Omni-Akuatika, 13 (1): 78–84, 2017

ISSN: 1858-3873 print / 2476-9347 online

Research Article

Heavy Metals (Cu, Pb and Cd) in Water and Angel Fish (Chelmon rostractus) from Batam
Coastal, Indonesia
1 ) 2) 3) 1)
Ismarti Ismarti * , Ramses Ramses , Suheryanto Suheryanto , Fitrah Amelia

1)
Department of Math, Faculty of Teaching Training and Education, University of Riau Kepulauan, Jl. Batuaji
Baru No. 99 Batuaji, Batam, Kepulauan Riau, Indonesia
2)
Department of Biology, Faculty of Teaching Training and Education, University of Riau Kepulauan, Jl. Batuaji
Baru No.99 Batuaji, Batam, Kepulauan Riau, Indonesia.
3)
Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Math and Natural Science, Univerrsity of Sriwijaya, Jl Raya Prabumulih,
Inderalaya, Sumatera Selatan, Indonesia
)
* Corresponding author: ismarti78@gmail.com

Received 12 January 2017; Accepted 27 March 2017; Available online 31 May 2017

ABSTRACT

Fish play an important role in human nutrition and therefore need to be carefully and routinely
monitored to ensure that there are no high levels of heavy metals being transferred to human through
their consumption. This study has been carried out to determine level of heavy metals (Cu, Pb, and
Cd) in water and angel fish, Chelmon rostractus collected from coast of Batam. We report levels of
Cu, Cd and Pb in water and angel fish from Coast Batam using Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy
(AAS). Level of heavy metals obtained in water and fishes were fluctuative. Cu was obtained in both,
water and fish muscles. Level of Cu in fishes muscle still under the permissible limit, but it was
exceeded permissible limit for water. Cd not detected in water, but it was obtained in fish muscles.
Level of Cd in fishes from Tanjung Pinggir site was exceeded permissible limit. High level of Pb was
found in water and fish muscles. Level of Pb in water and fish muscles were exceed permissible limit.
It is indicated that the coast Batam has contaminated with Cu, Pb and Cd.
Keywords: heavy metals, angel fish, marine pollution, Batam coastal

1. Introduction Metal accumulation is a tool to identify

Nowdays, there have been an increasing
of water pollution. The aquatic environment
was contaminated by such heavy metals.
Heavy metal pollution is a major threat to the
environment. Some heavy metals often
contaminating water are mercury, Cu, Pb, Zn,
Sn, As (Ashraf et al., 2012), and Cd (Sarong et
al., 2013)
Industrial activities, transportation,
agriculture and domestic caused heavy metal
contamination in open waters (Sarong et al.,
2013). Fishes accumulate heavy metals in their
body through absorption and humans can be
exposed to heavy metals through their meal
(Ashraf et al., 2012). Heavy metals that have
already been consumed will be bound in the
sulfihidril with irreversible bond, so that the
metal is fixed and cannot be secreted and in
certain concentration, they can have negative
effects, depending on the type of metal
(Simbolon et al., 2014).
the impact of heavy metals in aquatic
ecosystems because it shows the adverse of
effects on the organism (Baharom and Ishak,
2015). Fishes have been used as bio-indicators
for heavy metals in water (Supriyanto, 2007;
Riani, 2010; Nirmala, et al., 2012; Damiano, et
al., 2011; Ashraf, et al., 2012; Ibemenuga,
2013; Setiawan et al., 2013 and El- Moselhy, et
al., 2014). The use of fishes as bio-indicators
can determine the actual state of the levels of
pollutants before and after the observation
(Ashraf et al., 2012). According to Supriyanto et
al. (2007), the level of heavy metals in fish
closely related to the disposal of industrial
waste near the fish live. The accumulation rate
of heavy metals in fishes depends on the
characteristics of chemical compounds,
concentration and species of fish (Sarong et al.,
2013; Supriyanto et al., 2013).
Angelfish, Chelmon rostractus, is
classified as family of Chaetodontidae with
colorful characteristic body consisting of orange
from a dorsal fin, anal fin, and in parts of the
 Ismarti et al., 2017, Heavy Metals (Cu, Pb and Cd) in Water and Angel Fish 79

