Name: Date Performed:

Jane H. Gonzaga February 2, 2017

Ira Candice C. Gumafelix Date Submitted:
Gracechel Ann C. Pormilda February 9, 2017
Syndy C. Nieves
Group #1

EXPERIMENT 1
SOLUBILITY BEHAVIOR OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS

I. INTRODUCTION

Solubility is a chemical property that refers to the ability of the solute to

dissolve in a solvent. Polar compounds dissolve in polar solvents, and nonpolar
compounds dissolve in nonpolar solvents or in other words, “like dissolves like”.
Other factors that affect solubility include intermolecular forces, pressure and
temperature, and the orientation of molecules. It is also believed that the
structure of the organic compound is related to its solubility. In this experiment,
the solubility of the given organic compounds was tested and they were classified
according to their solubility class.

II. METHODOLOGY

In order to test the solubility behavior of organic compounds (acetone, aniline,

benzyl alcohol, etc.) their solubility in water was tested first by adding 1-2 pinch of
the sample into 5 drops of water. Those that were water soluble (+) were checked
for ether solubility. Water insoluble (-) compound were tested for NaOH solubility.
NaOH soluble (+) compounds were then tested for NaHCO3 solubility (A1 if
soluble, A2 if insoluble), while NaOH insoluble compounds were tested for HCl
solubility (B if soluble, and M if insoluble and contains N or S). Compounds that
were insoluble in HCl and does not contain N or S were tested for H2SO4 solubility
(I if insoluble and N if soluble). One to two pinch of the samples were mixed with 5
drops of the solvents. The results were then recorded.

III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Compound Structure H2O Ether 5% 5% 5% Conc. Solubility

NaOH NAHCO3 HCl H2SO4 Class
Acetone + S1 S1

Aniline - - M I I(nert)

Benzyl - - M I I(nert)
Alcohol

Benzaldehyd - - M I I(nert)
e

Benzoic Acid - + A1 A1

Benzamide - - M N Neutral

Ethyl Alcohol + S1 S1

Hexane - + A1 A1

Phenol - - M I I(nert)

Tert-butyl + S2 S2
chloride

Toluene + S2 S2
 Sucrose + S2 S2

Table 1. Data and Results for the experiment with the experimental solubility class

The results for acetone (ketone), hexane, ethyl alcohol, tert-butyl chloride
(polar compound), and sucrose (polar compound) were theoretically and
experimentally correct. Water has the ability to form hydrogen bonds, it can act as
either a base or an acid. Water can therefore dissolve salt or ammonium ions,
ionic compounds, polar compounds, and organic compounds with low molecular
weight (less than 5 carbon atoms) such as alcohols , aldehydes, ketones, and
carboxylic acid. Ether is a non-polar solvent and an organic solvent. It cannot
form hydrogen bond therefore it cannot dissolve ionic compound such as salts. It
can dissolve most water insoluble compounds so its importance is for water
soluble compounds only. Non-ionic compounds, compounds containing five or
less carbon atoms, and compounds containing one strong polar group are ether
soluble. This compounds includes aldehydes, ketones, and aliphatic acids.
The only water insoluble compound that is soluble in NaOH and NaHCO 3 is
Benzoic Acid, it being a strong acid made this possible.
The results for the other organic compounds that were tested was not
theoretically correct at some points. Aniline was experimentally insoluble in water
and NaOH which is correct but it should have been soluble in HCl because it is a
basic compound. Benzyl Alcohol and Benzaldehyde was insoluble in water,
NaOH, and HCl but they were supposed to be theoretically soluble in Conc.
H2SO4 because they are neutral compounds. Toluene was experimentally soluble
in water but theoretically it should have been insoluble because like like
benzaldehyde and Benzyl Alcohol, it is also a neutral compound.Benzamide
being an amide should have been soluble in NaOH but insoluble in NaHCO 3.
Hexane, being a saturated hydrocarbon should have not been soluble in NAOH
and its solubility class should have been inert. Phenol should have been soluble
in NaOH but insoluble in NaHCO3.
The errors committed during the experiment might be the result of the size of
the sample placed on the solvents being larger than it should have been. It might
also be because the experimenter did not mix the sample and the solvent
properly therefore they had mistaken the samples not being soluble to the solvent
being tested.

IV. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

Organic compound that contain less carbon atoms are more likely to dissolve
in water than not, especially if it has a polar bond and if it has a low molecular
weight. Though not all water soluble compounds are ether soluble. Non water
soluble compounds can be classified as Inert, Neutral or basic compounds which
depends on what solvent in the experiment they dissolved.
The solubility behavior of a compound is affected by the nature of solvent.
The structure of an unknown compound can be identified through test. The water
solubility of organic compounds can be useful but cannot provide definitive
information about the presence of functional groups. It is often possible to predict
the solubility class of a particular compound solely by reference to its structural
formula, there are many cases where this would result in an incorrect prediction.
It is recommended to perform 2-3 trials in dissolving the samples in different
liquids in order to lessen the error committed. In order to avoid overlooking the
boundary on whether the sample did indeed dissolved or not, it is recommended
that not only one person should check it.

V. REFERENCES

Bienz, S. (2016). General Practical Course in Chemistry: Organic and Physical

.University of Zurich, Department of Chemisry.
Bruice, Paula Y.(2004). Solubility. Organic Chemistry 4th Edition, 86.
Copharm (2016). Available: http://www.copharm.uobaghdad.edu.iq/uploads
/activities%202014/lect.2year%20tagreed/Determination%2of%20Solubilit
y%20Class.pdf
ScienceDaily (2016). Solubility.[Online] Available at
https://www.sciencedaily.com/terms/ solubility.html
Tieu, J. (2014). Solubility [Online].
Available:https://www.coursehero.com/file/9680025/Lab-Report-for-Exeri
ment-2-Solubility/