5)
14) Acquired qualitative disorders of lymphocytes(5)
15) HLA detection and its application (5x2)
16) Describe the pathology and pathogenesis of acquired immunedeficiency(10)
17) Natural killer cells(5)
18) Recent advances in organ transplantation protocols.(5)
19) What are Toll like receptors? Enumerate laboratory methods to identify them.(5)
20) Antibody – dependent cell mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC).(5)
21) Discuss the pathogenesis and pathology of systemic lupus erythematosus.(10)
22) Neoplasia - What is microsatellite instability? What is its relation to neoplasia?(5x2)
23) P53 gene(5)
24) Infectious diseases - Immunology of malaria(5)
25) Imported infectious diseases(5)
26) Systemic Pathology - Kaposi sarcoma(5)
27) Tropical sprue(5)
28) Mucosal biopsies in large intestine(5)
29) CD117 positive tumors(2)
30) 50 year old male presented with jaundice. Discuss the investigations for
diagnosis.(10)
31) Name causes of unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia.(2)
32) Advances in endometrial pathology(5)
33) Role of IHC in diagnosing tubal metaplasia vs endometriosis.(5)
 34) Molecular markers of early cervical neoplasia(5)
35) Prognostic indices of breast carcinoma(10); Hormone receptor status in breast
carcinoma (5)
36) Recent concepts in Papillary carcinoma thyroid(5)
37) Clinicopathologic perspective of palpable thyroid nodules.(5)
38) Glycosylated haemoglobin (5x3); HbA1c(2)
39) Recent advances in molecular diagnosis of Paediatric soft tissue sarcoma.(10)
40) Vimentin(5)
41) Civatte bodies(2)
42) Prion disease(10)
43) Discuss the role of serum lipids in health and disease(5)
B. Cytology
1) Liquid based cytology(5x4)
2) Discuss the techniques in cytological preparation and diagnostic value of body
fluids(5)
3) Fluid cytology(5)
4) Diagnostic pitfalls in FNAC(5)
5) Newer techniques in cytopathology(5)
6) Cytobrush(5); Cytocentrifuge(5x4)
7) Hormonal cytology and its clinical utility(5)
8) FNAC of salivary gland tumours (5x2)
9) Discuss briefly the applications of exfoliate cytology in early detection of cancer.(5)

10) Diagnosis of primary and secondary lymphomatous effusions (5)

11) Bethesda system of reporting for FNAC thyroid.(5x2)
12) Cytopathology of metaplastic neoplasia in the lung(5)
13) What are the characteristic features of an unsatisfactory Thyroid FNAC Smear?(2)
14) Discuss pulmonary cytopathology – routine and ancillary treatment.(5)
15) BAL in detection of occupational lung disease(5)
16) CT guided aspirations in abdominal lumps of a child(5)
17) Discuss Bethesda system of reporting Cervical Smears.(5); Bethesda system(5)
18) PAP smear(5)
19) Name new technologies in PAP cytology.
20) Infections identified by PAP smear.(2)
21) Stains used in vaginal cytology(5)
22) Role of colposcopy in gynaecological pathology(5)
23) Role of FNAC in evaluation of soft tissue neoplasms.(10,5)
24) FNAC of bone tumours(5)
25) Cytomorphometry in diagnosis of cancer(5)
C. White blood cells
1) Differentiation of haemopoietic cells.(5)
2) B lymphocytes.(5)
3) T cell associated antigens detected by monoclonal antibodies(2)
4) B cell associated antigens detected by monoclonal antibodies(2)
5) Recent advances in stem cell therapy(5)
6) Stem cell disease(5)
7) Discuss briefly newer concepts about the adult stem cell.(5)
8) Banking of haematopoietic stem cells(5)
9) Bone marrow transplant (5x2)
10) Recent advances in bone marrow pathology.(5)
11) Origin and nature of stromal cells of the bone marrow(2)
12) Stromal reactions of bone marrow(5)
13) Dry tap on BM aspiration.(5)
14) Processing of bone marrow trephine biopsy(5)
15) Bone marrow trephine biopsy(5)
16) What is marrow stainable Iron? How is it estimated?(2)

17) Agranulocytosis(2)
18) Dohle bodies(2)
19) Pseduo Pelger Huet cells (2); Pelger Huet anomaly(2x2)
20) Dorfman Chanarin Syndrome (2)
21) Classify non neoplastic lesions of leukocytes. Discuss in detail the granulocytic non
neoplastic lesions.(10)
22) Chediak Higashi syndrome(2)
23) Downy cell(5)
24) Absolute eosinophil count(2,5)
25) Reticular hyperplasia(2)
26) Kimura’s disease(2)
27) Inflammatory pseudotumour of lymph node(2)
28) Lymphotropic viruses(2)

29) Prognostic factors in ALL(2)

30) Four favourable prognostic factors in ALL(2)
31) Minimal residual disease in leukemia(5)
32) Hematogones(2)
33) Chronic lymphocytic leukemia(5)
34) Acute prolymphocytic leukemia(5)