body including color dappled consisting of
orange and white, while the tail of them is
white. According to Setiawan (2006) C.
rostractus which live at depths of 1-25 m is
found at rocky shores, reefs, estuaries, and
deploy in the Western Pacific (Andaman sea-
Japan, Indonesia, and Australia).
Chaetodontidae is classified as reef fish and
spread of just around reefs (Suryanti et
al., 2011). Experts agree on classifying the fish
as an indicator species of healthy condition or
absence of coral reefs, because this fish is
truely coral reef dweller (Laikun et al., 2014;
Suryanti, et al., 2011). These fish are
omnivorous and feed on soft coral polyps as a
primary food source (Frimanozi et al., 2014).
This study aimed to evaluate the levels
of metals Cu contaminant, Pb and Cd in
seawater and Chelmon rostractus of aquatic
environment of Batam. Chelmon
rostractus was chosen because it is the species
of fish mostly caught in the trap of sampling
sites (Table 1).
2. Material and Methods
Sampling location
Fish sampling was conducted in the
western side of Batam Island from April to May
2016 by using traps that were planted in the
sea bottom. Sampling sites covered an area of
Tanjung Pinggir (Station 1), Tanjung Riau
(Station 2), Marina Beach (Station 3) and
Tanjung Uncang (Station 4). Coordinates of
sampling site can be seen on the map (Figure
1).

Table 1. Data of C. rostractus at sampling sites

Weight Size
Sampling Sites Sample Number
(gram) (cm)
Tj. Pinggir 19 41.32 ± 7.77 12.23 ± 0.71
Tj. Riau 12 28.67 ± 10.60 10.75 ± 1.54
Marina 4 31.25 ± 10.50 11.03 ± 1.25
Tj. Uncang 9 27.89 ± 7.20 10.91 ± 0.83

