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IGC 2 Page 1
Awareness programme with community and schools
Covering open pits and barricading excavations
Removing the ladder and denying access to scaffolding
Monitoring using security and use of CCTV
If they are to be allowed, to make site safe by isolating services
Securing tools, chemicals, equipments and vehicles
4 (a) Explain the meaning of the term ‘hazard’
Hazard is the potential of a substance, person, activity or process to cause harm.
(b) Outline the main hazards that could be present during the demolition of a multi-storey
building.
Falls from height
Falling debris
Dust and fumes
Noise and vibration from heavy plant and equipment
Fires and explosions from the use of flammable and explosive substances
Electrocution
Presence of asbestos and other hazardous materials
Premature collapse of the building being demolished
Collapse of adjoining structure
Manual handling
5 Repair work is to be carried out on the roof of a school.
(i) Identify control measures to reduce the risks of roof workers.
Suitable means of access such as scaffolding, ladders and crawling boards
Suitable barriers, guard rails
If required, isolation of services
Edge protection of the roof
Avoid work in poor weather conditions
Proper PPE such as harnesses, footwear having good grip etc
(ii) Identify two control measures to reduce the risks to other persons.
Suitable warning signs at ground levels
Safety net below the roof
Barricading the work area
6 (a) Outline the precautions to be taken when carrying out repairs to the flat roof of a building
The provision of safe access to the roof (scaffolding and/or ladders)
Edge protection to prevent the fall of persons or materials
The use of crawling boards and roof ladders
Identifying and covering roof lights
Ensure that there is no danger to employees from fragile roof-lights, voids, overhead
obstructions and services
Consideration should be given to the way in which materials are to be transported to the
working area
The employment of trained and competent workforce
The issue and wearing of PPE such as helmets, good grip footwear, harnesses etc
Positioning of various equipment such as bitumen boilers and gas cylinders
Avoid working in adverse weather conditions
7 Identify safe working practices for the use of a mobile elevating work platform (MEWP).
The MEWP must only be operated by trained and competent persons.
It must never be moved in the elevated position
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It must be operated on level and stable ground with consideration being given for the stability
and loading of floors.
The tyres must be properly inflated and the wheels immobilized
Outriggers should be fully extended and locked in position.
Due care must be exercised with overhead power supplies , obstructions and adverse weather
conditions
Warning signs should be displayed and barriers erected to avoid collisions.
It should be maintained regularly and procedures should be in place in the event of machine
failure.
Drivers of MEWPs must be instructed in emergency procedures, particularly to cover instances
of power failure.
All workers on MEWPs should wear safety harnesses.
8 (a) Identify the main hazards associated with excavation work on construction sites.
Collapse of the sides
Materials falling on workers in the excavation
Fall of people and/or vehicles into the excavation
Workers being struck by plant, specialist equipment such as pneumatic drills
Hazardous substances, particularly near the site of current or former industrial processes
Influx of ground or surface water and entrapment in silt or mud
Proximity of stored materials, waste materials or plant
Proximity of adjacent buildings or structures and their stability
Contact with underground services
Access and egress to the excavation
Fumes, lack of oxygen and other health hazards (such as Weil’s disease)
Contaminated ground
(b) Excavation work is being carried out on a construction site. Identify the control measures
needed to reduce the risk to workers.
At all stages of the excavation, a competent person must supervise the work and the workers
must be given clear instructions on working safely in the excavation
The sides of the excavation must be prevented from collapsing either by digging them at a
safe angle (between 5 degree and 45 degree dependent on soil and dryness) or by shoring
them up with timber, sheeting or a proprietary support system. Falls of material into the
workings can also be prevented by not storing spoil materials near the top of the excavation
The workers should wear hard hats
If the excavation is more than 2 m deep, a substantial barrier consisting of guard rails and
toe boards should be provided around the surface of the workings
Vehicles should be kept away as far as possible using warning signs and barriers. Where a
vehicle is tipping materials into the excavation, stop blocks should be placed behind its wheels
The excavation site must be well lit at night
All plant and equipment operators must be competent and non-operators should be kept
away from moving plant
PPE must be worn by operators of noisy plant
Nearby structures and buildings may need to be shored up if the excavation may reduce their
stability. Scaffolding could also be de-stabilized by adjacent excavation trenches
The influx of water can only be controlled by the use of pumps after the water has been
channelled into sumps. The risk of flooding can be reduced by the isolation of the mains water
supply
9 Identify precautions that would need to be considered before welding work can commence.
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The removal of flammable or explosive materials before welding work commences
Work should only be carried out by competent welder
Provision of supervision e.g. fire watcher
Use of safe system of work e.g. PTW
Emergency procedures in placed
Provision of fire fighting equipment
Provision of proper PPE to cover all the exposed parts of body for protection against sparks,
hot-spatter & radiation
Provision of local exhaust ventilation
ELCB for welding machine
Use of standard welding equipment
10 Repair work is taking place on the roof of a two-storey building.
Outline precautions that could minimise the risk to workers below from being injured by
falling materials or tools.
