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factors impacting behaviours.” MANGANESE-children’s home tap water- 34 μg/L (range, 1–2,700 μg/L). Higher MnW & MnH were significantly corr w. lower IQ scr.
Operational model -˃ Public Health Exposome (Soc/Policy/nat/buit env)-˃Individual Characteristics-˃Moderating Factors (community 4RISK Hazard= potential to harm; Inherent capability of an agent/situation to have an adverse eff Risk likelihood/possibility of suffering
assets/soc support/access to care/preexisting conditions)-˃Health conditions & Outcomes harm from hazard that can cause injury/disease/economic loss/environmental damage at defined circumstances, & usually qualified by
Exposome= all the exposures of indv a lifetime & how relate to health. ||Hippocrates- father of med: role of env on health, leds toxic severity.
property Chimney sweeps scrotum cancer from coal tar Matches yellow Phosphorousphossy jaw(solution white Phsp) John Snow, Risk.M. Procedure => licensing laws => standards-setting laws => control=> monitoring .
cholera spread by sewage-contaminated water(epidemiology) Donara Flouride SMOG: Hydrogen fluoride, fluorine & sulfur Engineering Appr: “allowable risk”: As Low As Reasonably Practica W COSTTl. From broadly acceptable region to untolerable region.
dioxide emissions from U.S. Steel's with a temperature inversion.||Hazardous agents are: Microbes, Toxic chemicals & metals, Pesticides Env. Health Policy Princp: The precautionary principle 2Envl Justice (+ transparency) => equal ppl in society 3Polluter-Pays 4Env
Ionizing radiation ||Principal Determinants of Health Worldwide :1 Population 2 Pollution 3Poverty Sustainability
Total Fertility Rate (TFR) how many births a woman would have by the end of her reproductive life. Comm of natural hazards generally have sought to increase public concern(tech hazards opposite)
Epidemiologic Transition infectious&communicable-->chronic,degenerative(cardiovascular, cancer, neuro-psychiatric & injuries) Process:1Hazard identification2Dose-response assessment3Exposure assessment4 Risk characterization
Env. Risk Transition: BEFORE poor quality of food, air, water. AFTER> acid rain precursors, ozonedepleting chemicals, greenhouse 5PEDI chemical-nutritional-social –pregnancy, infancy, childhood & adolescents-parental exposures prior to conception that affects baby
2 Epidemiologic triangle=describes the causality of infectious diseases: host(not mean it will get sick), agent, environment. Clinical Tox - obvious poisonings in high-dose, acute (e.g. exposure to lead paint chips in Australia) Subclinical toxicity – a dose-
Hill’s causality: 1. Strength/magnitude- test by statistics2. Consistency - many studies using difft pops same results3. Specificity - refers dependent continuum of a range of toxic effects (e.g. decrease in IQ)
to a particular disease exposure relationship. Look at dose not only exposure4. Temporality - cause before effects. biological gradient - Israel–15k Pediatric poison exposure; under6yrs(80.3%)-home(89.3%)-accidents(89.5%). gastrointestinal tract > neurological >
linear trend in the association btw exposure & disease the more I am exposed, the more I get.5. Plausibility - rational theory basis, what respiratory. Most Israeli teen poisonings are intentional suicides. /WHO :43% of disease children undr5 yr, due to preventable env risk
is the mechanism?6. Coherence - doesn't conflict with what we know of the disease factors.