Figure 1. Research site

80 Omni-Akuatika Vol. 13 No. 1 May 2017 : 78 - 84
Sample preparation
Separating the fish meat using Dolphin
surgical equipment was the first preparation to
do. Then it dried by using an oven Kirrin Model
KBO-250RA at a temperature of 105 ° C for 3
until homogeneous. Then the mixture was
added 5 ml of HNO3 and heated using
heat mantle for 30 minutes or until a clear liquid
was obtained with a volume of ± 10
ml. Samples which were destructed were
filtered using Whatman filter paper No. 41. The
filtrate obtained was accommodated in a 50 ml
of volumetric flask, and diluted to mark the
boundary.
The determination of heavy metals
The determination of heavy metals Cu,
Cd and Pb were performed using AAS of
Shimadzu AA-7000. Metal analysis method
refers to ISO 6989.16: 2009 for metal Cd, ISO
6989.6: 2009 for Cu and ISO 6989.8: 2009 for
metallic Pb. The accuration of testing methods
of metal Cd were tested using Certified
Reference Materials (CRM) IM-12 artificial LIPI
standards traceable to the National Institute of
USA and PTB Germany, with a value of 98.7 ±
3.2% accuracy, precision 2.94 %, LOD = 0.007
mg/L and LOQ = 0,023 mg/L. The accuracy of
testing methods of metallic Pb was tested by
using Certified Reference Materials (BAT) IM-
12 artificial LIPI standards which is traceable to
the National Institute of USA and PTB
Germany, with a value of accuration 98.7 ±
3.2%, precision 2.16 %, LOD = 0.028 mg / L
and LOQ = 0.092 mg / L. Meanwhile, the
accuracy of testing methods of metallic Cu to
Table 2. Physical-chemical parameters of seawater
Parameter
TP
Flows velocity (m/s) 0,099
pH 8,0
Salinity (‰) 30,3
DO (mg/l) 7 6,9
Brightness (m) 2,5
Temperature (°C) 29,4
Station: TP=Tanjung Pinggir, TR= Tanjung Riau, MR=Marina, TU= Tanjung Uncang
hours. Determination of heavy metals was done
in Integrated Testing Laboratory, Faculty of
Math, University of Sriwijaya, Palembang. Acid
destruction was performed at ± 5 gram of
sampling, which was put into a round bottom
flask, added 50 ml of demin water, and shaken
the recovery test, with a value of 88.66%
accuracy, precision 1.181%, LOD = 0.033 mg /
L and LOQ = 0,109mg / L.
Data analysis
The data were analyzed descriptively to
see the results of measurement of parameters
and to see the results of the samples test in the
laboratory by comparing the quality standards
based on Minister of the Environment Decree
No. 51 of 2004 on Quality Standard of Sea
Water; for biota. Furthermore, the content of
Cd and Pb of fish refers to the ISO 7387: 2009
and FAO, while for metal Cu refers to the FAO
standard 2003 (Baharom and Ishak, 2015).
3. Results and Discussion
Physical-chemical parameters of seawater
Heavy metals dissolved naturally in
water were free ionic form, the pair of inorganic
ions, organic or inorganic complexes. The
physical and chemical establishment of heavy
metals in the aquatic environment was affected
by salinity, temperature, pH, redox potential,
organic matter and suspended solids, biological
activity and properties of the metal (Mamboya,
2007). Table 2 presented the physical-chemical
parameters of seawater from the sampling site.
Research Sites (Station)
TR MR TU
0,108 0,135 0,161
8,0 8,1 8,1
34,3 34,3 34,7
6,7 7,7
1,8 1,54 3,66
31,9 31,9 31,7
 Ismarti et al., 2017, Heavy Metals (Cu, Pb and Cd) in Water and Angel Fish
Physical-chemical parameters of the
water environment relates each other (Sa’ and
Mahmoud, 2014) The Flow has a very
important role in the water, because the flows
effected on the distribution of organisms,
dissolved gases and minerals contained in the
water. The flow velocity is in the range from
0.099 to 0.161 m/s and the largest flow velocity
encountered in the area of Tanjung
Uncang. This is possible because this location
is the open sea, while the other location
Tanjung Pinggir, Tanjung Riau and Marina, is a
semi-open waters. The open sea can easily
carry dissolved metals into other areas, so it
could contaminate other locations. Batam
Island covers from Sekupang to Port of
Sagulung is a center of industry and
shipbuilding. In addition, there are at least
seven ports that serve routes between islands,
national and international routes. Flow velocity
has an impact on the distribution of heavy
metals in the water, so it also affects the levels
of heavy metals in organisms in these waters.
The pH value in all stations is in common
relatively, that is in the range of 8-8.1. The pH
value of sea water tends to be encourage the
deposition of metals in seawater. At high pH,
Cu, Cd and Pb tends to precipitate as insoluble
hydroxides, oxides, carbonates or phosphates,
thereby decreasing the toxicity of these metals
(Mamboya, 2007; Rochyatun and Rozak,
2007).
Salinity value is in the range of 30.3 to
34.7‰, with the highest salinity values at
station 4, Tanjung Uncang. Sea water with high
salinity and has a higher ionic strength, so it
can affect the destabilization of suspended
solid particles, forming aggregations which is
followed by the deposition due to gravity
(Maslukah, 2013). Salinity can also affect the
presence of heavy metals in the water, if there
is a decrease in salinity due to the desalination
process will lead to the improvement of the
level of toxic heavy metals and heavy metal
bioaccumulation greater (Yudiati, Sedjati,
Enggar, & Metoda, 2009).
Dissolved oxygen levels, brightness and
temperature are factors that influence each
other. The low of DO and the high of BOD and
COD of waters is an indicator of biological and
chemical contaminants highly (Dwiyitno et al.,
2008). The value of DO in sea water sampling
ranged from 6.9 to 7.7 mg/l, the highest value
of DO was in station 4, and the lowest in the
station 3. The level of DO in water affected the
levels of heavy metals in fish. According to
Muiruri, Nyambaka, and Nawiri (2013), the fish
81
has to extract oxygen from water by passing
the water through its gills. Thus, the gills
potentially absorbed heavy metals that can be
considered as a significant indicator to estimate
the level of heavy metal contamination in the
water.
The brightness is affected by suspended
solids. If the brightness or light was low
penetration, it will affect the decrease in
photosynthetic activity that will affect the rise in
water temperature (Sa’ and Mahmoud, 2014).
In this study, the highest seawater
transparency repeatedly was in Uncang
Tanjung, Tanjung Pinggir, Tanjung Riau and
Marina. In this study, there is a correspondence
between the value of the brightness levels and
the dissolved oxygen in each sampling location.
The temperature of seawater at the
research site was between 29.4 ° C - 31.9 0 C.
Based on Authman (2015), the high
temperatures can cause high activity and the
rate of heavy metals circulation in fish, the
lower affinity of oxygen in the blood can
increase the rate of accumulation of pollutants
and the rate of metabolism which lead to
increase the feeding behavior, so it will
increase the concentration of metals in fish, if
the metal is taken through the food chain.
Levels of heavy metals Cu, Cd and Pb in
seawater and angelfish
The results of the analysis of the
content of Cu, Cd and Pb in seawater and
angelfish are shown in Table 3. Cu was
detected in seawater sampling at all locations,
except in the area of Tanjung
Uncang. However, the Cu was detected in fish
at all sampling sites. Cd was not detected in
seawater samples, but it was detected in
samples of fish at all sampling sites. Further,
the metal Pb was detected in samples of
seawater and fish at all sampling sites.
Levels of heavy metals were observed
in each of the sampling sites followed the
pattern Pb> Cu> Cd. The result of the analysis
of heavy metals in seawater samples was
obtained Cu and Pb levels reached 0,04
mg/l. The high potential of Pb and Cu in this
location was predicted to have related to the
sources of pollutants in the region. Based on
Distribution of Shipping Industry Map in Batam,
it is known that the west area of Batam Island
from Sekupang to Port Sagulung is a center of
industry and shipbuilding. In addition, there are
at least seven ports that serve routes between
islands, national and international in this area.
82 Omni-Akuatika Vol. 13 No. 1 May 2017 : 78 - 84

