NICMAR – SODE

PGP-CM-MODULE-13
ASSIGNMENT NO: 03
COURSE TITLE:

CONSTRUCTION
AND
ENVIRONMENT
COURSE CODE – PGCM33

DATE OF DISPATCH: 13/11/2016

LAST DATE OF RECEIPT: 15/11/2016

PREPARED AND SUBMITTED BY:

NAME: MOHAMMED NOMAN
REG NO: 215-06-11-50423-2171
CONSTRUCTION
AND
ENVIRONMENT
 ASSIGNMENT

A five star hotel of 300 rooms with adjacent golf course has been
planned by your company engaged in project development at the foothills of
kumaon hills. Project is spread over 1000 acres of foothills and land
intermittently plain and intermittently hilly with streams.

You have been asked by the management to make environment impact

assessment of this project. Company wants to undertake the advertisement
campaign to minimize the threat from environment‟s group. Discuss your plan.
I. Introduction:
The Indian sub-continent‟s topography offers a gamut of landforms be it
beaches at sea-level, the Deccan plateau, the mountain peaks of Himalayas
or the many smaller hillocks and hills.
The cool hill resorts were a favourite with the erstwhile British rulers. In
fact in order to avoid the heat of the plains the British even moved their
capital in summer to the picturesque hill-stations.
India‟s hill stations are even today, a preferred holiday home destination all
year round. Summers are pleasantly cool, winters are warmed by log fires
and even the wet monsoons have a special allure as the storm clouds
blanket the verdant hilltops.
India‟s hill stations are picturesque and green with weather that remains
cool throughout the year, making them an ideal location to purchase a
luxurious villa for holiday home owners.
Nainital is often referred to as the „Lake District‟ of India and is located at
the kumaon foothills in uttarkhand Nainital, at an altitude of approximately
2,084 metres above sea level is a valley containing a pear shaped lake and
is surrounded by mountains.

II. Environmental Policy, Laws and Regulations for industrial projects:

India is a large, diverse and poor country that faces severe environmental
problems. It is the world‟s second most populous country with almost a
billion people and is the seventh largest in terms of area. In absolute size
its economy is one of the biggest in the world. India is a pluralistic
democracy with a federal structure. Competing claims on the basis of
religion, caste, class and ethnicity have to be balanced in the society, polity
and the economy. All of this has an important bearing on the environment
and environmental policy.
In the directive principles of state policy, article 48 says “The state shall
endeavour to protect and improve the environment and to safeguard the
forests and wildlife of the country”. Article 51-A states that “It shall be the
duty of every citizen of India to protect and improve the natural
environment including forests, lakes, rivers and wildlife and to have
compassion for living creatures”.
 Environmental Laws and Regulations in India:

Year Environmental Regulations

1974 Water (Prevention & Control of Pollution Act) Amendments, 1988
1975 The Water (Prevention & Control of Pollution) Rules
1977 The Water (Prevention & Control of Pollution) Act
1978 The Water (Prevention & Control of Pollution) Rules
1981 The Air (Prevention & Control of Pollution) Act, Amendments, 1987
1982/ The Air (Prevention & Control of Pollution) Rules
1983
1986 The Environment (Protection) Act, Amendments
(1989,1990,1993,1996,1997,1998,1999,2000,2001)
1986 The Environmental (Protection) Rules
1992 E (P) Act Notification – “Environment Statement”
1994 E (P) Act Notification – “Environmental Clearance”
1997 Amendments in the Environment Clearance, Notification – “Public
Hearing” made mandatory
1989 The Hazardous Wastes (Management and Handling) Rules,
Amendments, 2000, Draft Amendments 2002
1989 Manufacture, Storage and Import of Hazardous Chemical Rules,
Amendments, 1994, 2000
1991 The Public Liability Insurance Act/Rules, 1992
1995 The National Environment Tribunal Act
1997 Prohibition on the Handling of Azo dyes
1997 The National Environment Appellate Authority Act
1998 The Bio-Medical Waste (M&H), Rules
1999 Notification for making 100% Utilization of Fly-ash made mandatory
2000 Municipal Solid Waste (M&H) Rules
2000 Ozone Depleting Substance (R&C) Rules
1999 Regulation on recycling of Waste Oil and Non-ferrous scrape
2000 Noise Pollution (Regulations and Control)
2001 Batteries (M&H) Rules

III. Pollution control Air, Water, Noise and Hazardous Waste:

1. Air pollution:
In India, air pollution is primarily an urban phenomenon, with the main
sources being motor vehicles, industries, thermal power, plants and the
use of coal and firewood in the domestic sector. It should be noted
however, that air pollution here refers to the ambient concentration of
pollutants. Measurements of the latter would require total exposure
assessment and would be a weighted average of time spent
indoors/outdoors, and various activities.
To counter the problems associated with air problems, ambient air
quality standards were established, under the 1981 Act. The Act
provides means for the control and abatement of air pollution. The Act
seeks to combat air pollution by prohibiting the use of polluting fuels
and substances, as well as by regulating appliances that give rise to air
pollution. Under the Act establishing or operating appliances that give
rise to air pollution. Under the Act establishing or operating of any
industrial plant in the pollution control area requires consent from state
boards. The boards are also expected to test the air pollution control
areas, inspect pollution control equipment, and manufacturing processes.
National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) for major pollutants
were notified by the CPCB in April 1994. These are deemed to be levels
of air quality necessary with an adequate margin of safety, to protect
public health, vegetation and property. The NAAQS prescribe specific
standards for industrial, residential, rural and other sensitive areas.

