SAP PP - Help Files

SAP PP-Production planning
Production Planning and Control (PP)
Basic Data (PP-BD)
BOMs (PP-BD-BOM)
Order BOMs (PP-BD-BOM)
PP - Work Centers
Routings (PP-BD-RTG)
Line Design
Engineering Workbench (PP-BD)
Standard Value Calculation with CAPP (PP-BD-CAP)
Sales & Operations Planning (PP-SOP)
Sales & Operations Planning (LO-LIS-PLN)
Distribution Resource Planning (PP-SOP-DRP)
Master Planning (PP-MP)
Demand Management (PP-MP-DEM)
Long-Term Planning (PP-MP-LTP)
Capacity Planning (PP-CRP)
Material Requirements Planning (PP-MRP)
Production Orders (PP-SFC)
PP - Kanban
Repetitive Manufacturing (PP-REM)
Production lot planning / individual project plan
Assembly-to-order (LO-ASM)
Production Planning for Process Industries (PP-PI)
Production Planning - Process Industries (PP-PI)
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PP - PI-PCS Interface: Linking of Process Control Systems
SAP OPC Data Access (SAP ODA)
ERP-MES Integration (PP-MES)
Visual Manufacturing Planner (PLM-VEP-VMP)
Data Archiving in Production Planning and Control (PP)
BOMs (PP-BD-BOM)
Bills of Material in Production Planning
How are Bills of Material Used in PP?
Single-Level BOMs
Assemblies
Authorization Objects
BOM Categories
Effectivity
Technical Types
BOM Usage
Structure of a BOM
Material BOM Browser
Enhancements to the SAP System in the Area of PLM
Archiving
Features of an Item Category
Item Categories in the Standard System
Steps in Creating a Simple Material BOM
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Plant Allocations
Creating a Variant BOM
Creating a Multiple BOM
Change Master Records
Changing a Material BOM
Mass Changes
BOM Reporting Functions
Displaying Change Documents
Setting up BOM Groups
Definition
A formally structured list of the components that make up a product or assembly. The list contains
the object number of each component, together with the quantity and unit of measure.
BOMs are used in their different forms in various situations where a finished product is assembled
from several component parts or materials. Depending on the industry sector, they can also be
called recipes or lists of ingredients and so on.
They contain important basic data for numerous areas of a company, for example:
 MRP
 Material provisions for production
 Product costing
 Plant maintenance
You can create the following BOMs in the SAP system:
o Material BOMs
o Equipment BOMs
o Functional location BOMs
o Document structures
o Order BOM
o Work breakdown structure (WBS) BOM
Selection Criteria
Selection is necessary if you plan production in the system or if you want to maintain BOMs for
technical objects from the area plant maintenance. If very large documents about BOMs are to be
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cumulated in the document management system (DMS), you also have to select these
components.
Production Planning
The Production Planning application component provides a solution for both the production plan
(type and quantity of the products) and the production process. Preparations for production include
the procurement, storage, and transportation of materials and intermediate products.

Bills of material (BOMs) and routings contain essential master data for integrated materials
management and production control. In the design department, a new product is designed such
that it is suitable for production and for its intended purpose. The result of this product phase is
drawings and a list of all the parts required to produce the product. This list is the bill of material.
German standard (DIN) number 199, part 2, number 51, defines a bill of material as follows:
A bill of material is a complete, formally structured list of the components that make up a product
or assembly. The list contains the object number of each component, together with the quantity
and unit of measure. A bill of material can only refer to a quantity of at least 1 of an object.
The graphic below shows some components of a bicycle that are included in a BOM.
Bills of material are used in their different forms in various situations where a finished product is
assembled from several component parts or materials. Depending on the industry sector, they may
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also be called recipes or lists of ingredients. The structure of the product determines whether the
bill of material is simple or very complex.
How are Bills of Material Used in PP?
The data stored in bills of material serves as a basis for production planning activities such as:
 A design department (working with CAD) can base its work on bills of material. You can also
create a BOM in the SAP system from your CAD program, via the SAP-CAD interface.
 A material requirement planning (MRP) department explodes bills of material on a certain
date to calculate cost-effective order quantities for materials.
 A work scheduling department uses bills of material as a basis for operation planning and
production control.
 A production order management department, uses bills of material to plan the provision of
materials.
The data stored in bills of material is also used in other activities in a company such as:
 Sales orders
As an aid to data entry. You can also create and maintain a BOM specifically for a sales
order (variant configuration).
 Reservation and goods issue
As an aid to data entry
 Product costing
To calculate the costs of materials required for a specific product
This simultaneous use of BOM data in different areas of a company illustrates the advantage of
a system based on integrated application components. Links between application components
facilitate continuous data exchange between different application areas, giving all users access
to the latest data at all times.
Single-Level BOMs
You can break down large and complex product structures into a number of related units. Each unit
can be represented by a BOM, referred to in this documentation as a single-level BOM.
A single-level BOM describes one or more assemblies by means of component quantities. In the
following, the term single-level BOM will be shortened to BOM.
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In practice, a single-level BOM is often a collection of standardized assemblies. A single-level BOM
can be either a complete machine or an individual part.
You can use single-level BOMs to define one-time solutions for recurring tasks. Once you have
defined your solution in the form of a single- level BOM, you can use it whenever you need it and
combine it with other BOMs as required.
Example
The graphic below shows single-level BOMs for a men’s racing bicycle for different levels of the
production process.
Assemblies
A group of semi-finished products or parts that are assembled together and form either a finished
product or a component of a finished product is known as an assembly.
An assembly is identified by a material number and generally functions as a single unit.
The graphic below shows the assembly " GEARS" , a Derailleur gear system that is made up of
four components.
A product defined as an assembly, such as the Derailleur gear system in the graphic above , can
in turn be used as a component in another assembly, such as MRB01 Men’s racing bicycle (see
graphic in topic Single-Level BOMs).
The term "assembly" comes from material BOM applications. In document structures (in document
management applications) this term refers to a coherent grouping of a quantity of documents and
texts.
Phantom Assemblies
A phantom assembly is a logical (rather than functional) grouping of materials.
 From the design point of view, these materials are grouped together to form an assembly. The
components of a phantom assembly are grouped together to be built into the assembly on the
next level up the product structure.
 From the production point of view, these materials are not actually assembled to form a physical
unit.
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Example
Assembling a pair of gearwheels
Engineering/design view: one assembly
Assembly view:
Gearwheel 1 goes into the driving gear
Gearwheel 2 goes into the output gear
You can define the special procurement key phantom assembly in the material requirements
planning (MRP) data of the material master record for a material.
Dependent requirements for the superior assembly are passed directly down to the components of
the phantom assembly, skipping the phantom assembly. Planned orders and purchase requisitions
are also produced only for the components of the phantom assembly.
Authorization Objects
You can organize BOM processing in your company to suit the way your company is structured. It
is often the case that basic data that is relevant to all applications is created in a central department,
then application-specific data is added using the change function.
You can structure authorizations to reflect your organization. The 4 authorization objects for
defining access authorizations are assigned to object class Production planning.
The following authorization objects are defined for maintaining BOMs:
 General Authorization Object for Processing BOMs
 Authorization Object for BOM Plant
 Authorization to Process BOM Without Change Number
 Authorization Object for Mass Changes
 Authorization Object for Variable Lists
Checking Authorization Objects

The following table shows which functions check which authorization objects.
Function Authorization object
Create BOM, C_STUE_BER (bill of material)

change BOM C_STUE_WRK (plant)
C_STUE_NOH (change without history)
Mass changes C_STUE_MAS

C_STUE_BER (bill of material)
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Archive BOM C_STUE_BER (bill of material)
C_STUE_WRK (plant)
Display BOM, C_STUE_BER (bill of material)

BOM group, and plant allocation C_STUE_WRK (plant)
BOM explosion, C_STUE_BER (bill of material)

where-used list,
BOM comparison
Display change documents S_SCD0

(change documents)
Variable lists for C_VARLIST

BOM explosions (objects for variable lists)
The documentation assumes that the user has unrestricted authorization for all functions.
Authorization Checks: Example
BOM Categories
In the SAP System, you can use BOMs to represent different objects (such as materials,
equipment, functional location BOMs, and documents) and to maintain object-specific data. Before
you can create a BOM for the component parts of an object, the object must have a valid master
record in your system.
The following graphic shows the objects for which you can create BOMs.
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Material BOM: BOM with Reference to a Material
A bill of material that you create for a material is known as a material BOM in the SAP System.
To create a material master in the SAP System, you can use the following functions:
 Material Create Immediately
For this material, the system creates a material master immediately, so you can also create a BOM
for it.
 Material Create Schedule
For this material, the system only generates a change document. This is why you cannot create a
BOM for the material at first.
Only when you activate the scheduled material does the system create a material master record.
Then you can create a BOM for it.
The material master record contains descriptive data such as the size, dimension, and weight of
the material, and control data such as the material type and the industry sector. In addition to this
user-maintained data, the material master record also contains data that is updated by the system,
such as stocks.
Material BOMs are mainly used to represent the structure of products manufactured within your
company. You can enter both materials and documents as components of this BOM. A document
info record must exist in your SAP System for each document you enter.
This documentation uses the example of the material BOM to describe BOM functions.
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Document Structure: BOM with Reference to a Document
A complex document may be made up of several documents, such as a program, technical
drawings, papers, and photographs. These related information and documentation objects are
grouped together as a unit using a document structure – a BOM for a document.
In effect, you create a BOM for a document info record. This "BOM" is known as a document
structure.
You can find additional information on how to maintain document structures in the component CA
– Document Management System. In the SAP-Library select Cross-Application Components
Document Management System .
Equipment BOM: BOM with Reference to an Equipment

The system also allows you to maintain BOMs for equipment (technical objects for plant
maintenance).
Equipment BOMs are used to describe the structure of equipment and to assign spare parts to
equipment for maintenance purposes.
Since these BOMs are linked to equipment, they are known as equipment BOMs.
You can find additional information on how to maintain equipment BOMs in the component PM –
Maintenance Bill of Material. In the SAP-Library select Logistics PM - Plant Maintenance
Technical Objects PM - Maintenance Bill of Material .
Functional Location BOM: BOM with Reference to a Functional Location

Bills of material for functional locations group together the elements of a technical structure, such
as the functional unit of an entire plant.
In the standard SAP System, a master record exists for each functional location. BOMs of this
category are linked to these master records. This is why they are known as functional location
BOMs. A functional location BOM can contain materials (PM structure elements and items relevant
to plant maintenance) and documents.
You can find additional information on how to maintain functional location BOMs in the component
PM – Maintenance Bill of Material. In the SAP-Library select Logistics PM - Plant Maintenance
Technical Objects PM - Maintenance Bill of Material .
Order BOM: BOM with Reference to a Sales Order

You work with order BOMs when you specially tailor the make-to-order production of your products
to the requirements of your customers. In order to meet the customer requirements, sales order
specific modifications to various assemblies are often required. Furthermore, assemblies are often
specially constructed for a particular sales order.
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The order specific, modified or created BOMs are saved with reference to materials, sales orders,
and sales order items. BOMs of this category are linked to sales orders, so they are known as
sales order BOMs or order BOMs.
You can create order BOMs using the variant configuration as well as the BOM processing function.
The Order browser is a navigation tool that you can use to get an overview of the multi-level BOMs
of a sales order item and which you can use to navigate the various process and evaluation
functions.
You can find additional information on how to maintain order BOMs under PP – Order BOMs . In
the SAP-Library select Logistics PP – Production Planning and Control Basic Data Order
BOMs .
Work Breakdown Structure BOM: BOM with Reference to a Production

Lot
Production lots for finished and semi-finished products can be planned and manufactured using
different BOMs. For example, a substituted component can trigger a targeted cost calculation and
evaluation per production lot during the planning stage (before sales.
The number of a production lot is a WBS element from the Project System. You use this number
to plan and manufacture the production lot for an assembly and calculate the planned and actual
costs for producing the assembly.
Because of the reference to a WBS element from the Project System, these BOMs are known as
WBS BOMs.
You can find additional information on how to maintain WBS BOMs under PP – Planning Production
Lots / Engineer-to-Order Production. In the SAP-Library select Logistics PP – Production
Planning and Control Basic Data Planning Production Lots / Engineer-to-Order Production .
BOM Usage
Many companies have only one universally applicable BOM structure for all areas of their company.
This structure usually takes the form of complete single-level BOMs, created in the design
department, and used in both material management and the assembly workshop.
The standard SAP system allows you to maintain individual BOMs for any area of your company.
These BOMs are maintained independently of each other and are assigned different internal BOM
numbers. In this way, each area is only dealing with the specific data it requires.
In Customizing for Production, define individual BOM usages for the different areas within your
company by choosing Basic data Bill of Material General data BOM usage Define BOM
usages.
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You can define BOM usages for the following scenarios:
 You maintain separate BOMs for different areas within your company, such as design or
production.
 You create just one BOM for all areas within your company.
Structure of a BOM
The wide range of BOM data is managed in a structured form.

o The BOM header contains data that applies to the entire BOM.
o The BOM item contains data that only applies to a specific component of the BOM.
o Subitems contain data on the different installation points for partial quantities of an
item.
Structure of a BOM
Material BOM Browser
Definition
Navigation tool for displaying the multi-level BOM of a material
Use
You use the material BOM browser to navigate in a multi-level material BOM.
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Structure
In the material BOM browser, the multi-level BOM is displayed similarly to in the product structure
browser . This means you see an overview tree, whose branches you can show and hide. As
opposed to the product structure browser, in the overview tree of the material BOM browser, only
the BOM headers and items are displayed.
Plant Allocations
You can extend the area of validity of a BOM that you defined when you first created the BOM. You
can allocate the same BOM to a material in different plants. This avoids data redundancy and
multiple data entry.
Before you can allocate a BOM to material in a different plant, certain conditions must be met (see
Area of Validity).
On the initial screen for plant allocations, the entry in the Plant field has the following significance:
Special character " * " all plants
Blank group BOM
Creating a Variant BOM

You can describe products that are built in a similar way by using a variant BOM. To create a variant
BOM, you extend an existing material BOM by creating a variant.
Steps for Creating a Variant BOM

When you create a variant BOM, you carry out the following steps:
1. Maintaining the Initial Screen for Creating a Variant BOM
2. Selecting a Variant BOM to Copy
3. Copying Data from an Existing Variant
4. Maintaining and Saving Variant BOM Data
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Creating a Multiple BOM
You use a multiple BOM to describe the alternative combinations of components for one material
that exist due to different production processes. To do this, you extend an existing material BOM
by creating an alternative.
Steps to Creating a Multiple BOM

When you create a multiple BOM, you carry out the following activities:
1. Initial Screen for Creating a Multiple BOM
2. Copying an Existing BOM
3. Copying Items from the Existing BOM
4. Maintaining and Saving Multiple BOM Data
Mass Changes
Use
You can use the mass change function to change items in several BOMs at once.
Objects for Mass Change

The mass change function is controlled by the object type of the item you change (see Item Entry
and Master Record).
For each object type, the system makes specific checks:
 Object type Material
 This object type groups together all the item categories that refer to a material master:
 Stock item
 Non-stock Item
 Variable-size item
 PM structure element
 Object type Document
 This object type groups together all the items that refer to a document info record (document
items).
 Object type Class
 This object type groups together all the items that refer to a class (class items).
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 Features
 You can use a mass change to perform the following functions:
 Change
 Deleting items
 Creating items
Create
With this function you can create a new material item, document item or class item in several BOMs
that contain a specific reference object.
The object type of the reference object and the new item is irrelevant. For example, you can create
a document in all BOMs that contain a particular material item.
Delete
This function enables you to delete an item from several BOMs.
Enter the data that identifies the item you want to delete.
Change
This function enables you to:
 Replace an item in several BOMs
 Change item data.
To change the quantity, you can enter a factor to multiply with the required quantity of the old
component.
If you set the Relevancy to costing indicator or the Bulk material indicator, an additional check is
made, because these 2 indicators are mutually exclusive. If one of these indicators is set (for
example, Relevancy to costing), and you want to set the other (for example, Bulk material) in a
mass change run, the system deletes the indicator that was set before (Relevancy to costing, in
this example).
Selecting BOMs
If you do not want to replace the BOM component in all BOMs, you can enter selection criteria for
the BOM or item to include only the BOMs you want to change. Then a list of the selected BOMs
is displayed. From this list you select which BOMs and items you really want to change.
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BOM Reporting Functions
Use
This section describes the range of reporting functions for BOMs.
Features
The SAP system supports the following reporting functions:
 BOM Explosion
 Where-Used List
 BOM Comparison
You can choose from two different layouts:

 SAP List Viewer (ALV)
In this layout, the reporting list is displayed in the form of a table.
See: SAP List Viewer (ALV) Grid Control
 Variable List
In this layout, the display of the reporting list is flexibly controlled by a display profile. You can
use the standard profile provided with the standard SAP System, or you can define your own
display profile to adapt the list to your requirements. Each profile can be displayed on the screen
as well as printed out. For more information, see Display Profile for Lists.
Furthermore, there are additional functions for the extension of the view available to you in the
variable list. For more information, see Extending the View for BOM Explosion.
Activities
You can find the BOM reporting functions in the SAP menu under Logistics Production Master
data BOMs Reporting
You activate the variable list as follows:
1. On the initial screen of the appropriate reporting function, click .
The View screen appears.
2. Set the Variable List indicator.
The system shows the additional fields for display profiles and extending the view.
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PP - Work Centers
PP - Work Centers
Work Center
Basic Data
Default values
Capacities
Scheduling Data in Work Centers
Costing
Assignments to Objects in the Human Resource Management

System (
Technical Data for Calculating Standard Values with CAPP
Work center hierarchy
Reporting
Replacing Work Centers in Task Lists
Configuration of Work Centers
Formulas
Work Center
Definition
Operations are carried out at a work center. In the SAP system work centers are business objects
that can represent the following real work centers, for example:
 Machines, machine groups
 Production lines
 Assembly work centers
 Employees, groups of employees
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Use
Together with bills of material and routings, work centers belong to the most important master data
in the production planning and control system. Work centers are used in task list operations and
work orders. Task lists are for example routings, maintenance task lists, inspection plans and
standard networks. Work orders are created for production, quality assurance, plant maintenance
and for the Project System as networks.
Data in work centers is used for
 Scheduling
Operating times and formulas are entered in the work center, so that the duration of an
operation can be calculated.
 Costing
Formulas are entered in the work center, so that the costs of an operation can be calculated.
A work center is also assigned to a cost center.
 Capacity planning
The available capacity and formulas for calculating capacity requirements are entered in the
work center.
 Simplifying operation maintenance
Various default values for operations can be entered in the work center.
The following graphic illustrates the use of work center data.
Use of work center data
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Structure
A work center is created for a plant and is identified by a key. The work center category , which you
define in Customizing the work center, determines which data can be maintained in the work center.
The data is grouped thematically together in screens and screen groups. Examples of such screen
or screen groups are:
 Basic Data
 Assignments (to cost centers, Human Resource Management System (HR))
 Capacities
 Scheduling
 Default values
 Hierarchy
 Technical data
Integration
Task Lists
Work centers are assigned to operations in task lists. If you change default values in a work center,
the changes are effective in the task list if a reference indicator has been set for the default value.
Work Center Hierarchies

Work centers can be arranged in hierarchies. These are important in capacity planning. You use
hierarchies to cumulate available capacities and capacity requirements in a hierarchy work center.
Assignments to Objects in the Human Resource Management System

A Logistics work center can be assigned to either an organizational unit or a work center in the
Human Resource Management System (HRMS). Assignments to other HR-objects, for example
employees or qualifications, can be maintained via the HR work center.
Basic Data
In the Basic data screen, you enter various administrative data, such as the person responsible
and the location of the work center.
For standard values enter the standard value key and maintain the key for performance efficiency
rate. Standard values themselves are maintained in the operation in the routing, after you have
assigned the work center to the operation.
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Standard value
Standard values are planned values for the execution of an operation and are maintained in the
operation. Typical standard values are, for instance, set-up and processing. The execution time,
costs and capacities are calculated in operations using formulas from the work centers and
standard values from the operations.
When you assign a work center to an operation, up to six data fields and key words are assigned
to the operation via the standard value key of the work center. The standard value key is defined
in the Customizing for Work centers by choosing Standard value and is entered in the Basic data
screen of the work center.
The rules for maintenance for standard values in the work center Basic data screen determine
whether you have to maintain standard values in the operation or whether this is optional.
You can enter default units of measure for the standard values in the work center screen Default
values. For inhouse-production operations the default value for the unit of measure of work is
maintained in the screen Scheduling.
Default values
You can enter default values for operation and sub-operations in work centers. The default values
are then copied when you assign the work center to the operation or sub-operation.
By entering default values, you reduce the effort necessary in editing operations, since the values
are stored centrally and you do not need to enter them in each operation.
Default values in work centers are for instance:
o Wage type and wage group
o Control key
o Standard text key
o Suitability
o Setup type key
o Activity type
o Units for the standard values
You can use a reference indicator to determine whether the default values in a task list can be
changed.
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Most default values are edited in the Defaults view. The default values for the activity type and for
the key for performance efficiency rate are edited in the Assignment s and Basic data views
respectively.
Capacities
Capacity is the ability to perform a specific task

You distinguish between various capacities in a work center, such as labor or machines, by using
the capacity category. In order to plan capacities in a more detailed manner, you can define
individual capacities for each capacity, for instance in the capacity category Person 3 employees
or in the capacity category machine 5 lathes.
The following data is entered in a capacity:
 the operating time
 the available capacity
 Formulas for calculating capacity requirements
Capacities can be entered and changed in work centers, but also independently. The system
distinguishes between:
 Work center capacities
 Pooled capacities
 Reference capacities
 Default capacities
These various capacities are described in more detail in the following sections.
Work Center Capacity

A work center capacity is created in the work center and is directly assigned to the work center.
You can however maintain the capacity separately
For detailed capacity planning you can assign individual capacities to each capacity category in a
work center. You can determine available capacities for the individual capacities. Alternatively, you
can assign HR-objects (people, qualifications, requirements profiles and positions) to a capacity.
You can thus determine which employee or qualification is needed in the capacity.
Apart from the available capacity and the assignments you can define other data in the work center
for capacity planning, for instance
 Formulas for calculating the capacity requirements of various operation segments (setup,
processing, teardown) or for internal processing.
 Key for the chronological Distribution of capacity requirements during operation execution
or during internal processing.
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Pooled capacity
A pooled capacity can be assigned to several work centers. It is created and edited independently
of the work center. This is useful if, for instance, a group of employees works in several work
centers.
Just like work center capacities, for more detailed capacity planning you can assign HR-objects to
pool capacities and so prescribe a qualification or employee.
Reference Capacity
A reference capacity is used to simplify the maintenance of work center capacities. It is used to
copy or reference an available capacity from. Reference capacities are created and maintained
separately from work centers.
Default Capacity
A default capacity is also used to simplify data maintenance. You can define a default capacity for
every capacity category in the plant in Customizing. It suggests a default value for the header data
every time you create a capacity.
Scheduling Data in Work Centers

You can enter the following scheduling data in work centers:
 Scheduling basis
The scheduling basis is a capacity whose operating time is to be used for scheduling orders.
 Formulas
You use formulas to calculate the execution times of operations in production orders using standard
values, or to calculate the internal processing times in networks and maintenance task lists.
 Interoperation times
 Dimension and units of measure for internal processing operations
Interoperation Time
The interoperation time is the time between leaving one work center and beginning the operation
at the next work center. It consists of the move time and the queue time before processing starts.
Enter the following data:
 Work center location group
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Work centers that are in the same vicinity can be brought together in a location group. The
planned values for move time between location groups are entered in a move time matrix.
The move time matrix is created in Customizing for Work centers by choosing General data
Define move time matrix.
 Standard queue time
Queue time that a workpiece normally waits before it is processed in the work center.
 Minimum queue time
Queue time that has to expire before work can continue on a workpiece. The minimum queue
time replaces the standard queue time if the queue time is to be reduced for scheduling.
Work center queue times are only taken into consideration, if no queue times have been entered
in the operation.
Costing
Use
You have to enter data for costing, if you want to cost the activities performed at the work center.
Internal activities and business processes that are used when a product is produced at the work
center can be settled to the product.
Integration
The data for costing is evaluated in the CO - Controlling application. You can find further information
in the documentation for Product Cost Planning (CO-PC-PCP) under Work Centers in Costing.
Features
A work center can
 use resources from a cost center
In this case, the work center is linked to cost center accounting, which enables you to model
the processes in your company according to responsibilities and functions.
You can select activity descriptions from the following texts: Standard value key, activity types,
in Customizing freely defined text (Production -> Basic Data -> Work Center -> General Data -
> Standard Value -> Process Alternative Activity Descriptions).
If you use integrated incentive wages and logistics, then here you can define from which
incentive wage earner the corresponding activity type is displayed.
You can find further information in the documentation for Cost Center Accounting (CO-OM-
CCA)
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 use resources from a business process
In this case, the work center is linked to Activity based controlling, which enables you to model
the processes in your company according to activities in a cross-function manner.
You can find further information in the documentation for Activity-Based Costing (CO-OM-ABC),
particularly under Method of Quantity Consumption (Pull) .
Costing data is always entered for a certain validity period. Data that you have already entered
for another validity period is overwritten.
Assignments to Objects in the Human Resource Management

System (HR)
Definition
A work center or capacity in Logistics (LO) can be assigned to an object in the Human Resource
Management System (HRMS). This could be, for example, a person or a qualification.
Use
The assignment of HR objects is used, for instance, to determine which employees or minimum
qualifications are required for a work center (in logistics) or a capacity.
Structure
You have to enter a validity period for each assignment. A position or a person can only be assigned
to one LO object (work center or capacity) at one point of time.
Assigning LO Work Centers to HR Objects

You can only assign LO work centers directly to either a HR organizational unit or a HR work center.
If you link the LO work center to a HR work center, you can link the LO work center with the following
HR objects:
 People
 Positions
 Qualifications
 Requirements profile
Assigning Capacities to HR Objects

You can assign HR objects, for example, people and positions to work center capacities and pooled
capacities directly. They are not linked with HR organizational unit or HR work centers.
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Integration
In order to link capacities or work centers in Logistics with HR objects, you must be using the
Human Resource Management System.
Technical Data for Calculating Standard Values with CAPP

The CAPP standard value calculation (CAPP - Computer Aided Process Planning) is a method for
determining standard values. You can store data for CAPP standard value calculation in a work
center.
Examples of such data are machine data, rounding categories and additional value keys. You also
have to assign at least one process with which the standard values should be calculated to the
work center.
For detailed information see the SAP Library Standard Value Calculation with CAPP (PP-BD-CAP).

Work centers can be grouped into a work center hierarchy. Apart from the top of the hierarchy -
the hierarchy root - every work center in the hierarchy is subordinate to another work center.
One work center can exist in several work center hierarchies.
A work center hierarchy can include several plants.
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Use of Work Center Hierarchies

Work center hierarchies are used in capacity planning to cumulate available capacity and capacity
requirements.
You can cumulate available capacities from subordinate work centers to a superior work center
level in order to determine the total available capacity for the superior work center.
Example
In your factory you have several lathes. You create a higher-level work center, called "Machine
center 3", which you use to cumulate the available capacity of several lathes.
Portraying Hierarchies
You can display a hierarchy in work center maintenance or hierarchy maintenance as a list or a
graphic.
 As a list
The work centers that belong to a hierarchy are listed together with their hierarchy level. Refer to
Displaying Hierarchy Structure as a List
 As a graphic
The hierarchy graphic displays the hierarchy as a tree. Refer to Calling up a Hierarchy Graphic
In work center maintenance you can only display the hierarchy structure, in hierarchy maintenance
you can also edit the structure, for example you can delete or change work center assignment.
Reporting
Various forms of reporting are available for work centers in the work centers area menu.
Where-used Lists
Where-used lists show you in which task lists a work center is used or in which work centers
capacities are used.
Change Documents
Change documents log changes to data elements in a work center. You can compile lists of change
documents using various selection criteria.
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Standard Reports
You can use standard reports to compile lists of work centers according to various criteria, for
instance cost centers, capacity categories, or membership of a hierarchy.
User-defined Reports
If you want to, you can create your own reports in addition to the standard reports. You can use
existing reports to copy from, for example report RCRA0010, which lists your work centers.
Use the following data for your own reports:
 Logical database: CR
 Application: C
For more information about writing reports see the SAP Library BC ABAP Workbench under ABAP
Reporting Tutorial.
Replacing Work Centers in Routings

You can replace work centers
 Manually in the task list operations
 Automatically in all task lists, in which the work center is used (mass replacement).
Replacing work centers manually in operations

When you replace a work center in an operation with another, the following data is transferred to
the new work center:
 Basic Data
 Default values and activity types, which have their reference indicator set.
 Performance Efficiency Rate Key
The units of measure for the default values are not transferred. The rules of maintenance for the
new work center are valid for the default values.
Mass replacement
This can be conducted either online or in batch mode. You can work from the area menus for either
Work centers or Routings.
Replacing work centers in routings is described in detail in the SAP Library Routings (PP-BD-RTG)
under Maintaining Routings and Rate Routings and Mass Changes and Where-Used Lists.
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When you create a work center you have to enter the work center category with which you
determine
 Which data can be entered in the work center
 Whether the data fields are mandatory or optional
 In which task lists the work center can be used in
 Whether change documents are created for the work center
Work center categories are defined in Customizing work centers under Define work center
category.
You can also create a default work center for each work center category and a default capacity for
each capacity category. You enter data in the default work center and in the default capacity that
is copied when you create a work center or a capacity.