The level of Cu in seawater at all exceeded the value of the environmental

locations have exceeded environmental quality
standards for biota set by the Ministry of
Environment No. 51 of 2004 indicating that the
water was contaminated by Cu. Cu was not
detected in water samples from the Tanjung
Uncang which is the industrial estate and
shipbuilding was allegedly associated with the
high-speed flow at that location, so that the
movement of contaminants dissolved was
faster. The content of Cu in fish samples
ranged from 0.07 to 0.88 mg/kg. This value still
meets the standards of FAO for Cu in fish that
is 30 mg/kg. The highest Cu levels was found
in fish sample from the Tanjung Uncang. This
area is a crowded area with electronics and
shipbuilding industries. According to Ashraf et
al. (2013), the intake of heavy metals by fish
living in waters contaminated depends on
ecological characteristics, metabolism and
other factors such as salinity, the level of
contamination of water, food and sediment.
Cu is an essential metal and serves as
micronutrients for cellular metabolism. In the
process of enzyme metabolism, Cu is a
decisive factor. However, Cu can be toxic very
much to aquatic organisms intracellular
mechanism if its concentration of water
exceeds normal limits (Authman, 2015).
Pb levels in seawater sampling are in the
range of 0.03-0,04 mg/l. This value has
quality standards set by the Ministry of
Environment for the biota is 0.008
mg/l. Similarly, Pb was observed in fish
samples that have exceeded the maximum limit
specified in SNI 7378: 2009 and the standard of
FAO in 2003. Thus, there is a trend of high risk
to health if people eat fish caught in the region.
According to Authman (2015), the
concentration and bioavailability of lead is
mainly dependent on the absorption of
sediment and organic compounds in the water,
in addition to the pH, alkalinity and
hardness. Aquatic organisms accumulate Pb
from water and food. However, it is more
reliable for Pb to accumulate in fish in aquatic
contamination. Pb can contaminate waters
through ballast water discharges of ship and
emissions of oil-fueled engine used as an anti-
knock on the machine. Premium is generally
used as a fuel in transportation. Tetraethyl
lead is usually added to the low-quality fuel to
increase the fuel octane rating to spare from
the noisy of machines. Besides that Pb also
serves as a lubricant for inter valves to prevent
an explosion during the combustion in the
engine. Pb is also used as an ingredient in
paints that are useful to accelerate the drying
process layer through oxidation and
polymerization in the ship repair business
(Ismarti et al., 2015).