Use of covered walkways
Edge protection around the roof
Suitable netting to catch falling materials or tools
Waste material should be bought to ground level by the use of chutes or hoists
Minimum quantities of building materials should be stored on working platforms
Head protection (hard hats) to workers working below
Chapter 7 – Transport hazards and risk control
1 Outline measures to be taken to prevent accidents when pedestrians are required to work in
vehicle manoeuvring areas.
Segregated systems for vehicular and pedestrian traffic
Appropriate road markings
Maintaining good visibility (mirrors, transparent doors, provision of lighting etc)
Audible warnings on vehicles
The drawing up and enforcement of site rules
The provision of refuges
The wearing of high visibility clothing
A good standard of housekeeping
Training for, and supervision of, all concerned
2 Identify control measures to reduce the risk of accidents from reversing vehicles in the
workplace.
Avoiding the need for vehicles to reverse (one-way and ‘drive through' systems, turning circles,
etc)
The separation of vehicles and pedestrians (barriers, signs, etc)
Aspects of vehicle and workplace design (audible alarms, mirrors on vehicles and at blind
corners, refuges, lighting, etc)
Procedural measures (use of banks-men, site rules, driver training, etc)
3 Outline the factors to consider when assessing the risks to a long distance delivery driver.
The duration of the journey, driving hours
The demands of the route (complexity, road conditions, etc)
Weather and other environmental factors
Means of communication and security issues (e.g. potential for violence)
The physical and psychological capabilities of the driver to cope with the demands of the job
Any specialist skills required of the driver and the training given
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Vehicle maintenance and breakdown provision
The design and layout of the cab, other features of the vehicle tail-lifts
The nature of the load (e.g. hazardous, heavy, etc)
The need for, and the means of, manual and mechanical handling of materials
Any emergency equipment and procedures that are, or should be, in place
Chapter 8 – Musculoskeletal hazards and risk control
1 Outline the factors that could contribute towards the development of work-related upper limb
disorders (WRULDs) among employees working at a supermarket checkout.
Space constraints
Poor equipment (such as chairs that are not adjustable)
Bulky or heavy items
Poor design or reliability of scanning equipment
High levels of repetition
Working at a fast pace
Over-reaching (often from a seated position)
Insufficient rest breaks
Environmental conditions such as temperature and humidity
Lack of appropriate training
2 (i) outline the possible risks to health associated with the use of display screen equipment
Musculoskeletal problems
Tenosynovitis affects the wrist of the user
Pains in the back, shoulders, necks or arm as a result of poor postures
Visual problems
Eye strain
Sore eyes
Headaches
Psychological problems
Stress
Radiation
(ii) Describe the precautionary measures which could be taken to eliminate or reduce the risks
outlined in.
A suitable and sufficient risk assessment of the workstation, including the software in use, trip
and electrical hazards from trailing cables and the surrounding environment
Workstation compliance with the minimum specifications laid down in the national or
international standards
A plan of the work programme to ensure that there are adequate breaks in the work pattern
of workers
The provision of eye sight tests and if, required, spectacles to users of DSE
A suitable training programme of training and sufficient information given to all DSE users
(iii) Identify the features of a suitable seat for use at a DSE workstation.
Adjustable back support
Wood lumber support
Seat height adjustability
Stable base
Curved & comfortable arm support
Provision of foot rest
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3 (i) identify four types of injury that can be caused by the incorrect manual handling of loads
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One-way systems
Segregation of pedestrians from transport
Warning signs and audible alarms
Visibility issues such as adequate lighting, mirrors, high visibility clothing and transparent doors
The provision of safe systems of work for loading, unloading and stacking
The enforcement of site rules on speed restrictions and access
Training and supervision of staff
(iii) Outline eight rules to follow when a fork-lift truck is left unattended during a driver’s
work break.
The leaving the fork-lift truck on a firm, level surface in a designated parking area
The mast tilted slightly forward
The forks resting on the floor
The truck should not be left until the brake has been applied and power switched off
The key (if applicable) should be removed and returned to a responsible person preventing
unauthorised use of the truck
Avoiding the obstruction of emergency exits, walkways and fire-points
6 Outline the precautions that should be taken when using mobile cranes.
Ensuring stability of mobile crane (reach, lifting capacity, test certificate etc…)
Stable ground conditions
Use of outriggers
Avoidance of obstruction / overhead power lines
Designated and protected operation area
Suitable and tested lifting tackles
Correct slinging techniques
Ensuring competence of personal
Load to be carried near ground if travelling with load
Ensuring good visibility & communications, if poor visibility use of banks man
7 Identify possible causes of a mobile crane overturning on a construction site.
Over loading
Poor slinging of load
Insecure or unbalanced load
Loss of load
Collision with another structure or overhead power lines
Foundation failure
Structural failure of the crane
Operator error
Lack of maintenance and/or regular inspections
No signaller used when driver’s view is obscured
Incorrect signals given
Uneven flooring
Improper angle of the boom
8 Forklift trucks are operating in a busy environment. Describe suitable measures that the
employer could take to reduce the risk of collision with workers.