Outcome= anything we can measure, & has medical importance. Including: morbidity (illness), mortality (all cause), mortality Heavy metals >food, water, air skin COMPETE essential minerals ( zinc, copper, mg, ca ) !! 1 organ system function. 2 toxic to
from...disease, disease progress, bio makes, ER visits & others. Outcome is not trivial. developing system fetuses, infants 3 memory impairt, dmg to nervous system & behavioral problems. High dose can cause irreversible
Case fatality Rate(lethality( (CFR) CFR (%) during a time period = no of deaths due to diseases X-100/number of cases of disease brain dmg Pb – child central nervous sys, IQ, all organs, adult hypertensionHg – nervous sys & infant deformaties As – cancers, child
Env. Epidemiology: ˃ Studies "environmental" risk factors including: chemical -physical (radiation, noise) - biological agents; non-genetic development, IQ
(epigenetic, in the DNA) diseases;-food pollutants; Not infectious diseases but climate change. – Phthalates => widely used as plasticizers to make plastic flexible & are also used in personal care projects .BPA COCUKLARA KOTU||
Descriptive- depiction of occurrence of disease in populations according to classification by person, place, & time variables Analytic - Chemicals cross placenta: Pb, mercury, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) substance abuse pre-conception /Father:
causal (etiologic).ex J. Snow study of cholera, map of cholera cases in Broad Street area painter,mechanic,textile
A. EXPERIMENTAL Trials r&omized controlled (RTC) (medicine trials)ethics or Natural experiment -Quasi-experimented designs -e.g. V.S GROWN 1greater body-weight basis 2metabolic pathways immature 3rapid, but edelicate development process disturb 4more time
John Snow 300k into 2 London well caused more to dvlp chronic 5) explorers 6) lives lower to ground & rounder in size high area to volume 7)don’t understand danger 8)higher ventilation
B. OBSERVATIONAL >>>>1)CASE SERIES/ECOLOGICAL - information where patients who share a disease is gathered over time. 8)more calorie needs 9) surface area per bodyaess
study in which at least one variable is measure at the population (not individual level). Often look at averages. Ex Per-capita sugar Measuring Dermal Transfer of a Pesticide to Children in a Child CareC., => Children in a selected child care center were monitored using
consumption is a an ecological variable because it is the average measure of exposure to sugar for all the people in the country. Ex full-body cotton garments to measure dermal loading. The measurements were used to calculate dermal transfer coefficients for use in
children lead exposure & rates aggressive crime assessing children’s residential exposure to pesticides. The upper-range values in this study were similar to the default value used by the
2) CASE CONTROL (ODDSRATIO): OR = (A / C) / (B / D) = (AD) / (BC) exposed will be sick, healthy weren’t exposed- foodbourne USEPA to assess children’s dermal exposures resulting from contact with indoor surfaces
outbreaks.OR>1 post assoc exposure-disease 6OCCUP• (Greeks, Romans) - risk of mining• Rhazes 9cc used occupational classifications in medical case descriptions• Paracelsus (1493-
3) COHORT – follow ppl over time, compare outcomes to particular risk factor RELATIVE RISK: This is the ratio of the (incidence rate of 1541) wrote a book- occupational diseases• Bernardino Ramazzini - father of occupational medicine, highlighted risks of thing
a disease or health outcome in an exposed group)/ VS ( non-exposed group’s incidence), if RR. ˃ 1 positive relationship exposure-disease used@workplace
types: longitudinal (overtime) design, retrospective or prospective (looking into the future) ex Hula valley, Israel (1987-91) in season Examples:• Miners’ asthma • Potters’ rot • Mad hatter’s disease • Phossy jaw • Mule spinners’ cancer – First reported in 1887 – Cancer
reversible neurobehavioral effects of low level, long term exposure to organophosphorous (OP) pesticides in a cohort of agricultural reported in oil shale worker 1876 – 1926: thought source was prolonged contact with mineral oils on skin of scrotum, shale oil
workers. The effects remain in the same cohort, In 8 -12 year children 75 of whom are second generation of the cohort. Incidence yes, carcinogenic. Why? – 1911-38: 500 deaths amongst cotton mule-spinners from scrotum cancer, none amongst wool spinners. Why? •
prevalence no Gauley Bridge disaster (1931-completion) – Caused exposure of unprotected workers to high levels of silica dust – Resulted in about
4) CROSS SECTIONAL (prevelance study) health surveys of pops, snapshot pointoftime, can’t see causality. 1,500 cases of silicosis & 1,000 deaths • Triangle Shirtwaist Company fire (2011) – 146 women died within 15 minutes – Doors were
1)Prevalence =how widespread the disease is, or a person's likeness of having the disease. i.e. among jewest females ages 30-35 in haifa locked & fire escapes nonfunctional.