Table 3. Heavy metal concentration levels of Cu, Cd and Pb in the seawater samples and angelfish

Sampling Sites (Station)

Heavy Metal Standards
TP TR MR TU
Cu
Water (mg/l) 0.04±0.02 0.04±0.01 0.04±0.01 bdl Kepmen LH No. 51
Th. 2004 (0.008 mg/l); FAO
Fish (mg/kg) 0.07 ± 0.00 0.79 ± 0.06 0.26 ± 0.03 0.88 ± 0.04 (30mg/kg) (Baharom and
Ishak, 2015)
Cd
Water (mg/l) bdl bdl bdl bdl Kepmen LH No. 51
Th. 2004 (0.001mg/l)
Fish (mg/kg) 0.16 ± 0.01 0.09 ± 0.00 0.03 ± 0.03 0.09 ± 0.03 SNI 7378: 2009 (0.1
mg/kg); FAO (0.5 mg/kg)
(Baharom and Ishak, 2015)
Pb
Water (mg/l) 0.03±0.00 0.04±0.00 0.04±0.00 0.04±0.00 Kepmen LH No. 51
Th. 2004 (0.008 mg/l); SNI
Fish (mg/kg) 0.71 ± 0.01 2.09 ± 0.16 0.88 ± 0.04 2.57 ± 0.00 7378: 2009 (0.3 mg/kg)
FAO (0.5 mg/kg) (Baharom
and Ishak, 2015)
bdl = below limit detection, n= 3
 Ismarti et al., 2017, Heavy Metals (Cu, Pb and Cd) in Water and Angel Fish
Cd level on C. rostractus was in the
range from 0.09 to 0.3 ppm. Although not
detected in seawater but Cd was detected in
fish at all sampling sites. The highest cadmium
level in fish was observed in fish from Tanjung
Pinggir site, which is equal to 0,16 mg/kg. This
value is even longer than allowed by SNI 7378:
2009, although still within the range allowed by
FAO. Cd contamination was predicted from the
local activity of people who throw waste into the
sea. Cd is a minor metal compound that is
widely used in various products, such as
electronic products, coloring/paint, batteries,
photography, plastic, agricultural pesticides,
and fuel (Dwiyitno, 2008).
4. CONCLUSION
Cu was detected in seawater samples at
all research sites, except in the area of Tanjung
Uncang. However, Cu was detected in fish at
all sampling sites. Cu levels in seawater
samples have exceeded environmental quality
standards, but Cu level in the fish still meet the
standards of the FAO. Cd was not detected in
samples of seawater, but it was detected in
samples of fish at all sampling sites. Cd levels
of fish in three sampling sites still meet the
standards of SNI 7378: 2009, except for the
fish of the Tanjung Pinggir site. Pb levels in
water and fish in all locations has exceeded the
permitted levels. This indicates that Batam
waters have been contaminated by metals i.e.
Cu, Cd and Pb.
Acknowledgment
Further thanks to the Ministry of Research and
Higher Education, which has funded this
research through Hibah Pekerti with Contract
No. 03 / SP-PEKERTI / UNRIKA / IX / 2016.
References
Ashraf, M. A., Maah, M. J., Yusoff, I. 2012.
Bioaccumulation of heavy metals in fish
species collected from former tin mining
catchment. International Journal of
Environmental Research 6 (1): 209–218.
Authman, M. M. 2015. Use of fish as Bio-
indicator of the Effects of Heavy Metals
Pollution. Journal of Aquaculture
Research & Development 6 (4):1–13.
83
Baharom, Z. S., Ishak, M. Y., 2015.
Determination of Heavy Metal
Accumulation in Fish Species in Galas
River, Kelantan and Beranang Mining
Pool, Selangor. Procedia Environmental
Sciences 30: 320–325.
Damiano, S., Papetti, P., Manesatti, P. 2011.
Accumulation of heavy metals to asses
the health status of swordfish in a
comparative analysis of Mediterranean
and Atlantic areas. Marine Pollution
Bulletin 6 (2):1920-1925.
Dwiyitno, D., N. Aji., and N. Indri, 2008. Heavy
metal residue in fish and environmental
quality of Barito River, South Kalimantan
Province, Jurnal Pascapanen dan