Marking of traffic routes
One-way systems
Warning signs and audible alarms
Visibility issues such as adequate lighting, mirrors, high visibility clothing and transparent doors
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The provision of safe systems of work for loading, unloading and stacking
The enforcement of site rules on speed restrictions and access
Training and supervision of staff
9 Identify eight rules to be followed to minimise the risk of forklift trucks overturning.
Drivers must drive at a suitable speed and obey the speed limits
Take special care when reversing
Take special care on wet and uneven surfaces and on ramps
Travel with the forks lowered
Take special care when handling loads which restrict visibility
Do not overload
Proper maintenance
Employment of trained and competent drivers and provision of periodic driver training
Do not allow to drive under influence of drugs and alcohol.
10 Outline factors to be considered when undertaking a manual handling assessment of the
work undertaken by baggage handlers at a large, busy airport.
The task:
1. Postural issues such as the need to stoop and twist
2. The frequency and duration of the physical effort that was required
3. The need to move the loads quickly to meet scheduled departures
4. The distance that loads might have to be carried and the height to be lifted to place bags on
to the conveyor
The individual:
1. Their stature, fitness levels
2. Training and experience
3. Their vulnerability, particularly if they are still young
The load:
1. The variable weights of items of baggage which would not carry weight markings
2. Bulky and unwieldy baggage such as golf clubs or skis
3. The possibility of movement of a bag’s contents because of unsatisfactory packing
4. The slippery nature of some of the packaging material used which would prevent the handlers
from obtaining a good grip on the load
The environmental:
1. Possible space constraints
2. The condition of floors which might be slippery and uneven
3. The temperatures in which the handlers might have to work
4. Standard of lighting provided together with the weather conditions
11 A mobile crane has been permitted to be used on a construction site.
Identify checks that the driver should carry out before a lifting operation.
Check that all lifting accessory statutory inspections are in place and up to date
Check that tyre pressures, where appropriate, are correct
SWL indicator should be fitted
Safe system of work and risk assessment must be carried out before lifting
Ensure that loads are not left suspended when the crane is not in use
Before a lift is made, ensure that nobody can be struck by the crane or the load
Ensure that loads are never carried over people
Ensure good visibility and communications
12 In a factory a conveyor system is used to transfer manufactured articles to the warehouse
area.
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Identify the control measures to be taken to reduce the risk of injury to workers from the
conveyor.
Provision of guarding for transmission machinery and the intakes of belts and drums
The erection of barriers to keep workers away from the conveyor
The provision of emergency stop buttons for the systems conveniently situated and easily
accessible
Ensuring operators are trained in the use of the conveyor system
Ensuring operators are well aware of hazards associated with its use such as the danger that
could arise from overloading the conveyor, wearing loose items of clothing or allowing long
hair to hang loose
Using a signal to warn workers that the conveyor is about to be put into operation
Ensuring maintenance and servicing work is carried out only by authorised personnel
Ensuring that the power supply to the conveyor is disconnected or locked off before the start
of the work
Encouraging workers to report unsafe practices to the supervisor
Chapter 9 – Work equipment hazards and risk control
1 (a) Outline defective conditions of non-powered hand tools that could present risks to the
user.
Split or broken shafts on tools such as on a hammer or an axe
Loose heads on tools (with the hammer or axe)
Handles missing from files
Burred or mushroomed heads on chisels
Blunt blades on chisels, saws or knives
Split handles on tools
Bent spanners or spanners with splayed jaws
Worn sockets and screwdrivers
Corroded tools
(b) Outline the requirements for the safe use of non-powered hand tools.
Selection of appropriate or suitable tool for the task
Ensuring that the users carry out regular inspection of the tools
Introducing a programme of routine maintenance and replacing those tools that are found to
be defective
Arranging for storage facilities for the tools to be available
Training the users in the safe use and inspection of hand tools
2 (a) Identify four hazards associated with the use of a bench-top grinder.
contact with the rotating wheel causing abrasion
drawing in between the rotating wheel and a badly adjusted tool rest
bursting of the wheel, ejecting fragments which puncture the operator
electrical through faulty wiring and/or earth bonding or during maintenance
fragments given off during the grinding process causing eye injury
hot fragments given off which could cause a fire or burns
noise produced during the grinding process
possible health hazard from dust/particles/fumes given off during grinding
(b) Other than a guard, outline four control measures that could be introduced to reduce risk
to a worker using a bench-top grinder.