When you create a work center you have to enter the work center category with which you
determine
 Which data can be entered in the work center
 Whether the data fields are mandatory or optional
 In which task lists the work center can be used in
 Whether change documents are created for the work center
Work center categories are defined in Customizing work centers under Define work center
category.
You can also create a default work center for each work center category and a default capacity for
each capacity category. You enter data in the default work center and in the default capacity that
is copied when you create a work center or a capacity.
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Formulas
You use formulas in the work center to calculate the following data in costing, scheduling and
capacity planning:
 Costs
 Execution times for production orders
 Internal processing times for networks and maintenance orders
 Capacity requirements.
In the SAP system you can:

o use predefined SAP formulas
o define your own formulas.
You can create formulas in Customizing Work centers under Define formulas for work centers.
Relationships between work centers, routings and formulas

The following graphic illustrates the relationships between work centers, routings and formulas for
costing, scheduling and capacity requirements calculation. Formulas are entered in the work
center; they take their values from the work center (formula constants) and the routing (standard
values, general operation data and user-defined fields.
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Relationships between work centers, routings and formulas
Costs
In production orders each of up to six standard values in a work center can be assigned an activity
type and a formula with which the costs of the operations conducted in the work center are
calculated.
For networks and service orders an activity type and formula can be defined.
Execution Time
You use formulas to calculate execution time and consequently the duration of operations, which
you need to schedule production orders
You can calculate the execution time for each operation segment separately (setting up, processing
and tearing down) by assigning a formula to each of these segments. The execution time for the
whole operation is the sum of the execution times of the individual segments. You can however
just assign a formula to one segment (for instance processing), in which you take into account the
durations of the other segments.
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If you do not assign a formula to an operation segment, the execution time of this segment will be
set to zero.
The program checks that the formula has the dimension “time”.
Internal Processing Time

Formulas are used to determine internal processing time for scheduling networks and maintenance
orders, for example. If you do not enter a formula, the system will use the time given in the network
or maintenance order.
The program checks that the formula has the dimension “time”.
Capacity Requirements
You can assign a formula to each operation segment (setting up, processing and tearing down) to
calculate the capacity requirements. The capacity requirements for the whole operation are then
calculated from the individual segments. If you do not assign a formula to an operation segment,
the execution time of this segment will be set to zero.
You can also use a formula to calculate capacity requirements for internal processing in a network
or a service order.
If you do not enter a formula, no capacity requirements will be determined.
For more information about this section, see:
Formula Parameters
Rules for Maintaining Formulas
Business Object - Routing (Generic)
Routing Structure and Navigation
Maintaining Routings and Rate Routings
Maintaining Reference Operation Sets and Reference Rate Routings
Change Management
Editing Configurable Routings
Mass Changes and Where-Used Lists
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Archiving and Deleting Routings
Purpose
Routings enable you to plan the production of materials (products). Therefore, routings are used
as a template for production orders and run schedules as well as a basis for product costing.
Integration
In order to You also require the components
Plan the usage of materials Material master (LO-MD-MM)
Plan the use of work centers Work centers (PP-BD-WKC)
Plan the external processing of operations Purchasing (MM-PUR)
Plan quality inspections that accompany production Quality planning (QM-PT)
Prepare cost calculation according to routings Controlling (CO)
Plan and to document changes to routings Engineering Change Management (LO-ECH)
Classify routings Classification system (CA-CL)
Automatically calculate the planned values for the CAPP Standard Value Calculation ( PP-BD-CAP)
activities to be produced
In the SAP system, routings have the same basic structure as the following objects:
 Master recipes
 Inspection plans
 Maintenance plans
 Standard networks
Therefore, routings are cumulated with these objects under the superordinate term Task list .
Features
In a routing you plan
 The operations (work steps) to be carried out during production
 The activities to be performed in the operations as a basis for determining dates, capacity
requirements, and costs
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 The use of materials during production
 The use of work centers
 The quality checks to be carried out during production
Business Object - Routing (Generic)
Definition
A routing is a description of which operations (process steps) have to be carried out and in which
order to produce a material (product). As well as information about the operations and the order
in which they are carried out, a routing also contains details about the work centers at which they
are carried out as well as about the required production resources and tools (includes jigs and
fixtures). Standard values for the execution of individual operations are also saved in routings.
Routings (generic) consist of the following objects:

 Routing
 Rate routing
 Reference operation set
 Reference rate routing
Use
A routing is used as a source for creating a production order or a run schedule header by
copying.
Structure
A routing is composed of a header and one or more sequences. The header contains data that is
valid for the whole routing. A sequence is a series of operations. Operations describe individual
process steps, which are carried out during production (see Routing graphic)
A routing is identified by its group and group counter.
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Routing
Integration
Group and Group counter
Routings within a group are distinguished by their group counter.
In the graphic the three routings in group A are identified by their group counter 1,2 or 3.
Group
Assignment of a material to be produced to a routing
Before you can produce a material with a routing, you have to assign the material to the routing.
The routing and the material can exist in different plants.
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According to the task list type, a routing can
 Have one or more materials to be produced assigned to it.
(This is relevant for normal routings and rate routing that are used directly for producing a
material.)
You do not have to assign a material to a routing. However, you cannot use the routing (rate
routing) in a production order or run schedule header, until you have done so.
 Have no material to be produced assigned to it
This applies to reference operation sets and reference rate routings that can only be used as
part of a routing or rate routing.
Assignment of material components to operations

If a bill of material (BOM) has been assigned to a routing, you can assign its components to the
routing operations. In general the BOM assigned to a routing is the material BOM for the material
to be produced by the routing (see Assignment of Materials graphic) You can also assign BOMs to
reference operation sets or reference rate routings.
Assignment of Materials to be Produced and Material Components
Routing Structure and Navigation
Use
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According to how detailed the data in the routing is, it is assigned to different levels in the structure.
There are clear and uniform navigation routes, with which you can arrive at any screen.
The following graphic illustrates the navigation levels and some of the navigation routes for
routings.
The individual data can be found on the following levels:

 On the initial screen you enter data that is required to identify or select routings.
 On the header overview the routings in a group are displayed.
 The header contains data that is valid for the whole routing. For instance, information
about
 The status and use of the routing
 General parameters for quality checks during production
 The validity periods
 You can call up the following information from the header:
 Details about assignments of material component to the routing. That is, about the
materials that are produced by the routing.
 A long text for a more detailed description of the routing
 The sequence overview contains, for instance,
 The sequences, that are a group of process steps in a routing
 The sequence category, whether the sequence is a standard sequence, a parallel
sequence or an alternative sequence.
 The operation overview contains, for instance,
 Operations and sub-operation, which describe the process steps in the routing
 The work center where they are carried out
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 A short description of the process step
 The operation overview is the central screen for routing maintenance. From here you can
branch to the header, the detail screens for operations and sub-operations as well as other
overviews for routings.
 On the detail screens for operations and sub-operations you can find data that is relevant
to individual operations or sub-operations, such as,
 Details about external processing or personnel qualifications
 Standard values and other information for scheduling
 Parameters for quality checks during production
 Further overview screens exist for the assignments and assignments to each operation
or sub-operation. An overview is presented of the following objects that are relevant for a
process step:
 Material components
 Work centers
 Production Resources/Tools
 Inspection characteristics
 Trigger points
 The additional information for each assignment or assignment is contained on the
relevant detail screen. This could be scheduling data for work centers or control
indicators for inspection characteristics.
Maintaining Routings and Rate Routings
Purpose
This process describes how to create or change a routing or rate routing.
Editing a routing is often a very simple process consisting of only a few steps, which can all be
carried out by a single person. Sometimes however, the process is more complicated, for instance
if the production of a material is planned by several departments according to their own business
points of view.
This process documentation describes those aspects of editing routings and rate routings that are
generally the most important. Possibly some of the steps described here are not so important for
your individual needs.
For more detailed information about the individual process steps, refer to the special process
documentation
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Prerequisites
For information about the prerequisites for individual process steps, refer to the relevant process
documentation.
Process flow
This process is valid for both routings and rate routings. For simplicity’s sake only routings are
discussed in the following topic.
1. You create a routing by first entering only the data that is absolutely essential.
2. If required, you can assign one or more materials to the routing.
You can also assign materials in the first step. This could be useful, if for instance you know
from the start that a certain material is to be assigned to the routing.
You can also assign materials later. However you can only carry out certain steps after you have
assigned material to a routing.
3. You edit the routing header.
4. You design the basics of the production process by creating one or more sequences of
operations.
5. According to your needs, you can carry out the following steps in which ever order you like.
– You plan the usage of material components in production.
– For in-house operations you plan the use of work centers.
6. If you want to schedule a routing (see process step 9), enter the following detailed data for the
operations:
– For in-house operations you enter standard values and if necessary user fields with extra data
that is not included in the standard system.
– For externally processed operations you enter the details of the vendor. You can do this by
entering a purchasing info record. (See general operation data.)
Please note that this data is also taken into account in product costing and capacity planning.
If you intend to inspect the quality during production, you enter the inspection specifications and
if necessary the PRTs that you need as test equipment.
7. You check the consistency of the routing data.
8. You schedule the routing.
9. If necessary you transfer the scheduling results to the material master record of the material to
be produced. This data forms the basis for determining basic dates in material requirements
planning.
10. After you have finished editing the routing, you release it for use in production orders and/or
costing. You set this status in the general header data.
11. You save the routing.
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Maintaining Reference Operation Sets and Reference Rate
Routings
Purpose
This process describes how to create or change a reference operation set or a reference rate
routing and reference them in routings or rate routings.
This process is valid for both reference operation sets and reference rate routings that are included
in routings or rate routings. For simplicity’s sake only reference operation sets and routings are
discussed in the following topic.
Prerequisites
The routing, in which you want to include the reference operation set, has already been created in
the system.
Process flow
1. You create a reference operation set by first entering only the data that is absolutely essential.
2. You edit the reference operation set header.
3. According to your needs, you can carry out the following steps in whichever order you like.
4. – You plan the usage of material components in production. To do so, you assign a BOM to a
reference operation set.
– For in-house operations you plan the use of work centers.
5. If you want to schedule a routing, in which you later include the reference operation set, enter
the following detailed data for the operations of the reference operation set:
6. – For in-house operations you enter standard values and if necessary user fields with extra data
that is not included in the standard system.
– For externally processed operations you enter the details of the vendor. You can do this by
entering a purchasing info record. (See general operation data.)
Please note that this data is also taken into account in product costing and capacity planning.
7. If you intend to inspect the quality during production, you enter the inspection specifications and
if necessary the PRTs that you need as test equipment.
8. You check the consistency of the reference operation set data
9. After you have finished editing the reference operation set, you release it for use in production
orders and/or costing. You set this status in the header data.
10. You save the reference operation set.
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11. You can reference the reference operation set in as many routing as you like or use it to copy
from.
12. If you want to remove the link between the referenced operations and the reference operation
set, unlock the reference operation set in the relevant routing.
Change Management
Use
Requirements for the documentation and checking of routings vary widely depending on the branch
of industry and the product. They range from a fairly unrestricted maintenance of routing to detailed
planning, documentation, and even strict approval procedures. To meet these requirements, the
SAP system offers various types of routing maintenance described below.
Integration
Change master records and engineering change hierarchies are part of Engineering Change
Management, which is a function in the component of the same name.
Prerequisites
If you maintain a routing using history, you always refer to a change master record. You can include
change master records in a engineering change hierarchy.
Before you can work with history, you must have created change master records and if necessary
engineering change hierarchies.
Features
Change Documents
Changes that you make to particular fields can be recorded in change documents.
Evaluating Change Documents

A function is available for evaluation, with which you can find change documents for selected
groups, routing objects and the person who made the change. You can choose between the
following ways of presenting the results.
 Overview of the change documents found in the evaluation period
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The system displays the change documents in the order they were created. The
administrative data are displayed for each change document (for example, changed by,
change on date and validity).
You can also display the changes recorded in each change document. Information is
displayed about the edited routing object, the activity carried out (created, changed or
deleted) as well as the changed field contents.
 Overview of the changed routing objects

The system displays all routing objects that have change documents within the evaluation
period. Information is displayed about the object, the activity carried out (created, changed
or deleted) as well as the changed field contents. The objects are sorted according to
category, that means first all headers are displayed, then material assignments etc.
Working with History

If necessary you can maintain your routings with history. This is particularly useful, if you want to
make very complex changes. If you
 Never work with history
Every routing object (header, operation etc.) has one and the same change status throughout
its whole validity period.
Changes that you make in one routing object are valid for its whole validity period
 Work with history,

Maintain a routing with reference to a change master record. A change master record has a
valid-from date and a change number, that identifies it.
The changes that make to a routing take affect from the valid-from date.
You can use the change master record for several materials and objects in the routing as
well as the BOM, so that all the changes take effect on the valid-from date. (This is particularly
useful for large changes in your production processes.)
 You can include several change master records in an engineering change hierarchy.
You can thus control the release process for related changes by using a release key.
 You create another change status when you maintain a routing object with a particular
change master record for the first time. Change statuses that you have already created
remain untouched.
 always work with history
Your changes are entirely documented. You can always verify, who changed which
routing object on which date.
 work with and without history.
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You have several possibilities when maintaining routings.
Changes that you make without history are possibly documented incompletely.
Evaluating Change Statuses

You can compare the change statuses of selected routings or routings objects. You receive.
 A list of the change statuses with the evaluation period with details about the validity, the
date it was created and changed, by whom and the change number
 A list of the differences in the field contents in the selected changes statuses.
Editing Configurable Routings

You have to create configurable bills of material as well as configurable routings for configurable
materials. A configurable routing describes the production process for all variants of a product.
Instead of creating a routing for each variant of a product, you can create operations for one routing,
or a "super" routing.
The "super" routing is a combination of operations, operation sequences and production
resources/tools which are
 needed for all variants of the configurable material
or
 variant-specific
You use selection conditions in a routing to specify which operations are required for a specific
variant.
Example
An operation specified for polishing is always necessary at the end of production for a car. However,
operations to install and test an air conditioner are only necessary if air conditioning is an option
chosen for the car.
You create a routing for a configurable material in the same way as any other routing. However,
you must also maintain object dependencies for:
 Sequences
 Operations/sub-operations
 Production resource/tool assignments
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In the operation overview, the indicator OD to the right of the operation allows you to see whether
object dependencies already exist. By double-clicking on the indicator, you access assignment
maintenance.
When you create an order for a configurable material, the system configures the appropriate routing
using object dependencies.
You can use the results of a configuration simulation when you create a routing.
Mass Changes and Where-Used Lists
Where-Used Lists
By generating where-used lists, you can display the routings which use particular
 Work centers
 Reference operation sets, reference rate routings
 Production resources/tools (PRTs)
You may need this information if, for example, you want to delete a work center or reference
operation set but you want to check first if it is being used in a routing. If you want, you can also
display routings you have already deleted online but which still exist on the database.
You can use the overview variant to control the information in the list and the order in which it is
listed (for example, material, validity, status, etc.).
Replacing Data in Routings

If you want to replace an object in several routings with another object (for example, an old work
center with a new one) you can use the mass replace function . You do not have to generate a
where-used list in order to replace each work center individually. Instead, you can use the mass
replace function to quickly and completely replace work centers in all routings where they are used.
With the mass replace function, you can replace the following objects in a routing:
 Work centers
 Reference operations sets/reference rate routings
 Production Resources/Tools
The system generates a list of all routings that use the object to be replaced.
When you use the mass replace function without a change number, the new objects will have the
same validity periods as the old objects.
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Archiving and Deleting Routings
You can archive and delete routings with archiving object PP_PLAN. This archiving object includes
individual routings, which are uniquely identified by group and group counter, but not entire groups.
Therefore, you can archive and delete individual routings within a group at any time. As always,
you can archive and delete entire groups.
You can access the archiving function from the system administration menu as well as from the
routings menu. From the routings menu, choose Extras Delete task lists With archiving.
You cannot reload archived routing data.
At a later release, you will be able to display archived data.
Calling up the Area Menu for Capacity Planning
Available Capacity
Scheduling
Capacity Evaluation (PP-CRP-ALY)
Capacity Leveling (PP-CRP-LVL)
Capacity Planning in Sales and Distribution
Capacity Leveling in PP-SOP and LO-LIS-PLN
Capacity Planning in Long-Term Planning
Capacity Planning in MPS and MRP
Capacity Planning in Repetitive Manufacturing
Capacity Planning in Shop Floor Control
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Capacity Planning in the Process Industry
Capacity Requirements Planning in Customer Service and Plant Mai
Capacity Planning in the Project System
Purpose
The economic use of resources is an objective for many areas of a company. The component
Capacity Planning (PP-CRP) is available for this purpose.
Capacity planning supports planning in all its phases:
 long-term rough-cut planning
 medium-term planning
 short-term detailed planning
Integration
Capacity planning is integrated in the following application components:
 Sales and Distribution (SD)
 Production Planning and Control (PP)
o Sales & Operations Planning (PP-SOP)
o Requirements Planning (Master Production Scheduling and Material Requirements
Planning PP-MRP/MPS)
o Long-term Planning (PP-LTP)
o Shop Floor Control (PP - SFC)
o Repetitive Manufacturing (PP-REM)
o Process Industries (PP-PI)
 Plant Maintenance (PM) and Customer Service (CS)

 Project System (PS)
Capacity planning can be flexibly adjusted to planning demands and to the area of responsibility
within the company.
Features
Capacity planning comprises the following partial components:
 Capacity Evaluation
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In the capacity evaluation, available capacity and capacity requirements are determined and
compared with each other in lists or graphics.
 Capacity leveling
The objectives of capacity leveling are:
o Optimal capacity commitment
o Selection of appropriate resources
In most applications, you can use two types of planning table (graphical and tabular versions)
to display the capacity situation and to carry out capacity leveling.
In some applications such as Repetitive Manufacturing (PP-REM) or Sales and Operations
Planning (PP-SOP), there are application-specific planning tables for capacity leveling.
Calling up the Area Menu for Capacity Planning
Procedure
On the SAP Easy Access screen choose Logistics Production Capacity Planning .
Result
You branch to the area menu of capacity planning.
 You can use the menu option Evaluation to call up capacity evaluations and the shop
floor information system.
 You can use the Leveling menu option to branch to capacity leveling for various
applications and from various views.
 You can use this menu option to maintain the capacity, shift sequence, shift definition and
factory calendar.
 You can use this menu option to maintain the following pegged requirements: production
orders, maintenance orders, networks and planned orders.
 With the menu option Environment, you can maintain work centers, capacities and
hierarchies, and access the current stock/requirements list for MRP and MPS.
Available Capacity
You can store the operating time and the daily available capacity at a work center in a capacity in
the work center. You identify a capacity at the work center using the capacity category. Various
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capacity categories can be assigned to the work center, for example, a machine capacity or a labor
capacity, but each capacity category can only be assigned once.
You can maintain the available capacity of a capacity at the work center or in a capacity that is
independent of any work center.
For every capacity in the work center, you can maintain a standard available capacity and several
versions of available capacity. The standard available capacity has unrestricted temporal validity.
You can specify available capacities that change over time in the versions of available capacity.
You can use any units of measure and intervals of available capacity
The available capacity (see figure below) is determined by:

 Work start and work finish
 Length of breaks
 Rate of capacity utilization
 Number of individual capacities which the capacity consists of
You can simplify the maintenance of available capacities by using shift definitions and shift
sequences.
To define the available capacity, you must maintain the following data in the capacity header:
 The grouping, that defines which shift sequences and shift definitions can be used to maintain
the available capacity
 The number of the active version of available capacity
 The base unit of measure of the available capacity
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 The factory calendar, that is the basis of the available capacity
If you do not enter a factory calendar, the system uses the default calendar for the plant.
You can find a more detailed description of the maintenance of capacity categories and available
capacities in the documentation PP - Work centers.
Which Available Capacity is used in Capacity Planning?

In Customizing for Capacity planning, you can specify which version of available capacity should
be used for the capacities at the work center. You can make this specification:
 in the selection profile for capacity evaluation
 in the selection profile for capacity leveling
If you do not specify a version of available capacity in these profiles, the version of available
capacity is used that is specified as active in the capacity header. If none of the versions of available
capacity is marked as active, the system uses the standard available capacity.
Cumulating Available Capacities

You can cumulate available capacities to a hierarchy work center using work center hierarchies.
To do this, read Cumulating Available Capacities and Capacity Requirements
Orders generate capacity requirements and thus a load on the resources that are to process them.
The following types of orders are relevant:
 Production orders in Shop Floor Control (SFC)
 Process orders in the Process Industries (PP-PI)
 Planned orders in
 Material Requirements Planning (MRP)
 Master Production Scheduling (PP-MPS)
 Long-term Planning (PP-LTP)
 Repetitive Manufacturing (PP-REM)
 Sales and Operations Planning (PP-SOP) for quantities in rough-cut planning
 Maintenance orders in Plant Maintenance (PM)
 Networks in the Project System (PS)
 Sales orders, assembly orders or networks in Sales and Distribution (SD)
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Calculating the capacity requirements of an operation for manufacturing a material takes place in
scheduling using formulas from the work center. For this, you must enter a formula to calculate the
capacity requirements of the operations for each of the three operation segments setup, processing
and teardown on the screen Capacity overview in work center maintenance. Operations in
networks, maintenance orders and process orders are not subdivided into operation segments.
Here you specify a formula for the whole operation. If you fail to enter one of the formulas, no
capacity requirements are calculated for the relevant operation segment or operation.
The formulas which you can maintain in Customizing contain formula parameters. These can be,
for example, standard values from the operation, work center constants or values for production
resources/tools (see the figure below).
If you use formulas with parameters that refer to standard values, you must enter the standard
values of individual operations either in the routing or in the order. For example, if the formula for
the operation segment "processing" contains the machine time as a parameter, you must enter the
machine time for the quantity in the base unit of measure. In this case as well the system can only
calculate capacity requirements if values exist for the various formula parameters.
In capacity planning, you only see the total requirements for an operation for operations with
operation segments, not the capacity requirements of individual operation segments.
You can find more information on formulas in the documentation PP - Work Centers.
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Scheduling
The logistics system has different types of scheduling:
 In material requirements planning, the basic dates of a planned order are calculated for every
BOM level. The system uses the in-house production times in the material master. The
planning accuracy is carried out to the day.
 In Sales and Distribution, the system calculates the basic dates of the sales order such as
the packaging/loading date, transport date, and scheduled shipping date. The system uses
the desired delivery date specified by the customer as a basis for carrying out backward
scheduling.
 The scheduling type used in capacity planning starts with the basic dates that were calculated
either in material requirements planning or entered manually by the user. The orders to be
scheduled are planned orders, production orders, maintenance orders and networks.
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Capacity Evaluation (PP-CRP-ALY)
Purpose
You can use capacity evaluations to analyze capacity loads in your company. You can adjust the
analyses for each user according to the planning level, planning horizon and the area of
responsibility. Available capacities and capacity requirements can be selected according to various
criteria and cumulated using any period split you choose.
You can use work center hierarchies to cumulate the available capacities of production work
centers and their capacity requirements to superior planning work centers.
Integration
The capacity evaluation is a part of the component Capacity Planning.
Features
 You can execute various evaluations in the capacity evaluation online or in batch.
 You get an overview of the load situation of selected work centers using the standard
overview
 You can use the detailed capacity list to display the orders that cause the capacity
requirements at work centers.
 You can use the variable overview to display any capacity planning data you wish.
 The various evaluations can be displayed both in tabular and graphical form. The SAP Gantt
diagram gives you an overview of the dates of the operations at a work center.
 From all of the evaluation lists you can either display or change work centers and
capacities. From the detailed capacity list you can also process orders and confirmations
and display stock/requirements lists.
 You can use the EXCEL interface to export the evaluation lists and continue working with
Microsoft Excel.
Constraints
In the capacity evaluation you can display the planned capacity requirements and the remaining
capacity requirements.
You cannot display the following capacity requirements in the capacity evaluation.
 Actual capacity requirements
 Split capacity requirements that are assigned to individual capacities of a capacity
 SOP requirements
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You can display this data in the extended evaluation. However, there are no change function
available in the extended evaluation, for example changing work centers and orders.
Capacity Leveling (PP-CRP-LVL)
Purpose
Capacity leveling is used in various areas of a company and at different planning levels with the
following objectives:
 High capacity load
 Adherence to dates
 Short lead times
 Low stocks
The objectives of capacity leveling include:
 Leveling overloads and underloads at work centers
 Achieving optimum commitment of machines and production lines
 Selection of appropriate resources
You can carry out capacity leveling in the SAP System in the following application areas: Sales and
Distribution (SD), Production Planning and Control (PP), Plant Maintenance (PM) and the Project
System (PS).
Sales and distribution

The SD system represents an overall industry-wide solution for dealing with sales, shipping and
billing. One function of sales is to create and process sales orders. From within sales order
maintenance the system can automatically create an assembly order or a network. From within the
sales order you can branch directly to the planning table to display the capacity situation.
There is a description of capacity leveling in sales and distribution in Capacity Planning in Sales
and Distribution .
Production planning and control

The capacity leveling process in production planning (PP) depends on the planning level at which
it is to be carried out.
It is important to distinguish between the following planning levels:
 Sales and operations planning (SOP)
 Long-term planning (LTP)
 Master production scheduling (MPS)
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 Material requirements planning (MRP)
 Repetitive manufacturing (REM)
 Shop floor control (SFC)
Whether rough-cut, production rate or detailed planning is used depends on the planning level. You
can easily move between the individual planning levels.
Planning level: SOP

In Sales and Operations Planning (SOP), you specify sales volumes for the long-term and medium-
term and the production activities necessary to realize these sales. The system carries out rough-
cut planning to estimate the production levels necessary to support these figures. In capacity
leveling, the quantities to be produced should be roughly compared to the productive capacity.
There is a detailed description of capacity leveling in Sales and Operations Planning in Capacity
Leveling in PP-SOP and LO-LIS .
Planning level: LTP

In long-term planning, you can plan several versions of the demand program using a simulated
planning run. You can check the results using special evaluations so as to gain an early overview
of future plans for production and procurement.
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There is a description of capacity leveling in long-term planning in Capacity Leveling in Long-Term
Planning and in Capacity Planning in Master Production Scheduling and Material Requirements
Planning .
Capacity Planning in Sales and Distribution
You can create one of the following orders when maintaining a sales document (for example, a
sales order) using assembly processing:
 Planned orders
 Production orders
 Process orders
 Networks
From within these orders you can branch directly to the planning table to display the capacity
situation.
You can specify whether an assembly order, a planned order, a network or a process order is to
be created automatically when you create a sales order. You do this on the MRP1 screen in the
material master using the strategy group. The requirements class which is linked to the strategy
group determines which order type is created.
Capacity Planning in Long-Term Planning
Long-term planning gives you an overview of future plans for production and procurement. You can
plan several versions of the demand program using a simulated planning run and check the result
using special evaluations. The planning run as well as the evaluations in long-term planning are
separated from the tools in Materials Requirements Planning because long-term planning involves
planning in simulation. Entries are made in a special planning file for long-term planning as well as
simulated capacity requirements for long-term planning. The handling and functionality of long-term
planning differ from that of capacity planning but not from that of material requirements planning.
Therefore, the description of the capacity planning functions in MRP is also valid for long-term
planning.
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Capacity Leveling in MPS and MRP
The task of material requirements planning is to guarantee material availability. The system
calculates which materials must be procured or produced at what time and in what amounts so as
to provide the quantities required.
Using MPS you can carefully plan important parts or bottleneck parts in a separate planning run at
the highest BOM level before the planning results have an effect on all of the production levels.
Lead time scheduling and the calculation of capacity requirements in MRP and MPS provide the
basis for the creation of a master plan that corresponds to capacity planning. This way the MRP
controller obtains information about possible bottlenecks and overloads. Before the master plan
becomes effective and the planning results affect subordinate BOM levels, the MRP controller can
make changes that affect capacity for chosen materials.
Scheduling
Before capacity planning can take place, you must create capacity requirements within lead time
scheduling, that is, determine the production dates. The system only generates capacity
requirements if it executes lead time scheduling using the times specified in the routing.
Scheduling in MRP and MPS determines the basic dates and the production dates for the planned
order. The basic dates define the earliest and latest dates for production. The production dates use
the times in the routing to determine the start and finish of production as well as of the individual
operations.
Carrying out Capacity Planning (MPS/MRP)

