Hazardous Waste

Management:Overview

Waste Management
Definition of Hazardous Waste

A solid or liquid wastes which because of its

quantity, concentration or physical, chemical
or infectious characteristics, may:

Cause increase in mortality or severe illness,

Pose a substantial potential hazard to

human health or environment, when
improperly treated, stored, transported or
disposed
Definition of Hazardous Waste
Characteristics of Hazardous Waste

Ignitability (flash point >60oC)

Corrosivity (pH <2 or >12.5)

Reactivity (unstable materials or

material that cause violent reaction
when in contact with another material)

Toxicity (Leachate Test)

Nature of Hazardous Waste Management

Hazardous Waste field is interdisciplinary

Requires professionals with diverse background

working together to solve the complex issue of
hazardous waste management
Environmental Impact and Risk Assessment

Treatment, Storage and Disposal

Waste Minimization, Recycling and Reduction

Management and Cost

 Past Disposal Practice
 Soil Spreading

 Pits/Ponds/Lagoons

 Sanitary Landfills

 Drum Storage Areas

 Underground Storage
Tanks

 Midnight Dumping

 Uncontrolled Incineration
Waste Generation Rates By Industry

Chemical Products Electronics

Petroleum & Coal Products Primary Metals
Transportation Equipment All Other Industries
Typical Hazardous Waste Types

25%

70%

Inorganic Liquid Organic Liquid Sludge

 Why the need for HWTC?
Protect public health and the
environment
Reduce impact of hazardous waste on
surface water and ground water
Provide the means to enhance:
Waste minimization at various industrial
operations, and
Waste recycling
Objectives of HWTC
Avoid and minimize environmental and
health pollution risks associated with
the generation, storage, collection,
transport, handling, recycling, and
disposal of hazardous wastes
Ensure the movement and disposal
practice of hazardous wastes is always
controlled and environmentally safe,
flexible, and economically sustainable
for local conditions
 Technical Feasibility
Can the wastes be
separated at source to
avoid co-mingling and
analyzed before shipping
to the facility?
What characteristics are
the separated wastes likely
to have?
What quantity of the
wastes should be
considered as wastewater?
 Market and Economic Feasibility
Is there a local market for the products of
recycling?
Is there an international market for the
products of recycling?
What scale of disposal fees is to be expected
for each category of waste?
What rate of return would a Private Sector
investor expect for providing and operating a
Hazardous Waste Recycling Facility?
 Materials Disposed in HWTC
Liquid organic waste
Oily sludge and residue
from petroleum industry
Spent oil and catalysts
Contaminated soil
Liquid heavy metals
Acidic and basic solids
and liquids
Liquid ammonia and
urea
Off-Specification
products
 Estimation of Hazardous Wastes
Quantities??
Hazardous Waste Inventory:

Estimate the total waste stream quantity

Deduct the portion of these wastes that are
being recycled or processed at the generator’s
own facilities
Deduct any co-mingled wastes that are
impossible to separate in a cost-effective
manner
 Estimation of Hazardous Wastes
Quantities (cont.)
Deduct waste quantities being disposed
without permit
Prepare an integrated treatment system for
the remainder with add-on facilities for growth
and improvement in anticipation of reducing
any unauthorized disposal
Propose action as necessary for treatment and
disposal facilities for the co-mingled and
improperly disposed wastes
 HWTC Design Approach
A flexible modular design will provide the
Project Authority with the opportunity to
attract private sector investments and
will minimize capital cost in the long-
term
– Focus initially on the major polluters
– Provide HWTC to treat part of the waste
– Initiate and monitor
 HWTC Design Approach (cont.)