Indoor Air quality Issues for Hotel Industry and its control:
A. Thermal control: A proper thermal control should be done so as to
attain proper relative humidity and temperature control. Improper
thermal control causes molds and mildew. In order to succeed a
temperature ranging from 40 degree Fahrenheit and below 100
degree Fahrenheit should be maintained, moisture of RH > 70%, a
nutrient base, mold spores. If it is ignored then it causes allergies,
asthmatic reactions, skin diseases, parasite in lungs etc.
Control measures:
 Reduce the moisture content (vapour pressure) of the air.
 Increase air movement at the surface.
 Increase the air temperature (either the general space temperature
or the temperature at building surfaces).
 Wash mold off hard surfaces and dry completely.
 Absorbent materials, such as ceiling tiles and carpet, with mold
may need to be replaced.
B. Vacuum cleaner: Use portable HEPA (High efficiency particulate
arrestance) vacuums instead of low efficiency paper bag collectors.
True HEPA exhaust filter captures 99.9% of all particles down to 0.3
microns.
C. Dishwater: waterborne pollutants from tap water enter the air when
water is heated. Within a minute or 2, the first cycle in the dishwater
strips the water of 96 to 100 percent to toluene, ethyl benzene and
cyclo hexane. It continuously vents some 5 to 7 litres of air per
 minute into the kitchen, the volatilized pollutants almost
immediately begin circulating within the house.
Control measures:
 Use exhaust fans or open windows in kitchens and bathrooms
when showering, cooking or using the dishwasher.
D. Bacteria: legionnaire‟s disease can be infected via the mist of cooling
towers. Conditions are that it is Ubiquitos, bacteria =1micrometre,
ventilation duct dust can contain up to 50,000 bacteria per gram of
dust. Dirty HVAC filters can contain up to 6,700 bacteria per gram
of dust. Bacteria need 95% RH to survive.
Health Impact: Legionella pneumophila can thrive in cooling towers
and the cooling tower mist can be re-entrained into the HVAC
system. Symptoms are malaise, headache, high fever, gastro-
intestinal symptoms, respiratory failure, death. Legionnaire‟s disease
mainly fatal for elderly and immune-suppressed (e.g AIDS patients).
Control: lower water temperature by installing cooling towers.
Optimal growth temperature = 35 degree in water. Bacterium killed
in 8 min at 58 degree centigrade. They can also be killed by
chlorination and by UV light.
E. HVAC: Contamination is caused by the dust or ductwork or other
components. Microbiological growth in drip pans, humidifiers,
ductwork and coil. Improper use of biocides, sealants and cleaning
compounds. Improper venting of combustible products. Refrigerant
leakage.
F. Smoking: EPA concluded that Environmental tobacco smoke is a
human lung carcinogen, responsible for approximately 3,000 lung
cancer deaths in U.S non-smokers.
2. Water pollution:
Ground water and surface water are two sources of water available for
human consumption. In India, there is significant abstraction and
pollution of both. With respect to surface water, 14 major river basins
account for 85 percent of the total surface flow. The quality of river
water is monitored at 480. Stations under the MINARS (Monitoring of
India National Aquatic Resources) program of CPCB, the Global
Environmental Monitoring Systems program of the United Nations
Environment Programme, and GAP ( Ganga Action Plan). There are 260
monitoring stations under the MINARS program that measures a
number of environmental parameters, the key ones being biochemical
oxygen demand (BOD), dissolved oxygen (DO), and total coliform
count (TCC).
The Water Act (Prevention and Control of Pollution), 1974 represented
India‟s first attempts to comprehensively deal with environmental
issues. The act prohibits the discharge of pollutants into water bodies
beyond a given standard, and lays down penalties for non-compliance.
The Act was amended in 1988 to confirm closely to the provisions of
the EPA, 1986. It set up the CPCB (central pollution control board)
which lays down standards for the prevention and control of water
pollution. At the state level, the SPCBs (State Pollution Control Board)
function under the direction of the CPCB and the state government.
The Water Act (Prevention and Control of Pollution) cess, 1977
provides for a levy and collection of cess on water consumed by
industries and local authorities. It aims at augmenting the resources of
the central and state boards for prevention and control of water
pollution. Following this act, the water (prevention and control of
pollution) Cess Rules were formulated in 1978 for defining standards
and indication for the kind of and location of meters that every
consumer of water is required to install.
Water consumption and waste water generation in hotel industry:
The hotels meet their water requirement either from municipal supplies
or tube wells or from both and discharge the waste water
(treated/untreated) into the municipal sewer or drains. The raw water is
sometimes treated with chlorine or sodium hypochlorite or passed
through a sand filter bed or activated carbon column before the supply
for the use in the hotel. The water consumption types are:
 Guest rooms (baths and toilets)
 Drinking
 Floor washing
 Service areas
 Kitchen
 Laundry
 Butchery
 Swimming pool
 Plant utilities (AC, Boilers, Cooling towers etc.)
 Gardening
 Fire hydrants
Wastewater from hotel is generated from guest rooms, kitchens, laundry,