You can carry out capacity planning in three different ways, depending on the function called up:
 From within planning as capacity leveling
 From the evaluation "current stock/requirements list" as the capacity situation
 From within planned order processing as the capacity check
Capacity leveling makes it possible to check individual work centers for overloads and if necessary
to dispatch planned orders at other times or with other quantities.
The capacity situation also provides an overview of available capacity and the load for the individual
work centers, but you cannot dispatch planned orders differently from within the capacity situation.
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The capacity check from within planned order processing checks whether overloads may occur for
the work center(s) selected, which might endanger production of the planned order. It is only if there
are overloads that the system branches to capacity leveling to make changes there. Leveling in
planned order processing is only possible when creating or changing an order. When displaying
the planned order, the system branches to the capacity situation.
In the capacity planning table, you can dispatch the capacity requirements for detailed planning
continuously through time and for specific operations.
You can find out from which functions you can call up capacity leveling, the capacity situation, the
capacity check or the planning table in:
Capacity leveling or capacity situation
Capacity check
Capacity planning table
Capacity Planning in Repetitive Manufacturing
Purpose
Repetitive manufacturing uses capacity leveling to carry out capacity planning for production lines.
You use the planning table in repetitive manufacturing to carry out capacity planning and capacity
leveling.
The planning table is laid out in periods and gives you an overview of dates and quantities for
materials and production lines.
The planning table allows the planner to dispatch production quantities. He can check the
production quantities at a glance as well as the current capacity load for the production line and the
availability situation for the products. Flexible strategies for automatic dispatching enable you to
create a production plan that optimizes use of capacities. Since planning frequently relates to shifts,
the planning table for repetitive manufacturing was enhanced for Release 4.0 by adding several
functions in shift planning.
In repetitive manufacturing, you have two options for executing capacity leveling:
 With the planning table
 With parallel processing using the planning table and the capacity planning table that you
call up from the planning table
Changes that are made in the capacity planning table are immediately visible in the planning table
and vice versa.
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Integration
Scheduling levels
There are three scheduling levels in capacity planning: Detailed planning, rate-based planning and
rough-cut planning. For capacity planning in repetitive manufacturing, it is rate-based planning and
detailed planning that are most important. In the planning table for repetitive manufacturing, only
capacity requirements can be displayed that are based on rate-based scheduling or detailed
scheduling.
To display capacity requirements for scheduling lines or planned orders in the planning table, the
following conditions must be fulfilled:
1. To carry out capacity planning at rate-based level, you must specify a routing in the production
version under rate-based planning. This generally involves a rate routing. However, you can also
select any other type of routing. To carry out capacity planning at a detailed level, you must
specify a routing in the production version under detailed planning.
2. In the production version, you must specify a work center for the operation in the above routing
as a production line. The work center is generally a "production line". However, you can also
specify another work center.
If you are working with the application component Line design, then you must have created a
Line Hierarchy for the production line and have designed a work center in the line hierarchy as
the Scheduling Work Center . You enter the line hierarchy in the field Production line and the
scheduling work center in the field Scheduling work center in the production version.
3. In Customizing for capacity planning under Operations -> Scheduling -> Scheduling parameters
for planned orders, you must define for production lines (planned orders with the order type PE)
whether capacity planning is to be executed as rate-based planning or detailed planning. You
must also select the following fields:
4. Generate capacity requirements
Date determination
5. If you want to execute capacity planning on the planning table for planned orders with the order
type LA and for production orders, create entries for the corresponding scheduling levels and
select the above fields.
6. You specify which planning level is to be used on the initial screen for the planning table. You
can save this setting for specific users.
Layout of capacity data on the planning table

How capacity data is presented on the planning table and the strategy that is used in the capacity
planning table for dispatching operations is controlled using capacity profiles. You can find these
in Customizing for capacity planning under capacity leveling. There you can maintain the so-called
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overall profiles that are in turn made up of individual profiles. Generally, there is one profile for the
planning table (SAPREMG001) and one profile for parallel processing on both planning tables.
If you want to define your own profiles, you have the option of specifying a profile with the
parameter-ID KP1 in the user master. This profile is then used instead of the standard profile for
the planning table. If you save a profile using the parameter ID KP2, this profile is used for parallel
processing.
When creating your own profile for parallel processing, you should note that for the assigned control
profile, both a periodic and a continuous layout are possible. You define this layout by setting the
indicator layout type 3 in the control profile.
You can find out what data is behind the profiles in Customizing for capacity planning. You should
only make changes to profiles for specific purposes. The following are examples of possible
changes:
 Changing the time period for capacity planning
 Changing the dispatching strategy for the capacity planning table
 Changing the display and dimension of graphical elements
Capacity Planning in Shop Floor Control
Shop floor control converts the planning data in material requirements planning into actual
production orders and coordinates the production process with all the resources involved.
The main tool for carrying out production is the production order. The production order generates
capacity requirements at the detailed planning level and these are dispatched during capacity
leveling.
You specify the following in a production order:

 What is produced
 On what date production should take place
 How much production costs
 To which work centers capacity requirements should be dispatched
Please refer to the guide PP - Production Orders for more detailed information on production
orders.
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Capacity Planning in the Process Industry
Purpose
In production planning for process industries, capacity leveling functions are used to commit
resources. The objective is to achieve optimal utilization of resources and carry out detailed
sequencing.
In production planning for the production industry the resources are generally called work centers.
Capacity leveling for production planning in the process industries corresponds to that in discrete
manufacturing in many respects. To find out how capacity leveling is executed, see Capacity
Planning in Shop Floor Control.
Constraints
These functions for considering and adjusting setup times are not available for capacity leveling in
the process industry (PP-PI), that is, for capacity leveling of process orders and planned orders
that refer to master recipes. This covers the manual adjustment of the setup time and also the
functions that are based on the evaluation of a setup matrix.
Capacity Requirements Planning in Customer Service and Plant Maintenance
Capacity Requirements Planning in Customer Service (CS)

Capacity Requirements Planning in Plant Maintenance (PM-WOC-CP)

Material Requirements Planning in the Logistics Chain
Transaction Codes for MRP (PP-MRP)
MRP Procedures
Master Data (PP-MRP-BD)
Planning Process
Special Planning Processes
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Carrying Out the Planning Run (PP-MRP-PR)
Evaluating the Planning Run (PP-MRP-PE)
Procurement Proposal (PP-MRP-PP)
Availability Check According to ATP Logic
Carrying Out the Planning Run Using MRP Live
Implementation Options
The main function of material requirements planning is to guarantee material availability, that is,
it is used to procure or produce the requirement quantities on time both for internal purposes and
for sales and distribution. This process involves the monitoring of stocks and, in particular, the
automatic creation of procurement proposals for purchasing and production.
In doing so, MRP tries to strike the best balance possible between
 optimizing the service level and
 minimizing costs and capital lockup.
The MRP component (PP-MRP) assists and relieves MRP controllers in their area of responsibility.
The MRP controller is responsible for all activities related to specifying the type, quantity, and time
of the requirements, in addition to calculating when and for what quantity an order proposal has to
be created to cover these requirements. The MRP controller needs all the information on stocks,
stock reservations, and stocks on order to calculate quantities, and also needs information on lead
times and procurement times to calculate dates. The MRP controller defines a suitable MRP and
lot-sizing procedure for each material to determine procurement proposals.
Integration
You must first create the master data to be able to work with the MRP component. To do this, you
require the following components:
 material master (LO-MD-MM)
 bills of material (LO-MD-BOM)
 When you use MRP for in-house production, you also need the following components if you
want to determine production dates:
 work center (PP-BD-WKC)
 routings (PP-BD-RTG)
You also need the following components:
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 demand management (PP-MD-DEM)
 You need the Demand Management component to define requirement quantities and
requirements dates for finished products and important assemblies. Demand Management
also determines the strategy you are to use for planning, procuring, or producing a certain
finished product.
 sales and distribution, if necessary
Features
MRP at Plant or MRP Area Level
You can plan material requirements at plant level or for different MRP areas. With MRP at plant
level, the system adds together stocks from all of the individual storage locations, with the exception
of individual customer stock, to determine total plant stock. The requirements are combined in the
planning run and procurement elements are created for these pegged requirements with unknown
sources. Individual storage locations can be planned separately or be excluded from planning.
In the case of material requirements planning on an MRP area level, only the stocks from the
storage locations or subcontractor assigned to the respective MRP area are taken into account.
Only the requirements in this MRP area are combined and procurement elements are created for
them. This enables you to plan material requirements specifically for certain areas.
Lot-Sizing and MRP Procedures

The most common lot-sizing procedures are available in the system and you can easily integrate
user-defined formulas.
You can use MRP or consumption-based planning as the materials planning procedure.
Automatic Planning Run
The automatic planning run in MRP determines any shortages and creates the appropriate
procurement elements. The system generates messages for critical parts and unusual situations
so that you can rework the planning results in the specific area with problems.
Material Requirements Planning in the Logistics Chain
The main function of material requirements planning is to guarantee material availability, that is,
it is used to procure or produce the requirement quantities on time both for internal purposes and
for sales and distribution. This process involves the monitoring of stocks and, in particular, the
automatic creation of procurement proposals for purchasing and production.
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Process Flow
1. Sales and Distribution take requirements as concrete customer requirements from the market.
2. In Demand Management, sales are planned in advance via a sales forecast.
3. The result is the independent requirement, that is, the requirement for the finished product,
tradable assemblies, trading goods and replacement parts. This result triggers material
requirements planning.
4. In order to cover these requirements, MRP calculates procurement quantities and dates as
well as plans the corresponding procurement elements. The procurement element in the
planning run is the planned order or, for external procurement, the purchase requisition. Both
procurement elements are internal planning elements that can be changed, rescheduled or
deleted at any time.
5. If a material is produced in-house, the system also calculates the dependent requirements ,
that is, the quantity of components required to produce the finished product or the assembly, by
exploding the BOM. If a material shortage exists, planned orders are created at every BOM level
to cover requirements.
6. The system then converts these planned procurement elements into exact procurement
elements: production orders for in-house production and purchase orders for external
procurement.
7. The progress of the order for materials produced in-house is controlled by using the
production order. The production order contains its own scheduling procedures, capacity
planning and status management. Cost accounting is also carried out via the individual
production order.
8. Materials that are procured externally trigger the purchasing procedure. In this case, you must
have chosen suitable vendors or you must have drawn up outline agreements.
9. The quantities made available by production or by external procurement are placed in stock and
are managed by Inventory Management.
Various functions in the SAP System are planned, controlled and coordinated centrally for several
areas.
Transaction Codes for MRP (PP-MRP)
Menu Nodes Transaction Activity

Master Data MD25 Create planning calendar
MD26 Change planning calendar
MD27 Display planning calendar
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MDSA Display BOM explosion number
MDSP Edit BOM explosion number
MEQ1 Maintain quota file
OPPP Explode BOM by date
MDUS Display project assignment
MDUP Process project assignment
MDL1 Create production lot
MDL2 Change production lot
MDL3 Display production lot

Planning MD20 Create planning file entry
MD21 Display planning file entry
MDAB Set up planning file entry in background
MDRE Check planning file entry
MD01 Total planning online
MDBT Total planning in background
MD03 Single-item, single-level planning
MD02 Single-item, multi-level planning
MD43 Interactive single-item planning
MD50 Multi-level, make-to-order planning
MD51 Multi-level project planning
MF52 Display planning table
MF50 Change planning table
MF57 Planning table by MRP lists
MF51 Planning table by production list

Evaluations MD04 Stock/requirements list
MD07 Collective access of stock/requirements lists
MD05 MRP list
MD06 Collective access of MRP lists
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MDLD Print MRP list
MD45 Planning result
MD46 Collective access of planning result
MD44 Planning situation for a material
MD47 Planning situation for a product group
MD48 Cross-plant planning situation
MD4C Order report
MD09 Pegged requirements
CO46 Order progress

Planned Order MD11 Create planned order
MD12 Change planned order
MD13 Individual access of planned order
MD16 Collective access of planned orders
MD14 Individual conversion of planned order into purchase requisition
MD15 Collective conversion of planned orders into purchase requisitions
MDUM Convert planned order into purchase requisition in background
CO40 Convert individual planned order into production order
CO41 Collective conversion of planned orders into production orders
CO48 Partial conversion of planned order into production order
COR7 Individual conversion of planned order into process order
COR7_PC Collective conversion of planned orders into process orders
COR8 Partial conversion of planned order into process order
MDVP Collective availability check
MDAC Execute action for planned order
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MRP Procedures
Use
The aim of material requirements planning is to tailor available capacities and receipts on time to
suit requirements quantities. You can use MRP or consumption-based planning for this. A
special form of MRP is master production scheduling.
Features
 Material requirements planning is carried out using current and future sales figures. The
planned and the exact requirements quantities trigger the net requirements calculation.
 In Master production scheduling, finished products and important assemblies, so-called
master schedule items, are planned separately and with extra attention. Only the master
schedule items are planned in this planning run. The system creates dependent
requirements for the BOM level directly below the planning level. It does not, however, plan
levels below this.
 Consumption-Based Planning uses past consumption data (historical data) to calculate
future requirements with the help of the material forecast or statistical planning
procedures. The net requirements calculation is not hereby triggered by an independent or
dependent requirement but is triggered either when stock levels fall below a reorder point or
by forecast requirements.
Master Data (PP-MRP-BD)
The Master Data component (PP-MRP-BD) forms the basis for MRP. You cannot execute MRP
without maintaining the master data.
Features
The master data for MRP, which can be maintained over the MRP menu, includes:
 planning calendar
 quota arrangements
 BOM explosion number (fixed key date)
Further master data, which can only be maintained in Customizing for MRP, includes:
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 MRP controller key
 special procurement type
 lot-sizing procedure
 MRP type
 MRP area
Planning Process
This section deals with the business and technical procedures of material requirements planning.
Process Flow
The system carries out the following processes in the planning run:
1. The system checks the planning file. During this process, the system checks whether a
material is to be planned due to a change relevant to MRP, and how to proceed if there are
already existing procurement proposals (see Checking the Planning File ).
2. The system calculates net requirements for every material. For this calculation, the system
checks whether the requirements are covered by the warehouse stock and dispatched receipts
from Purchasing or Production. If the requirements cannot be covered, the system creates a
procurement proposal (see Net Requirements Calculation). If a material has been assigned
a range of coverage profile, the dynamic safety stock is also calculated during the planning
run using the range of coverage profile. This ensures sufficient material availability even for
unplanned additional requirements (see Calculating the Statistical Range of Coverage Using
the Range of Coverage Profile).
3. The system calculates procurement quantities. When doing this, the system takes into
account the selected lot-sizing procedure and, if necessary, scrap and rounding values (see
Calculating Procurement Quantities).
4. The system carries out the scheduling in order to calculate the start and finish dates for the
procurement proposals (see Scheduling).
5. The system determines the type of procurement proposal. Dependent upon the defined
setting, planned orders, purchase requisitions or delivery schedules are created by the
system for a material (see Determining the Procurement Proposal). If you have maintained the
necessary entries for quota arrangements, the system also determines the source of supply
and allocates this to the procurement proposal (see Quota Arrangements).
6. For procurement proposal of an assembly, the system explodes the BOM and determines the
dependent requirements (see BOM Explosion and Determining Dependent Requirements).
7. During the planning run, the system recognizes critical situations that have to be assessed
manually in the planning result by the work scheduler. The system creates exception messages
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and, if necessary, checks rescheduling (see Creation of Exception Messages, Rescheduling
Check). The system also calculates the actual range of coverage and the days’ supply and
receipt days’ supply (see Days ‘Supply and Receipt Days ‘Supply, Actual Range of Coverage).
The planning run is usually carried out at plant level. In addition, the following are also possible:
o Storage Location MRP
o Planning with MRP Areas
o Multi-Plant/Site Planning
Result
After the planning run, the MRP controller can check and edit the generated procurement
proposals. Various evaluations are supported by the system.
Special Planning Processes
Use
You use special planning processes,
 if you do not want to plan on a plant level, but either on a multi-plant level or only for a
particular part of a plant
 if you want to work with special procurement types.
Features
Special planning processes include
 subcontracting
 direct production
 direct procurement
 storage location MRP
 planning with MRP areas
 multi-plant/site planning
 requirements grouping for individual project planning
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Carrying Out the Planning Run (PP-MRP-PR)
Purpose
You use the component Planning Execution (PP-MRP-PR) to carry out material requirements
planning for all materials or assemblies that manifest a changed requirement or stock situation.
To do this, you start a planning run.
Key Features
 You can execute a planning run:
 For a plant, several plants, an MRP area, several MRP areas or a combination of these
(total, or overall planning)
 For a material or product group (single-item, or individual planning).
 In the process, the following procedures are available:
 Total planning
 Single-level single-item planning
 Multilevel single-item planning
 Interactive planning
 Multi-level, make-to-order planning
 Individual project planning
Information on individual project planning is available in the SAP documentation for the
Project System.
 In consumption-based planning, total planning and single-item planning are generally
always carried out on a single-level basis.
 It makes little sense to carry out interactive planning in long-term planning, so the function
is not available in this case.
 You can specify how the planning run is to be carried out on an individual basis by means
of certain control parameters.
Evaluating the Planning Run (PP-MRP-PE)
During the planning run, the system analyzes the requirements that exist for the planned materials
and creates procurement elements that cover these requirements. The evaluations in the PP-MRP-
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PE component display all receipt and issue elements for a material in the form of a table and
enable you to gain a quick overview of the stock/requirements situation for the material as well as
to branch into the editing function for the MRP elements for this material.
Features
The following evaluations are available for analyzing the planning result:
 MRP list
 stock/requirements list
 planning result (corresponds to the MRP list with individual evaluation layout)
 planning situation (corresponds to the stock/requirements list with individual evaluation
layout)
 planning table for repetitive manufacturing
Procurement Proposal (PP-MRP-PP)
The system creates procurement proposals automatically during the planning run. They specify
when inward stock movement should be made and the quantity of stock that is expected.
Integration
To you require the additional components
convert planned orders Material Master (LO-MD-MM)
convert planned orders into production orders Production Orders (PP-SFC), Routing (PP-BD-RTG)
convert planned orders into process orders Production Planning for Process Industries (PP-PI)
convert purchase requisitions into purchase orders Purchasing (MM-PUR)
execute capacity leveling Capacity Planning (PP-CRP)
Features
The procurement proposals include:
 planned orders (for materials that are procured externally or produced in-house)
 purchase requisitions (for materials that are procured externally)
 schedule lines (for materials that are procured externally and for which a source list entry
and a scheduling agreement already exist)
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Planned orders and purchase requisitions are internal planned elements that can be changed,
rescheduled or deleted at any time.
In contrast, delivery schedules are fixed receipt elements, which must be followed. They therefore
only belong to the procurement proposals in a broader sense (see Determining the Procurement
Proposal).
The creation indicators in the initial screen of the planning run determine which procurement
proposals are created during the planning run (see Creation Indicator).
Availability Check According to ATP Logic
During the material availability check, the system makes sure that requirements are covered by
stock or by planned receipts. You can therefore recognize at an early date, for example, when
creating the sales order, whether a material will be available for the requirements date or whether
you have to make extra planning arrangements to guarantee material availability. Using the
material availability check contributes towards increasing the accuracy of planning and the
service level for creating sales orders as well as for the internal production process.
Integration
The availability check using ATP logic is a cross-application component. It can be accessed from
the business application areas listed below:
 Sales and distribution (SD-SLS)
You can check whether the material is available on the desired delivery date when
creating sales orders and also when creating delivery notes.
 Planned order processing
You can execute the availability check for the components of a planned order. This may
be necessary when converting the planned order into a production order or beforehand,
if you want to make sure that the necessary material components are available for the
production of the finished product.
 Production order processing (PP-SFC)
When processing production orders, you can check whether the necessary material
components are available for production of the finished product.
 Inventory management (MM-IM)
When creating or changing reservations as well as at goods issue, you can use the
availability check to ensure that a goods movement will not jeopardize the availability
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situation of other issue elements already created and checked in the system. A missing
parts check can be run at goods receipt.
Features
During the ATP quantity calculation, the system checks that all issues are covered by existing
receipts and whether quantities are left over to cover new issues. These quantities that have not
yet been assigned constitute the ATP quantity.
The calculation proceeds as follows:

 The receipts (warehouse stock, planned orders, purchase requisitions) are dynamically
allocated to the issues (customer requirements, planned independent requirements,
reservations), which lie directly after them on the time axis . The calculation is carried
out in such a way that the issue is allocated to the receipt that lies nearest to it and that
still has a positive ATP quantity.
 If the ATP quantity of this receipt does not cover the issue then the system will search for
and check the next nearest receipt (always in a backwards direction) for a positive ATP
quantity, which will then also be allocated to the issue.
 If receipts do not cover the issue, you must then decide whether you reduce the
requirements quantity as necessary or whether you move the requirements date so that
requirements coverage can be reached again.
As well as the availability check according to ATP logic there is also:
 the availability check against planned independent requirements
 Availability Check Against Allocations
Carrying Out the Planning Run Using MRP Live
Using MRP Live, you can benefit from improved performance and execute the planning run in much
shorter cycles. This means that you can execute several planning runs daily providing the MRP
controller with the following benefits, for example:
 More up-to-date supply and demand information on which to base decisions.
 Faster reaction to demand changes reduces the risk of stock-outs and means that you
can reduce safety stocks.
 Match demand and supply more efficiently than was previously possible.
 Identify and react to issues faster than was previously possible.
The report MRP Live (with the technical name PPH_MRP_DISPATCHER) is a copy of the
report RMMRP000 and provides the following options for carrying out the planning run:
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 MRP Live (transaction MD01N) calls MRP on HANA
 MRP Live (transaction MD01N) calls classic MRP
The transaction MD01N is a copy of the transaction MD01.

Which planning run is used depends on the MRP parameters defined for the materials in the
material master record and in Customizing. For more information, see When to Plan in MRP Live
and When to Plan with Classic MRP.
Prerequisites
You must have activated the Business Function Performance Optimizations for MRP.
As total requirements (customer requirements and dependent requirements) are not supported
when working with MRP Live, you have to make sure that you have no total requirements in your
system before carrying out the planning run. In this case, proceed as described in the document
Prerequisite: Clean Up Total Requirements.
Features
In addition to the planning scopes covered by the classic MRP transactions, MRP Live also
supports the following planning scopes, for example:
 The planning of a selected material in a selected location (such as a distribution center)
and its supplying locations (such as a production plant).
 The planning of the distribution of a selected material across several locations.
 The planning of a selected material in a selected location and its supplying locations and
the components in the production location or locations, multilevel across the complete
supply chain.
 The planning of all the materials for which one MRP controller is responsible.
 Using the settings and control parameters in the initial screen of the MRP Live planning
run, you can determine how the planning run is to be carried out. For more information,
see Settings and Control Parameters for MRP Live.
Constraints
Currently, the classic MRP run supports a very large number of business processes for a wide-
range of industries. The new MRP Live is designed to be faster but will not support all these existing
business processes right away. Therefore, during the planning run, the system determines whether
a particular material can be planned with MRP Live on SAP HANA with high performance or
whether it has to be planned in the classic application server. In future support packages, additional
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planning functions will be implemented for the MRP Live on HANA run meaning that the system
will plan more and more materials in MRP Live on HANA.
More Information
For more information on the MRP Live report, see:
 When to Plan in MRP Live and When to Plan with Classic MRP
 Settings and Control Parameters for MRP Live
 Carrying Out MRP Live
 Evaluating the MRP Live Run

Production Order Maintenance
Copying Master Data
Document Integration in the Production Order
Scheduling
Dispatching and Deallocating Without the Planning Board
Components
Production Resources and Tools (PRTs)
Trigger Points
Availability Check
Preliminary Costing
Order Release
Material Serial Numbers in Production Orders
As-Built Configuration
Inspection Lots
Missing Parts
Printing Shop Papers (PP-SFC-EXE-PRINT, PP-SFC-ADB-PRN)
External Procurement/Processing
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Process Integration
Goods Movements
Confirmations
Rework
Order Settlement
Technical Completion of a Production Order
Closing a Production Order
Archiving Production Orders
Order Change Management (OCM)
Mass Processing of Process and Production Orders
Status
Co- and By-Products
Collective Orders
Order Information System
Order Progress Report
Assembly Orders
Order Split
Operations/Components Not Relevant to MRP
Product Cost Collector
Work-in-Process (WIP) Batch
Purpose
This section gives you an overview of the integration of the application component Production
Orders (PP-SFC) in the SAP system and its integration in the component Production Planning and
Control (PP).
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Integration
Production Orders in the ERP System

Production orders are a fundamental part of Production Planning and Control (PP) . PP is fully
integrated within the Logistics (LO) component and has interfaces to areas such as the following:
 Sales and Distribution (SD)
 Materials Management (MM)
 Controlling (CO)
Integration of Production Orders in Production Planning

The work processes within a company are executed using orders.
A production order defines which material is to be processed, at which location, at what time and
how much work is required. It also defines which resources are to be used and how the order costs
are to be settled.
As soon as a planned order or other request is generated from material requirements planning, the
information is passed on to shop floor control; the order-relevant data is also added to ensure
complete order processing.
Production orders are used to control production within a company and also to control cost
accounting.
Integration of Production Orders with an SAP EWM System

Production orders are integrated with Extended Warehouse Management (EWM) . You can use an
SAP EWM system for the following processes involving production orders:
 Material staging
 Confirmation of production and process orders
 Cancellation of the confirmation with reference to confirmation document (CO13/CORS)
 Postprocessing of faulty goods issue postings (COGI)
The processes are completely integrated. You must use an EWM-managed storage location as the
source storage location for production supply. The destination storage locations in production from
which the components are then withdrawn can be EWM- or MM-IM-managed. For more information
on the integration of production orders with EWM, follow the menu path SAP Library SAP ERP
Central Component Logistics Logistics Execution (LE) Integration of Extended Warehouse
Management Integration of Extended Warehouse Management into PP .
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Features
You can use the production order to specify:
 What is to be produced
 When production is to take place
 Which capacity is to process the order
 How much production costs
Production orders can be generated in the following ways:

 From a requirement generated in requirements planning, that is, by converting a planned
order to a production order
 Using an assembly order
 Without any previous requirement, that is, by creating it manually
When a production order is created the following actions are carried out:
 A routing is selected, its operations and sequences are transferred to the order
 The bill of materials is exploded and the items in the bill of material are transferred to the
order
 Reservations are generated for bill of material items held in stock
 The planned costs for the order are generated
 The capacity requirements are generated for the work centers
 Purchase requisitions are generated for non-stock items and externally-processed
operations
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Working with Production Orders
Separate menus were developed for all the areas in the SAP system. You can select all the data
and evaluations that are needed from the menu. You also have the option of selecting specific
processes or overviews using function keys.
Production Order Maintenance
Use
In production order maintenance you can create, change and display production orders. The
authorizations that you have determine which of these processing types you can use.
Production order processing is explaining in more detail using creation as an example.
Features
Along with maintenance of order header data and operation data you can also maintain the
following data:
 Components
In the production order, components must always be assigned to an operation. All
components that were not already assigned to a specific operation in the routing are assigned
by the system to the first operation when the order is created. However, you have the option
of adding components from one operation to another.
You can find more information on maintaining components in the order in Changing
Component Data .
 Production resources and tools
Production resources/tools (PRTs) are, in contrast to machines and fixed assets, moveable
resources that are not tied to a particular location and can be used several times. In the
production order production resources/tools must always be assigned to a specific operation.
However, assignment can already take place in the routing.
You can find more information on production resources / tools in Assignment of Production
Resources/Tools to Operations .
 Trigger points
In the production order trigger points must always be assigned to an operation. They are
used to execute a specific function if:
o A confirmation is entered for an operation
o The status of an operation changes
You can find more information on trigger points in Trigger Points .
 XSteps
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You can create XSteps for a production order or for operations in a production order to describe
the concrete execution of the production. If the XSteps have already been created in the routing,
the complete XStep trees valid at the basic start date are copied into the order (see XSteps in
Shop Floor Control ).
However, you can also enter XSteps directly in the production order for the order header and
the operations (see Assign XSteps in Application ).
Other Functions
 Order Comparison
The order comparison function enables you to represent the effects of changes. In this process,
two production orders are compared, or a production order is compared with a temporary
production order. A temporary production order is created during order comparison, based on
initial data that has changed (for example, a changed purchase order).
 Simulation order
You can create simulation orders to check the effect of changes. They have the same structure
as production orders but have no operational effect.
Copying Master Data
Use
When you create the production order various master data can be copied to the production order.
Copying makes maintaining production orders simpler because the system uses predefined data.
Features
Selection of master data comprises the following functions:
o Routing selection
o Bill of material selection
o Read master data
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Document Integration in the Production Order
Use
Document integration allows you to create fixed links between orders and documents in the
Document Management System (DMS). This ensures that the correct document versions are
supplied during the production process. In addition, this also allows you to keep track of which
documents were used to produce a certain order.
The document links can be generated automatically when an order is created or released (see
Settings for Document Integration). You can also generate document links manually.
Automatic Generation from Material Master/BOM

The material master or BOM is checked during automatic generation:
 All existing document links for the material are copied to the production order. These
document links are assigned to the document header. You make assignments to an
operation manually .
 All production-relevant document items are copied from the BOM to the production order
as document links. When a document item in a routing is assigned to an operation, then
this assignment is also copied to the production order.
The material master or BOM is used to determine which documents are valid. In the process,
the explosion date of the production order is the decisive factor, along with the configuration
or parameter validity of the produced material, where applicable. Only released documents
are taken into account. If several released versions exist, the version that is valid on the
explosion date is used.
You can use the Business Add-In Document Links (Production Orders)
(WORKORDER_DOCLINKS) to change or delete the document links assigned to a
production order, or to add new document links.
Manual Generation
The following options are available for manual generation:
 You can create document links manually from the document links/documents saved in
the material master and in the BOM (see Generating a Document Link from Master Data).
In this process, the same rules apply as for automatic generation (see above).
 You can create as many document links as you wish, if the document type is permitted
for production orders (see Settings for Document Integration).
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Integration
The document integration in the production order is based on the functions of the Document
Management System (DMS). The documents and the original files are managed in the DMS. The
document links can be managed both in the DMS and in the production order.
Constraints
Document links are not generated automatically when changes are made within Change
Management for Production Orders (OCM) .
Features
Document integration has the following characteristics:
 Assignment to document header or to operations
Documents can be linked with the order header or with operations in the production order.
 Print
The LV03 list is available for printing the document links.
 Where-used list
The Document Management System (DMS) provides a where-used list with object links (for
example, with material masters or production orders). It allows you to determine which
production orders use a specific document.
 Archiving
The document links are archived together with the corresponding production order (archiving
class CV_OBJL). Since the display of document links is not integrated in the order
information system, document links from archived orders can only be displayed using the
technical view of the SAP archiving system.
 Logical database
Document links to the document header and to operations are integrated in the IOC logical
database with structures IODOCL and IOOPDOCL and can be evaluated using these
structures.
 Customer enhancements
The following customer enhancements are available:

o PPCO0015: Additional attributes for document links
o PPCO0016: Generating document links from master data
o PPCO0017: Additional checks during dialog processing of document links
Displaying the links for a finished material
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The function Header Documents displays the current links to the produced material but
does not establish a fixed link to the order.
Scheduling
Use
In order processing and control, the scheduling function calculates the production dates and
capacity requirements for all operations within an order or a collective order.
Settings for Scheduling
Scheduling Individual Orders
Scheduling Collective Orders
Scheduling of Requirements Dates
Dispatching and Deallocating Without the Planning Board
Use
You can use this function to:
o Dispatch or deallocate operations
o Deallocate all operations of a production order
Dispatching
Proceed as follows when dispatching:
1. Dispatch an operation. The operation receives the status DSPT (dispatched). The capacity
requirements are planned without capacity leveling.
2. The system issues a warning if a capacity is overloaded.
3. If necessary, change the operation dates of the dispatched operation (operation tab, Dates tab
page).
4. Midpoint scheduling is used when the order is rescheduled. The dates of the dispatched
operation are not adjusted.
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Activities
 To dispatch an operation, select Operation Dispatch on the operation overview (select
operation) or on the tab page.
 To deallocate an operation, select Operation Deallocate on the operation overview
(select operation) or on the tab page.
 To deallocate all operations of a production order, select Functions Deallocate.
Components
Use
When you create a production order, you need to specify the components required for production
in the order. If the relevant data is already contained in the master data, it is automatically
transferred into the production order.
Data from Bills of Material
Data from the Routing
Data from the Material Master Record
Manually Creating or Changing Components
Changing Component Data
Assignment of Components
Backflushing with Stock Shortage
Alternative Items
Discontinuation Data
Batch Determination
Batch Key
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Production Resources and Tools (PRTs)
Definition
The business object Production Resource/Tool (PRT) is a moveable operating resource used in
production or plant maintenance.
Use
The system differentiates between the following types of production resources/tools, according to
their properties and business function:
o Materials that are accounted for in materials management, for instance in inventory
management, requirements planning and procurement.
o Equipment that is serviced, for example measuring instruments or valuable tools
o Documents that use the document management system, for example drawings or
programs
o Miscellaneous production resources/tools (with a PRT master record) that require less
maintenance in the system
You can assign production resources and tools to the task lists and production orders for which
they are required.
Production resources/tools that are used for testing during production can be assigned to the
corresponding inspection characteristic in the inspection plan.
At the moment you cannot use PRTs in process orders.
Integration
You can use user-defined criteria to classify PRTs in order to help you find them in the system.
PRTs can be linked with a document info record so that you can refer to additional information, for
example a design drawing.
Trigger Points
Use
A trigger point is an object that can be assigned to an operation in order to trigger a function.
Trigger points can trigger functions,
o If the status of an operation changes (example)
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o When an operation is confirmed. In this case the user decides whether the function is
triggered (example)
You can also trigger a function by linking a user status to a ‘reason for variance’ ( example ).
Features
At present, the following functions can be triggered:
 Releasing directly succeeding operations
You can release all operations which come directly after the operation
 Releasing operations up to stop indicator
You can release all operations up to and including the next operation with a release stop
indicator.
 Releasing preceding operations
You can release all operations which come before the operation in the order
 Creating a new order by copying
You can create a new order. The order is created without reference to material using a
reference operation set.
 Including a reference operation set
You can include a reference operation set in the existing order. In this case you need to
specify the operation after which the operation set is to be inserted. A production order is
always rescheduled after a reference operation set has been included via a trigger point.
 Triggering a workflow task
You can trigger a task defined as a workflow ( Trigger Points ).
To minimize the effort involved in creating trigger points, you can create standard trigger
points and trigger point groups.
Availability Check
Use
The availability check in Shop Floor Control checks whether the components, production
resources/tool or capacities required for a production order are available.
Checking the Availability of Material
How is the Availability Determined?
At What Level is the Availability Checked?
When is the Availability Checked?
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Carrying out an Availability Check
Resetting Checking Result
Collective Availability Check
Checking Availability of PRTs
Checking the Availability of Capacities
Preliminary Costing
When you create a production order and after each subsequent change to the order, the system
calculates the planned order costs that are expected to be incurred during production. The planned
costs are assigned to cost elements.
Cost Elements
Material Costs
Production Costs
Setting up a Quantity Structure
Planned Costs for External Processing
Overhead Costs
Overhead Groups
Displaying Costs
Order Release
Use
A production order must be released, before it can be processed. You can use the time period
between creating and releasing a production order, for example, to carry out company checks and
preparations. If you do not require this time period, you can automatically release the production
order when it is created (see Automatic Release).
A newly created production order initially receives the status CRTD (created). The following
restrictions apply to a production order that has been created:
 Confirmations for the order cannot yet be executed.
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 Shop floor papers cannot be printed.
 Goods movements for the order cannot yet be executed.
Releasing the order lifts these restrictions.
Features
Order release can be executed at the following levels:
o With Release at Order Header Level all operations are released. The order and the
operations receive the status REL (released).
o With Release of an Operation the operation receives the status REL and the order
receives the status PREL (partially released). If all operations in an order have been
released, the order has the status REL.
Material Serial Numbers in Production Orders
Use
The assignment of serial numbers when creating a production order, enables you to choose
between single items of a material. Each produced part can then be uniquely identified using the
combination of the material number and the serial number.
Integration
If you want to use the serial number assignment function, you must work with the PM module.
Prerequisites
The following requirements must be fulfilled if you want to assign single items of a material with a
serial number when you create a production order:
 In the material master record (Storage area) of the material to be produced, a serial number
profile must be assigned
 The serial number profile must permit the creation of serial numbers for the serialization
activity Create production order (PPAU)
Features
For each material, you can specify
 When the serial number is assigned (for example, when the production order is created,
during goods receipt)
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 Whether serial numbers must be assigned then or whether the user can decide whether the
serial numbers are to be assigned, or whether the serial numbers are assigned automatically
by the system
If serial numbers are assigned automatically, then you must manually trigger assignment by
selecting Header Select serial numbers in the order header and then determine the number
yourself or let the system do this (Create serial number automatically).
If you change the order quantity after assigning serial numbers in the production order, then the
system informs you that the number of assigned serial numbers must be checked and adjusted.
During goods receipt of the manufactured product, the serial numbers are transferred from the
production order to inventory management.
Activities
Create a serial number profile with the relevant settings in Customizing for Plant maintenance .
Assign the profile to the affected material master records.
For more information about serial number profiles, refer to the Management of Serial Numbers
document.
As-Built Configuration
Definition
A special form of installed base. An as-built configuration (ASBC) describes the structure of a
serialized assembly that has been produced and the condition or history of its individual
components.
Use
You can use an as-built configuration to look at the condition and history of a produced assembly
at any time. You can record changes to an as-built configuration in the form of an as-maintained
configuration.
You can use an as-built configuration for complex products for which you need to be able to tell at
all times which assemblies and components have been used in production (for example, an
airplane).
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Integration
An as-built configuration is an Installed Base that you can create using existing production data
(process and production orders).
Inspection Lots
Use
In a production process, it is sometimes necessary to carry out inspections to ensure the quality of
a product. An inspection lot documents a request for an inspection. Inspection characteristics are
assigned to the inspection lot. An inspection characteristic defines what needs to be inspected. A
distinction is made between qualitative characteristics and quantitative characteristics.
With in-process inspections, an inspection lot is created for a production order. Characteristics are
assigned to individual operations in the order. The characteristics define the inspection
requirements.
The results of the inspection are then recorded for each inspection characteristic and stored in the
inspection lot.
For more information about inspection lots, see Inspection Processing.
For more information about inspection characteristics, see Inspection Planning.
Features
The system distinguishes between planned and unplanned inspection characteristics:
 Planned inspection characteristics are maintained in the routing
 Unplanned inspection characteristics are maintained in the production order
If inspection data has been maintained in the quality management view of the material master of
the material being produced, then the system automatically creates the inspection lot, as soon as
the first operation in the production order is released.
You also have the option of creating an inspection lot manually in the production order.
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Missing Parts
Use
If, during an availability check (Overall Check ), the system determines that a component is not
available on a date on which it is required, the production order is automatically given the status
"PRT shortage" (MSPR). This status remains active in the order header until a subsequent
availability check (overall check) determines that all components have become available (for
example, due to a goods receipt).
An individual check has no effect on the status of components.
It is possible to display missing parts in the SAP System
 for a specific order/ collective order
 for several orders using the missing parts information system
Features
Missing Parts in an Order/Collective Order
You obtain information on missing parts in the following places in the order/collective order:
 In the missing parts overview you can
 edit missing parts data (for example, by changing the requirements quantity or issue
storage location)
 check the availability of individual components
 filter / sort components
The missing parts overview always displays the results of the last availability check carried out in
the order, regardless of whether you have since exited the order.
 In the missing parts list you can
 display the missing parts of all orders which have been checked (for collective orders)
 check the availability of individual components
 filter / sort components
 print the missing parts
 vary the field selection
The missing parts list is not saved if you exit order processing.
Missing Parts Information System
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You can use the missing parts information system to display the missing parts list for a selection of
materials, or for all materials. You can also restrict your selection of missing parts according to a
specific plant, MRP controller or requirements date.
A profile determines what data is displayed on the missing parts list and how it is displayed. The
SAP System contains two standard profiles. They sort the missing parts list according to order
number or material number. You can, however, define your own profiles in Customizing for Shop
Floor Control.
If you often enter the same selection criteria when you create missing parts list, you can save the
criteria in the form of a variant. You can then call up the variant any time you want via the menu.
You can branch directly from the missing parts list into backorder processing for the material. When
you call up backorder processing, the system recalculates the ATP quantity (Available To Promise)
of the material. It then displays the stock/requirements situation of the material(s), the quantities
that have been committed to orders, reservations, and so on, as well as the cumulative ATP
quantity. If individual requirements exist for sales orders, the system displays these separately.
If you change the committed quantity in backorder processing, the change will not automatically
register in the missing parts list. To update the missing parts list, choose List Refresh when
you return to the missing parts list.
In backorder processing, you can change the quantities committed to the orders/reservations.
Printing Shop Papers (PP-SFC-EXE-PRINT, PP-SFC-ADB-

PRN)
Use
In the SAP system, the printing of shop papers is carried out in the form of lists. A list can be a
complete printout of a pull list, for example, or a printout of time tickets.
Prerequisites
See Prerequisites: Printing Shop Papers
Features
List Types
The SAP system differentiates between the following types of lists:
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 Operation-based lists, for example, time tickets, confirmation slips
 Component-based lists, for example Pull List, material withdrawal slips
 PRT lists, for example, PRT overview
 Multi-purpose lists, for example, object overview, operation control ticket
This type of list can contain information about operations or production resources and tools, for
example.
The lists that the system generates and prints refer to all operations, sub-operations, components,
and production tool and resources contained in a production order.
You can change the names of the individual lists at any time. Because both list names and SAP
script forms are stored on a language-dependent basis in the system, you can also print the list in
various languages.
In the following text, the term operation refers both to operations and to sub-operations.
Print Types
Within printing, the SAP system differentiates between the following print types:
 Original printout: The first-time orders are printed
 Reprint: Reprinting orders that have already been printed completely
Caution
You trigger the partial printout of orders via the print type Original Printout , by using a selection
profile that includes partially released orders.
In display mode, it is only possible to reprint lists.
Print Forms and Print Programs

You can print using either SAP-script forms or PDF-based forms.
The form and the print program must be suited, in other words, if you are using a PDF-based form,
you must also use a print program that support PDF output.
For more information, see the Documentation for SAP NetWeaver under Application Platform
(SAP Web Application Server) Business Services PDF-Based Print Forms and SAP-script (BC-
SRV-SCR).
Activities
You have the following options for printing shop papers:
 Print from Production Order
 Print Component Overview and Operation Overview
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 Print Automatically on Order Release
 Print Production Orders (in Mass Processing)
External Procurement/Processing
Use
If individual operations in a production order need to be carried out by a separate company, you
need to make use of the functions for external processing.
If certain parts that are needed to make a product have to be bought in from a different company,
you need to make use of the functions for external procurement. This type of procurement is also
referred to as direct procurement.
Integration
In the case of external processing or procurement, you need access to information from the
purchasing department.
For example, you need to know about the vendor and the conditions that apply for external
processing/procurement. This information is maintained in purchasing and can be entered in the
external operation or non-stock component, for example, via a purchasing info record.
Prerequisites
If you want to use external processing/procurement functions, you first need to make the
corresponding settings in the Purchasing module.
Features
If a production order contains
 External processing operations, or
 Non-stock components
the system creates a purchase requisition for external processing or external procurement.
A purchase requisition is an internal document that defines the requirement for a material or a
service. It authorizes Purchasing to procure a certain quantity of a material or service so that it is
available on the date required.
You can see the number of the purchase requisition on the external processing screen of an
operation or on the purchasing data screen of a non-stock component. If a purchase requisition
changes, you can start a workflow to inform Purchasing (see Changes in Purchasing (PP-SFC) ).
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Purchasing generates a purchase order from the purchase requisition, which informs the vendor
which service is required, or which material is to be delivered.
For more information on purchase requisitions and purchase orders, see the SAP Library MM
Purchasing Guide.
Process Integration
Purpose
You can use this component to realize the exchange of production-relevant data between the ERP
system and the independent production level (for example, machines, individuals, production
control station).
The production level can be controlled as follows:

 Manually
The planned production steps are carried out manually by the machine operator
 Partially automated
The planned production steps are carried out both manually by a machine operator and
automatically by a process control computer.
 Automated
The planned production steps are carried out automatically by a process control computer.
For a production order to be executed at this level and controlled, settled, or also changed in the
ERP system, data such as product data, input materials, manufacturing and setup time
specifications, setting parameters, recipe data, and target quantities must be transferred by the
planning level (ERP) and the quantities actually produced, actual production times, scrap quantities
and any other relevant data reported to the ERP system as promptly as possible.
The following user roles are involved in this process: work scheduler, foreman, production
supervisor, production, warehouse, and transportation worker, maintenance technician, etc.
Features
You can store manufacturing-relevant data in the routing or production order in the form of
execution steps (XSteps). In the XSteps, you specify whether the information is to be forwarded to
a machine operator or process control system.
The XSteps support the individuals involved at the manufacturing level as follows:
 Transfer of any freely definable parameters in freely definable structure to any
recipients at manufacturing level
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 Generation of variable, browser-based work instructions for the direct guidance of the
machine operator
 In the direct execution or derivation of confirmations from the work instructions or from
process control computers by means of variable process messages
 In the sending of these process messages to predefined message recipients
(destinations) including the direct automatic posting of the confirmation data (actual
time, material consumption, warehouse receipt, status progress etc.) in a production
order.
Over and above the aforementioned possibilities, production-accompanying quality checks, the
creation of a batch, and the determination of the batch or product characteristics can be carried out
during the production process and goods movements posted in inventory management.
The functions of process integration are available to you in the SAP menu under Logistics
Production Shop Floor Control Process Integration .
Setup and Maintenance of Execution Steps

The setting up and maintenance of XSteps can be carried out by a suitably trained work scheduler
with the following different options:
 Setup and change in a standard XStep repository
You will find the standard XStep repository in the SAP menu under Logistics
Production Master Data Standard XStep repository.
 Setup and change in a routing
 Setup and change in a standard XStep repository and copying to a routing
 Setup and change in a standard XStep repository and referencing in a routing
The production supervisor, foreman, or MRP controller releases the production orders. As
soon as a production order has been released for production and saved, the manufacturing-
relevant data of the XSteps is consolidated to form control instructions (in send-able form)
and sent to the relevant control instruction destination (machines, individuals, production
control station, or machine, warehouse, or transportation control computer etc.) (see also
Control Instructions).
 When control instructions are sent to a PC and the machine operator is working on the
latter in dialog mode, the manufacturing data stored in the control instructions are
prepared as text in the form of work instructions. The machine operator can then carry
out his or her manufacturing steps with the aid of the work instructions (see also Work
Instructions).
 If control instructions are sent to a process control computer (a production control station,
for example) the manufacturing data stored in the control instructions are transferred in
the form of parameters via an interface (PI-PCS or SAP ODA) and the process control
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computer processes this data for the preparation, execution, and control of the
manufacturing process. (See also Use of XSteps to Connect Up External Systems .)
The machine operator (or the control computer of a plant) processes the instructions to execute
the work. During the processing of the work instructions in dialog mode or the automatic execution
of Work-steps by a machine control computer, process messages with the current manufacturing
times and quantities are created automatically if this has been defined in the XSteps (see also
Process Message Categories in Shop Floor Control).
Following successful checking, these process messages are sent to the relevant message
destination (the production order, for example). In addition to application programs, destinations
can also be individuals (e-mail) and machines.
The following elements are available for the execution and monitoring of the send and receive
operations: the mass-processing function (HVOM) for production orders, a control instruction
monitor, a message monitor, and background programs (jobs) that should be used partly by the IT
department and partly by the user department.
XSteps in Shop Floor Control
Process Message Categories in Shop Floor Control
Control Instructions
Work Instructions
Goods Movements
Use
Before you can start producing a material, all the necessary material components have to be issued
from stock via goods issues. The delivery to stock of the manufactured material is documented in
the system via a goods receipt. Both types of goods movement trigger the following transactions in
the system:
 A material document is created to record the goods movement.
 The stock quantities of the material are updated.
 The stock values are updated in the material master record and the stock/consumption
accounts are updated.
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Withdrawing Material Components
Goods Movement Overview
Picking
Stock Determination
Material Staging (with WM)
Material Staging (with EWM)
Executing Unplanned Withdrawal of Components for an Order
Automatic Creation of Batches
Delivering to the Warehouse
Automatic Goods Receipt
What Checks are Carried out During a Goods Receipt?
Effects of a Delivery to Stock
Performing a Goods Receipt
Confirmations
Purpose
A confirmation documents the processing status of orders, operations, sub-operations, and
individual capacities. It is an instrument for controlling orders.
With a confirmation you specify
 The quantity in an operation that was produced as yield, scrap, and the quantity to be
reworked
 How much work was actually done
 Which work center was used for the operation
 Who carried out the operation
Accurate and prompt confirmations are of great importance for realistic and precise production
planning and control.
Integration
The production orders and hence also the confirmation of the production orders are integrated with
Extended Warehouse Management.
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Features
The following business operations can be performed using confirmations:
 Updating of order data (for example, quantities, activities, dates, status)
 Backflushing of material components
 Automatic goods receipt (for not more than one operation per order)
 Capacity relief at the work center
 Updating of costs based on confirmed data
 MRP-relevant updating of expected excess and short receipts in the order
You have can make appropriate settings for this in Customizing for Shop Floor Control under
Master Data Production Scheduling Profile :
o Updating of excess/short receipts
o Adjustment of operation and component quantity in the case of excess/short
receipt
 Triggering of a rework function (see Trigger Points )

 Updating of the usage counter for equipment PRTs
 Automatic Generation of Quality Notifications
You can enter confirmations for

o An order
o An operation
o A sub-operation
o An individual capacity in an operation
o An individual capacity in a sub-operation
Operations, sub-operations, and individual capacities are generally handled in the same way in
the confirmation. Therefore, in the following only the confirmation of operations is described.
However, your attention is drawn to any differences at the appropriate points.
You can confirm the following data:

 Quantities
You can confirm the good quantity produced (yield), the quantity of scrap incurred, and a
rework quantity. (This function is not available for sub-operations).
In addition, you can subdivide the quantity fields Yield, Scrap, and Rework into further fields
to enable the entry and evaluation of certain quantities on a targeted basis. Thus, for
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example, you can subdivide the Scrap field into several scrap fields (such as scrap due to
bent parts, scrap due to scratched parts). Activity data
You can confirm activities carried out (such as setup time or machine time). You can also
enter forecast values for the individual standard values. These are used to determine
remaining activities and capacity requirements.
Activity valuation (planned or actual) can take place using a cost center (activity type
assignment) or using a business process. For more information about the business process
refer to Quantity Determination.
 Dates
You can confirm when setup, processing or teardown started/finished.
 Personnel data
You can confirm the following data:

o The personnel number of the employee who performed the operation
o The number of employees who performed the operation
 Shift
You can specify that the system is to show the Shift field, enabling you to enter the
confirmation in relation to a shift.
 Customer-specific fields
You can extend the confirmation by adding customer-specific fields in order to enter and
evaluate certain values on a targeted basis.
 Work center
You can confirm the work center at which the operation was carried out.
 Posting date
A posting date is recorded for each confirmation. The default value is today’s date However,
you can enter a different date. The system determines the prices at which the activities are
valuated/costed on the basis of the posting period in which the posting date falls.
 Goods movements
You can enter planned and unplanned goods movements for each confirmation. For more
information, refer to Goods Movements in Confirmations
 Reason for deviation/variance
If your confirmed values differ from the specified planned values due to unforeseen events
(such as a machine breakdown), you can enter a key documenting the cause of the deviation
or variance in the Reason field.
If you combine the reason for variance key with a user status, you can automatically trigger
a follow-on function via this key (for example, the sending of an e-mail to the responsible
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MRP controller). You establish the link between a reason for deviation/variance and a user
status in Customizing. For more information, see Example: Linking a User Status to a Reason
for Variance.
 Updating of the usage counter for equipment PRTs
The usage counter is updated proportionately to the confirmed quantity for equipment PRTs
that are assigned to the operation and for which a measuring point has been defined.
 Long text:
You can enter a long text to describe a confirmation.
Rework
Use
It is sometimes necessary during or at end of a production process to execute additional operations
in order to improve components or products with insufficient quality. These additional processing
steps are referred to as rework.
Example
You have a production order for 20 shafts. After a turning operation you carry out an inspection
operation to check the tolerances. % shafts are found to be outside the tolerances. By reworking
you can enter these 5 pieces as yield. You therefore insert a rework operation where the 5 pieces
are turned a second time
Features
You can incorporate rework into the production process in the following ways:
 You can insert additional operations into the production order where rework is required
 You can insert a reference operation set
 You can create a separate production order without a material and assign it to the original
production order
Planned Rework
If rework frequently occurs at particular points in the production process, you can assign trigger
points to operations, which then automatically trigger the following functions when a status
changes (for example, when a confirmation is entered):
 Insertion of reference operation set via trigger point
 Creation of rework order via trigger point
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For more information about handling and maintaining trigger points, refer to the SAP Library Trigger
Points.
Order Settlement
Use
When a production order is settled, the actual costs incurred for the order are settled to one or more
receiver cost-objects (for example, to the account for the material produced or to a sales order).
Offsetting entries are generated automatically to credit the production order:
 If the costs for the production order are settled to a material account, the order is credited
each time material is delivered to stock. The material stock account is debited
accordingly.
 If the costs for the production order are settled to another receiver (for example to a sales
order), the order is credited automatically at the time of settlement. The cost-objects are
debited accordingly.
The debit posting remains in the order and can be displayed even after the costs have been settled.
The settled costs are updated in the corresponding receiver cost-object and can be displayed in
reporting.
Technical Completion of a Production Order
Use
Technical completion means ending a production order from a logistical viewpoint. This function is
usually used, if the execution of an order has to be stopped prematurely or if the order could not
be executed in the required manner and open requirements for the order (reservations, capacities)
should be deleted.
Prerequisites
The Technically complete function must be allowed for the operation, that is, it cannot be disallowed
due to a system or user status. To this end, the system checks the business transaction BTAB
(technically complete; see business transaction).
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Features
The following actions are executed if an order is set to Technically complete.
 The order is not relevant for MRP planning
 Reservations are deleted
 Capacity requirements are deleted
 Purchase requisitions for external operations or non-stock materials are deleted
 The order and its operations receive the system status Technically Completed (TECO)
If an order is technically complete, you cannot change it. The fields in the order are displayed but
cannot be changed. You can however cancel technical completion, for instance if order data has
to be changed.
After technical completion you can still make postings for the order. For instance, material
withdrawal or a confirmation can be posted if they were previously forgotten.
Activities
You can execute this function in two ways:
 When you are changing an order, choose Functions Restrict processing Technically
complete .
 Technically complete is a function that you can use in mass processing .
You can reverse technical completion as follows:
When you are changing an order, choose Functions Restrict processing Revoke technical
completion .
Closing a Production Order
Use
The Closed (CLSD) status has been introduced in the production order. It has the following
characteristics:
 No more costs can be posted to the order, that is, confirmations and goods movements
are no longer permitted for the order.
 The order can no longer be changed. Exceptions to this are revoking the CLSD status
and setting the deletion flag.
 All actions relating to the status technically completed (TECO) are executed.
 In a collective order, the CLSD status is also set for subordinate orders.
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 If the system comes across an order in the collective order that cannot be closed, the
orders that come between this order and the leading order are also not closed. Other
subtrees are closed if they only contain orders that can be closed.
Prerequisites
Prerequisites for setting the CLSD status are:
o The order must have the status Released (REL) or Technically completed (TECO)
o The order balance must be 0
o There can be no open purchase requisitions, purchase orders or commitments
o There can be no future change records from confirmation processes
Activities
The Closed (CLSD) status is only set automatically for subordinate orders in a collective order. To
set the status, you have the following options:
o In the production order, choose Functions Restrict processing Close
o Function in mass processing
Archiving Production Orders

Purpose
Archiving production orders is part of the general reorganization procedure for production orders.
Prerequisites
To archive production orders only one archiving object is required. The archiving object is called
PP_ORDER.
Process Flow
The reorganization of orders is divided into three steps in the SAP system:
1. Activation of a deletion flag in the order
2. Activation of a deletion indicator in the order
3. Execution of an archiving session
Orders that have already been archived can be displayed again in the SAP system using a fourth
step, called the retrieval function.
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An order can only be archived after a deletion flag has been activated for it, either manually, or
automatically (in other words, via a background report). After an initial residence time has passed,
the orders that have been flagged for deletion are assigned with deletion indicators in a background
run. After a second residence time has passed the orders are archived and simultaneously
deleted from the database.
Order Change Management (OCM)
Purpose
Engineering change management (ECH) allows you to change various master data in a
coordinated manner when they have to be changed together within a change process. Future
procurement elements can thus be created directly with a changed product structure.
Order change management (change management for production orders), in short OCM, expands
this function. It is possible to include existing procurement elements (production orders, planned
orders, purchase orders) that are also affected by a change, in the change process. The change
process begins when a sales order or master data is changed. You can also adapt production
orders on which work has already been done to the changed product structure.
Implementation Considerations
OCM does not need to be used in all cases. You should therefore check whether the following
options are sufficient for changing production orders in your particular case:
 Manual changes to the production order
 Read master data
 Use of assembly orders
Features
The change process in OCM is based on Initiating Objects. These initiating object records refer to
changes in purchase orders or in master data, which, in turn, necessitate changes to production
orders.
The initiating object determines which procurement elements are affected by a change and a
Procurement Element Change Record is created for each one.
On the basis of the procurement element change records, a controlled change of production orders
takes place. In detail, changes are determined, checked and executed. The change process is
completed when the production order has been changed.
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Restrictions
You can carry out the full change process only for production orders. Fixed planned orders and
purchase orders cannot be changed in the change process, but they can be identified as affected
procurement elements when changes to sales orders occur.
The order change process does not support changes in

o Components for which a batch split has been executed
o Co-products
o Sequences
With master data changes, the order change process does not support changes in
o Materials for which discontinued parts have been defined
o Alternative Items
o Trigger points
o Headers of phantom assemblies
o Production resources/tools
o The network structure in collective orders
o The usage of alternative dates in change numbers
Multi-level make-to-order production without direct production is not supported for sales order
changes. In this process, only the top order can be adjusted.
Mass Processing of Process and Production Orders
Use
You can use mass processing to execute functions for several process or production orders.
Some of the mass processing functions described in the following cannot be used for process
orders.
The following documentation on mass processing relates to the transactions COHV (Mass
Processing Production Orders) and COHVPI (Mass Processing Process Orders), which replace
the transactions CO28 (Individual Object Lists), COID (Individual Object Lists PI) and CO44 (Mass
Processing for Orders).
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Features
Functions
The following functions are available for process and production orders:
 Order headers
o Material availability check (manufacturing orders and planned orders)
o Release
o Print shop floor papers
o Costing
o Scheduling
o Set up capacity requirements
o WM materials staging
o Picking
o Set/delete user status
o Confirmation
o Technically complete
o Complete
o Log display
 Operations
o Release
o Picking
o Set/delete user status
o Confirmation
o Log display
 Components
o Picking
o Log display
 Production resources/tools (PP only)

o Log display
There are also mass-processing functions for planned orders.