35) Molecular phenotype of follicular lymphoma.(2); Follicular lymphoma.(5)

36) Write about Pathogenesis, sub types and differential diagnosis of Diffuse Large B cell
lymphoma.(5)
37) Burkitt’s lymphoma.(5)
38) Discuss about plasma cell dyscrasias.(10); Mention the different plasma cell
dyscrasias and discuss the lab diagnosis of multiple myeloma(10,5x2)
39) Bence-Jones proteins(2)
40) Ruston bodies(2); Dutcher bodies(2)
41) Smoldering myeloma(2)
42) Heavy chain disease(2)
43) Complications of plasmacytoma(5)
44) Monoclonal gammopathies(5)
45) Hyperviscosity syndrome(5)
46) Mantle cell lymphoma(5x2)
47) Hairy cell leukemia(5x3)
48) Splenic marginal zone lymphoma.(5)
49) Recent classification of lymphomas. Discuss in detail about T cell and NK cell
neoplasms.(10)
50) Markers for anaplastic large cell lymphoma (2)
51) Sezary syndrome (2)
52) Cutaneous lymphoma(5)

53) Discuss the recent concepts in diagnosis, classification and pathology of Hodgkin’s
Disease(10)
54) Morphological features of sub types of Hodgkin’s Lymphoma.(2)
55) RS cell(2)
56) Differences in presentation between Hodgkin and non-Hodgkin lymphomas(2)
57) Role of immunity in Hodgkins disease.(5)
58) Features of non classical variant of Hodgkin lymphoma (2)

59) Discuss the role of immunohistochemistry and molecular biology in the classification
of lymphomas and leukemia.(10)
60) Laboratory diagnosis of acute leukemias.(5)
61) Usefulness of karyotyping in the diagnosis and management of leukemia(5)
62) Cytochemical stains in acute leukemia(5)
63) FAB classification (5x2)

64) What are the technical advances in bone marrow pathology? Discuss the implication
of WHO classification in the marrow diagnosis of myeloid neoplasia.(10); Latest
classification of myeloid neoplasms(5)
65) WHO classification of AML(5); Recent advances in classification of AML (5); Describe
the subtypes of acute myeloid leukemia defined by the WHO classification. What are
the features that have an impact on prognosis.(10)
66) Prognostic factors in AML(2)
67) Ph chromosome(2)
68) Promyelocytic leukemia(5)
69) 5q syndrome(2)
70) Cytochemistry of megakaryocytic leukemia.(2)

71) Discuss current concepts in classification of Myelodysplastic syndrome with a note

on cytogenetic abnormalities.(10x3); Give the WHO classification of myelodysplastic
syndrome.(5x2); Investigation of MDS(10)
72) Define Myelodysplastic syndrome. Classify the syndrome. Discuss the
etiopathogenesis, and describe morphology of the peripheral blood & bone marrow
in MDS(10x2)
73) Peripheral blood findings in myelodysplastic syndrome(2)
 74) What are myeloproliferative disorders? What are the various mutations in
myeloproliferative disorders? Discuss in detail about primary myelofibrosis(10)
75) Cytogenetic and molecular genetic changes in chronic myeloid leukemia.(5)
76) Atypical CML (5x2)
77) JAK mutation(2x2)
78) LAP score(2,5)
79) Cytogenetic abnormalitie in myeloproliferative disorders other than CML (5)
80) Essential thrombocythemia(2)
81) Primary myelofibrosis.(5); Idiopathic myelofibrosis(5)
82) What are the conditions leading to myelofibrosis?(5)
83) Polycythemia(5)
84) Secondary polycythemia(2)
85) Mastocytosis(2)

86) Hand Schuller Christian triad (2)

87) Langerhan cell histiocytosis.(5)
88) Letter Siwe disease(2)

89) Hypersplenism (5)

90) Morphological variants of thymoma(5)
91) Enumerate patterns of infiltration of the bone marrow by neoplastic Lymphoid
cells.(2)

D. Red blood cells

1) Define hemolytic anemias. Classify them. How will you investigate a patient with
hemolysis to arrive at a definitive diagnosis(10); Lab diagnosis of haemolytic
anaemia(5,10x2)
2) What are the differences between intravascular and extra vascular Hemolysis?(2)
3) What is a reticulocyte? How is it counted? Discuss the significance of its presence in
the peripheral blood.(5); Reticulocyte count(2,5)

4) Diagrammatic representation of the cross section of RBC membrane in hereditary

spherocytosis(2)
5) Enumerate hemolytic anemia’s associated with RBC membrane defect and describe
pathophysiology and laboratory findings of spherocytosis.(5); Hereditary
spherocytosis.(5)
6) Osmotic fragility test(2)
7) Disease of red cell membrane(5); RBC abnormalities and diseases associated with
it.(5)

8) G6PD deficiency(5)
9) Heinz body preparation and its application (2)