in1/1/ 2014 3.3% have diabetes. #Sick People at a point in time x (factor) / Total#people in the populationATthat time Agents: Noise(ototoxic construction & healthcare industry=2011 new regulations) -Dusts -Toxic heavy -Carbon monoxide -Chemicals -
2)Point Prevalence= prevalence at the beginning of an interval plus any new cases occurring(condition or death) during the period.= #of Ionizing radiation -Microbial agents - heavy weights - Repetitive motion - Workplace accidents
cases during time interval (factor)/ Total# of people in the population 1) Respiratory 2) Toxic Heavy metals & their fumes 3) Allergic&Irritant Dermat 4) (MSD) 5)W-Related Stress 6)Fertility&Pregnancy
3) Incidence rate: for specific populations= (number cases of NEW cases) X multiplier (e.g 100 or 100000) / total population risk Abnorm PREVENT: CONTROL MODIFY ADMIN
Lesihmania(CL) sandflies(transmitters to humans) & cutaneous Leishmania(CL) . found inside caves & in several rodent species. In Israel, ISR Industry: initially strong gov involvemnt: Stage 1: agricultural prod S2: aviation&armament,response to embargoes S3:arms industry
are increasing per 100 000 incidences of CL, esp. in Jerusalem: 0.13-˃ 9.7 per 100,000, upwards trend-˃ majority in Ma'ale Adumim (214 hi-tech
in 2004) in a vllg 50/1000. Confirmation of suspected cases> GIS > Interviews patients CL questnr 1960s: privatization join EEC 80s: return of high tech engineers, dvlp R&D centers 1990s: Russian immg,trained engineers manifctr.
Limitation epidemiological studies: long latency periods, low incidence & prevalence, difficulties in exposure assessment, BAZAN private comp public exposures to chemical odors bad monitoring hiding seeking no transperancy but government indirect
nonspecific effects.Bias= "systematic deviation of results or inferences from the truth. An error in the conception & design of a study or in Diesel Exhaust truck drivers & railroad crews exposed directly to diesel exhaust have lung cancer 20-40% higher|||VIB & NOISE
the collection, analysis, interpretation, reporting, publication, or review of data. Confounding & health worker effect. 7 expoEstimating concentration factors= location & daily human activities); using
3 TOXICOLOGY = study of the adverse effects of chemicals on living organisms History: Paracelsus16cc. founder of mod.toxicology, the monitoring data (including quality assurance, sampling & analytical chemistry methods)&models (sister chromatic exchange)
concept of dose-response relationship & notion of target organ specificity of chemicals. Mathieu Orfila19: The dose makes the poison, STEPS OF EA: 1. Characterize the exposure setting pop, lifetstyle: soil properties, water flow, weather, temperature.. Chemical & physical
types of poisons & their bodily effects forensic toxicology( Mme. Lafarge- husband-arsenic) properties of hazardous agent/action/event. Environmental concentrations, fate 2. Identify exposure pathways: (Source & mechanism
Poison: agent capable of producing a deleterious response in a biological system. Toxicity = dgree to which something is poisonous. for release= Transport mechanism= Potential contact with the contaminant= Absorption into blood) May involve different processes
Related to a materials physical & chemical properties. Toxin = toxic substance made by living organisms (reptiles, insects, plants & (transport, trans-formation of chemical e.g. oxidation, evaporation, accumulation 3. Quantify exposure (magnitude, frequency,
microorganisms, some mushrooms, poison hemlock, foxglove) Toxicant = toxic substances are man-made or result from human duration) Estimate concentrations, calculate human intake 4. Quantify Intake For Noncarcinogens: Maximum Daily Dose (MDD)
(anthropocentric) activity Carcinogens: LADD
Dose= Refers to “the amount of a substance administered at one time.”1. exposure dose = in environment 2. external dose= in contact China cyclist: PM2.5 & CO found that cyclists had the highest traffic exposure VS traveling by bus & taxi (p b 0.05) (Huang et al.,