Ensuring the grinder was securely fixed to the bench; the fitting of robust and adjustable
guards
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The correct positioning of the tool rest and spark guards
The operation of the wheel at its correct speed
The provision and maintenance of correctly positioned stop
The provision of a good standard of lighting
Ensuring the area round the machine was kept clean and free from rubbish
(c)Outline the basic requirements that you would consider when selecting a guard or safety
device for piece of work equipment.
The selection of a guard or safety device does not add any hazards to work equipment,
instead it should reduce the risk
It should not be easily bypassed
Maintenance should not be difficult
It should not interfere in carrying out normal operation
It should be cost effective
The material of construction which should be sufficiently robust to withstand the stresses of the
process and be able to contain any ejected material and dust but still allow sight of the
process when required
The size of any necessary openings in the guards which should not allow access to the
dangerous parts - a function of the size of any opening in relation to the distance to the
hazard
The method of fixing the guards requiring the use of a special tool for their removal to
prevent unauthorized access
Being sufficiently secure to prevent the guards reverberating and creating a noise problem
(d) Outline the merits (advantages) and limitations (disadvantages) of both:
(i) An interlocking guard
Advantages:
They allow safe access to operate and maintain the machine without dismantling the
safety devices
Disadvantages:
There is a constant need to ensure that they are operating correctly and designed to be
fail-safe
Maintenance and inspection procedures must be very strict
(ii) A trip device
Advantages:
A trip device does not physically keep people away but detects when a person
approaches close to a danger point, so it is designed in that way that it stops the machine
before injury occurs
Disadvantages:
It depends on the ability of the machine to stop quickly
In some cases a brake might need to be fitted
3 A portable electrical sander is being used in the production area of a factory.
(a) Identify hazards that may be present.
Electricity
Dust
Noise
Vibration
Abrasion
Poor ergonomics (related either to equipment design or to the way in which the work is been
carried out)
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Trailing cables
(b) Outline the precautions that could be taken to reduce the risk.
Competent person
Regular maintenance
Visual inspection before use
ELCB should be provided
Safe system of work
PPE
4 Identify four mechanical hazards presented by pedestal drills and outline in each case how
injury might occur.
Entanglement of clothes and hair with the drill bit, and stabbing injuries from the end of the bit
Contact with the drill chuck (abrasion)
Ejection of, or impact by, unclamped work pieces, made worse by the fact that the work piece
may be spinning at fast speed on the bit
Cutting hazards may also be presented by metal particles produced by the drilling process.
5 A petrol-driven chainsaw is to be used to fell a tree from ground level. In relation to this task:
(a) Identify four hazards associated with the use of the chainsaw;
Contact or entanglement with the chain
Noise and vibration
Dust and fumes
Ejected particles
Fire and explosion
Hot surfaces
Manual handling
The hazard of being struck by falling branches or trees
(b) Identify the items of PPE that should be used by the chainsaw operative.
Helmets fitted with mesh face shields
Hearing protection
Body and leg protection
Gloves and boots
6 Identify the hazards associated with the use of a cement mixer. For the hazards identified,
outline control measures that can be used to reduce the risks.
Manual handling (which might be controlled by the use of mechanical aids, reduced weights of
loads, the siting of materials to reduce twisting and/or the provision of training)
The corrosive and irritant properties of cement (which could be countered by the provision and
use of appropriate personal protective equipment, safe systems of work and good hygiene
practices)
Inhalation of the cement dust (against which masks might be provided)
Machinery hazards such as moving parts, ejection of materials and noise (where the control
measures would include, where appropriate, the provision of guarding, goggles and hearing
protection)
Also relevant are hazards associated with the power supply to the mixer. If petrol driven,
requirements would include storage facilities for the fuel to protect against the risk of fire,
training in refuelling procedures, and the prohibition of the use of the mixer in confined areas
to protect employees against inhalation of fumes. If electrical, a system of regular inspection
and testing of the equipment, and the use of residual current devices to minimise the risk of
shock, should be in place.
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7 Outline the four main categories of guards and safeguarding devices that can be used to
minimise the risk of contact with dangerous parts of machinery.
A fixed guard, as a physical barrier which was not linked to the machine operation and
required a special tool for its removal
The interlocked guard, which is linked to the machine operation and prevents access when the
machine is in a dangerous condition while also preventing operation of the machine until the
guard in position
The trip device such as a probe or pressure mat, stops movement of the machine when
approach is detected
An automatic or self acting guard such as a push away guard, is linked to the machine
mechanism and physically moves the operator away from the danger zone.
