EE-231 Electronics I

Engr. Dr. Hadeed Ahmed Sher

Ghulam Ishaq Khan Institute of Engineering Sciences and Technology, TOPI 23460
hadeed@giki.edu.pk

March 16, 2018

Engr. Dr. Hadeed Ahmed Sher (FEE, GIKI) Week 8 Resources March 16, 2018 1 / 15
 1 Biasing Techniques
Emitter follower Bias configuration
Common base bias configuration

2 Examples

3 PNP transistors
Example

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 Biasing Techniques Emitter follower Bias configuration

Emitter follower Bias configuration

Output is taken from the emitter terminal.

Output voltage follows the input voltage thats why it is called emitter bias.

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 Biasing Techniques Emitter follower Bias configuration

Emitter follower Bias configuration

The dc equivalent of emitter bias
circuit is shown below. Applying KVL.

−IB RB − VBE − IE RE + VEE = 0 (1)

Converting IE into IB
VEE − VBE
IB = (2)
RB + (β + 1)RE

For output network applying KVL,

−VCE − IE RE + VEE = 0 (3)

VCE =VEE − IE RE

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 Biasing Techniques Common base bias configuration

Common base bias configuration

Two supplies are used with base terminal as common terminal between the
input and output terminal.

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 Biasing Techniques Common base bias configuration

Common base bias configuration

The dc equivalent of input circuit is VEE − VBE

shown below. IE = (5)
RE
Applying KVL on the outer loop.

Applying KVL
−VEE +IE RE +VCE +IC RC −VCC = 0
VEE − IE RE − VBE (4) (6)

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 Biasing Techniques Common base bias configuration

Common base bias configuration

Converting IE into IC using α=1

VCE = VEE + VCC − IE (RC + RE ) (7)

For output network applying KVL,

VCB + IC RC + VCC = 0 (8)

VCB =VCC − IC RC

Engr. Dr. Hadeed Ahmed Sher (FEE, GIKI) Week 8 Resources March 16, 2018 7 / 15
 Examples

Example 4.18

Determine ICQ ,VCEQ , VB ,VC ,VE and I is given as

B
VBC
VCC − VBE
IB = = 15.51µA (9)
RB + βRC
Using β IC Q=1.86mA.
VCEQ is calculated as

VCEQ = VCC −IC RC = 11.26V (10)

VB =VBE =0.7 V
VC =VCE =11.26 V
Note that this is a collector feedback VBC =VB -VC =0.7-11.26=-10.56 V
biasing with RE =0. VE =0 V

Engr. Dr. Hadeed Ahmed Sher (FEE, GIKI) Week 8 Resources March 16, 2018 8 / 15
 Examples

Example 4.19

Determine VC and VB .
IB is given as
VEE − VBE
IB = = 83µA (11)
RB
Using β IC =3.735mA.
VC is calculated as

VC = VCC − IC RC = −4.48V (12)

VB is calculated as

Applying KVL on the base emitter VB = VB − IB RB = −8.3V (13)

loop.

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 Examples

Example 4.20
To find Eth , consider the figure below
Determine VC and VB . and apply KVL.

Eth = IR2 − VEE (14)

where
VCC + VEE
Using exact method I = = 3.85mA (15)
R1 + R2
Rth = RR11+R
R2
2
=1.73kΩ
Eth is -11.53V
Engr. Dr. Hadeed Ahmed Sher (FEE, GIKI) Week 8 Resources March 16, 2018 10 / 15
 Examples

Example 4.20
Substituting the thevenin’s
equivalent the base emitter loop
becomes,

IB =35.39µA and IC =4.25mA.

VC is calculated as

VC = VCC − IC RC = 8.53V (17)

VB is calculated as

VB = −Eth −IE RE = −11.59V (18)

Applying KVL and converting IE into
IB and then rearranging the terms ,
VEE − Eth − VBE
IB = (16)
Rth + (β + 1)RE
Engr. Dr. Hadeed Ahmed Sher (FEE, GIKI) Week 8 Resources March 16, 2018 11 / 15
 Examples

Example 4.21
Given the device characteristics, find
the resistance values for fixed bias Using the equation for IB , the base
circuit. Also find the biasing voltage. resistance is calculated as
VCC − VBE
RB = = 482.5kΩ (20)
IB

From the load line it is evident that

VCC =20V. Also using the conditions
for saturation,
VCC
RC = = 2.5kΩ (19)
IC
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 Examples

Example 4.22
For the circuit shown if ICQ =2mA
and VCEQ =10V find R1 and RC .
VB = VBE + VE = 3.1V (22)

R2 VCC
VB = (23)
R1 + R2
(18kΩ)(18V )
= 3.1V (24)
R1 + 18kΩ
R1 =86.52kΩ. Also,
VRC VCC − VC
RC = = (25)
IC IC

Here, IC is given in the question, VC = VCE + VE = 10 + 2.4 = 12.4V

assuming alpha equal to 1, (26)
18 − 12.4
RC = = 2.8kΩ (27)
VE = IE RE ≈ IC RE = 2.4V (21) 2mA
Engr. Dr. Hadeed Ahmed Sher (FEE, GIKI) Week 8 Resources March 16, 2018 13 / 15
 PNP transistors

PNP transistors
The procedure to determine the
unknown is same except that the VCC + VBE − IB RB − IE RE = 0 (28)
current directions are reversed.
Consider this figure Converting IE into IB using β.
VCC + VBE
IB = (29)
RB + (β + 1)RE

Note that in this case VBE is -0.7V.

At the output loop

VCC + VCE − IC RC − IE RE (30)

Using α

Applying KVL to base emitter loop VCE = −VCC + IC (RC + RE ) (31)

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 PNP transistors Example

Example 4.31
Determine VCE for the circuit shown.
Applying KVL on the base emitter
loop

VB − VBE − VE = 0 (33)

VE = VB − VBE = −2.46V (34)

IE = V
RE =2.24mA. For the collector
E

emitter loop

VCE = VCC − IC (RC + RE ) (35)

Using approximate method, the The value of VC is negative

condition βRE ≥ 10R2 is satisfied. therefore, VCE =-10.16V.
For NPN only the sign change for
R2 VCC
VB = = −3.16V (32) the required values.
R1 + R2
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