3. absorbed dose= in body available to organs4. internal dose= internalized thro ingestion/absorption 5.administered dose= quantity 2012).Diesel Exhaust - truck drivers & railroad crews exposed directly to diesel exhaust have lung cancer 20% to 40%higher
administered6. biologically effective= causes heal*th effect 7.total dose=adding together all indiv doses Often information on internal EX OIL SPILL: during maintenance 3M liter couple KMs, Jordan 80+ hospitalized , 3 Israel Eilat 3 ppl treated, oil needs to be pumped out
dose is unavailable & associations can be drawn only between exposure & response or effect. In a few instances, standards have been set but rain storm- land & money damage- firefighters & env prevent further dmg
based on dose (e.g., permissible levels of lead in blood or mercury in urine). ADME: Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism,Excretion body defenses: Membrane barriers – passive&facilitated diffusion, active
Target organism - Red aquil rodentacide is vomited by man but not by rats. Targ organ - Lead accumulates in the bone (lead replaces transport, Biotransformation enzymes, antioxidants - Elimination mechanisms
calcium). Water Disinfection Byproducts (DBPs) • Chemicals used to disinfect water include chlorine, chloramines, chlorine dioxide, & ozone. •
Lethal Dose 50 (LD50)-˃ causing death in 50 percent of exposed animals.” Extrapolated to humans, & expressed as mg/kg These chemicals are associated with by-products of chlorination called DBPs. • Chlorine is associated with trihalomethanes (THMs), which
If not deadly ED50. what dose of the toxicant causes 50% of the study animals to lose their hair, are among the most common & widely measured DBPs. Chlorination of Water & Risk of Birth Defects=> Associated with frequency of late
Additive 1 +1=2, synergism 1+1=3 potentation one non toxic makes other toxic, antagonism: 1+1=0 adverse pregnancy outcomes= Congenital anomalies / birth defects / Stillbirths / Neonatal deaths EPA: direct- reconstructive-predictive
approaches
8-PHYS HAZSound pressure level (SPL)- measure intensity of sound.decibels (dBs) - logarithmic scale that reports the SPL, 1db 10 SPL C) ORGANOPHOSPHATE (ANTICHOLINESTERASES): ihibitators, wide range of insects, no need for mult, ((sprays,
increase Vibration: long term to hands-fingers also to back pain baits, indoor foggers & bombs, flea collars, pet shampoos Ex Diazinon, , Methyl parathion, Parathion , Malathion:approved for direct
RADIATON energy traveling through space, Curie (Ci) after Marie* leukemia . Factors: time-distance from source-r.activity of material application to food; fruit(apple-grape), raw crops & veggies(tomato) )), not been weakened by resistance of insects , tend not to persist
1) NON-Ionizing (on low freq scale,up to 1MHz): just vibrate not removing e, sound waves, visible light, microwave Low Freq:static field, in env, frequent cause of fatal poisoning. Acute E: Inhibit the enzyme (AChE) soon after exposure - impairment of the neural impulse
electric lines: no short term eff High Freq: radio/TV/microgal heats body. EMgntc Freq(inconsistent cancer), Cell phones&Towers EX: transfer mech. Developmental neurotoxins at lower levels Long-term E: as organophosphate-induced delayed polyneuropathy, which is
natanya, cancer. Women RR:4.15 living near cellular transmitter. UVR: lightning,sunbath,photo,halogen//temp burns, skin cancer, manifested by numbness, loss of sensory abilities, & weakness Woman&children: prenatal exposure can effect cognitive function &
photoagigng, retina success in school, several enzymes are not developed fully till 9 years, deficit in inhibitory motor control . Roundup corps: broad
2) IONIZING (can go up really high freq,low Hz): powerful to break e bonds creating atoms, atom decays into a diff Element that might or spectrum for weeds,
might not be radioactive. A)Types: Particulate energy (e.g., highly energetic protons, neutrons, & α & β particles) Electromagnetic energy D) PYRETHRINS: botanical insecticides derived from chrysanthemum flowers. They alter nerve function, which paralyses insect