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Starting Mass Processing
Mass processing can be started in the following ways:
o Triggering the execution of a function
The execution of a function can be triggered as follows:

o Execute function immediately
The functions are executed directly after mass processing has been triggered. This can take
a long time for functions that require a lot of system resources. However, you can immediately
check whether the function was successfully executed.
o Execute function with dialog

Further processing is controlled by a dialog that is specific to the function. This option is
available for the following functions: Confirmation, Picking, Log display.
o Create a function preselection (see Processing Requests )

First, preselection’s are created without any further checks. The preselection’s are created
very quickly. Actual execution takes place with the program COWORKDISPATCH. It is thus
delayed until the next time the program starts. You can decouple the function in terms of time,
so that the main work takes place at night, for example. The end users create preselection’s
and system administration takes care of their execution.
o Execute function in background

First, preselection’s are created without any further checks. Then a background process is
started, which processes these preselection’s immediately. Scheduling a background job
does not create any administrative work and reduces the burden on dialog.
 Parallelization
For parallelization, you define server groups for mass processing (COWORK-DIALOG,
COWORK-BATCH). This enables you to speed up the execution of processing.
 Mass processing in dialog / in the background.
You can either execute mass processing in dialog or you can schedule it in a background job
(no dialog steps possible).
Application Toolbar with Mass Processing Functions

You can specify that an application toolbar with selected mass processing functions is to be
displayed in the list of the selected objects. You can use this application toolbar to execute the
functions in dialog.
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For more information, see Display Application Toolbar with Mass-Processing Functions.
Test Run
You can specify whether the changes are to be made by a mass-processing function or test-wise.
Any error messages that may occur are collected. No changes are written to the database.
The test run is available for the following functions:
 Complete
 Set/delete user status
 Release
 Costing
 Set up capacity requirements
 Technically complete
 Scheduling
 WM materials staging
To test a function, choose the Test Function Without Changes to Data option on the Mass
Processing tab page.
Log
Log records are written and saved when the function is executed. They provide information about
the execution of the mass processing functions. If no log record exists, the function was carried out
without restriction. The log records are assigned to the order or the order network.
For more information, see Logs .
Activities
From the menu for Logistics, choose Production Shop Floor Control Control Mass Processing
for the production order and Production –Process Process Order Tools Mass Processing
for the process order.
Status
Definition
A status documents the current processing status of an object. When business transactions are
carried out on an object (for example on a production order, an operation or a component) the
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status of the object changes accordingly. The statuses activated influence which business
transactions can be carried out on an object.
Co- and By-Products
Use
Products that are usually manufactured together can be produced using one production order.
The main product is the primary reason for the production process. It is displayed in the production
order header. The system also creates a separate order item for the main product.
A co-product is a product that is produced in conjunction with other products. The system creates
a separate order item in the production order for each co-product. This means that it is possible to
display actual costs at co-product level.
A by-product is a product that is produced in conjunction with other products. The system does
not create a separate order item for each by-product. The material valuation of a by-product is
always based on the price specified by price control in the material master.
Creating a production order to manufacture co-products has the following advantages:

 Main product and co-product(s) are settled to different receivers
 Goods movements can be posted simultaneously for all products manufactured in the order
Collective Orders
Use
In a collective order, planned orders or production orders are linked to one another over several
production levels. Each order in the collective order has its own order number. If subassemblies
are produced directly for superior orders within a production process, without physically entering
the warehouse, it is useful to have a representation via collective orders.
The components for which separate production orders are created in the collective order are called
directly produced components (see Creation of Collective Orders).
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Prerequisites
A collective order cannot be created for components that have one of the following indicators set:
 Co-product
 By-product
 Alternative item with strategy 2
 Alternative item with usage probability 0
 Discontinued
 Follow-up material
 Intra material
Key Features
Collective orders offer the following advantages:
 Integrated view of a production process

Collective orders make it possible to represent different levels of the production process
together in the system. The production process can be viewed as an integrated whole.
 Separate order number for every order

Every level in a collective order represents a separate production order/planned order. Every
production order/planned order has its own order number. This enables you to process the
entire collective order, a subtree in the collective order or an individual order.
 No placements in storage or removals from storage between production levels

Within a collective order stock movement only take place for the leading order (that is, the
order that is at the highest production level) and not for directly produced components. This
makes it easier to maintain the collective order in comparison with several individual orders.
A further advantage is a more realistic representation of the costs of the production process,
since subordinate orders can be directly assigned and settled to superior orders.
 Business functions simultaneously for several orders

Certain business transactions can be carried out simultaneously for several orders.
Releasing an order that belongs to a collective order has the effect that all the hierarchically
subordinate orders are released simultaneously.
 Automatic change to dependent orders

Changes to an order automatically affect dependent orders / components affecting orders.
For example, if you change the order quantity in an order then
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 the relevant quantity changes are automatically made to dependent orders
 the requirements quantity of the directly produced component is automatically
changed.
In the collective order, you also have the option of manufacturing directly produced material
in a different plant to the planning plant.
 Set status in leading order

If you make changes in subordinate orders that have an affect on the status, then the system
sets the corresponding status in the order header of the leading order in the collective order
as follows:
o CFCO Confirmation in collective order
o GMCO Goods movements in collective order
o RLNE Release taken place in network
In this way you are informed about changes in the whole collective order.
 Reading master data

You can copy the routing data and BOM data to the order again. For more information, see
Reading Master Data.
Example
You want to produce a pump. The BOM for the pump contains a pressure regulating valve
and a spiral casing. You want to enter these two components in separate production orders,
but you do not want them to be posted to stock.
You set the special procurement type to direct production in the material master record for
the pressure regulating valve and the spiral casing, so that production occurs using a
collective order.
When you create a production order for the pump, a collective order is automatically created,
which contains subordinate production orders for the pressure regulating valve and the spiral
casing.
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Order Information System
Use
The order information system is a tool for shop floor control and process industries with reporting
functions for production orders, planned orders and process orders.
Evaluations take place - as with the IOC logical database, via the original order tables.
The descriptions of the functions in the order information system are valid for production and
process orders. Where possible, any differences have been indicated in the following sections.
The following documentation on the order information system relates to the transactions COOIS
(Production Order Information System) and COOISPI (Process Order Information System); which
replace the previous transactions CO26 (Object Overview), CO28 (Individual Object Lists), COIO
(Object Overview - PI) and COID (Individual Object Lists - PI).
Features
You can view all the orders in the system, including the orders with deletion flags or deletion
indicators. Archived orders are not taken into account.
The order information system has the following display options:
In an individual object list, a list is generated for the selected object (for instance, order header,
operation, component). You can define the structure and appearance of the individual object list
with a layout.
On the object overview the individual orders are displayed with their subordinate objects in a
hierarchical structure. With an overall profile, you can define which fields are displayed and which
objects (order headers, items, sequences, and so on) are read or displayed. In addition, you can
define which fields are displayed for the individual objects.
Authorization Check
The system carries out an authorization check in mass processing, the order information system,
background printing of production orders, release of production orders, collective availability check
and so on, in other words, in all functions that are based on the report PPIO_ENTRY.
When a user chooses a variant, the system checks whether the user has authorization for the
function/transaction stored in the variant.
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Technically speaking, the system checks the authorization for the transaction that is entered in the
variant of the report PPIO_ENTRY. For SAP standard variants, this transaction is displayed in the
variant name (for example, for the variant SAP&COOIS, authorization for the order information
system (transaction COOIS) is checked:
If the user selects the variant of another function and does not have authorization for this function,
the system issues an error message.
If the user has authorization, the system still displays an information message. You can define the
type of the message COIS016 in Customizing for Shop Floor Control under Define Attributes of
System Messages.
If you have not entered a transaction in the variant, the system checks the user's authorization for
transaction COHV.
For more information, see Definition of Variants.
You can use the report PPIO_ENTRY_VARIANT_DISPLAY to see which transactions are entered
in the variants.
The system also issues information about which output list, overall profile, and layout have been
predefined.
Business Add-In (BAdI)

You can the BAdI PP and PI Order Information System (WORKORDER_INFOSYSTEM) to fill
customer-specific fields and to change the display and layout in the object overview or the individual
lists.
For example, implementations, see the SAP Notes 806375 and 806247.
You can find the BAdI in Customizing for Shop Floor Control under System Modifications →
Business Add-Ins.
Activities
Choose
For the production order: Logistics → Production → Shop Floor Control → Information System →
Production Order Information System
For the process order: Logistics → Production - Process → Process Order → Reporting → Order
Information System → Process Order Information System
Select production, process or planned orders and enter the necessary data.
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Order Progress Report
Use
The order progress report shows you which documents, MRP elements, stocks, and deliveries exist
for products and their components that have been ordered by a customer. The order progress
report gives you:
 A quick overview of the status of production and procurement
 Statements about the adherence to delivery dates or delays
An order progress report can be displayed for more than one sales orders or a WBS element.
In the order progress report (transaction CO46), the system calls the multilevel order report for
MRP (transaction MD4C) that you can use as an alternative to this function.
You can use the user parameter (SET/GET parameter) PROFIDCO46 Profile for Order Report to
define the profile that the system should propose when you call the order report (MD4C) from the
progress report (CO46). In the standard system the profile SAP000000002 is supplied.
If you select the indicator List-Based Progress Report on the initial screen, the system displays the
order progress report.
For more information, see the SAP Library for Evaluating the Planning Run (PP-MRP-PE) under
Order Report Use Order Report .
Features
Presentation and Structure of the Report

The data is presented in a hierarchical structure that can be expanded or compressed. All the
procurement elements, stocks and deliveries for a product are presented according to the selection
criteria. You can expand the corresponding component structure for each internal procurement
element. The existing elements are determined and displayed for each component.
The selected elements are displayed in the left-hand area of the report, the information about the
elements is in the right-hand area. The form of the right-hand area can change, depending on
whether material fields or element fields are being displayed. You can influence the form and
contents of the report in Customizing.
For more information, see Settings for Order Progress Reports.
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Displayed Elements
Elements that are account assigned to a sales order or a WBS element are displayed. Elements
that were manually created and are account assigned to a sales order or a WBS element are also
displayed. Elements that do not have a header material (for example, a purchase requisition for an
external service) are presented using a placeholder material, which means that the material field
remains empty.
Only those elements and requirements are displayed that are explicitly assigned to the sales order
or WBS element from the selection criteria. In other words, elements that have access to sales
order stock or project stock. Elements that access plant stock are not expanded further.
The following elements can be displayed:
 Planned orders
 Production orders
 Process orders
 Networks
 Purchase requisitions
 Purchase orders
 Contract release orders
 Schedule lines
 Reservations, dependent requirements
 Deliveries, goods issue from an SD view
 Sales order stocks, project stocks
 Plant stocks, goods receipts from an MM view
 Purchase requisitions and orders from external processing
 Rework orders
Assembly Orders
Use
When creating a sales order, the system can automatically:
 Generate a network or
 Generate an assembly order. Here it concerns the automatic generation of a planned
order or production order to cover the planned independent requirements.
The strategy group in the material master defines whether an order/network is to be created in
the background.
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Prerequisites
The following conditions must be fulfilled for an assembly order to be created:
 The Strategy group field in the material master (MRP) for the finished product must
contain a strategy group that allows assembly orders.
 The finished product must have a BOM.
 The field Individual/collective in the material master (MRP) for the component should
have the indicator Only collective requirements.
Features
Exchanging Data Between Sales Order and Assembly Order
The following data is copied between the sales order and the production order:
 The material staging date and the order quantity are copied from the sales order to the
assembly order.
 The costs for the goods to be produced, the available quantity (in case an availability
check has taken place) and the confirmed delivery date are copied from the assembly
order to the sales order.
Scheduling
The sales order contains a desired delivery date. Scheduling is carried out automatically and a
material staging date is calculated. The goods receipt processing time is subtracted from the
material staging date. This generates the basic finish date of the production order.
Then the production order is scheduled backwards to determine the basic start date of the
production order.
 If the basic start date of the production order is not in the past then the desired delivery
date of the sales order is confirmed.
 If the basic start date of the production order is in the past then the order is rescheduled
using today scheduling (see Parameters in Customizing). A new basic finish date is
calculated in the scheduling run. The goods receipt processing time is added to the basic
finish date; then a further scheduling run is carried out to determine a delivery date that
can be confirmed.
For more information on assembly orders, see the SAP Library LO - Assembly Processing.
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Order Split
Purpose
Order split enables you to split an existing production order for which processing may have already
begun into two separate production orders. These production orders are then executed separately
from a logistics perspective. You might want to perform an order split for the following reasons:
 When a partial lot of a production order has to be handled differently than the rest due
to quality reasons, you can create a separate order to do this.
 If capacity bottlenecks occur, the portion of the order quantity that is required
immediately can be processed separately.
 The material availability can only be confirmed for part of the order quantity. You split
the order to create an order with full material availability.
 If the required date for a partial quantity of the finished material has changed, this
portion can be split off in a different order.
 If a production order cannot be completed on time, you can split the order to reduce
the order quantity. The reduced order quantity then requires less time to produce.
 If a production facility suffers an outage, either production has to be interrupted or it
may be possible to continue using another facility. Because partial confirmation has
already occurred with regard to the operation affected, it is not possible simply to swap
the resource in the order. The order split enables the resource to be swapped in the
child order.
 If part of the processed quantity does not satisfy the quality requirements of the order,
order split enables this partial quantity to be processed further in another order (e.g.
for a sales order with lower quality requirements).
Prerequisites
An order split is allowed with the following system status:
 Header status: Partially released, released, partially confirmed
 Operation status of the split operation and all successors: Opened, released, partially
confirmed
To be able to apportion the costs between the parent and child order, at the time of the split you
must specify a by-product to which the planned costs of the parent order are transferred
proportionally to the child order up to the split operation. The by-product must be a material that is
subject to batch management and individually valuated (see Cost Distribution in the Case of Order
Split).
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Features
When you split an order, you split off part of the order quantity (split quantity) of a production order
(parent order) as of a certain operation of the standard sequence (split operation). The quantity that
is split off is produced in a separate production order (child order). In the process, the operations
from the split operation onwards are copied from the parent order to the child order, along with the
assigned material components. The system automatically recalculates all the quantities affected
by the order split, as well as dates at header, operation, and component level.
The following functions are provided:

 Split Methods
In the case of an order split, you can specify the same material for parent and child order.
Alternatively, you can specify a different material for the child order than for the parent
order. Or you can place the material that is split off directly in storage. (See Split
Methods.)
 Parallel sequences
If the parent order has parallel sequences and they are parallel in the split operation, you
can decide which operations from these parallel sequences are copied to the child order.
 Dates
The parent order is rescheduled after the order split. The child order is scheduled in
accordance with the specified scheduling data.
 Order type
The order type from the parent order is proposed for the child order. You can give the
child order a different order type if necessary.
 Costs
The planned costs are passed on proportionally to the child order via a batch-managed,
individually valuated by-product (see Cost Distribution in the Case of Order Split).
 Multi-level order split
Orders (including child orders) can be split several times. The dependencies can be seen
in the split hierarchy.
 Split hierarchy
The split hierarchy displays the dependencies between the parent and child orders in an
overview tree. During order maintenance, the split hierarchy and the selected order from
the split hierarchy are displayed. You can navigate to any order in the split hierarchy (tree
structure).
In the default setting, the split hierarchy appears to the left, and the order to the right. To
change their position, choose (move anticlockwise) or select the position directly.
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The split hierarchy provides other standard functions: Managing display variants,
expanding and collapsing subhierarchies, and printing.
 Inspection lots
Order processing with QM integration is supported together with the order split. After
order release, a separate inspection lot is created for the child order, just like for the
parent order, and planned inspection characteristics are copied to the order.
 WIP Batches
In the case of the split method "Split with Same Material", you can transfer batches from
the parent order to the child order or use them as suggested quantities for the order split
(see Split Quantity ).
Confirmation
Orders that are part of a split hierarchy can only be confirmed through operation confirmations –
that is, confirmations for the document header are not supported. Operations in a parent order that
lie before the split operation cannot automatically be confirmed through milestone confirmation or
progress confirmation . Manual confirmations must be entered for these operations.
Example
An order has operations 10 to 40. Operation 40 is a milestone. You split an order from operation
10. When you confirm operation 40, operations 10 through 30 are confirmed automatically in the
parent and child orders.
Example
An order has operations 10 to 40. Operation 40 is a milestone. You split an order from operation
20. When you confirm operation 40, operations 20 through 30 are confirmed automatically in the
parent order. Operation 10 in the parent order must be confirmed manually. When you confirm
operation 40, operations 20 through 30 are confirmed automatically in the child order. The child
order does not have an operation 10 because the order was split from operation 20.
Restrictions
The following restrictions apply to the order split:
 You cannot read master data for the orders in a split hierarchy
 Orders in a collective order cannot be split
 Orders of a split hierarchy cannot be supplemented with a subtree
 You cannot perform confirmations at order header level
 The batch where-used list is not updated during order split
However, the linkages for batch usage between the parent and child orders are written
implicitly via the posting of the goods movements for the by-product.
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Operations/Components Not Relevant to MRP
Use
You can create production orders:
 For which no purchase requisitions for externally processed operations and externally
procured components are currently created
 For which the reservations for components are currently not taken into account in MRP
These order objects (operations, components) are not relevant to MRP, that is, they do not
result in the creation of corresponding procurement elements (purchase requisitions planned
orders).
You can specify that:
 Purchase requisitions and reservations for the order objects are activated at the point of
release (order, operation), that is, purchase requisitions for externally processed operations
and externally procured components are created and the reservations for components in
MRP are taken into account. Before release, you can activate these purchase requisitions
and reservations using a corresponding function.
 Purchase requisitions and reservations are not relevant to MRP and can only be activated
using the appropriate function.
 Order objects are immediately relevant to MRP.
Prerequisites
This function is set up using the key Reservation/Purc.req in the order type-dependent parameters.
Features
When the order is created, the setting in the Res./Purc.req . key from the order type-dependent
parameters is entered in the order header (key Res./Purc. req . tab page: Control). The order
objects will then be processed according to these settings. The key also exists at component and
operation level, and it describes the state of the object.
The key at order header level can be changed at a later stage. A change does not, however, have
an effect on already existing order objects. In the case of newly added operations and components,
the key in the order header is used.
When or how the activation of the order objects occurs depends on the characteristics of the
Res./Purc.req . key. The key can have the following values:
 Not relevant to MRP
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 The order objects can be activated via a function in production order maintenance. To
do this, functions are available at order, operation and component level. You can see how
to execute these functions by referring to Activate Purchase Requisition/Reservation.
 Not relevant to MRP until release
 The purchase requisitions and reservations are automatically activated when releasing
(order, operation). Released objects (operations, components) are always relevant to
MRP.
 The order objects can also be activated prior to release via a function in production order
maintenance. To do this, functions are available at order, operation and component level.
You can see how to execute these functions by referring to Activate Purchase
Requisition/Reservation .
 Immediately relevant to MRP
This is a standard setting.
You have to consider the following dependencies when using this function:
 All dependent objects (sub-operations, components) will be activated when an operation
is activated.
 When you have activated the purchase requisition or reservation, you cannot cancel this
activation.
 When components are added or reassigned to a released operation, the components
will also be activated.
 When planned orders are converted, the reservations for components that come from
the bills of materials for MRP are always active. Routing data are dealt with during the
conversion according to the setting in the order header key Reservation/Purc.req.
 At the point of release, the key in the order header is given the characteristic immediately.
Application
A possible application of this function could be as follows:
1. You create a production order with an order type whereby the order objects are not
activated (Not relevant to MRP until release).
2. You can now change the order without this affecting the MRP results.
3. You release the order. By doing so, all objects are automatically activated. From now on
the objects are relevant to MRP.
Activities
To maintain the Res./Purc.req. key in the order type-dependent parameters, choose Master data
Order Define order type-dependent parameters in Customizing for Shop Floor Control.
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Use
You can decide whether the costs related to a production order are collected in the production order
or in a product cost collector.
Features
You decide where the costs are to be collected by using the Cost Collector indicator in the order
type-dependent parameters in Customizing for Shop Floor Control, by choosing Master Data ->
Order -> Define Order Type-Dependent Parameters.
 If the indicator is set, the costs are collected in a product cost collector. In this case, you execute
a periodic product costing. The preliminary, simultaneous and final costing occurs at product
cost collector level. In this case, you determine periodically the work in process and variances.
 If the indicator is not set, the costs are collected directly in the production order. In this case,
you execute an order-related product costing. The preliminary, simultaneous and final costing
occurs at production order level. In this case, you usually determine work in process and
variances with reference to the lot.
For more information, see the SAP Library Product Cost Collector.