2. Due to the nature of the hazardous

wastes and their potential to change
characteristics and properties over
time, the HWTC needs to be properly
designed and equipped with facilities
that are capable of safely meeting the
needs of handling and disposing the
hazardous waste
 Description of the HWTC
Liquid Waste Treatment
Facility
Land Farming Facility
Class I Hazardous
Waste Landfill
Class II Regular Waste
Landfill
Solidification and
Stabilization Unit
Incinerator
 Important Points
 The priorities of hazardous Waste
management in decreasing order of
importance:
 Minimization/Prevention
 Treatment/Remediation
 Disposal
 Liquid Waste Treatment Facility

Separate tank farm

storage for acidic and
basic waste as well as
drum storage area
Neutralization reactors
Sludge storage reactor
Standby neutralization
reactors to be used
during maintenance
Activated Carbon Column
Liquid Phase Adsorption Treatment System
Industrial Wastewater Treatment
 Chemical Oxidation
In general the objective of chemical oxidation
is to detoxify waste by adding an oxidizing
agent to chemically transform waste
components
Chemical oxidation is a well established
technology that is capable of destroying a
wide range of organic molecules, including
chlorinated VOCs, phenols and inorganics
such as cyanide
Process Description
Chemical Oxidation is based on the delivery of
oxidants to contaminated media in order to
either destroy the contaminants by converting
them to innocuous compounds commonly
found in nature

The oxidants applied are typically hydrogen

peroxide (H2O2), potassium permanganate
(KMnO2), ozone (O3)
Process Description
 Land Farming Facility
Land farming is the
preferred technology for
the treatment of oily
sludge and hydrocarbon
contaminated soils,
which constitute the
main component of
hazardous organic
wastes to be treated at
the HWTC
 Base Liner Detail

WASTE

FILTER SOIL
GRAVEL W/
PERFORATED PIPE
GEOMEMBRANE
SUBSOIL
Land Farming Facility (cont’d)
Compounds to be treated at the land
Farming Facility:
Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs):
benzene, ethylbenzene, toluene, xylenes;
Semi-Volatile Organic Compounds (SVOCs):
phenols, creosol, naphthalene,
phennathrene, benzo(a)pyrene, flourrene,
anthracene, chrysene; and
Heavy Metals: chromium, cyanides, lead
and nickel
 Aerobic Biodegradation

HYDROCARBON
PRODUCT

ORGANIC
POLLUTANT + MICROORGANISMS + NUTRIENTS + OXYGEN

CARBON DIOXIDE + WATER + BIOMASS

 Microorganisms

• Regarding the natural breakdown of

hydrocarbon products, bacteria are the
main microorganism in the
bioremediation process

• Bacteria act as decomposers and utilize

hydrocarbon product as a source of
energy
 Nutrients

 Nutrients enhance the biodegradation

process by supplying essential elements
required for optimal microbial growth
and maintenance
 Nutrients can be supplied in the field
through the application of manure or
fertilizer
 C:N:P = (100-300):10:1
Requirements for Biodegradation
Proper nutrient balance
Temperature 15 – 30 oC
Acceptable pH 5.5 - 8.5
Moisture content of 60% - 80% of field
capacity
Oxygen concentration
Presence of toxic heavy metals
Naphthalene Removal Efficiency

REMOVAL EFFICIENCY (%)

AVERAGE NAPTHALENE
100

80

60

40

20

0
0 100 200 300 400
TIME (hours)

Non-Acclimatized Acclimatized Control

Bio-piles
Soil Composting
 Hazardous Waste Landfill

Class I Landfill
should include:
 Double liner
 Leachate collection
 Leachate detection
system
 Surface water
control mechanism
 Impermeable cover
system
Hazardous Waste Landfill
Hazardous Waste Landfill
Liner System
 Regular Waste Landfill

Class II Landfill
should include:
 Single liner
 Leachate collection
 Surface water
control mechanism
 Impermeable cover
system
Regular Waste Landfill
 Solidification and Stabilization

The solidification and

stabilization facility
(SSF) will be designed
to inactivate and
immobilize
contaminants prior to
landfilling
 Solidification and Stabilization