(photons e.g., γ rays & X-rays) B)Sources: Natural(cosmic r, geologic formations contain ex uranium, radon gas deadly at home) pests, resulting in death. PYRETHROIDS: synthetic chemical insecticides whose chemical structures are adapted from pyrethrins &
Anthrp(xrays,consumer prod, industry,energy,weapons, consumer prods: Uranium “daughter products” naturally present in soils seem to act in a similar manner. Paralyze & kill insects - have low concentrations of the active ingredient- Used in home in aerosol cans,
be selectively absorbed by the tobacco plant, where they decay into radioactive polonium. Uranium trioxide: orange glaze usedin vintage insecticide bombs, pet shampoos, treatments for lice applied directly to humans, & mosquito repellents - May be inhaled as a result of
ceramics. C)Acute Effects: tissue burn, radiation sickness(nausea,loss of hair),fatal injuries at high levels, not visible in low levels. spraying or ingested in foods
StochasticEf:increased prob of anadverse health, low lvls of rad.exposure long time period Ex: Carcinogenesis & genetic damage (change GE&GMOs produce can produce their own pesticide in the form of Bacillus thurengiensis(Bt) // resistant to herbicides, "Roundup-Ready"
in DNA) crops.
REM: (Roentgen equivalent in man) = measure of radiation dose deposited in body tissue averaged over mass of the tissue of interest. CRIIGEN Study: GMO & Pesticides Cause Tumors & Higher Mortality Rate? GMO FOR PEST ? or PEST for GMO?
9- HAZARDS CHEMSCERCLA = Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, & Liability Act NPL National Priority list Arsenic, Glyphosate(organophosphate): skyrocketed after seeds GEd to tolerate the chemicals- grew 11M pound to 300 M pounds farmuse
lead, mercury, PBC, vinyl chloride, benzene, cadmium, PAH, benzo(b)fluorenthene, chloroform, DDT, aroclor 1254 & 1260, Israeli 105 pests@food:, 20 of the banned pesticides can harm the nervous system or children's cognitive development. 15% suspected of
dibenzo(a,h)anthracene, tricjlorothylene, dieldrin,chromium, phosphorus white, chlordane. Characteristics to get in at NPL list: being carcinogenic Israeli 2 No correlation between concerns about children’s exposure & taking preventative actions! Less aware-
frequency of occurencu at NPL sites, toxicity, potential for human exposure (concentration + exp status of population sites) demand less || Managaing household pests- env health fund
Halogenated hydrocarbons: synthetic chemicals based on a carbon-halogen bond. PCB high solubility in organic solvents, oils 11 HouseHold Hazards Chemical (50% of population don’t know they used every day. Need to understand the frameworks for childcare
(bioaccumulate), penetrate skin, very stable. Water. & guidelines & inspections systems. Things we can’t control but other yes. Empower the people! Knowlegment.
Dioxins & furans: toxic, natural, fat soluble, bioaccumlative, similar impact to PCB (cancer, birth defect), immune system, nervous, 12Environmental Health policies. Env Policy a st of plans or actions agreed on by a government, political party, business or other group
endorine. Vinyl chloride: to make PVC plastic. Short exp effect on CNS, long exp damage in liver, carcinogenic. Principles: The precautionary principle, environment l justice, environmental sustainability, the polluter-pays principle.
Organic solvents (benzene, trichloroethylene) smell on the new furniture, cars. Benzene is correlated with leukemia in shoe&leather Env Health Policy:decicions, plans,actions that are undertaken to achieve specific health care goals within a society. Achieve vision for the
workers. future. Env Policy to protect human health WHO major agency responsible- env health global level. Climate change impacts health
Heavy metals The symptoms of acute poisoning from exp to metals have rapid onset—from a few min to approx 1 h. Symptoms may outcomes.