8 A new pedestal (pillar) drill has been installed in an engineering workshop. Identify the
factors that should be considered before it is first used, to reduce the risk of injury to the
operators.
Motor and drive should be fitted with fixed guard
Machine should be bolted down to prevent movement
The spindle should be guarded be an adjustable guard, which is fixed in position during the
work
A clamp should be available on the pedestal base to secure work-pieces
The machine should be on PAT schedule and regularly checked
Cutting fluid, if used, should be contained and not allowed to get onto clothing or skin
availability of appropriate PPE’s
9 Identify eight types of non-mechanical hazards associated with the use of machinery.
Noise (leading to noise-induced hearing loss and tinnitus)
Vibration (hand-arm vibration syndromes)
Electricity(shock or burns)
Hot surfaces(skin burns)
Dust(lung disorders, cancer, fire explosion)
Ergonomic/manual handling issues(musculoskeletal disorders)
Hazardous substance
Shards/splinters(cut, infections and eye injuries)
Chapter 10 – Electrical safety
1 (i) outline the dangers associated with electricity
Electrical shock
Electrical burns
Electrical fires and explosions
Arcing
Secondary hazards
(ii) Outline the emergency action to take if a person suffers a severe electric shock.
Raise the alarm by calling for help from colleagues
Switch off the power, if it is possible and/or the position of the emergency isolation switch is
known
Call for an ambulance
If it is not possible to switch off the power, then push or pull out the person away from the
conductor using an object made from a good insulator, such as a wooden chair or broom
If the person is breathing, place him/her in the recovery position so that open airways is
maintained and the mouth can drain if necessary
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If the person is not breathing, apply mouth-to-mouth resuscitation and, in the absence of a
pulse, chest compressions. When the person is breathing normally place them in the recovery
position
Treat any burns by placing a sterile dressing over the burn and secure with bandage. Any
loose skin or blisters should not be touched nor any lotions or ointments applied to the burn
wound
If the person regains consciousness, treat for normal shock
Remain with the person until they are taken to a hospital or local surgery
2 (i) outline the effects on the human body from a serve electrical shock
The cardio-respiratory effects, in particular the risk of fatal injury due to disruption to heart
rhythm
Contact with AC current can also cause an involuntary grip on the live conductor, thus
prolonging current flow through the body
Tissue burns, in particular at the entry and exit points of current passing through body
The possibility of damage to internal organs
Serious burns may also result from short circuit flashover from high voltage supplies
(ii) Describe how earthing can reduce the risk of receiving electrical shock
All metalwork that could become live to be earthed
The fact that the resistance of the earth path should be as low as possible so as to induce, in
the case of a fault, a current sufficiently high to `blow' a fuse or `trip' another form of
protective device
(iii) Outline four factors that may affect severity of injury from contact of electricity.
The level and frequency of the current
The voltage involved
The nature of the current passing through the body (AC/DC)
The path taken through the body by the current
The length of the contact time, regulated by the speed of action of the fuse or circuit breaker
Individual body resistance involving sex, age and the dryness of the skin
Environmental factors such as ground conditions
The type of clothing and footwear being worn at the time
3 Outline the range of checks that should be made to ensure electrical safety in a workplace.
Visual inspections for damage to cables, plugs and sockets
The need to ensure that all fuses are of the correct rating
Checking that equipment is sited such that outlets are not overloaded
Cables are not in vulnerable positions
The equipment itself should be checked to ensure suitability and conformity with recognized
standards (e.g. CE marking)
A specific testing procedure for portable appliances should be in place
A procedure for reporting defects or damage
4 Outline precautions/control measures that should be taken to reduce the risk of harm from
electrical equipment in a workplace.
The use of reduced low voltage trough a transformer centre-tapped to earth
The use of residual current devices or earth leakage protection
The protection and safe positioning of supply cables
Using double-insulated equipment
Using cordless (battery operated) equipment
Ensuring the correct rating of fuses
Introducing a system for routine visual inspection and testing of cables and equipment
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5 Identify the electrical hazards that could be discovered by a visual inspection.
Cuts on the using cables
Looping of cables
Overloaded switches
Damaged electrical cables
Damaged electrical equipment
Improper grounded equipments
Uninsulated equipment
Improper latching of wire
6 A portable electric drills for use on a construction site needs periodic inspection and testing to
ensure it is a safe to operate
Identify the factors that would determine the frequency of the inspection and testing.
The type of equipment whether and its voltage
The integrity and age of the equipment including the likelihood of it becoming damaged
The frequency and duration of its use
The environment in which it is to be used
Its previous maintenance and repair history
Any recommendations made by the manufacturers or in guidance published by the Health and
Safety Executive
7 A worker uses a hand-held electric drill regularly in the course of their work.
(i) Outline the checks that should be made to ensure the electrical safety of the drill.