10) Discuss the pathogenesis, morphology and complications of sickle cell disease.(10)
11) Sickle cell trait(2)
12) Hb-F(5,2)
13) Hb electrophoresis(5x2)
14) Functional classification of haemoglobin variants and describe about HbE(10)
15) Thalassemia(5); Mutations in thalassemia(2); Discuss molecular basis and diagnosis
of thalassemia.(5)
16) Alpha thalassemia(5)
17) Beta thalassemia-molecular biology and lab diagnosis(5)
18) Hemoglobinopathies in India(5)
19) Lab diagnosis of hemoglobinopathies(10)

20) Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria(2,5x2)

21) Ham test (2)

22) Classify haemolytic anaemias. Discuss the etiopathogenesis, clinical features and
laboratory findings in immune haemolytic anaemia.(10)
23) Immune mediated haemolytic anaemias.(5x2); Cold agglutinin haemolytic
anemia.(2); Cold acting antibodies(2)
24) Coomb’s test(5)
25) Hemolytic uremic syndrome(5)

26) Classify anemias. Discuss the etiopathogenesis, morphology and lab diagnosis of
pernicious anemia.(10)
27) What is the Peripheral smear appearance in Megaloblastic anemia. (2)
28) DD for microcytic hypochromic anaemia(2)
29) Sideroblastic anaemia(5x2)
30) Sideroblastemia(5)

31) Classify anemias. Discuss the etiopathogenesis, clinical features and laboratory
findings in Aplastic anemia.(10,5x2)
32) Pure red cell aplasia(2x2, 5x2)
33) Congenital anaemia(2)
34) Transient erythroblastopenia of childhood(2)
35) Enumerate the Hypo proliferative anemias.(2)
36) Refractory anemia(5)
37) Congenital dyserythropoitic anemias.(5)

38) Myelophthisic anaemia(5)

39) DD for normocytic anaemias(2)

40) Discuss in detail about the causes, differential diagnosis and investigations of
patients with pancytopenia(10); List causes of pancytopenia(2)
41) Pathology of bone marrow failure(5)
42) Leucoerythroblastic blood picture(5)

43) Porphyrias(5)
E. Coagulation and bleeding
1) Write about platelet STR receptors and ligand interaction.(5)
2) Procoagulant properties of Intima.(2)
3) Proteins of Fibrinolytic pathway.(2)
4) Structure of platelet(5)
5) Represent diagrammatically the molecular basis of platelet adhesion and
aggregation (2)
6) Thrombopoietin(2)
7) Von Willebrand factor(2);
8) G Proteins in platelet and their functions.(2)
9) Protein C(2)
10) Protein S(2x2)
11) Laboratory evaluation of hemostasis(10)
12) PT-INR(2); INR(2)
13) Partial thromboplastin time.(2)
14) Clot retraction time(2)
15) Bleeding time(2)
16) Platelet function tests.(5)
17) Aggregometer(5)
18) Laboratory detection and types of von Willebrand disease.(5x5)
19) Write briefly about Congenital Coagulopathies.(5)
20) Glanzmann’s thrombasthenia (2,5)
21) Hemophilia A(5)
22) Idiopathic thrombocytopenia(5x2)
23) Thrombotic microangiopathies(5)
24) Discuss the screening and specific tests used in the diagnosis of bleeding
disorders(10)
25) Classify haemorrhagic disorders and discuss the laboratory diagnosis of Von
Willebrand’s disease(10x2); Discuss and classify bleeding disorder. Discuss the role
of platelet and its abnormalities in hemostasis(10)
26) DIC(5x3); Define disseminated intravascular coagulation. Describe the
etiopathogenesis and laboratory diagnosis.(10)

F. Tranfusion Medicine
1) Autologous blood transfusion(2,5x2)
2) Storage of platelets in blood bank(2)
3) Cryoprecipitate(5)
4) Bombay blood group(2)
5) Kleihauer test.(2)
6) Tests done using cord blood in a setting of Rh incompatibility(2)
7) Discuss briefly transfusion reactions(5)
8) What are the factors that can cause increased destruction of circulating Platelets?(2)
9) P blood group(2)
10) What are blood components? Describe the preparation, storage and uses of blood
components.(10x3)
 11) Platelet therapy and apheresis(5)
12) Discuss organization and legal concerns of blood banking.(5)
13) Blood transfusion reactions (10)
14) Blood component therapy(5)

G. Clinical Pathology
1) Urinary sediments(2,5x3)
2) Telescoped urinary sediment(2)
3) Automation in urine analysis.(5)
4) Analysis and importance of analysis of urinary calculi(5)
5) Instrumentation in urine analysisand its principle(5)
6) Hemoglobinuria(5)
7) Test for microalbuminuria(2)
8) Discuss creatinine clearance tests.(5)
9) ESR(2); Automation in ESR(5); Utility and accuracy of zeta sedimentation.(5)
10) CSF examination in meningitis
11) Pleocytosis(5)
12) PCV(2)
13) Red cell distribution width(2)
14) Recent advances in investigation of malaria.(5x2); Latest tests for malaria (2)
15) Semen analysis(5)