consist of gastrointestinal effects (vomiting & stomach pain) & neurological effects (headaches, suppression of normal breathing, & Assessment. identify, diagnose, monitor health problems Policy Development Develop policies & plans that support individual +
convulsions). HM cause brain damage in fetus, can cause damage internal organs, nervous system, cancer, mortality, memory community env health Assurance link people to services, enforcevlaws, regs, effectiveness, research
impairment, learning problem, hiperactivity in children Gender Differences & HM Exp Effects: the differences are attributed to hormonal Environmental health policies & practices: principals & topics of health/ environmental/environmental health policies &
& metabolic process related to menstruation, pregnancy & menopause.Ar,Be,Cd,Cr,Hg,Pb,Ni HM has a high atomic weight with a specific assessments, connections to economic interests, environmental health issues in Israel.
gravity that exceeds the specific gravity of water by 5 or more. Many of them bio-accumulate main focus ||study type||who affected/ who studied||how affected/how measured||where/ when||by what||effects on body
Ar:byproduct of refining Au & others,pesticides, wood preservatives. Impacts: lung(inhaled), skin,bladder,kidney, liver(Ingested) ||limitations & findings
cancer,cerebrovascular,diabetes,adverse pregnancy Be: special properties (ligher Al & strong steel).Inhaled.Carcinogen. Cd: cigarette >>studies ecological influences (social + biological elements of ecosystem) of as the base of CL outbreak:
smoke & diet. Produce of Ni & Cd batteries. Osteoporosis, height loss, kidney damage, itai itai Cr IV: digestive problems,mage to kidney & ecoepidemiology||Analytical/Ecological||parasites affect the wildlife who then gets bitten by sand flies who bite humans||urban
liver when ingested. Carcinogen.Inhaled cause respiratory problems (Erin brockovich) Pb: affects almost every bodily system. development could have led to closer interference + warmer climate||jerusalem district 1999-2005, increase 2003 - 2005 0.95/1000 --
Accumulates in blood, soft tissue & bones.Larger effect kidney, CNS, anemia. Pb compete with iron for transport into cells . iron depletion >9.7/1000||CL disease carried by parasites||damage on tissue & zweren||not strictly monitored before it took place (biased?)
aggravates lead poisoning. Acute Exposure in Indoor Firing Ranges & Iron Metabolism Hg: byproduct, bioaccumulation more in aquatic >>looks at the research that has been done on health issues in the semiconductor industry reviews research||producers & those who live
invertebrates. Al: possible association with alzheimers disease. Copper, zinc, & iron are essential for human nutrition but can be toxic if in the area & drink groundwater ||from the 80’s in america until now||reproductive defects, lung abnormality & cancer||biased
ingested in excessive amounts. An optimal range of these essential metals is necessary to maintain health. research by companies as IBM - critics: “small sample size, poor study design, lack of individual exposure information inconclusive new
10PESTICIDES: subst/mix to prevent/dstry/repel/mitigate(insects, rodents, weeds, & a host of other unwanted organisms) Insecticide, industry that is growing at a fast pace comprehensive understanding is problematic → no legal enforcement limited transparency from
Herbicide,Fungicide,Nematocide(prevents nematode),Rotenticide(kills or prevents food dmg) Risk: agriculture workers,pets,children, the industry
livestock >>the impact of short-term lead exposure in firing ranges & its relationship to iron, deficiency ||experimental analytical ||adults → 30
(+)yield, prevent human-animal disease, appy to skin to treat lice or scabies, labeling regulations (-) large number & amount, short term healthy IDF soldiers between 19 - 21 ;6 weeks spending at indoor firing ranges||dust is produced by the combustion of lead containing
high dose-acute toxicity, low level chronic exposure & neurotixicants, mutagens, carcinogens, imunotoxicants, endocrine disruptors primers / analyses of blood samples for 6 weeks within two hours to the laboratory ||inorganic lead dust gets inhaled into the lungs thro
Problems with dust||accumulates in blood, soft tissue & bone, highest effect on kidney, central nervous system & blood cell prod.||significant: soldiers