The following waste will be

processed by SSF plant prior
to landfilling:
 Mercury contaminated solid
wastes;
 Solid miscellaneous
inorganic sulfur;
 Semi-solid hazardous waste;
and
 Sludge from Liquid
Hazardous Waste Treatment
Solidification and Stabilization
S/S reduces the mobility of hazardous
substances and contaminants in the
environment through both physical and
chemical means
S/S seeks to trap or immobilize contaminants
within their host medium (i.e. soil, sand and
binding agent)
Leachability testing is usually performed to
measure the immobilization of contaminants
from the stabilized matrix
 Solidification and Stabilization

• General binding and

sorbent materials:
 Cement
 Pozzolans
 Lime
 Silicates
 Organically Modified
Clays
 High Temperature Thermal
Desorption
HTTD is a technology in
which wastes are heated
to 320 to 560 oC
Produce final
contaminant
concentration level
below 5 mg/kg
 Incinerator
Structure to house the
furnace
Tipping floor where the
Hazardous Waste is
disposed
Storage pit to store the
Hazardous Waste delivered
Charging system
Furnace
Air pollution control
Ash handling system
 HWTC Control Philosophy
Provide a Supervisory Control and Data
Acquisition (SCADA). The SCADA
system will provide two levels of control:
Level 1 control operates equipment
directly and bypasses all interlocks.
Level 2 is initiated directly by computer
programming. Level 2 controls,
operates equipment and processes
remotely.
Typical Control System
 Environmental Monitoring

 AirQuality
 Groundwater
Quality
 Surface Water
Quality
 Dust and Noise
 Environmental Monitoring
 Selection of the
parameters of
concern
 Sampling
methodology
 Quality assurance
/quality control
plan
Project Approach

Task 1: Review of Existing Data

Task 2: Discussion with Project
Authority
Task 3: Development and Finalization of
HWTF Design
Task 4: Prepare Final Design Drawings
and Design Basis Memorandum
 Project Approach (cont.)

Task 5: Design of Liquid Hazardous

Waste Treatment Facility
Task 6: Class I and II Landfills Design
Task 7: Land Framing Facility Design
Task 8: Solidification and Stabilization
Facility Design
Project Approach (cont.)

Task 9: HWTC Construction

Task 10: Facility Commissioning and
Operation
Task 11: Facility Handing Over
 Conclusions

• Key to proper design of HWTC is

system flexibility to adjust to
hazardous waste quantities and
properties over time
• Enforcement of environmental law
and regulations
Leachate Treatment Using
Wetlands

Department of Environmental Engineering

Beijing University of Chemical Technology
December 2003
 Wetlands
Wetland is define as land having the water
table at, near or above the land surface or
which is saturated for long enough period to
promote wetland or aquatic processes as
indicated by hydric soils, hydrophilic
vegetation, and various kinds of biological
activity which are adapted to the wet
environment.
Treatment Mechanisms in a
Wetland System
 Type of Engineered wetlands
Constructed wetland systems are classified
into
two general types:
 Horizontal Flow System (HFS)
Surface Flow (SF)
Sub-surface Flow (SSF)
Vertical Flow System (VFS).
Horizontal Flow Wetland System
Surface Flow Wetland System
Subsurface Flow Wetland System
Field Monitoring
Field Monitoring
MW-4
MW-2 Monitoring wells
Pump DC
BA

MW-1
MW-3
Pond #2 MW-5
Peat Filter
FSW-1 SW-1
SW-2
W-1
Pond #1 FSW-2
SW-3
SW-4
FSW-3
Manhole W-2
Field Monitoring
Boron Concentration

18
Concentration (mg/L)

16
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
96-1

96-2

96-3

96-6

96-7

97-1

97-2

97-3

97-5
96-5

96-8

97-4

97-6
Monitoring Event

Pond MW-A MW-B MW-C MW-D SW

 Conclusions

 Boron adsorption was directly related to organic

content
 Peat filter was effective in treating landfill
leachate
 The adsorption capacity of the peat can be
significantly enhanced by lime addition