Damage to the cable sheathes, joints or plugs
The equipment has been subjected to conditions for which it is not suitable; for example, it is
wet or excessively contaminated
Damage to the external casing of the equipment or there are loose parts or screws
(ii) Other than electricity, identify four hazards associated with the use of the drill.
Abrasion and impact
Noise
Vibration
Trip hazards
Flying particles
Dust
Entanglement with chuck or bit
Chapter 11 – Fire safety
1 Identify the principles of the ‘fire triangle’.
As shown in the above figure each side of the fire triangle represents one of three elements
namely, fuel, oxygen and a source of ignition- all three elements must be present for fire to occur.
The understanding of the fire triangle is fundamental to fire prevention and precautions.
2 (i) identify four sources of ignition that may lead to a fire in the workplace.
Naked flames- from smoking materials, heating appliances, process equipments
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External sparks- from grinding metals, welding, impact tools, electrical switch gear
Internal sparking- from electrical equipment, machinery, lighting
Hot surfaces- from lighting, cooking, heating appliances, process equipments, poorly
ventilated equipments, faulty and/or badly lubricated equipment, hot bearings and drive
belts
Static electricity- causing significant high voltage sparks from the separation of material such
as unwinding plastic, pouring highly flammable liquids, walking across insulated floors or
removing synthetic overalls.
(ii)Outline methods of reducing the risk of a fire in the workplace.
The control of smoking and smoking materials
Good housekeeping to prevent the accumulation of waste paper and other combustible
materials
Regular lubrication of machinery to prevent friction and overheating
Regular inspection of electrical equipment including portable appliances for damage
Ensuring that electrical systems are not overloaded and that electrical equipment is isolated
when not in use
The use of earth bonding to control risks from static electricity
Ensuring ventilation outlets on equipment are not obstructed
Controlling hot work by permits or by their creation of designated areas ensuring the safe use
of and providing proper storage facilities for flammable liquids
Segregating incompatible chemicals
Ensuring the selection of correct equipment for example intrinsically safe electrical equipment
Implementing security procedures to reduce the risk of arson
The use of fire fighting equipments such as fire hydrant system, fire extinguishers, etc...
Provision of fire exit and fire detection system
(iii) Outline the measures that should be in place for a successful evacuation of a workplace
in the event of a fire.
Means of raising the alarm
Contacting the emergency services
Fire evacuation routes evacuations signs
Role of individuals
Muster point assembly point
Practicing mock drills
Identify the fire marshals
3 Identify the four methods of heat transfer and explain how each can cause the spread of fire.
Convection: - hot air becomes less dense and riser, drawing in cold new air fuels the fire with
more oxygen.
Conduction: - this transfers the heat through a material with sufficient intensity to melt or
destroy the material and ignite combustible material which comes into contact or close to hot
section.
Radiation: - often in a fire the direct transmission of heat through the emission of heat waves
from a surface can be so intense that adjacent material are heated sufficiently to ignite. A
metal surface glowing red hot would be typical of sever hazard in a fire.
Direct burning: - this is effect of combustible material catching fire through direct contact with
flames.
4 Identify eight common causes of fires in the work place.
Faulty electrical equipment
Naked flames
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Bad housekeeping
Inadequate lubrication
Hot surfaces
Smoking and machine
Spontaneous ignition
Combustible sparks
Oil/gas
Static electricity
5 Outline suitable control measures for the safe storage and use of highly flammable liquids in
the workplace.
Store minimum quantities
Establish suitable fixed storage tanks
Keep cylinders upright in well ventilated storage area
Clear marking of containers to be given
Clearly marked storage area
Store minimum quantities
6 Outline the general role a fire marshal would be expected to undertake in an emergency
evacuation of a workplace in the event of a fire.
On hearing the alarm:
Suggest to everyone the evacuation of area.
Check allocated area to ensure that everybody has left.
Ensure that anybody with evacuation difficulties is being seen to.
Proceed to the assembly area.
Report to the Fire coordinator.
Take a roll call if appropriate.
7 Outline the main requirements for a safe means of escape from a building in the event of fire.
Fire doors should be open in the direction of travel(outwards)
Doors providing means of escape should never be locked
Display notice on the doors
Signs along the escape routes
Corridors and stairways forming a means of escape should have half-hour fire resistance
Corridors and other escape routes must be unobstructed
8 In relation to the classification of fires, give an example of a material (fuel) that falls within
each of the classes A, B, C and D.
Class A- Solid Fire- woods, paper, cotton, plastic.