Purpose
The WIP batch is a batch that you can create for a production order and for a process order to
document the properties of a material during the manufacturing process (e.g. after individual Work-
steps). It also represents a link between input batches and goods receipt batches.
Use
You can use the WIP batch in manufacturing not only to document the steps in production on a
quantity basis (confirmations) but also to record the current properties of the material that is to be
produced.
Furthermore, the WIP batch ensures that end-to-end batch tracing is possible, because with this
function the system can automatically record n:m relationships between input and goods receipt
batches.
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Prerequisites
You will find information on the necessary settings for WIP batch management under Prerequisites
for WIP Batch Management.
Features
For WIP batches, the value WIP Batch is entered in the Batch Type field in the batch master record.
A WIP batch can only be created in the confirmation for an operation or phase. Batches created
outside the confirmation transaction cannot be used as WIP batches.
You create WIP batches at operation or phase level. In the batch where-used list, the operation or
phase is displayed for a WIP batch.
You can only use a WIP batch in the production or process order for which you have created the
WIP batch.
You can create a WIP batch for the header material of the production order, the material of a co-
product, or the original batch reference material (OB reference material) if you have defined an
original batch reference material for the corresponding material.
You can book the stock of WIP batches into the warehouse and valuate it according to the planned
costs (see Inventory Management for WIP Batches and WIP Batches: Inventory Valuation).
When you process a WIP batch (copy, split, or merge), new WIP batches are created at the next-
highest WIP batch level. WIP batches that contain the current properties of the material to be
manufactured and are located at the uppermost WIP batch level are termed WIP batches of the
highest level. As a rule, you can only process these WIP batches further using WIP batch
management functions.
If you wish to document the properties of the material for each operation or each phase, you must
create new WIP batches for each operation or phase. Otherwise you can adjust the characteristic
values of the WIP batches in accordance with current properties.
Item WIP Batches

After the production of a material has been completed, you must assign the WIP batches of the
highest level to an order item. These assigned WIP batches are also referred to as item WIP
batches.
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You can also define any WIP batch of a production order as an original batch (see also Original
Batches in WIP Batch Management).
Archiving Production Orders with WIP Batches

When you archive a production order for which you have generated WIP batches and set a deletion
flag for it, the system also sets a deletion flag for the WIP batches. Exceptions are original batches
that came into being in WIP batch management.
When the production order has been archived, all WIP batches for which the deletion flag has been
set are physically deleted from the system at the time of the next reorganization of batches. Such
deleted WIP batches cannot be reimported into the system.
Archiving of WIP Batch Where-Used Records

When production and process orders are archived and deleted, the associated WIP batch where-
used lists acquire a deletion flag. After this, this WIP batch where-used data can be archived with
the aid of the archiving object PP_WIPCHVW and then deleted from the database.
The WIP batch master records are not deleted with archiving object PP_WIPCHVW.
WIP Batches and Documentary Batches

You can use WIP batches and documentary batches together in a system.
When entering time tickets, however, you cannot simultaneously use both WIP batches and
documentary batches. If the documentary batch functionality has been activated, the system
checks whether the order header material, the reference material, or the order components are
subject to a documentary batch requirement when the confirmation function is invoked. If a material
is subject to a documentary batch requirement, the confirmation transaction is terminated.
The same check is carried out when the material is specified in the Goods Issue area.
Integration
Automatic goods receipt, backflushing, and milestone confirmation are not possible for production
orders subject to WIP batch management.
WIP batches are displayed in the Batch Information Cockpit. Furthermore, partial lots can be
created for WIP batches and all subsequent quality certificates generated. In the confirmation
transaction and in the production order, a where-used list specially designed for WIP batches and
a target/actual comparison for the characteristics of the WIP batches are available.
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Example
Two rolls of green fabric are to be produced for production order 1000185. The production process
consists of three operations: weaving, dyeing, and cutting. After each operation, the current
properties of the fabric are documented in WIP batches:
1. In operation 10 a roll of undyed fabric was produced. Its properties (length, width, and color) are
recorded in WIP batch 185_01.
2. In operation 20, this roll of fabric is dyed green. The new properties of the roll are documented
in WIP batch 185_02. (You can also record the new properties in the WIP batch 185_01.)
3. In operation 30, the roll of fabric is divided into two smaller rolls, one of 20m and the other of
80m. For this reason, the WIP batch 185_02 is split into two WIP batches: 185_03_1 and
185_03_2. The properties of the finished product are recorded in these two WIP batches.
PP – Kanban
PP - Kanban
Kanban Principle in Comparison with Traditional MRP
Kanban Procedure
Master Data for Kanban
Automatic Kanban Calculation
Kanban Control
Cost Accounting for Kanban
Evaluations
Confirmations to PP-PK (CC5)
Customer-Specific Enhancements
Purpose
Kanban is a procedure for controlling production and material flow based on the physical material
stock in production. Material that is required on a regular basis is continually kept available in small
quantities in production. With Kanban, the replenishment or production of a material is triggered
only when a certain quantity of the material has been consumed. This replenishment is triggered
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directly by production using previously maintained master data. Entries in the system are reduced
to a minimum - for example, to the input of a bar code. All other actions in the system are carried
out automatically in the background.
With Kanban, the production process is designed to control itself and the manual posting effort is
reduced as far as possible. The effects of this are the shortening of lead times and reductions in
stock levels.
With Kanban, the impulse or signal for the delivery of material can consist in the work center that
needs a material (consumer, demand source) sending a card to the work center that produces the
material (producer, supply source), for example. This card describes which material and how much
of it is required, and where it is to be delivered. These cards (in Japanese "Kanban") have given
this procedure its name. When the material is received, the goods receipt at the demand source
can be posted automatically via a further Kanban signal per bar code.
The following graphic illustrates the Kanban principle:
If you want to make optimum use of the Kanban principle, your production must satisfy a number
of requirements:
 The consumption of the Kanban parts should be relatively constant within a period that is
longer than the replenishment lead time of a Kanban. Assume that a material is periodically
needed in large quantities but not needed at all at other times. In this case, you have to have
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a large number of Kanban to ensure the supply of material, but at the same time you will
have relatively high stock levels when the material is not needed.
 The supply source should be capable of producing a large number of small lots within a short
period. To this end, the setup times in production have to be reduced to a minimum and the
reliability of production has to be increased. Waiting until several Kanban for a material have
been sent to the supply source before starting production defeats the whole point of the
Kanban method of production control.
Kanban Principle in Comparison with Traditional MRP
In traditional MRP procedures, the production quantities and dates are calculated on the basis of
current customer or planned independent requirements and the input quantities and staging dates
of the components are determined by exploding the bill of material. The production quantities can
be consolidated to form lots for different requirements. Lot-size creation is orientated on the
selected lot sizing procedure.
At each manufacturing level, lots are usually produced completely before being used further at a
subsequent level. The dates calculated in MRP are the basis for detailed planning for the current
manufacturing level even though it is often not known exactly when the material is required for the
follow-on manufacturing level at the time of the planning.
The material is pushed through production on the basis of these dates ("Push" principle). This often
results in wait times until production starts or until the material is processed further. These wait
times are included in the planning as increased lead times or floats (safety times) and are rarely
undercut. The result can be large stocks of material and long lead times in production.
When Kanban is employed, the material is not pushed through production by means of a higher-
level planning but pulled from the preceding manufacturing level (supply source, supplier) by the
next manufacturing level (demand source, consumer) as and when needed ("Pull" principle). For
this purpose, a control cycle with a fixed number of Kanban is established between the supply
source and the demand source. Each Kanban represents a certain quantity of material and can
correspond to a container (however, this is not mandatory).
When the quantity of material belonging to a Kanban has been consumed, the Kanban acquires
the status "Empty" and the card is sent to the supply source, which then produces the prescribed
quantity of material and supplies it to the demand source (consumer). The consumer acknowledges
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receipt of the material by resetting the status to "Full". Thus, the lot size to be produced by the
supply source at one time is quasi defined by the Kanban. The total production quantity results
from the number of
Kanban sent to the supply source within a certain period. The replenishment frequency is orientated
on actual consumption. This means: If more material is needed, the Kanban circulate between the
supply source and the demand source more quickly. If less material is needed, the Kanban circulate
more slowly. If no material is needed over a certain period, all Kanban with the material are with
the consumer, who thus has the components at his immediate disposal when he wants to start
production of the relevant assemblies. There is never more material in circulation than is defined
by the number of Kanban in the control cycle and production can be started at any time at each of
the manufacturing levels supplied via Kanban.
Kanban Procedure
Purpose
The SAP system supports several procedures to implement Kanban.
Depending on your operational structure and your requirements regarding production control with
Kanban, different types of Kanban processing are necessary.
Features
In the SAP system, the following procedures are available:
o Classic Kanban
o Kanban with Quantity Signal
o “One-Card" Kanban
o Event-Driven Kanban
Master Data for Kanban
Purpose
Various master data must be set for Kanban production control in order to replenish a material
using Kanban, to enable a fully automated creation of purchase requisitions, production orders and
other replenishment elements and to carry out goods movement.
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Features
Kanban material is delivered direct to production and made available in so-called production supply
areas. The production supply area (PSA) may be an area of shelving or other kind of storage area.
One or more work centers may have access to one supply area. For the purposes of inventory
management, the production storage areas are each assigned to a storage location. Only the
Kanban are managed in the production supply area. Inventory management for the material is
carried out at the storage location to which the PSA is assigned. Either a separate storage location
can be assigned to each production supply area or a joint storage location assigned to several or
all PSAs belonging to a plant.
Therefore, production supply areas must be created and have storage locations assigned to them.
See also Production Supply Area and Storage Location Assignment for Kanban
Production is further subdivided into areas controlled by the so-called persons responsible for
production. Thus, control functions and responsibility are transferred back to the shop floor, fulfilling
one of the main Kanban requirements. The person responsible for production may be responsible
for stocks at one or more production supply areas in the role of demand source. Acting as supply
source, he may be charged with monitoring the materials manufactured in his area.
The person responsible for production must also be created and assigned. See also Person
Responsible for Production in Kanban.
The relationship between the demand source and the supply source is defined in the control cycle.
The main information contained in the control cycle is the replenishment type and the number of
Kanban or quantity per Kanban. You can specify the number of Kanban and the quantity per
Kanban manually. However, as the requirement situation in many branches of industry may be
prone to considerable fluctuation, the system also provides an automatic Kanban calculation. The
system uses this function to monitor, calculate and adjust the parameters on a regular basis. See
Control Cycle.
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Furthermore, the replenishment strategies must be defined. In the control cycle, it is defined in
which way replenishment is to take place for the materials.
Automatic Kanban Calculation
Purpose
You can perform the automatic Kanban calculation by choosing Control Cycle Kanban
Calculation Create Proposal from the Kanban menu and selecting the relevant control cycles
there. The system then calculates one of the following two magnitudes on the basis of existing
requirements and your specified calculation parameters:
 Number of Kanban containers (cards) that are to circulate in a control cycle
 Quantity of material to be procured per Kanban container
With the number of Kanban containers and the quantity of material per container, the material
circulation and the stock of material in the control cycle are defined.
To ensure the lowest possible stock of material while simultaneously achieving a secure material
supply, the setting of these two values must be optimized. Because the requirement situation often
fluctuates considerably in many industries, it is necessary to check and adjust these values with
the automatic Kanban calculation on a regular basis
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Prerequisites
The following prerequisites must be fulfilled for automatic Kanban calculation:

 You have checked/adjusted the calculation parameters in the calculation profile in
Customizing for Kanban. To do this, in Customizing, choose Production Kanban
Automatic Kanban Calculation and Scheduling Define Calculation Profiles .
 You have maintained the standard values for the automatic Kanban calculation in the control
cycle on the Kanban Calculation tab page.
 If necessary, you have specified which requirement types are to be taken into account in the
Kanban calculation in addition to the dependent requirements.
 If necessary, you have maintained the extended dependent requirement selection in the
control cycle.
Process Flow
1. The system determines the relevant requirements on the basis of the results of the MRP run
or long-term planning. If you have defined further requirement type, the system can also
take these into account.
2. In addition, the system can smooth the determined requirements in accordance with the
settings in the calculation profile.
3. In the Kanban calculation, you can work with full-day or sub-day replenishment lead times.
4. The system calculates the number of Kanban containers/Kanban quantity for the
replenishment lead time using a formula.
5. If you have additionally set calculation parameters, the system also calculates the necessary
number of Kanban containers/the Kanban quantity for each of these parameters.
6. If you have made the setting for the capacity-based Kanban calculation, in the case of in-
house production, the system can also take the capacity of critical work centers into account.
Kanban Control
Purpose
This component describes the Kanban control functions. Among other things, it explains how the
signal to replenish a material is triggered and which replenishment strategies exist.
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Features
The Kanban signal has the effect of changing the status of Kanban. As a rule, it is sufficient to
work with the two statuses "Empty" and "Full". The Kanban signal is usually triggered via the bar
code. If a Kanban is empty, the system receives the necessary information on the control cycle and
replenishment via the bar code and automatically makes the postings necessary to initiate
replenishment. If a Kanban is full, the system automatically posts the goods receipt for the
replenishment (depending on the setting).
For more information see also Triggering the Kanban Signal.
Replenishment using Kanban is possible with in-house production, external procurement, or stock
transfer. A series of replenishment strategies is available for each of these three options. In the
case of external procurement, for example, you can use standard purchase orders, scheduling
agreements, stock transport orders, etc.
For more on this topic.
With automatic Kanban calculation, proposals can be created for the number of Kanban and the
quantity per Kanban. A report that creates these proposals on the basis of the results of either MRP
or long-term planning -according to choose - is available for this purpose. You can also specify the
evaluation period that the system is to use for this calculation.
A dialog transaction to check, change and adopt the proposals created by the system is also
available from within this transaction, you can also display detailed information on the control cycle,
which makes it easier to check the proposals.
For more information see also Automatic Kanban Calculation and Kanban Procedure.
The Kanban board is a tool that you can use for evaluations and which also provides an overview
of work progress and material consumption. The Kanban board presents a clear picture of missing
part situations, bottlenecks, etc. for all production supply areas. For this purpose, the statuses of
the Kanban and the error situations are represented by different colors. The Kanban board can be
invoked from both the demand source (consumer) and supply source (supplier) views. Only the
data pertinent to each view is displayed. You can also use the Kanban board to trigger the Kanban
signal.
For more on this topic, see also Kanban Board.
Whereas the Kanban board provides you with an overview of the Kanban at a certain point in time,
the standard analysis function of the Logistics Information System (LIS) provides you with tools to
create evaluations of Kanban circulation within a defined period.
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One advantage of Kanban is the high degree of automation of postings. If, however, posting errors
should nevertheless occur (due to missing master data, for example), various evaluation and
processing options are available. You can use the Error Display evaluation gain an overview of
the error situation. You can postprocess faulty Kanban using the Kanban Correction function.
For more on this topic.
The information basis for Kanban production control is the Kanban card. This is a card containing
the necessary data on the control cycle and replenishment. You can control the printing and
circulation of the Kanban cards according to the replenishment strategy and the organization of
the control cycle. The cards can be printed out either with each run-through or just once, then
continually circulating between supply source and demand source. The cards can be printed either
for each control cycle individually or for a number of control cycles using a special collective print
function.
Cost Accounting for Kanban

Cost accounting for Kanban can be controlled in different ways in the case of in-house production,
depending on which replenishment elements are used in conjunction with the control cycles.
 If you use run schedule quantities, the costs are collected in a so-called cost collector and
can be settled periodically in product costing.
 In the case of manual Kanban, the costs are likewise collected in a cost collector.
 If you use production orders to control replenishment, the costs are settled on the individual
production orders.
Evaluations
The following tools are available for evaluating KANBAN:
 Error display
Using the error display function, you can instruct the system to display various existing errors
and you can also delete the corresponding error messages.
Displaying Errors
 Plant overview
Using the plant overview, you can instruct the system to display an overview of the work flow at
the various control cycles either for one plant or per plant and certain selection criteria.
Plant Overview
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 Control cycle and Kanban overview
Using the control cycle and Kanban overview, you can evaluate the control cycles in detail.
Accessing the Control Cycle and Kanban Overview
 Evaluations from other areas
From the KANBAN menu, you can access the following evaluations:
 The Current stock/requirements list from Material Requirements Planning.
To do this, choose Evaluations Stock/reqmts list.
 The Stock overview from Inventory Management.
To do this, choose Evaluations Stock overview .
 The Logistics Information System
To do this, choose Evaluations Information system.
For more information on these evaluations, please refer to the appropriate SAP documents in
the applications mentioned.
Confirmations to PP-PK (CC5)
During Kanban processing the material supply between the material source and the demand source
is controlled by Kanban (for example, card and container). The relationship between a material
source and a demand source with regard to the material is defined in a control cycle. A certain
number of Kanban are allocated to each control cycle. Each of these Kanban contains a target
quantity.
In event-driven Kanban, material staging is not based on a fixed number of Kanban or on a fixed
Kanban quantity, but on actual material requirements. The material is not continually made
available and replenished at a production supply area, but is procured only when this is explicitly
requested.
During operative Kanban processing, the Kanban are set to the desired status by an impulse
(Kanban impulse), for example, from “empty” to “full” or from “full” to “empty”).
This impulse is usually generated through the import of a bar code. However, alphanumeric entries
are also possible.
When the status of a Kanban is set to "full", you can also optionally transfer a confirmed quantity.
This value is then allocated to the Kanban instead of the target quantity. If you use a background
job to post a goods receipt at the same time, the system uses the confirmed quantity.
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For certain types of processing an additional function is available, that makes it possible to reduce
the material quantity in a Kanban by a defined amount (quantity impulse). Bar code support for the
entry (for example, for quantity 1) is also possible.
The data used for the plausibility check is as follows:
· pkhd5 Kanban control cycles
· pkps5 Kanban
· pkst5 Possible status of Kanban
Impulse confirmations are transferred to the transfer structure:

· conf51 PP-PK confirmations
Customer-Specific Enhancements
Use
It is possible to make use of customer-specific enhancements in the KANBAN module. Both BAPIs
and user-exits are available for this purpose. In the following, the individual enhancements are
listed and the various functions are described. For detailed information please read the
documentation for each enhancement in the SAP system.
Features
BAPIs
With BAPIs you can implement your own KANBAN functions. These can be used for the conversion
of a PDC-interface or of internet KANBAN.
For business object KANBAN Control Cycle, there are the following BAPIs/methods.
 WithdrawQuantity
Triggers a quantity signal in the KANBAN control cycle.
 AddEventdrivenKanban
Creates an event-driven Kanban in the control cycle.
 GetList
Defines one or more KANBAN control cycles for the selection criteria.
Business-Object KANBAN:
 GetListForSupplier (Internet KANBAN)
Provides KANBAN data for a vendor.
 SetInProcess (Internet KANBAN)
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Sets the status of one or more Kanban to IN PROCESS.
 GetListForSupplier 1 (Internet KANBAN)
Provides KANBAN data for a vendor, 2 nd version (new address fields).
 GetList
Defines one or more Kanban for the selection criteria.
 ChangeStatus
Changes the status of a Kanban.
You can find BAPIs as function modules in the function groups MPKW (KANBAN) and MPKV
(control cycle).
User-Exits
A User-Exit calls a customer-specific program:
 MPKB0001
When the status of a Kanban is changed, it is checked to see if there are any user-specific
functions in the KANBAN process.
 MPKP0001
In addition to the existing information, you can also display customer-defined fields in the
Kanban board.
 MPKC0001
The user can use his/her own formula for the KANBAN calculation.
 MPKD0001
Kanban as EDI (should no longer be used).
 MPKR0001
The user can define user-specific fields in the KANBAN control cycle.
Repetitive Manufacturing (PP-REM)
Purpose
This component can be used for production planning and control in a repetitive manufacturing
environment.
You can use repetitive manufacturing as either make-to-stock REM or make-to-order REM such as
in the automotive industry, for example.
The goals of repetitive manufacturing are the following:
 Creation and revision of production quantities on a period and quantity basis (reduction in
individual lot and order-specific processing).
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 Reduction in the production control effort and simpler backflushing tools(with the option of
using the full scope of the PP functionality).
Implementation considerations
You can implement Repetitive Manufacturing if the following is true of your production process:
 You produce the same or similar products over a lengthy period of time.
 You do not manufacture in individually defined lots. Instead, a total quantity is produced over
a certain period at a certain rate per part-period.
 Your products always follow the same sequence through the machines and work centers in
production.
 Routings tend to be simple and do not vary much.
Integration
Within logistics, Demand Management precedes Repetitive Manufacturing:
 SD Sales Operations (receipt of sales orders)
 PP Demand Management (creation of planned independent requirements)
 PP MRP
The following Logistics components are also relevant:
 PP Work Centers
 PP Routings
 PP Bills of Materials
 If required, Line Design for mapping complex production lines
Features
 Master data
There is specific master data required for Repetitive Manufacturing. This includes the repetitive
manufacturing profile and the product cost collector.
 Planning table
Within the framework of repetitive manufacturing, planning and control is carried out on the
basis of time buckets. Starting from the existing requirements situation, you can plan production
quantities based on periods. The scheduling data for products and product groups is thus
broken down into a series of time buckets, the user being presented with period views for the
purposes of checking and revision.
 Sequencing
You can use Sequencing to carry out takt-based scheduling which determines the sequence in
which planned orders are produced on the production line. Sequencing simplifies the
dispatching process, especially for high order volumes, and enables you to display them in a
graphic.
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 Pull list
You can use the pull list to control in-house material flow, supplying production with materials.
The pull list checks the stock situation at the production line, calculates the missing parts for the
components and triggers replenishment for these missing parts.
 Backflushing
Production completion confirmations are simplified and are made with reference to the material
being produced. The completion confirmation usually includes the backflushing of components
and the posting of production costs.
 Cost Object Controlling
In repetitive manufacturing, you usually determine costs per material or per production version
via a product cost collector (product cost per period).
Make-to-Stock Repetitive Manufacturing
You can use Repetitive Manufacturing purely for make-to-stock production based on run schedule
headers. This means that production is controlled without a direct reference to the sales order. Run
schedule quantities determine the dates and quantities. Requirements are created in Demand
Management or a similar component. Sales order quantities are delivered from stock and consume
the planned independent requirement quantities in Demand Management, according to the
planning strategy you select.
Actual data is collected and costs are settled via a product cost collector. You can create a cost
collector for one or for several run schedule headers, as required. Backflushing and settlement
takes place periodically, rather than individually for products or sales/production orders.
The following describes the process flow and the prerequisites for this type of repetitive
manufacturing.
Process
1. First, you must make certain settings in the material master data:
1. You create a material with a production version.
The production version requires a BOM and a work center. If you want to represent several
work processes, in Line Design, for example, you also need a routing.
2. In the material master, you flag the Repetitive manufacturing indicator and select a repetitive
manufacturing profile that allows make-to-stock production.
3. In the production version, you must also select the indicator RS header allowed.
2. You create a run schedule header for this material.
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3. You create a cost collector (for make-to-stock) for this run schedule header.
4. You execute an MRP run for the material to be produced.
 If, in the material master, you have selected an alternative selection indicator for selection
by production line, the system assigns the planned orders (order type PE) directly to the
production line in the planning table.
 If you have not chosen a BOM selection method, you can assign the planned orders (order
type LA) created in the planning run to the production line(s) in the planning table.
5. You access the pull list to calculate the missing parts for the components at the production line,
and to create the appropriate replenishment elements.
6. When the product is finished, you carry out the backflush. Backflushing includes posting the
goods receipt for the product, the goods issue for the components and, if necessary, actual
production times. The system posts the actual costs to the product cost collector, reduces the
planned orders and updates the statistics.
7. At the end of a settlement period, you carry out a period-end closing in Product Cost by Period.
Here, you can initially post overhead to the product cost collector, recalculate activities to actual
prices, calculate work in process (WIP), and carry out a variance calculation.
Then you settle the product cost collector by posting the debit/credit difference of the product
cost collector to a price difference account.
Make-to-Order Repetitive Manufacturing

The recommended scenario for this production type is make-to-order repetitive manufacturing with
valuated stock. This is described in the section entitled: Product Cost Collector for Make-to-Order
Production.
However, you can also use make-to-order repetitive manufacturing (make-to-order REM) if you
work with non-valuated sales order stock.
Master Data for Repetitive Manufacturing
Purpose
To carry out repetitive manufacturing, you must enter certain master data in the system.
Features
The following master data is available:
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 The repetitive manufacturing profile is defined in Customizing for Repetitive Manufacturing
and entered in the material master record. You must also allow the material for repetitive
manufacturing (entry in the material master record).
 You create the production version in the material master record.
 If you want to carry out the planning using a planning ID , you must define one and enter it
in the material master record.
 If you want to use a production line for planning purposes, you must create one and enter it
in the production version.
 If you use repetitive manufacturing in conjunction with the component PP Line Design, you
can represent the production line as a line hierarchy. This makes sense if you have complex
production lines for which you want to carry out takt-based scheduling.
 If you want to plan capacities, you must create a routing (rate routing ) and likewise enter it
in the production version.
 You create a product cost collector so that you can record the costs of production.
Repetitive Manufacturing Profile
Production Version
Planning ID
Production Line
Rate Routing
Standard Cost Estimates
Preliminary Costing of Product Cost Collectors
Planning
Purpose
You use this component to create the master plan for Repetitive Manufacturing. You can carry out
planning for make-to-stock repetitive manufacturing (make-to-stock REM) as well as for make-to-
order repetitive manufacturing (make-to-order REM). The two planning tools, the planning table
and the sequence schedule provide you with the support you require for planning. You can use a
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combination of these tools or you can use them individually depending on your business
requirements. You can also work with the capacity planning table from Capacity Planning.
Integration
Basically, you can use two different types of scheduling:
 Sequencing with takt-based/rate-based scheduling
The system schedules the planned orders using the number of takts and the takt times/rates of
the line hierarchy. You define the line hierarchy in Line Design. In this type of scheduling, the
system does not create any capacity requirements and only schedules the main lines. The
system does not schedule the feeder lines.
 Lead time scheduling
In lead time scheduling, the system creates capacity requirements and also schedules the
feeder lines. The system uses the operations from the rate routing or the standard routing for
lead time scheduling.
Features
The following combinations of the planning tools are possible:
 Planning table with Sequencing
First, you create the master plan in the planning table and then display it graphically in
Sequencing (in the sequence schedule). You define the master data for planning in Line Design.
 Planning table with the capacity planning table
If you work with lead time scheduling and you want to plan capacities, you use the planning
table with the capacity planning table. To do this, you must create a production line and a rate
routing or a standard routing or, if you work with the component PP-PI, a recipe.
You can also create a line hierarchy in Line Design where you can define line segments as
capacity segments. In the planning table, you can then display the capacity data of these
segments.
 Sequencing
If you only create the planned orders in the planning run, you can determine the sequence and the
scheduling of the planned orders in Sequencing. You define the master data for Sequencing in Line
Design. You create a rate routing and a line hierarchy and then determine the model-mix and the
takt times in line balancing. The system uses these takt times for scheduling in Sequencing and
displays the results in graphic form in the sequence schedule.
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Planning Table (PP-REM)
Purpose
In Repetitive Manufacturing, the master plan is represented by the planning table. The planning
table is a tool for operative planning and is used to plan the production quantities:
 In a repetitive manufacturing environment, planning and control is usually carried out in a
period and quantity basis. The layout of the planning table has been designed to support this
requirement and is also based on periods to provide a very clear, easy-to-interpret overview
of materials and production lines.
 The planning table is the planner’s/MRP controller’s most important tool for planning the
production quantities. At a glance the planner can check production quantities, monitor the
available capacity of the production lines and check up on the availability situation of the
products produced on each line.
 You can directly enter and change production quantities in the planning table. You can assign
‘non-assigned’ production quantities to the production lines or you can reassign production
quantities to alternative production lines.
 You can use the planning table for planning with planned orders and production orders. The
only prerequisite is that you must create a valid production version in the material master
record.
 As planning is often carried out on a shift basis, functions are also available in the planning
table for distributing production quantities over shifts.
Integration
Planning Table and Sequencing
You can also use the planning table with Sequencing.
The sequence schedule in Sequencing is a line-oriented, graphical tool. In Sequencing, the system
uses the production rates defined in the line hierarchy or determined in line balancing to schedule
the planned orders. The sequence of the planned orders is also determined in the sequence
schedule.
Using production rates for Sequencing has the advantage that you only have to maintain one-line
hierarchy for a production line where you specify the maximum production rate. If you plan using
production rates, you do not have to create a routing.
You create the production quantities or assign them to the production line in the planning table.
You can access the graphic display of the sequence schedule directly from the planning table. The
production quantities you created in the planning table are already dispatched depending on the
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load of the production line. The graphic provides you with support when reallocating quantities to
another line, when changing dates and when determining the sequence of the planned orders.
If you access the planning table in conjunction with sequencing, you can only select the periods
day or shift. After planning, all planned orders are firmed. Therefore, you should only use the
planning table with sequencing in the short-term period.
Planning Table and Capacity Planning