Acute Exposure: Asthma Attacks , Flu-like Symptoms: nausea, headache, stomach ache, upper respiratory distress Long-Term Exposure: were at twice the risk for lead poisoning & iron depletion independently. the entire group doubled in lead levels in blood. Iron depletion
Asthma, alergies, chemical sensitivity , Risk of Cancer , Risk of Neurological damage , Impact to hormonal & reproductive systems. can worsen lead poisoning. no precautions → lead easily absorbed.;lacks control group retrospective study;iron & ferritin reduction were
EX Central ValleyHelicopter- during cold weather - when the trees are dormant, kills overwintering arthropodpests & diseases. BUT the at normal range
organophosphate insecticides used as dormant sprays cause problems when drift occurs or when rainfall washes residues into streams. >>human biomonitoring: expoosure to a chemical & its reaction in human biological materials (PCS Interseticides & metals)||review
A)ORGANOCHLORINES: chlorinated hydrocarbons, stable & fat-soluble; persist in the environment, bioaccumulate in the food older research||mothers, children people (breastmilk, blood samples)||older: socio-economic factors were tested in Israel, Palestine &
chain, PROBS immune system & cancer: Examples include: Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT), Lindane, Chlordane, Methoxychlor/ jordan - no outcome. immigrants: no outcome||current: 4-6 times higher than in US under pregnant women||now: first national study &
BANNED 3 = ongoing study in 400 pregnant women by palestinian & israeli authority||HBM - has a focus on classic pollutants, not on current
1)DDT(insecticide): Not regarded as a highly toxic pesticide, Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs)- toxic chemicals adversely affects pesticides or endocrine disruptors studies have been limited to small sample size utilization of international labs
human health & environment globally. Formerly applied for insects & malaria(savedmillionsofppl) but after peak in 40s, in the 60s it was >>estimate the exposure of the adult israeli population to OPs & determine dietary & demographic predictions of exposure as a piece of
banned bec of adverse health effects(cancer, reproductive eff, impaired lacitation, sperm count fall, neurologic functiondiziness) evidence to national public health policies||analytic case control study ||adults 20 - 74, urban vs rural, jews vs. Arabs, several areas on
2)Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) used as dielectric & coolant fluids( trasformers electric motors). Bnnd: env toxicity & organic voluntary consent. ||consuming (breathing, touching, digesting) → interviews + urine samples ||2011||OP’s DAP’s||not
pollutant mentioned||population may not be representive, only shows recent intake (urine) DMP & DMTP were highest concentrations (types of
3)Tributyltin2003 used in wood preservation, antifouling in marine paints, antifungal action in textiles & industrial water DAP’s)., Isreal is widely exposed, Higher concentrations in adults & pregnant women when compared to NL or US. OP concentration were
systems&breweries. higher in people with higher income + education. No big difference between rural/ urban. High level of fruit consumption has 30% higher
Herbicides/Defoliants: contained small amount of dioxin EX:Atrazine, Paraquat, Agent Orange::(19M gallons sprayed in Vietnam&Laos) concentration
cause forms of cancer: Soft tissue sarcoma Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma -Hodgkin’s disease- Chronic lymphocytic leukemia >>effects of storms on chemical storage and the environment (near to coastlines)||overview||people who live around these
B) ORGANOCARBAMATES: control garden pests (wasps, snails, ticks, fleas) , relative of anticholinesterase, but unlike contaminated sites ||flooding can spread the contamination|| no good protection in disaster moments||respiratory system, harm trees,
anticholinesterase the activity is reversible & quickly dissipates from einv bec it downs to other substance. Ex: Carbyl (Sevin), Aldicarb, & acid rain. ||first it the benefits of putting the chemicles on the coast had benefits (transportation) but with the growing population it can
Fenoxycarb, Methyl Isocyanate (MIC): intermediate chemical used for the manufacture of carbamate pesticide; extremely toxic to life do a lot of harm.
forms (e.g., human beings, aquatic organisms, & plants), accidental release industrial accident in 1984 India, killed 3.8k people, 50K
permanent disabilities or died later. Safe storage requires it to be cool&away from water, if not heat & deadly gas.