Bioteknologi Kelautan dan Perikanan 3
(2):147-154.
El-Moselhy, Kh.M., A.I. Othman, H. Abd El-
Azem, M. E. A., El-Metwally, 2014.
Bioaccumulation of heavy metals in
some tissues of fish in the Red Sea,
Egypt. Egyptian Journal of Basic and
Applied Sciences 1:97-105.
Frimanozi, S., Indra, J. Z., Izmiarti, 2014.
Komposisi dan Struktur Komunitas Ikan
Kepe-Kepe (Famili Chaetodontidae) di
Perairan Pantai Taman Nirwana, Kota
Padang. Jurnal Biologi Universitas
Andalas 3 (2): 092-096.
Ibemenuga and Keziah N., 2013.
Bioaccumulation and toxic effect of some
heavy metals in freshwater fishes.
Animal Research International 10 (3):
1792-1798
Ismarti., Fitra, A., Ramses. 2015. Kandungan
logam berat Pb dan Cd pada sedimen
dan kerang di Perairan Batam. Dimensi 4
(3): 1–8.
Mamboya, F. A. 2007. Heavy metal
contamination and toxicity Studies of
Macroalgae from the Tanzanian Coast.
Stockholm University library. pp 1-48.
Maslukah, L. 2013. Hubungan antara
Konsentrasi Logam Berat Pb , Cd , Cu ,
Zn dengan Bahan Organik dan Ukuran
Butir dalam Sedimen di Estuari Banjir
Kanal Barat, Semarang, 2.
Muiruri, J. M., Nyambaka, H. N., and Nawiri, M.
P., 2013. Heavy metals in water and
tilapia fish from Athi-Galana-Sabaki
tributaries, Kenya. International Food
Research Journal 20 (2):891–896.
Nirmala, K., Hastuti, Y.P., Vika Y.,2012.
Toksisitas merkuri (Hg) dan tingkat
84 Omni-Akuatika Vol. 13 No. 1 May 2017 : 78 - 84
kelangsungan hidup, pertumbuhan,
gambaran darah, dan kerusakan organ
pada ikan nila Oreochromis niloticus.
Jurnal Akuakultur Indonesia 11 (1):38-
48.
Riani, E. 2010. Kontaminasi merkuri (Hg)
dalam organ tubuh ikan petek
(Leiognathus equulus) di perairan Ancol,
Teluk Jakarta. Jurnal Teknologi
Lingkungan 11 (2): 313-322.
Rochyatun, E., Rozak, A. 2007. Pemantauan
kadar logam berat dalam sedimen di
Perairan Teluk Jakarta. Makara Sains 11
(1): 28–36.
Sa’, E. M., Mahmoud, A.M. 2014.
Determination of Some Physicochemical
Parameters and Some Heavy Metals in
Boreholes from Fagge L.G.A of Kano
Metropholis Kano State-Nigeria. World
Journal of Analytical Chemistry2 (2): 42–
46.
Sarong, M. A., Mawardi, A. L., Adlim, M.,
Zainal, A.,2013. Cadmium concentration
in three species of freshwater. AACL
Bioflux 6 (5):486–491.
Setiawan, A.,Ita, A., Suheryanto, E. 2013.
Kandungan Merkuri Total pada berbagai
jenis ikan Cat Fish di Perairan Sungai
Musi Kota Palembang. Seminar Nasional
Sains & Teknologi V LP Universitas
Lampung, Lampung.
Simbolon, A. R., Riani, E., and Wardiatno, Y.,
2014. Status pencemaran dan
kandungan logam berat pada simping (
Placuna placenta ) di Pesisir Kabupaten
Tangerang Status pollution and heavy
metal content on Scallop (Placuna
placenta) in Tangerang Coastal Waters
3 (2):9 1–98.
Sitanggang, A., 2010. Polikultural Ikan Laut.
Sinergi, Bandung.
Supriyanto, C., Samin, Zainul K. 2007. Analisis
Cemaran Logam Berat Pb, Cu, Dan Cd
Pada Ikan Air Tawar Dengan Metode
Spektrometri NyalaSerapan Atom (SSA).
Seminar Nasional III SDM Teknologi
Nuklir.Yogyakarta.
Suryanti., Supriharyono.,Willy I., 2011. Kondisi
Terumbu Karang dengan Indikator Ikan
Chaetodontidae di Pulau Sambangan
Kepulauan Karimun Jawa, Jepara, Jawa
Tengah. Buletin Oseanografi Marina.1:
106 - 119.
Yudiati, E., Sedjati, S., Enggar, I., Metoda, M.,
2009. Dampak Pemaparan Logam Berat
Kadmium pada Salinitas yang Berbeda
terhadap Mortalitas dan Kerusakan
Jaringan Insang Juvenile Udang Vaname
(Litopeneus vannamei). Ilmu Kelautan 14
(4): 29–35.