You can also use the planning table with capacity planning. Here, planning is based on lead time
scheduling. The basis for lead time scheduling is the routing. You can access the capacity planning
table directly from the REM planning table. The capacity planning table provides you with support
in dispatching and reallocating production quantities.
Sequencing (PP-FLW)
Purpose
You can use this component for sequencing and for the takt-based scheduling of planned orders
in an assembly line and repetitive environment.
Using takt-based scheduling, you can plan a large number of orders as you access the data source
of Line Design. In takt-based scheduling, the system multiplies the rates or the takt times by the
number of takts of the production line. No lead time scheduling via the routing is carried out.
Moreover, in assembly-line production, takt-based scheduling provides a more accurate result than
lead time scheduling as the materials remain for the takt time at a line segment or a takt to be
processed.
Implementation considerations
You can use Sequencing for make-to-order REM (repetitive manufacturing) and for make-to-stock
REM and plan planned orders with an order quantity of your choice. Sequencing is suitable for takt-
oriented assembly line and repetitive manufacturing where exactly one unit of measure is produced
per takt.
Integration
 Sequencing is included in the functions of Repetitive Manufacturing.
 You define the master data for Sequencing in Line Design. Here, you determine the takts
and times for scheduling. You can also define sort buffers in the line hierarchy. Using sort
buffers, you can change the sequence of the planned orders in the production line and define
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several line segments which you want to display graphically as visualization segments in the
sequence schedule.
 You can use Sequencing alone as your planning tool for repetitive manufacturing or you can
use it in conjunction with the planning table. In the planning table, you can create planned
orders and assign them to the production lines. The planned orders are then dispatched and
scheduled (takt-time scheduling) in Sequencing. You can access Sequencing from the
planning table to display planning results in a graphic.
Features
 The sequence schedule displays the sequence of the orders for the finished products for a
production line in graphic form. You can display the exact load of a line or of a line segment
with the precise time specifications. The sequence schedule displays the orders per day on
a folded time axis so that you can see as many orders as possible per day or per shift on the
screen at the same time.
 You can display the order sequence in the planning view or in the control view. In the planning
view, you can monitor the order sequence over a longer period. In the control view, the
system displays which orders are at which line segment at a certain time. Therefore, this
view is especially useful for repetitive manufacturing with reference to sales orders.
 You can determine the order sequence using various processes. For example, you can plan
them manually or you can instruct the system to plan them automatically using a first-in-first-
out process. You also have the option of using external optimization or model-mix processes
via the interface (POI) or a user exit.
You can add sort buffers to the line hierarchy in Line Design. Sort buffers split the production line
into buffered sections. You can use a different planning process for each buffered section. The
sequence of the materials can change in the sort buffer.
 Using different rates or takt times, you have a great degree of flexibility in controlling
sequencing. You define the rates and takt times in Line Design.
 You can display information for the planned orders graphically. To do this, you must define
and assign order characteristics (up to three order characteristics) in Customizing for
Sequencing. For example, you can use colors to differentiate whether the availability check
has already been carried out for an order or not.
Constraints
 Sequencing is not suitable for production systems which are not based on production rates
and takts or for takt-oriented production systems in which more than one unit of measure per
takt is produced.
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 Sequencing is not a tool for production control as when planning the sequences, you cannot
take events, such as machine breakdowns, into account.
 Sequencing does not take the feeder lines into account in takt-based scheduling.
Pull List
Purpose
The pull list controls the internal flow of material to supply production. It is assumed that the
components required for production have already been produced in-house or procured externally
and now merely need to be moved from their current storage location or bin to the production
storage location.
The pull list checks the stock situation at the production storage location and calculates the shortfall
quantities for the components. Replenishment elements can be created for these shortfall
quantities.
Integration
 The pull list is an integral part of Repetitive Manufacturing and Shop Floor Control.
 The pull list is integrated with the application component Warehouse Management (WM).
 If you activate the business function LOG_PP_EWM_MAN, the pull list is integrated with SAP
EWM. For more information on the integration Extended Warehouse Management, follow
the menu path SAP Library SAP ERP Central Component Logistics Logistics Execution
(LE) Integration of Extended Warehouse Management Integration of Extended Warehouse
Management into PP .
In the area of repetitive manufacturing you must note the following restriction regarding
integration with EWM:
Caution
For confirmation purposes, only the finished product can be stored at an EWM-managed storage
location. The components can be withdrawn from an EWM-managed source storage location
and staged in production. However, the production storage location you have assigned to the
production supply area must be MM-IM-managed because the system simultaneously posts the
issue of the components at the time of confirmation. This goods issue posting is only possible if
the production storage location is MM-IM-managed.
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For this reason, using the pull list in conjunction with an EWM system, you can also only trigger
the replenishment of release orders whose source storage location is EWM-managed and
whose destination storage location is MM-IM-managed.
 The components can be withdrawn for staging from the following storage locations:
o MM-IM-managed storage location
o WM-managed storage location
o EWM-managed storage location See Also Triggering Replenishment for Release
Order Parts via EWM
You have the following options with regard to the staging of the components:
o Direct stock transfer or stock transfer reservation in an MM-IM-managed storage
location
o Replenishment by setting a Kanban to Empty
o Replenishment via transfer requirements in Warehouse Management
o Replenishment via deliveries if you are using an SAP EWM system However, this
is only possible for release order parts. In the process, the source storage location
must be EWM-managed and the destination location (production storage location)
must be MM-IM-managed.
 The basis for replenishment planning is Material Requirements Planning (MRP) or, in
conjunction with SAP EWM, the EWM system from which the requirements for the
components result. The system takes requirements from run schedule quantities, production
order reservations, and manual reservations into account.
Features
You can invoke the pull list via the material to be produced (that is, via the superordinate assembly),
via the components, the production line, or the MRP controller, among other ways.
The pull list calculates which requirements there are up to a certain point in time and which stocks
are available at the production storage location or production supply area, or which replenishment
quantities have already been triggered via the pull list, and thus calculates the shortfall quantity.
You can also use the pull list to generate replenishment elements to cover the calculated shortfall
quantity. The system first creates a replenishment proposal for the shortfall quantity the system can
post this proposal as a replenishment element (stock transfer reservation, Kanban, or transfer
requirement in WM, delivery from EWM) or carry out a direct stock transfer.
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Restrictions
It is not the primary task of the pull list to determine where the needed components are located. An
exception is in the direct stock transfer procedure, where a replenishment storage location must be
entered or a replenishment storage location found via the stock determination facility.
Above all, the pull list is responsible for planning material staging (calculating shortfall quantities
and triggering replenishment) by generating a work list in the form of replenishment elements. The
actual staging is carried out by a warehouse clerk, for example, and is supported by downstream
transactions based on the replenishment elements.
Material Staging
Purpose
This section describes how you use the pull list to help stage components for production. It gives
an overview of the process from the calculation of the shortfall quantity to the generation of
replenishment elements. In particular, this chapter explains the prerequisites that must be satisfied
so that the pull list has all the necessary information on the issuing storage locations for the
components to be able to trigger a transfer of stock to them.
Prerequisites
You can only use the pull list to stage components for requirements whose future storage locations
in production have already been defined by material requirements planning. Therefore, you must
note the following in Repetitive Manufacturing:
 Existence of run schedule quantities assigned to a line

A prerequisite for storage location determination is the existence of run schedule quantities,
i.e. planned orders that have been assigned to a line (production version). This can be done
either automatically through the planning run (alternative selection indicator or quota
arrangement) or manually, in which case the planner assigns the planned orders in the
planning table. Another possibility is to enter planned orders directly in the planning table as
RS quantities.
 Maintenance of master data
The issuing storage locations for the component requirements can be determined in different
ways. The issuing storage location is the storage location in production from which
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components used to produce an assembly are withdrawn. For example, it could be a storage
location at a production line, from which all components that are used on this line are taken.
The prerequisites for determining the issuing storage location are as follows:
o The BOM item contains the storage location.
o The material master for the component contains the storage location (called the
production storage location in the material master).
o The production version of the superordinate assembly contains the suggested
default issuing storage location for the components. In this case, the issuing
storage location is determined through inheritance from the assembly.
o The production version contains the receiving storage location or the production
storage location of the assembly.
If you have not defined an issue storage location in the BOM item, the system uses the
storage location determination strategy in the MRP group to determine which of the issuing
storage locations to use to stage the components. Therefore, the above-mentioned master
data does not all have to be entered simultaneously but can be seen as alternatives.
For more details, see Storage Location/Supply Area Determination in BOM Explosion
This logic is also applied in the determination of a production supply area determination,
which in the case of the pull list is of significance both for replenishment via Kanban and
replenishment via WM or EWM.
Process Flow
1. Invoke the pull list (for example, via the assembly/production line or via the component).
2. The system calculates the shortfall quantity by comparing the already available quantity and the
quantities already triggered via the pull list with requirements within the selected period. The
shortfall quantity is displayed in the pull list.
If you invoke the pull list via the assembly, the system displays the shortfall quantities of all
components. If you invoke the pull list via a component, the system displays only the shortfall
quantity for this component.
3. You can then have the system generate a replenishment proposal for one or more components.
4. In the case of a direct stock transfer, after the generation of the replenishment proposals by the
system, you must manually enter the storage location from which the component requirements
are to be brought to the production storage location or complete the replenishment proposals
using batch/stock determination.
5. In the case of direct stock transfers, when you trigger component staging, the system checks
that the transfer is possible, then blocks the stock at the replenishment storage location. In the
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case of other processes (stock transfer reservation, Kanban, WM, or EWM), the entries are
simply checked.
6. As soon as the data is saved, the system generates replenishment elements accordingly:
o In the process with direct stock transfer, the system carries out a stock transfer.
o In the process with a stock transfer reservation, the system generates a stock transfer
reservation.
o In the process with event-driven Kanban, the system generates Kanban replenishment
elements. This means that Kanban are generated and set to Empty .
o In the process with WM, the system generates transfer requirements or transfer orders.
o In the process with EWM, the system generates deliveries that are transferred to the SAP
EWM system.
Confirmation and Entry of Actual Data (PP-REM)
Purpose
You can use this component within the framework of Repetitive Manufacturing to record work
progress in the system. In accordance with the requirements of repetitive manufacturing, mass
production, or flow manufacturing, the confirmation process is very lean. For example, you have
the option of deferring the entry of all "actual" data from production until the receipt of the finished
part is recorded via a goods receipt confirmation. In the case of make-to-stock repetitive
manufacturing, you also have the option of posting a reporting point confirmation at defined
operations, in order to record the stock of semi-finished products in production, for example.
This function enables you to couple the following processes in a goods receipt confirmation:
 Posting of goods receipts for finished products
 Posting of goods issues for the components (backflushing)
 Reduction of planned orders or run schedule quantities
 Posting of production costs to the product cost collector
 Updating of statistics in the Logistics Information System (LIS) (such as the goods receipt
statistics or the statistics on material consumption).
Furthermore, you can decouple these processes in terms of time, in order to enter high volumes of
data with short response times.
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Integration
Confirmation and the entry of "actual" data are an integral part of repetitive manufacturing. There
is a direct link to Periodical Product Cost Controlling via the Product Cost Collector.
You can use an SAP EWM system in conjunction with Repetitive Manufacturing. If you do, you
must note the following restriction with regard to the confirmation process:
For confirmation purposes, only the finished production can be stored at an EWM-managed storage
location. The components can be withdrawn from an EWM-managed source storage location and
staged in production. However, the production storage location you have assigned to the production
supply area must be MM-IM-managed because the system simultaneously posts the issue of the
components at the time of confirmation. This goods issue posting is only possible if the production
storage location is MM-IM-managed.
Features
Depending on the type of repetitive manufacturing you use in your business (Make-to-Order
Repetitive Manufacturing (Valuated Stock), Make-To-Order Repetitive Manufacturing (Non-
Valuated Stock) , repetitive manufacturing based on production lots, or Make-to-Stock Repetitive
Manufacturing ), you have the following options for the entry of "actual" data:
 Goods receipt confirmation

You can use this function to carry out the confirmation and entry of actual data at the end of the
production process. You can post goods receipts for stock materials, with reference to a sales
order or to a production lot, or for a Kanban material, even if you produced the material at another
plant.
 Reporting point confirmation

You can use this functionality in the case of make-to-stock production if you wish to confirm
unfinished materials ("work in process") at defined operations. The reporting point confirmation
can be used in the following situations:
You wish to enter the quantity of semi-finished products in the production process
In the case of longer lead times, you wish to make the goods issue postings for the components
closer in time to the actual withdrawal of the components from storage.
You wish to post any scrap quantities produced directly at the corresponding operation.
You can specify whether the reporting point confirmation is mandatory or optional.
 Decoupling of confirmation processes
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If you want to post large volumes of data, you can significantly cut system response times by
posting the goods receipt immediately and all other data at a later point in time.
Note that decoupled confirmation is not possible if the entry of documentary batches has been
defined for the components of a finished product subject to confirmation.
For more information, refer to the documentation on Batch Management under Documentary
Batches.
 Collective entry of several materials

You use the collective entry process to to enter the "actual" data for several materials at the
same time.
In the repetitive manufacturing of make-to-stock material, you can make a collective entry of the
actual data for several materials. For example, you can confirm all materials produced on a
certain line simultaneously.
Cost Object Controlling
The Cost Object Controlling component is designed to answer the question: What costs have been
incurred for which objects? For this purpose, the component assigns costs to the output of the
company. The output can be materials manufactured in-house, individual orders, or intangible
goods. This component provides real-time cost management functions that measure the cost of
goods manufactured in all plants.
Cost Object Controlling enables you to determine the cost of goods manufactured and the cost of
goods sold.
You can:
 Establish planned costs (budgeted costs)
 Record actual costs for the cost objects
 Compare actual costs with target costs and with planned costs, and analyze variances
 Determine price floors for products or individual orders
You can use the functions of Cost Object Controlling by lot or by period.
Cost Object Controlling supplies basic information for the following business functions:
 Price setting and general price policy
 Inventory valuation
 Cost of goods manufactured
 Profitability analysis
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 Profit center accounting
Here are some of the ways you can utilize Cost Object Controlling:
 Determine whether the actual costs of an order matched or exceeded the planned costs
 Determine the production variances between actual costs and target costs, and why these
occurred
 Decide whether to accept a particular sales order (whether the sales order will be profitable)
 Identify areas in your company where you have particularly low costs and therefore which
cost objects you should concentrate on
 Decide whether it would be more profitable to manufacture a cost object in-house or to
outsource it
 Determine whether and how the cost of goods manufactured can be reduced
Cost Object Controlling also can provide special information on:
 The cost of unplanned scrap
 Cost savings resulting from new production methods
 Cost behavior during capacity bottlenecks
The cost of goods manufactured for finished products and the work in process for orders can
be used to capitalize the inventories in your balance sheet.
Integration
Before you can use Cost, Object Controlling, you calculate the planned costs for each product in a
cost estimate. You can use different costing methods in Product Cost Planning (CO-PC-PCP) for
this purpose.
Cost Object Controlling accesses master data and transaction data in Production Planning (PP),
Production Planning - Process Industries (PP-PI), Materials Management (MM), Sales and
Distribution (SD), and Overhead Cost Controlling (CO-OM).
You can view the data of Cost Object Controlling in the Product Cost Controlling Information
System (CO-PC-IS).
When you settle, you can transfer the data of Cost Object Controlling to other components in the
system:
 Actual Costing/Material Ledger (CO-PC-ACT)
 Financial Accounting (FI) for purposes such as capitalizing unfinished and finished
products and automatically creating reserves
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 Profitability Analysis (CO-PA) to analyze the costs by market segment
 Profit Center Accounting (EC-PCA) to analyze the results by profit center
 See also Integration of Cost Object Controlling
Features
All postings of actual data that refer to a cost object result in an immediate debit of the cost object.
The closing activities at the end of the period allow you to do the following:
 Revaluate activities at actual prices
 Allocate overhead using template allocation and by defining overhead rates for cost
objects
 Determine the work in process (the value of unfinished goods)
 Determine the variances between target costs and actual costs
 Transfer the calculated data to other objects and application components
 Compile periodic reports on a regular basis
Analysis functions are supported by the Cost Object Controlling Information System.
You can analyze planned costs, target costs, actual costs, and quantity information at various levels
such as the plant, product group, or individual cost object. The data is always available in real time.
Drilldown capabilities enable you to access detailed information.
Example
From the evaluations at plant level, you drill down to the product groups and from there down to
materials/products or individual orders.
More Information
Cost Object Controlling is subdivided into the following application components:
 Product Cost by Order
 Product Cost by Period
 Product Cost by Sales Order
 Costs for Intangible Goods and Services
For detailed information on creating material cost estimates, such as for the purpose of calculating
the standard costs of your materials, see Product Cost Planning
For information on cost accounting in engineer-to-order, see Project System (PS)
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Evaluations
Overview of Reporting Points

Backflushing Documents
LIS Statistics
Updating Planned Quantities
CO Reports
Production Planning for Process Industries (PP-PI)

Production Planning - Process Industries (PP-PI)
Resource (PP-PI-MD)
Production Version
Master Recipes (PP-PI-MD)
Process Orders (PP-PI-POR)
Production Campaign (PP-PI-PCM)
Consumer Products for Food and Beverage Industry (PP-PI-CFB)
Process Management (PP-PI-PMA)
Process Data Documentation and Evaluation (PP-PI-PDO/PEV)
The component Production Planning for Process Industries (PP-PI) provides an integrated planning
tool for batch-oriented process manufacturing.
It is primarily designed for the chemical, pharmaceutical, food and beverage industries as well as
the batch-oriented electronics industry. PP-PI supports:
 The integrated planning of production, waste disposal, and transport activities within a
plant
 The integration of plants within the company:
o Vertically by means of an information flow, ranging from central business
applications down to process control
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o Horizontally by the coordination of planning between production plants,
recycling and waste disposal facilities, and production laboratories.
Below, you will find an overview of the areas of functionality covered by PP-PI.
Resources
In this area, you manage the capacities, the production resources, and the personnel
you need for production.
Master Recipes
In the master recipe, you describe the processes to be used for producing materials
in your plant as well as the resources and ingredients required for production.
Sales & Operations Planning

Long-Term Planning
Demand Management
Material Requirements Planning
In this area, you carry out rough-cut planning on a cross-company basis. Using this
data, you can then carry out detailed planning on the plant level in PP-PI.
Capacity Requirements Planning

In capacity requirements planning, you determine available capacities and capacity
requirements. Based on this data, you then allocate operations to resources.
Process Orders
In a process order, you copy the process described in a master recipe and adjust it to
the actual production run.
Process Management
In this area, you coordinate the communication between PP-PI and process control
during the execution of a process order.
Production Information Management

By offering a link to optical archives, this function enables you to document order-
related planned and actual data in a form that excludes posterior manipulation. It also
enables you to evaluate process data using internal and external tools.
PI-PCS Interface
SAP ODA (OPC Data Access)
You use these interfaces to link process control systems to the ERP system.
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Resource (PP-PI-MD)
Purpose
You use resources to manage the objects and persons involved in the production process in your
enterprise.
In a resource, important data is defined concerning
 The use of production equipment/persons
 The available capacity of the resources
 The costs of operating the resource
A resource may be, for example:
 A processing unit
 A person (such as a process operator)
 An intermediate storage area
Install this component in process manufacturing companies.
Integration
You assign resources to operations and phases in the master recipe and in process orders to
specify with whom or at which parts of the plant a processing step is carried out. Data managed in
the resource serves as a basis for scheduling, capacity requirements planning, and costing.
If you want to You also need
Classify resources Classification System (CA-CL)
Calculate the costs of operating resources Controlling (CO)
Choose people and their qualifications for a resource Personnel System (HR)
The Term "Resource"

In PP-PI, resources perform the same function as work centers do in PP.
For technical reasons, you will sometimes come across the term "work center" instead of "resource"
in the system. This is particularly the case in Customizing, since here the settings are usually
carried out for both applications together.
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Production Version
Definition
A production version determines which alternative BOM is used together with which task list/master
recipe to produce a material or create a master production schedule.
For one material, you can have several production versions for various validity periods and lot-size
ranges.
Use
Production versions are used both in discrete manufacturing and process manufacturing.
Production versions are used in Sales and Operations Planning (SOP), material requirements
planning (MRP), process order creation, and product costing to select the most suitable task list or
recipe and the corresponding material list.
You can also select a recipe and BOM without a production version. Note, however, that if you do
so, material quantity calculation data is not copied.
Integration
 After you have created a production version, the material components of the relevant
alternative BOM are available in the recipe as a material list or can be created from within
the recipe. Only now can you enter material data specific to a recipe, such as the component
assignment to operations and phases and the formulas for material quantity calculation.
 In the production version, you can assign a storage location to the material you want to
produce, thus specifying that the material is stored there after production. If you use the
storage location of a storage resource, the storage capacity can be taken into account for
capacity requirements planning in external planning tools and the Process Flow Scheduler
(PFS) (see Intermediate Material Storage ).
Structure
A production version comprises the following data:
 Details on the material you want to produce, for example, the material number and storage
location where the material is to be stored
 General data about the production version
This includes:
o Key, lot-size range, and validity period of the production version
o Information on whether the production version is locked
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o The date of the latest consistency check
o The assignment of task lists/master recipes to the production version
o The system distinguishes the following planning levels:
o Detailed planning
This assignment determines which master recipe is used for material requirements planning (MRP),
product costing, and process order creation.
 Rate-based planning
This assignment determines which task list is used in repetitive manufacturing. In process
industries, this is hardly ever u
sed.
 Rough-cut planning
This assignment determines which rough-cut planning profile is used for Sales and Operations
Planning (SOP).
If you want to create capacity requirements records during rough-cut planning, you can assign a
master recipe instead of a rough-cut planning profile.
A check status is assigned for each planning level. It contains the result of the latest consistency
check of the production version.
 The assignment of the alternative BOM to the production version

A check status is assigned for the assignment. It contains the result of the latest consistency
check of the production version.
 The change number that was last used to change the production version as well as further
administrative data
When you create process orders that require approval, the system uses the change number to
check whether the production version has been approved.
Co-Products: Special Features

When manufacturing co-products, you can create a production version not only for the header
material of the recipe and BOM but also for the co-products contained in the BOM as BOM items.
Depending on the material for which you create the production version, its structure has the
following special features:
 Production version for header material

 You can assign an apportionment structure of the header material in the BOM data. This
structure is copied as a default value to the settlement rule of the process order.
 Production versions for BOM items
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 Production versions for BOM items refer to the header material’s production version to be
used for the manufacture of the co-product. Be aware of the following:
 The key of the production version for the BOM item must be identical to that of the
corresponding production version of the header material.
 Instead of the BOM, recipe, and apportionment structure, it contains the number of the
header material to whose production version it refers (Other header mat. field).
Editing Production Versions
Use
You use this procedure to create a worklist for production version editing. Depending on your
requirements, you make the required changes in mass processing or individual processing, this
means, on the table-like overview of the worklist or on the detail screen of a specific production
version. If a master recipe has been assigned to your production versions as the detailed plan, you
can navigate to the recipe from mass processing to edit the recipe or bill of material (see Editing
Recipes from Production Versions).
You can use this function to edit individual production versions. Note, however, the restrictions
described in the corresponding sections.
Prerequisites
The material for which you want to edit production versions has been created in your plant.
Procedure
1. Choose Logistics Production - Process Master Data Production Versions.

2. Enter selection criteria for worklist creation in the upper screen area.
If you need more selection criteria, choose to branch to the selection screen, enter the criteria,
and choose .
The icon is displayed in a different color to indicate that additional selection criteria have been
entered.
1. Choose .
The system creates a worklist with the production versions that match your selection criteria and
displays them in a table-like overview.
As a rule, production versions are ready for input. The icon indicates exceptions that are not
ready for input in the overview. This may be due to the following reasons, for example:
 You are not authorized to change the production version.

 A change rule has been defined for the recipe to which the production version is assigned. For this
reason, you must first assign a suitable change number to the production version (see Editing
Production Versions Requiring Approval ).
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If required, evaluate the selection log.
1. Depending on the function you want to carry out, proceed as follows:
Function Edit on Procedure

Enter the data of the production version in a new line and choose
Overview
Enter.
Create 1. Choose on the overview.
Detail 2. Enter the data of the production version on the detail screen and
screen choose .
1. Select the production version you want to copy and choose .

Copy Overview 2. Enter the key of the new production version and choose .
1. Select the production version to which you want to assign a change

Assign change number and choose .
Overview
number 2. Enter the key of the change number and choose .
Overview Change the data in the corresponding line and choose Enter.
Change Detail Double-click a production version to branch to the detail screen.
screen Make the desired changes there.
Select the production versions you want to check and choose .
Overview
The system displays the check results and updates the check status
of the production version together with the date of the last check.
Check
consistency Double-click a production version to branch to the detail screen and
choose Check.
Detail
screen
The system displays the check results and updates the check status
of the production version together with the date of the last check.
You can also perform the consistency check for production versions that are only displayed. The
system, however, does not update the check status and date of these production versions.
Function Edit on Procedure

Overview Choose the corresponding entry in the Lock field.
Lock Detail Double-click a production version to branch to the detail screen and choose
screen the corresponding entry in the Production version group box in the Lock field.
Delete Overview Select the production version you want to delete and choose .
The system displays the following icon in the Processing status column on the overview screen of
the worklist for edited production versions:
 for production versions you have just created or copied

 for production versions whose data you have changed
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These icons indicate that changes have been made but not saved. The production versions are
locked for other users.
1. Choose .
The system saves the edited production versions and unlocks them. It deletes the icons in the
Processing status column.
If several users access the same data, another user may be changing a production version after
you have created your worklist. If you make changes to the same production version, the system
will not let you save them.
For this reason, we recommend reading the data from the database again every time you save.
Choose to do so.
Editing Recipes and BOMs from Production Versions
Use
You can use this procedure in mass processing of production versions to navigate to the
corresponding master recipe and create or edit the recipe or alternative BOM there. From the
production version, you can thus access the production-related master data.
If you have assigned a change number to a production version, this number is also valid for recipe
and BOM editing from the production version. This enables you to use an approval procedure in
the same way for all related objects.
Prerequisites
 You are on the worklist for production version editing.
 The master recipe has been assigned to the production version as the detailed plan or is
to be created as the detailed plan for the production version.
 If you want to navigate to the BOM from recipe editing, you must have assigned the
alternative BOM in the production version.
 If you want to use a change number to edit the recipe and BOM (see Engineering Change
Management and Recipe Approval ), you must have assigned the change number to the
production version.
You can only edit recipes with a change rule if a corresponding change number has been assigned
to the production version.
For more information on how to carry out these steps, see Editing Production Versions .
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Procedure
1. If you have not done so already, assign a BOM alternative and a master recipe as the
detailed plan to the production version.
2. You can also assign the key of a recipe that needs to be created or a new alternative BOM.
If you want the system to assign the recipe key when it creates the recipe, do not assign a
detailed plan to the production version.
3. Double-click the Detailed planning group, Group counter; or Type fields to branch to recipe
editing.
4. A dialog box appears on which you can enter the key date.
If you have assigned a change number to the production version, the system proposes the
valid-from date of the change number as the key date. If not, the current date is proposed.
5. If required, enter a different key date within the validity period of the production version.
6. If you want to use the valid-from date of a (different) change number as the key date, enter
the key of the change number and choose .
The change number is only used to determine the key date. You do not edit the recipe with
this change number.
7. Choose .
8. The operation overview of the recipe appears.
9. Enter recipe data and BOM data as required.
10. For more information on how to do this, see Master Recipe Editing.
11. Save your entries.
Engineering Change Management and Production Version

Approval
Use
In the process industries, requirements for the documentation and checking of production
processes vary widely depending on the branch of industry and the product. For this reason, you
can use a change rule to restrict the editing of the production-related master data of production
version, master recipe, and bill of material (BOM) in the master recipe (see Engineering Change
Management and Recipe Approval).
 With a change master record, that is, with detailed planning and documentation
 With an engineering change order, this means with an approval procedure as is laid down,
for example, in the GMP guidelines for the pharmaceutical industry
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You can define your own change types to set up a recipe-specific approval procedure.
By defining this change rule, you determine the requirements for creating and releasing process
orders requiring approval when you define you master data (see Creating Process Orders
Requiring Approval).
The change procedure you use must be just as rigid as the change rule.
Integration
To use engineering change management and change procedures, you must install application
component Engineering Change Management (LO-ECH).
Depending on the change rule or the change procedure you want to use, you must create the
following data there:
 A change master record for the object types Task list/master recipe and Bill of material
 An engineering change request with object management records for the task lists or
master recipes and the BOM of the production version
The change type assigned to the object management records must be identical to that assigned to
the change rule in the master recipe.
If you use engineering change orders, you also carry out the approval procedure based on the
status management of engineering change management. For you to be able to use an engineering
change order to edit a production version, the engineering change order must have status to be
edited. For the system to be able to approve the production version, it must then be assigned status
Released.
 Change numbers are used to identify both change master records and engineering
change orders in the system.
 Production versions do not support change master records or engineering change orders
with parameter effectivity.
Key Features
You must comply with the change rule of a master recipe when editing a production version in the
following cases:
 When you assign the master recipe to the production version
 When you want to change a production version to which you have already assigned the
recipe
Unlike recipe editing with a change master record or engineering change order, you do not create
a new change status for the production version. You only assign the change number to it. This
change number is used to document or approve changes. If required, you must adjust the validity
period of the production version manually.
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A production version is considered approved when the following requirements are met:
 The master recipe assigned to the production version has a change rule that requires an
engineering change order with or without a change type.
 The production version has been assigned a change number that complies with this change
rule.
 The relevant engineering change order has been released, this means, you can no longer
use it for changes.
If you want to change the production version again or withdraw the approval, you must assign
a new, unreleased engineering change order to it.
Activities
You assign a change number to the production version as follows:

 In the worklist for production version editing by carrying out the corresponding function (see
Editing Production Versions)
 In the master recipe when you use a change number to start recipe editing and then edit the
production version (First Steps in Master Recipe Editing)
In the material master record, you cannot use change numbers to edit production versions. In
the standard system, you can therefore not edit production versions whose change rule requires
an engineering change order in the material master record.
Consistency Checks for Production Versions
Use
You use this function to check whether the data of a production version is consistent with the data
of the assigned task lists/master recipes and the assigned alternative BOM. In this way, you make
sure that a valid task list or valid BOM really exists for the entire validity period of the production
version.
Features
The consistency check determines a check status for the objects assigned (task list/recipe or BOM).
All change statuses within the validity period of the production version are taken into account.
Warning and error messages about inconsistencies are displayed in the check result. The check
status for each object is displayed as an icon in the production version. The following icons may be
displayed:
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Check Meaning Possible Reasons
Status
Error  The object does not continuously exist throughout the entire validity period of
the production version.
 The lot-size range of the object does not comprise the entire lot-size range of
the production version.
 No check was carried out for the object.

