CONTENTS

Preface page xi

1 Review of background materials 1

1.1 Index notation 1
1.2 Gauss elimination method for solving a system of linear
equations 6
1.3 Jacobi's method for solving an eigenvalue problem 10
1.4 Variational methods 14
1.4.1 Approximation (direct methods) 18
1.4.2 Lagrange multiplier methods 20
1.4.3 Penalty methods 22
2 Finite element analysis of heat conduction problems 25
2.1 Heat conduction problems 25
2.2 Weak form for finite element approximations 28
2.3 Finite element discretization 31
2.4 Stiffness matrix and load vector 36
2.5 Treatment of boundary terms 40
2.6 Assembling of element stiffness matrices and generalized
load vectors 44
2.7 Boundary conditions and the band solver 49
2.8 Program FEM1 and numerical examples 52
2.9 BASIC-FEMI for a microcomputer 61
2.10 General remarks 66
2.10.1 Other field problems 66
2.10.2 Interpolation error and design of finite element
models 76
2.10.3 Convergence of finite element approximations 90
2.10.4 Four-node tetrahedron element for
three-dimensional problems 96
2.10.5 Axisymmetric problems 97
2.11 Higher-order interpolation 99
References 105
3 Generalization of the finite element method for heat conduction
problems 106
3.1 Upwind technique for the convection 106
3.2 0-Method for time integration 114
3.3 Other methods for time integration 119
References 122

vii

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viii Contents
4 Simple elastic structures and their free vibration problems 123
4.1 Elastic bar element 123
4.2 Review of eigenvalue problems 136
4.2.1 The generalized Jacobi method 138
4.2.2 Inverse iteration methods 144
4.3 Beam-bending element 150
4.4 Direct integration methods for vibration problems 165
4.5 Saint-Venant torsional element 169
4.6 Three-dimensional frame element 174
References 180

5 Finite element approximations for problems in linear elasticity 181

5.1 Deformation, strain, and stress 181
5.2 Linear elastic materials 187
5.2.1 Deformation with temperature change 190
5.3 Finite element approximations 191
5.4 Four-node quadrilateral element 195
5.5 Assembling and a skyline solver 203
5.6 Remarks on the four-node quadrilateral isoparametric
element 209
5.6.1 Eigenvalues and eigenvectors 209
5.6.2 Convergence of the approximation 213
5.6.3 Flexural deformations 218
5.6.4 Nearly incompressible or incompressible materials 220
5.6.5 Evaluation of stresses 226
5.7 Finite element program FEM2 for plane elasticity using
FORTRAN 227
5.8 BASIC program for microcomputers using hourglass control
for reduced integration methods 259
5.9 Families of isoparametric elements 273
5.9.1 Lagrange interpolation on a line 273
5.9.2 Lagrange interpolation by tensor product 279
5.9.3 Serendipity elements 282
5.9.4 Interpolation with singularity 287
5.9.5 Hermite interpolation of a function 289
5.9.6 Speciality of higher-order elements 290
5.9.7 Gaussian quadrature rules 292
5.10 Navier-Stokes flow problems 292
5.10.1 Newton-Raphson method 294
5.10.2 Finite element approximation 295
5.10.3 Time-dependent cases 297
5.10.4 Remarks on the penalty method 297
References 303

6 Plate-bending problems 304

6.1 Basic plate equations 304
6.2 Weak form for the Mindlin plate 310

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Contents ix

6.3 Finite element approximations 312

6.3.1 Choices of the shape functions 313
6.4 Finite elements for the Kirchhoff plate 318
6.4.1 Nonconforming triangular element (Zienkiewicz) 320
6.4.2 Nonconforming triangular element (Fujino-Morley) 322
Reference 327
Appendixes
1 FEM1 328
2 PRE-FEM1: Preprocessing to FEM1 345
3 POST-FEM1: Postprocessing to FEM1 360
4 FEM2 372
5 Finite element programs 399
Bibliography 402
List of notation 407
Index 416

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Cambridge Books Online © Cambridge University Press, 2009
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Cambridge Books Online © Cambridge University Press, 2012