Class B- Liquid fire- petrol, diesel, kerosene
Class C- Gases Fire- LPG,CNG,PROPANE
Class D- Metals – sodium, magnesium, potassium
Chapter 12 – Chemical and biological health hazards and risk control
1 (i) identify three forms of biological agents.
Bacteria: - legionellosis, tuberuculosis, tetanus
Virus: - HIV, Hepatitis , Influenza
Fungi: - Riny worm, yeast
(ii) Identify three possible routes of entry into the body for a biological agent.
Inhalation
Absorption through skin
Ingestion/swallowing
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Injection/skin puncture
(iii)Give two appropriate control measures that can be taken to reduce the risk of exposure to
a biological agent.
Disinfection
Proper disposal of biomedical waste
Good house keeping
PPE
Adequate water treatment
Immunization
2 An organization uses small quantities of toxic chemicals.
(i) Identify four possible routes of entry of toxic substances into the body.
Inhalation
Absorption through skin
Ingestion/swallowing
Injection/skin puncture
(ii) Explain the difference between acute and chronic health effects.
Acute health effects
Short duration
Appear rapidly
Usually reversible
Undiagnosed for many years
Chronic health effects
After long term exposure to hazardous system
Gradual effect
Usually irreversible
Undiagnosed for many years
(iii) Identify the sources of information which could be used in the assessment of risk of toxic
substances.
MSDS
Product label
Local statutory rules
ILO information
Past medical record
Case study
(iv)Outline the control measures that might be required in order to minimize risks to workers
Elimination
Substitution
Reduction up to OEL
Engineering control
Administrative control
PPE
3 Identify the information that should be included on a manufacture’s safety data sheet (MSDS)
supplied with a hazardous substance.
Name of substance
Chemical composition
Property of substance
Nature of hazard
Control measure
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PPE recommendation
First Aid measure
Fire fighting measure
Handling-storage-transport and disposal information
4 (i) identify four types of hazards for which local exhaust ventilation (LEV) would be an
appropriate control measure giving an example in each case of the harmful effect that
might be produced.
Hazardous gas
Hazardous flame
Hazardous flame
Hazardous dust
(ii) Outline the factors that may reduce the effectiveness of a local exhaust ventilation system
(LEV).
Damage duct
Block or defective filter
Poor or defective filter
Unauthorized extension of system
Poor initial design
Poor maintenance
Incorrect adjustment
5 (i) identify four forms of hazardous substance for which respiratory protective equipment
could be used to reduce the risk of harm.
Dust
Gases
Vapour
Mists
Fumes
Micro organism
(ii) Outline factors that could reduce the effectiveness of the respiratory protective equipment.
Poor maintenance
It may not be suitable
Improper size
Worker misusing the RPE
Extreme weather condition
Using beyond its design limitation
Inadequate storage
Prolong use without replacement
6 An engineering company has noticed a recent increase in work-related ill-health among shop
floor workers who use a degreasing solvent for which a workplace exposure limit (WEL) has
been assigned.
(i) Explain the meaning of the term ‘workplace exposure limit’(WEL).
Airborne concentration of toxic substance representing condition under which it believe that all
worker expose repetitive 8 hours daily or 40 hours a week would not suffer any adverse
effect during their work
(ii) Give reasons for the possible increase in work related ill-health among shop floor
workers.
Continuous exposure
Not use of PPE
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Not suitable PPE
Improper handling
Improper stacking
No rotational duties
No frequent break
7 Identify factors that may indicate a need for health surveillance of workers in a workplace.
Deteriorate health and data of worker
Significant increase of problems in periodical programs
Ill-health in particular section of workplace
Sickness and absenteeism
Complaints of workers
Low production
8 Outline factors to consider when undertaking an assessment of health risks for a hazardous
substance.
Identify hazardous substance
Where it is used??
Who expose to it?
What is OEL of substance?
What is ill-health due to that substance?
What is control measure?
What is immediate first aid?
MSDS available or not?
What is duration of exposure?
What is frequency of exposure?
Proper PPE available or not?
9 Identify two types of cellular defence mechanisms that the body has as a natural defence
system.
Nasal hair in nostril
Mucous secreted by respiratory act
Cilia of respiratory tract
Coughing reflex
10 Give the meaning of the term ‘maximum allowable concentration’.
The threshold limit value (TLV) of a chemical substance is a level to which it is believed a worker
can be exposed day after day for a working lifetime without adverse health effects.
Chapter 13 – Physical and psychological health hazards and risk control
1 A maintenance worker regularly uses a hand held grinder, exposing him to external
vibration.
(i) Identify the symptoms that the worker may experience due to this exposure.
Tingling numbness in the hand & finger
Severe pain at finger a wrest joints
Loss of grip strength
Other injury to body parts
(ii) Outline control measures that can be used to reduce exposure to vibration.