Warning
 The deletion flag is set for the object.
 The header material of the production version is not assigned to the task
list/recipe.
O.K.  None of the above inconsistencies occurred.
At the production version level, the check status is summarized as follows:

 If no task list/master recipe or alternative BOM is assigned to the production version, the
yellow traffic-light is displayed.
 Otherwise, the check status of the object with the worst check result is displayed. A red
traffic-light is, for example, displayed whenever a red traffic-light exists at the object level.
Activities
You can check the data consistency of the production version as follows:
 For individual production versions of a recipe or material (see Maintaining Production
Versions) The check status is saved together with the production version, recipe, or
material.
 For all production versions of a material, alternative BOM, or recipe (see Checking
Production Versions (Mass Function) ) You decide on the initial screen whether you only
want to display the check result or also transfer the check status to the production version.
The system does not automatically lock a production version for all usages if the check result is
negative. However, you can set the lock indicator manually if you want to (see Editing Production
Versions ).
Master Recipes (PP-PI-MD)
Purpose
You can use this component to describe an enterprise-specific process in process industries
without relating to a specific order.
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Master recipes are mainly used for planning the manufacture of products. However, you can also
use them to describe the clean-out or changeover of a production line.
Master recipes are used as a reference for process orders as well as the basis for product costing.
The approval procedure for master recipes and the functions for planning and documenting
changes enable you to meet the most important requirements of Good Manufacturing Practices
(GMP).
Implementation Notes
Install this component in process manufacturing companies if you want to provide the planning of
your manufacturing processes as master data that does not relate to a specific order and can thus
be used for several purposes.
Integration
If you want to You must also install the component
Plan material usage during the process Material Master (LO-MD-MM)
Plan how the resources are to be used during the process Resources (PP-PI-MD-RSC)
Plan the external processing of steps in the process Purchasing (MM-PUR)
Plan quality inspections during production Quality Planning (QM-PT)
Provide data for process control Process Management (PP-PI-PMA)
Prepare cost determination using the master recipe Controlling (CO)
Plan recipe changes, document them, or make them subject Engineering Change Management (LO-ECH)
to a specific approval procedure
Classify master recipes and define conditions for resource Classification System (CA-CL)
selection in the process order
The basic structure of the master recipe in the system is identical to that of the following objects:
 Routings
 Inspection plans
 Maintenance task lists
 Standard networks
For this reason, it is grouped with these objects under the generic term task list and marked as task
list type 2.
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Features
The features of this component were defined in accordance with the international standards of the
European Batch Forum (EBF), the norms working committee for measuring and control techniques
in the chemical industry (NAMUR) as well as in accordance with standard S88 of the Instrument
Society of America (ISA). In a master recipe, you plan:
 The individual steps to be carried out in a process, that is, the operations and its
subdivisions, the phases
 The activities that are to be carried out in a phase and are used as the basis for
determining dates, capacity requirements, and costs
 The process sequence by maintaining relationships between phases
 The use and production of materials in the course of the process
 The use of resources
 The quality inspections to be carried out during production
In addition, you use process instructions to provide information that is collected during production
and is required by process control to carry out the process.
Purpose
Process orders are the main element used for the detailed planning and execution of process
manufacturing.
A process order describes the production of batches (materials) in a production run or the rendering
of services. It is generated from the master recipe and contains all the information specified during
process planning.
You use a process order to plan the quantities, dates, and resources of the manufacturing process,
to control process order execution, and to define rules for the account assignment and settlement
of the costs incurred.
In PP-PI, process orders perform the same function as production orders in PP.
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Integration
If you want to Then you must install the component
Plan material usage during the process Material Master (LO-MD)
Plan how the resources are to be used during the process Resources (PP-PI-MD)
Plan the external processing of steps in the process Purchasing (MM-PUR)
Plan quality inspections during production Quality Planning (QM-PT)
Provide data for process control Process Management (PP-PI-PMA)
Prepare cost determination using the master recipe Controlling
Features
This component comprises all functions for order processing and order closing .
Production Campaign (PP-PI-PCM)
Purpose
This component addresses the needs of discontinuous production in companies in process
industries that manufacture sequences of identical production charges on their production lines.
You can manage batch manufacturing using production campaigns.
The aims of campaign management are the following:

 Reduced costs achieved by grouping sequences of identical production charges and thus
carrying out more efficient setup and clean-out processes which can be very costly
 Higher product quality in cases where the desired quality level is achieved gradually in
the production process as opposed to immediately from the first batch
 More exact settlement resulting from clear distribution of campaign fixed costs (setup,
clean-out, and tear down costs) to the orders involved
Integration
For this component, you require the same components as for the Process orders.
For exact settlement using business processes, you also require the component Activity based
costing.
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Using the APO component Production Planning and Detailed Scheduling (PP/DS) enables you to
create and plan multi-production campaigns. These can then be transferred to the ERP system. In
this system, the orders are then converted into process orders and processing and settlement is
carried out.
Features
The main planning and execution functions of campaign management are:
 Campaign creation
 Campaign processing
 Campaign conversion
The main functions of campaign management for product cost controlling are:
 Settlement of the campaign fixed costs for the materials (using business processes)
 Preliminary costing of a production campaign
 Cost reports for a production campaign
 Cost reports for the business processes involved
Constraints
If there no integrated SAP APO system, it is only possible to create single-product campaigns in
the ERP system. A single-product campaign can only consist of planned and process orders that
are used for the production of the same material, along with process orders that are not material-
related (for example, for cleaning purposes). Only one material-related master recipe is allowed
per campaign.
Planning and Analysis of Campaign Costs
Use
Campaigns enable you to group together material and production costs.
A typical production campaign consists of the following:
 Manufacturing orders (process orders or production orders) with a material reference

 Manufacturing orders without a material reference:
Setup orders, clean-out orders and teardown orders (setup/clean-out orders), the activities of which
are included in every process order or production order in the campaign.
You can find additional information about campaign management in the SAP Library under
Production Campaigns.
You can distribute the setup/clean-out costs (costs for setup, clean-out, and teardown) to the
manufacturing orders by means of the following:
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 Business processes
 Overhead calculation
 Internal orders
This section describes how production campaigns are managed with business processes. The
advantages of this method are as follows:
 The costs can be passed on by period to the manufacturing orders for which the costs were incurred.
 By using the template in Activity-Based Costing, keys can be created which assign the setup/clean-
out costs to the cost objects according to how they were incurred.
 There are no problems with follow-up costs.
Integration
Production campaigns can be managed based on business processes. The setup/clean-out orders
provide activities for the manufacturing orders. The costs for these activities are assigned to the
process orders of the campaign according to how they were incurred.
 Those costs which cannot be assigned (from clean-out, setup, teardown, and so on) are settled to
one or more business processes.
 The costs of all the business process in the campaign are credited periodically and allocated to the
process orders in accordance with the quantities used.
Prerequisites
If the campaign is managed using business processes, you must do the following in Customizing
for Product Cost by Order under Basic Settings for Product Cost by Order Process Costs :
 Maintain the environments and function hierarchies

 Maintain the templates
In the template, you enter a formula to enable you to determine the process quantities used.
 Assign templates
To accomplish the above steps, go into Customizing.
You also need to plan the business processes. By planning the business processes, you calculate
the planned activity prices with which the business processes are credited and which are allocated
at period-end closing to the process orders that commenced in the current period. This enables
you to allocate the fixed campaign costs, such as setup, clean-out, and teardown costs, to the
source of the costs (plant materials in the campaign) via the business processes.
You can find additional information about business processes and templates in the SAP Library
under Activity-Based Costing.
Create a business process group for the business processes that you use in the production
campaign. Enter the business process group in the campaign. By doing this, process costs involved
in the campaign production are differentiated from other process costs. This avoids a duplication
of the campaign process costs in the campaign reports. (See: Reports for the Controlling of
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Production Campaigns). If you do not enter a business process group in the campaign, the process
costs will appear in the reports for orders both with and without material reference.
In Customizing for Product Cost by Order under Manufacturing Orders Check Order Types for
PP and CO Manufacturing Orders, enter a settlement profile allowing settlement to business
processes in the order type of the non-material-based orders. You define the settlement profile in
Customizing for Product Cost by Order under Period-End Closing Create Settlement Profile .
For more information, see Production Campaign Management.
For standard cost estimates for materials produced in campaigns, define a template. You can also
represent setup/cleanout costs in the standard cost estimate by, for example, overhead calculation.
Features
General Information
The system only supports single-product campaigns. Single-product campaigns involve the
production of one plant material in a product line. By contrast, multiproduct campaigns involve the
production of multiple plant materials in an optimal sequence in a production plant. It is not possible
to represent multiproduct campaigns in the system. However, you can create a single-product
campaign for a leading co-product (primary product) or for a process material (see Features of Joint
Production).
Features in Cost Accounting
For production campaigns whose setup/clean-out costs are allocated with business processes, you
can do the following:
 In Product Cost by Order

o Calculate the costs for the manufacturing orders (see Preliminary Costing for Production
Orders)
o Enter the actual costs for the manufacturing orders (see Actual Postings in Cost Object
Controlling)
o Carry out the period-end closing transactions of Product Cost by Order (such as calculating
work in process and variances) for the manufacturing orders (that is, process orders or
production orders) and setup and clean-out orders. (See Period-End Closing in Product Cost
by Order)
In order to include setup/clean-out costs allocated by dynamic process allocation to the

manufacturing orders in the calculation of work in process, you should calculate the work in process
at actual costs. (See Work in Process in Product Cost by Order and Example: Value Flow - Work in
Process for Actual Costs).
To calculate work in process at target costs, the confirmed yield at the operation level is multiplied
by the target costs. In this case, the process costs debited to the manufacturing order are not
included in the work in process.
You should include the setup/clean-out orders in WIP calculation, because debiting them with costs
has caused postings to expense accounts in Financial Accounting (FI), for which there is no
corresponding posting affecting income.
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If a business process is debited with costs that are so high that you cannot ignore the WIP posting
in FI, make a manual posting in FI for the amount of the business process balance.
o Display the planned, target, and actual costs for the manufacturing orders
 In the Information System for Product Cost Controlling

o Compare target costs to actual costs, and planned costs to actual costs, of the orders in a
campaign
o Summarize the orders of a campaign, in order to control and assess the costs with regard to
the economic efficiency of the production campaign
 Calculate variances for the business processes in Activity-Based Costing
This enables you to calculate process variances, and thus create more accurate planned activity
prices for the business processes.
A business process can include the activities of more than one campaign, and the resources of
more than one cost center.
Periodic Allocation of Setup/Clean-out Costs
If you create a production campaign using business processes, you can pass on setup, clean-out,
and teardown costs by period to the production orders.
 The costs of the setup/clean-out orders are debited by period to the business processes. This is
carried out during settlement of the setup/clean-out orders to the business processes.
 The business processes in the campaign are credited with the planned activity prices that were
calculated when the business processes were planned. The credits, which are based on the process
quantities used, are applied at period-end closing of Product Cost by Order through the Dynamic
process allocation function. The manufacturing orders are debited with the costs for setup, clean-
out, teardown, and so on, through Dynamic process allocation. By periodically debiting
manufacturing orders with process costs, the problem of follow-up costs is removed.
If you create production campaigns via internal orders, as opposed to business processes, you may
want to debit the manufacturing orders in a period with the follow-up costs relating to setup, clean-
out, and so on, for which:
o The deletion indicator for the manufacturing order has already been set.
o If the deletion indicator has been set for a manufacturing order, you cannot calculate any
more costs for the order.
o The FI period has already been closed.
o In such cases, you cannot pass on any more costs to FI for this period.
o The manufacturing order has not used the corresponding activities.
These costs are not settled to FI in the period that produced the costs (such as settlement to stock,
or price differences) or to CO-PA.
 A balance is produced on the business process from the difference between the debit and credit.
The business process is debited with the actual costs from the setup/clean-out order and the actual
costs settled to the business process in the period.
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The business process is credited with the costs allocated to the manufacturing orders through the
dynamic process allocation . The process quantities used are multiplied by the planned activity prices
of the processes.
You can settle the balance of a business process resulting from the difference between the debit and
credit to Profitability Analysis (CO-PA).
Reports for Production Campaigns
You can access the reports for production campaigns by choosing the following:
 Logistics Production Process Production Campaign Environment

 Information systems Accounting Product Cost Controlling Product Cost by Order More
Reports Production Campaigns
You can access the reports on the business processes involved from the report selection in Activity-
Based Costing . Here, you can compare the planned, target, and actual costs of the business
process from both the debit and credit sides.
Example
You create a campaign. In this campaign you create:
 A setup/clean-out order for cleanout

 Manufacturing orders for the production of material FERT 1
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You create a business process and a template. In the template, you enter a formula to enable you
to determine the process quantities used in relation to the amount delivered. In Activity-Based
Costing, you calculate the activity price for the business process. The plan price is USD 20.
Actual costs for the cleanout appear for the first time in period 2 amounting to USD 600.
You would like to allocate the cleanout costs (dependent on the quantity of materials produced in-
house in period 1) to the relevant orders according to both how the costs were incurred and when.
Period 1
You have two manufacturing orders for the material to be produced in the campaign. In the first
period, manufacturing order A produced 15 pieces of material FERT 1. Also in the first period,
manufacturing order B produced 5 pieces of material FERT 1.
Dynamic process allocation debits manufacturing orders A and B in period 1 as follows:
Manufacturing order A: 15 pieces output quantity multiplied by Planned price USD 20 = USD 300.
Manufacturing order B: 5 pieces output quantity multiplied by Planned price USD 20 = USD 100.
The business process is credited with USD 400.
The business process is debited during settlement. However, since there were no actual costs for
the cleanout order in period 1, the business process is not debited in period 1.
The balance for the business process is USD 400. You transfer this balance to a profitability
segment in CO-PA through the reposting function in the process costs allocation menu.
The process costs allocated to the manufacturing orders are passed on to Financial Accounting at
settlement. However, there is as yet no expense involved. You can create a manual posting in FI,
in order to carry reserves for unrealized costs as liabilities for the amount of USD 400.
Period 2
Actual costs of USD 600 are incurred on the cleanout order in period 2.
In the second period, manufacturing order A produced 4 pieces of material FERT 1. Also in the
second period, manufacturing order B produced 1 piece of material FERT 1.
Dynamic process allocation debits manufacturing orders A and B in period 2 as follows:
Manufacturing order A: 4 pieces output quantity multiplied by Planned price USD 20 = USD 80.
Manufacturing order B: 1 pieces output quantity multiplied by Planned price USD 20 = USD 20.
The business process is credited with USD 100.
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The business process is debited during settlement. Actual costs of USD 600 are incurred on the
cleanout order. The costs are settled to the business process.
The balance for the business process is USD 500. You transfer this balance to a profitability
segment in CO-PA through the reposting function in the process costs allocation menu.
The process costs allocated to the manufacturing orders are passed on to Financial Accounting at
settlement. In this period, your expense is higher. You write off the reserves for unrealized costs
that were carried as liabilities in FI in the previous period by a manual posting in FI.
You can create a manual posting in FI for work in process at USD 500.
Through the manual activation of work in process or carrying of reserves for unrealized costs as
liabilities, you can carry out accruals/deferrals by period of operations affecting revenue and
expense in Financial Accounting.
For general information about Cost Object Controlling for manufacturing orders, see Product Cost
by Order.
Consumer Products for Food and Beverage Industry (PP-PI-

CFB)
This component enables you to perform various functions for the food and beverage industry within
the application components Materials Management (MM), Logistics (LO), and Production Planning
and Control (PP). After running the appropriate checks and evaluations, you can even use these
functions in other industries, such as chemicals.
Integration
With Other SAP Components
Function Required Component Necessary
Releasing and Locking Production Versions for Material Production Planning - Process Industries (PP-PI)
Requirements Planning Product Cost Planning (CO-PC-PCP)
Raw Material Procurement Cockpit Purchase Requisitions (MM-PUR-REQ)
Weighing for Goods Movements Goods Receipt (MM-IM-GR)

Goods Issue and Return Delivery (MM-IM-GR)
Calculating the Best-Before Date in the Process Order Process Orders (PP-PI-POR)
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Function Required Component Necessary
Printing Detailed Forms and Overview Forms for Process Orders (PP-PI-POR)
Process Orders
Confirmation of Process Orders or Production Orders Process Orders (PP-PI-POR)

with Batches Production Orders (PP-SFC)
Clear Remaining Batch Quantities Batch Management (LO-BM)
Printing GS1 -128 Labels Handling Unit Management (LO-HU)
Batch Selection and Follow-Up Actions in the Batch Batch Information Cockpit (LO-BM-BIC)
Information Cockpit
The following functions of the component Consumer Products for the Food and Beverage Industry
(PP-PI-CFB) are available as Web Dynpro applications:
 Releasing and Locking Production Versions for Material Requirements Planning
 Raw Material Procurement Cockpit
 Weight Log of the Weighing for Goods Movements function
 Confirmation of Process Orders or Production Orders with Batches
 Clear Remaining Batch Quantities
You can execute these functions and additional transactions from the role menu of the Composite
Role for the Food and Beverage Industry (SAP_BPR_CFB_6) in the SAP NetWeaver Business
Client. For more information, see Composite Role for the Food and Beverage Industry.
Constraints
The functions of this component have been developed based on the requirements and experiences
of small businesses and midsize companies in the food and beverage industry and therefore cannot
meet all of a global player's requirements.
Process Management (PP-PI-PMA)
Purpose
You can use this component to coordinate the exchange of production-relevant data between the
ERP system and the independent production level (of an external system). The production level
can be controlled as follows:
 Manually
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The planned production steps are carried out manually by the process operator
 Automated
The planned production steps are carried out automatically by the process control system.
 Partially automated
The planned production steps are carried out both manually by a process operator and
automatically by a process control system
To settle a process order, the actual quantities produced and the time needed must be confirmed
from production. Process management supports the direct confirmation from the PI sheet and
process control system to the process order by sending process messages to predefined message
destinations.
Implementation Notes
Integration
If you want to You also need
 PP - PI-PCS Interface
Exchange data between the ERP system and a process control system
 PP - SAP ODA (OPC Data
Access)
Carry out quality inspections during production QM - Quality Management
Post goods movements to inventory management MM - Inventory Management
Create a batch during production orassign values to batch LO - Batch Management

characteristics during production
Send maintenance data to plant maintenance via the PI-PCS interface PM - Plant Maintenance
or using SAP ODA
Features
You can store production-relevant data either in characteristic-based process instructions or in
XSteps in the process order. In the process instructions or XSteps, you specify whether the
information is to be forwarded to a process operator or process control system.
Once the process order has been released for production and has been saved, the production-
relevant data is combined in control recipes and sent to process management.
Process management receives the control recipes and sends them to the process operator or
process control system responsible.
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 If a control recipe is sent to a process operator, the production data stored in the control
recipe is prepared as text that is displayed as PI sheets on the screen. The process
operator can then use the PI sheet to execute the production steps manually.
 If a control recipe is sent to a process control system, the production data stored in the
control recipe is sent as parameters to the production control system via the PI-PCS
Interface or the SAP ODA The process control system processes the data to control and
regulate production.
After the process operator or process control system has carried out the production steps, process
messages containing the current production times and quantities are automatically created in the
PI sheet or process control system.
The process messages with the reported data is first sent to process management where they are
checked and passed on to the corresponding process message destinations provided the check
was successful. In addition to applications, message destinations can also be people, programs,
and machines.
In addition to this, process management comprises the message monitor and control recipe
monitor, tools that you can use to monitor the processing status of messages and control recipes .
Furthermore, message and control recipe logs document the processing status of messages and
control recipes.
In unexpected situations, such as malfunctions, you can also create process messages manually
in process management and send them from there.
The following summarizes the functions supported by process management:
 Receiving control recipes from released process orders
 Sending control recipes to process operators or process control systems
 Preparing process instructions as texts so that they can be displayed and edited on the
screen by the process operator
 Receiving, checking, and sending process messages with actual process data
 Monitoring process messages and control recipes
 Manually creating process messages
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Process Data Documentation and Evaluation (PP-PI-
PDO/PEV)
In the S88 standard of the Instrument Society of America, production information management is
defined as the “control activity that is involved in collecting, storing, processing, and reporting
production information”. In a batch manufacturing environment, the major functions of these
activities include the creation and management of a batch history. This comprises two sides of
information management:
 Documentation or logging of production information, which especially in strongly regulated
industries such as the pharmaceutical one, requires a form that excludes manipulation
 Statistical or evaluation functions to be used, for example, for purposes of process
optimization
 Within the component PP-PI, you will find these activities implemented in the following functions:
 Process data documentation, which enables you to store process data in an optical archive
(electronic batch record/EBR)
 Various evaluation options including the
o Shop floor information system
o Process message evaluation
o Possibility of accessing both planned and actual process data on the database for
evaluations using external tools
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Purpose
The WIP batch is a batch that you can create for a production order and for a process order to
document the properties of a material during the manufacturing process (e.g. after individual Work-
steps). It also represents a link between input batches and goods receipt batches.
Use
You can use the WIP batch in manufacturing not only to document the steps in production on a
quantity basis (confirmations) but also to record the current properties of the material that is to be
produced.
Furthermore, the WIP batch ensures that end-to-end batch tracing is possible, because with this
function the system can automatically record n:m relationships between input and goods receipt
batches.
Prerequisites
You will find information on the necessary settings for WIP batch management under Prerequisites
for WIP Batch Management.
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Features
For WIP batches, the value WIP Batch is entered in the Batch Type field in the batch master record.
A WIP batch can only be created in the confirmation for an operation or phase. Batches created
outside the confirmation transaction cannot be used as WIP batches.
You create WIP batches at operation or phase level. In the batch where-used list, the operation or
phase is displayed for a WIP batch.
You can only use a WIP batch in the production or process order for which you have created the
WIP batch.
You can create a WIP batch for the header material of the production order, the material of a co-
product, or the original batch reference material (OB reference material) if you have defined an
original batch reference material for the corresponding material.
You can book the stock of WIP batches into the warehouse and valuate it according to the planned
costs (see Inventory Management for WIP Batches and WIP Batches: Inventory Valuation).
When you process a WIP batch (copy, split, or merge), new WIP batches are created at the next-
highest WIP batch level. WIP batches that contain the current properties of the material to be
manufactured and are located at the uppermost WIP batch level are termed WIP batches of the
highest level. As a rule, you can only process these WIP batches further using WIP batch
management functions.
If you wish to document the properties of the material for each operation or each phase, you must
create new WIP batches for each operation or phase. Otherwise you can adjust the characteristic
values of the WIP batches in accordance with current properties.
Item WIP Batches

After the production of a material has been completed, you must assign the WIP batches of the
highest level to an order item. These assigned WIP batches are also referred to as item WIP
batches.
You can also define any WIP batch of a production order as an original batch (see also Original
Batches in WIP Batch Management).
Archiving Production Orders with WIP Batches

When you archive a production order for which you have generated WIP batches and set a deletion
flag for it, the system also sets a deletion flag for the WIP batches. Exceptions are original batches
that came into being in WIP batch management.
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When the production order has been archived, all WIP batches for which the deletion flag has been
set are physically deleted from the system at the time of the next reorganization of batches. Such
deleted WIP batches cannot be reimported into the system.
Archiving of WIP Batch Where-Used Records

When production and process orders are archived and deleted, the associated WIP batch where-
used lists acquire a deletion flag. After this, this WIP batch where-used data can be archived with
the aid of the archiving object PP_WIPCHVW and then deleted from the database.
The WIP batch master records are not deleted with archiving object PP_WIPCHVW.
WIP Batches and Documentary Batches

You can use WIP batches and documentary batches together in a system.
When entering time tickets, however, you cannot simultaneously use both WIP batches and
documentary batches. If the documentary batch functionality has been activated, the system
checks whether the order header material, the reference material, or the order components are
subject to a documentary batch requirement when the confirmation function is invoked. If a material
is subject to a documentary batch requirement, the confirmation transaction is terminated.
The same check is carried out when the material is specified in the Goods Issue area.
Integration
Automatic goods receipt, backflushing, and milestone confirmation are not possible for production
orders subject to WIP batch management.
WIP batches are displayed in the Batch Information Cockpit. Furthermore, partial lots can be
created for WIP batches and all subsequent quality certificates generated. In the confirmation
transaction and in the production order, a where-used list specially designed for WIP batches and
a target/actual comparison for the characteristics of the WIP batches are available.
Example
Two rolls of green fabric are to be produced for production order 1000185. The production process
consists of three operations: weaving, dyeing, and cutting. After each operation, the current
properties of the fabric are documented in WIP batches:
1. In operation 10 a roll of undyed fabric was produced. Its properties (length, width, and color) are
recorded in WIP batch 185_01.
2. In operation 20, this roll of fabric is dyed green. The new properties of the roll are documented
in WIP batch 185_02. (You can also record the new properties in the WIP batch 185_01.)
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3. In operation 30, the roll of fabric is divided into two smaller rolls, one of 20m and the other of
80m. For this reason, the WIP batch 185_02 is split into two WIP batches: 185_03_1 and
185_03_2. The properties of the finished product are recorded in these two WIP batches.
PP - PI-PCS Interface: Linking of Process Control Systems
Many different types of control system are used in the process industries. While some production
lines are controlled by fully-automated, sophisticated process control systems, others are still
mainly manually-operated with a low level of automation.
SAP has designed the PI-PCS interface to link PP-PI with manually-operated, partially-automated,
and fully-automated lines. In Customizing, you can adapt this interface to meet individual
requirements by defining:
 Information for control (control recipes)
 Information from control (process messages)
 The interface meets the degree of automation of the line by offering the possibilities of:
 Complete process link
 External entry of control recipe data
The PI-PCS interface described here is used to transfer all the information relevant to production.
If the Quality Management (QM) application component is to be installed, you can use the QM-IDI
interface.
Confirmation of order-related data via the PI-PCS interface replaces order-related confirmations
via PP-PDC.
The PI-PCS interface enables the download of control recipes to the lower-level control system and
the upload of process-related data in the form of process messages. In addition, it can be used to
download general data on characteristics that make up control recipes and process messages.
Control recipes are used to transfer the following data:

 Process and control parameters
 Texts with instructions for the line operator in the case of lines that are manually operated
(either fully or partially)
 Information on process messages that are to be returned
 Process messages supply information on:
 Status of process orders
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 Consumption and production of materials
 Status of resources
 Selected process events
 They are used for creating electronic batch records and production records, and for updating
the process order and material stocks.
 You can transfer the following general characteristic data to an external system:
 Technical data such as the format and characteristics group
 Allowed characteristic values
Page 183 of 183

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SAP PP-Production planning

Production Planning and Control (PP)

Basic Data (PP-BD)

Order BOMs (PP-BD-BOM)

Engineering Workbench (PP-BD)

Standard Value Calculation with CAPP (PP-BD-CAP)

Sales & Operations Planning (PP-SOP)

Sales & Operations Planning (LO-LIS-PLN)

Distribution Resource Planning (PP-SOP-DRP)

Master Planning (PP-MP)

Demand Management (PP-MP-DEM)

Long-Term Planning (PP-MP-LTP)

Capacity Planning (PP-CRP)

Material Requirements Planning (PP-MRP)

Production Orders (PP-SFC)

Repetitive Manufacturing (PP-REM)

Production lot planning / individual project plan

Production Planning for Process Industries (PP-PI)

Production Planning - Process Industries (PP-PI)

SAP OPC Data Access (SAP ODA)

ERP-MES Integration (PP-MES)

Visual Manufacturing Planner (PLM-VEP-VMP)

Data Archiving in Production Planning and Control (PP)

Bills of Material in Production Planning

How are Bills of Material Used in PP?

Material BOM Browser

Enhancements to the SAP System in the Area of PLM

Features of an Item Category

Item Categories in the Standard System

Steps in Creating a Simple Material BOM

Creating a Variant BOM

Creating a Multiple BOM

Change Master Records

Changing a Material BOM

BOM Reporting Functions

Displaying Change Documents

Setting up BOM Groups

Bills of Material in Production Planning

Bills of Material in Production Planning

How are Bills of Material Used in PP?

Checking Authorization Objects

Create BOM, C_STUE_BER (bill of material)

Mass changes C_STUE_MAS

Display BOM, C_STUE_BER (bill of material)

BOM explosion, C_STUE_BER (bill of material)

Display change documents S_SCD0

Variable lists for C_VARLIST

Equipment BOM: BOM with Reference to an Equipment

Functional Location BOM: BOM with Reference to a Functional Location

Order BOM: BOM with Reference to a Sales Order

Work Breakdown Structure BOM: BOM with Reference to a Production

The wide range of BOM data is managed in a structured form.

Material BOM Browser

Creating a Variant BOM

Steps for Creating a Variant BOM

Steps to Creating a Multiple BOM

Objects for Mass Change

You can choose from two different layouts:

Scheduling Data in Work Centers

Assignments to Objects in the Human Resource Management

Technical Data for Calculating Standard Values with CAPP

Work center hierarchy

Replacing Work Centers in Task Lists

Configuration of Work Centers