Decrease the daily exposure limit
Use gloves & worm clothing
Reporting system for employee, using this instrument when develop symptoms
Rest between working hours
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Training
Follow the instruction given by manufacture
Periodically medical examination
Maintained of tools & inspection at regular interval
2 A road worker is operating a hand-operated pneumatic road breaker to split concrete,
subjecting the hands and arms to heavy vibration.
Outline control measures that could be considered to reduce the health effects from
vibration.
Well maintained instrument
Decrease exposure limit
Under take risk assessment
Work pattern improve
Gloves and warm cloth
Training to person
Job rotation policy
3 (i) outline the possible effects on health from exposure to high level of noise.
Acute effect:
Temporary threshold shift: caused by short excessive noise exposure-slight deafness
Tinnitus: ringing in the ear caused by an intense and high noise level
Acute acoustic trauma: caused by very low load peak noise such as explosion affects ear
drum or ear bone
Chronic effects:
Noise induced hearing loss: permanent damage
Permanent threshold shift: due to prolonged exposure to loud noise- It is reversible
Tinnitus: same as acute but permanent
(ii) Outline two noise control techniques that would benefit all workers.
Hearing protection devices – PPE (use of ear plug, ear muff)
Reduce & control of noise source by means of engineering control
Periodic examination of ear of employee exposed to high noise
Rotation of job to reduce less time & less exposure to noise
4 Outline four types of engineering control that may be used to reduce noise in the workplace,
giving a practical example of each.
Silencing: normally fitted to engines which are exhausting gases to atmospheres
Absorption: can be used effectively in areas where the sound is reflected from wall.
The walls of room housing the noisy equipment are lined without sound such as form or mineral
wool.
Damping: The use of insulating floor mounting remove or reduce the transmission of noise and
vibration through the structure of the building.
Isolation: the provision of sound proof workroom or enclosure isolated away from noisy
equipment
5 (i) identify four types of ionizing radiation
X-rays
Alpha rays
Beta rays
Gamma rays
(ii) Identify health effects that may be caused by ionising radiation.
Somatic effect
Genetic effect
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(iii) Outline the main control measures to reduce the effects of exposure to ionizing radiation.
Film badge
Geiger counter
Physical shield
Relocate some jobs inside a building or to shady location
Undertake some outdoors work earlier or later in the days
Provide suitable education and training for outdoor workers
Provide suitable information and supervision to investigate same system of work
6 Outline the factors that may lead to unacceptable levels of occupational stress among
employees.
The job – boring or repetitive , job insecurity
Insufficient training
Responsibility not clearly defined
Working conditions – lack of lighting, high humidity, high temperature etc
Excessive noise and vibration
Lack of management support – negative health and safety culture
Individual social life affecting their work
Inadequate welfare facilities
7 Outline prevention strategies an organization could consider to reduce the risk of violence
towards workers.
Informing telephone callers that their call will be recorded
Displaying working signage
Use of CCTV
Use of alarm system
Use of cashless payment methods
Security guard appointed
Access control of unauthorized person
8 (a) Describe the possible effects on hearing from exposure to noise
Acute effect:
Temporary threshold shift: caused by short excessive noise exposure-slight deafness
Tinnitus: ringing in the ear caused by an intense and high noise level
Acute acoustic trauma: caused by very low load peak noise such as explosion affects ear
drum or ear bone
Chronic effects:
Noise induced hearing loss: permanent damage
Permanent threshold shift: due to prolonged exposure to loud noise- It is reversible
Tinnitus: same as acute but permanent
(b) Outline the factors that are likely to affect the performance of personal hearing protection.
Proper selection of with suitability for the job
Proper fitted
It should not be modified
Comfortable enough to be accepted and worn
9 The use of a road drill (pneumatic breaker) can expose workers to hand-arm and whole body
vibration.
(a) Identify two health effects from exposure to hand-arm vibration.
Tingling numbness in the hand & finger
Tips of finger go white/severe pain
Whole hand may be affected if continue same work with vibrating tools
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Loss of grip strength
(b)Identify two health effects exposure to whole body vibration.
Pain in neck and shoulder
Muscle fatigue
Restricted joint movement
(c)Outline factors that should be considered when carrying out a risk assessment for
workers exposed to vibration when using the road drill (pneumatic breaker).
Frequency of vibration/source of vibration
Time of exposure /no of employees
Tightness of grip
Age of the equipment
Maintenance of equipments
Suitability of job
Information/guidance from manufacture
Environmental factor(cold, wet weather)
10 Identify welfare and work environment requirements that should be provided in a workplace.
Sanitary facility
Washing facility
Drinking facility
Accommodation for clothing
Facilities for changing clothes
Facilities for rest and eating meals
First-aid provision
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