floor washings, swimming pool, toilets and washrooms of service areas
and plant utilities. Boiler blow down and swimming pool filter
backwash also make up wastewater. The pollutants that are of
importance in a hotel wastewater, quite similar to domestic waste, are
organic matter (BOD/COD), suspended solids, oil and grease and
detergents. The quality of waste water from restaurants, banquet halls
and eating houses is similar to that of kitchen waste generated from
hotels. Cooling tower water contains antibacterial and anticorrosive
chemicals. Over a period of time dissolved solids build up and periodic
blow downs constitute wastewater.
Water management and control:
Waste water from a hotel is similar to domestic wastewater in nature and
of such strength that it generally meets the standards prescribed under
the Environment (Protection) Act 1986 for discharge into public sewers.
Therefore, hotels having proper sewage collection, sewage treatment
facility up to secondary level of treatment are being generally allowed to
discharge their waste water into sewer without any treatment. The hotels
located outside the cities such as hill stations are required to treat their
wastewater according to the standards applicable for its point of
disposal. In view of importance of water conservation it is required that
hotels should reuse maximum possible quantity of treated sewage for
irrigation of its own or nearby green areas. This will require treatment of
wastewater up to secondary level followed by disinfection. Action on
following points is desirable for wastewater management for
environmental protection.
 Waste water reduction efforts in kitchen, laundry, toilets and
washrooms
 Screening maximum solids from kitchen wastewater and collect them
as wet garbage
 Recycling treated wastewater to irrigate green areas within and
outside the hotel
 Identifying and avoiding use of harmful chemicals as cleaning agents,
washing powder, sprays, water/wastewater treatment chemicals and
for pest control etc.
 Rainwater harvesting and restricted use of groundwater for
consumptive use
 Regular inspection, repair and maintenance of the relevant pollution
control equipment should be done to ensure the efficiency of the
treatment
 To avoid causing environmental pollution, sewage and waste oil
should not be discharged into the storm drainage and surrounding
environment to avoid environmental pollution. The waste oil should
be collected properly and be treated effectively
 Under the feasible condition. It is advised to install appropriate water
saving facilities such as water saving taps, water-saving defrosting
equipment and water saving flushers etc. Water saving measures
should be implemented that include the prevention of continuous
running tap while cleaning food. It is suggested to recycle the used
water, such as the water which had been used for cleaning fruits and
 vegetables, the water from defrosting, etc so as to save water and
reduce the operating costs.
3. Noise Pollution: The sources of noise pollution in hotels is DG set
which is generally located in the basement. In accordance to the
standards notified in this regard, many hotels have installed acoustic
enclosures on D.G sets or have made sound proof the generator rooms.
It is suggested that assessment of the surrounding environment should
be considered and incorporated at the planning stage in order to avoid
the noise impact to the surrounding places (such as residential buildings,
sanatoriums, nursing homes, hospitals and schools etc) and avoid
complaints in the future. The noise generated from loudspeakers which
will affect the surrounding residents should be highly concerned. If
necessary, the relevant sound insulation / noise elimination and vibration
isolation accessories should be installed to ensure the conformation with
the requirements of the law of environmental noise. The noise from air
conditioners and venting facilities which will affect the surrounding
residents should be highly concerned. If necessary the relevant sound
insulation / noise elimination and vibration isolation accessories should
be installed to ensure the conformation with the requirements of the law
of environmental noise. It is required that inspection, repair and
maintenance of air conditioning system, cooling tower and ventilation
systems inlets and outlets and other relative facilities should be regularly
done in order to ensure their operations to comply with the requirements
of the law of Environmental Noise.
4. Hazardous waste generation and management: Large hotels have large
size engine attached to the DG sets. Lubricating oil of the engine oils are
replaced after some interval and the discarded waste oil is a hazardous
waste. Besides, some waste oil is also generated when the HSD/LDO
storage tanks are cleaned, even though it is done after a long interval of
time. These waste oils / oily wastes must be sold to an authorized and
registered operator of waste oil recycling facility.
Waste oils generated from large size engines of DG sets of large hotels
and the oily waste generated during cleaning of HSD/LDO storage tanks
must be sold to an authorized operator of waste oil recycling facility.
Small hotels are required to check that their DG sets are serviced by
such service centres that ensure selling the discarded waste oil to an
authorized and registered operator of waste oil recycling facility.
IV. Environmental consequences of construction activity and the response to it
by communities. Governments and customers:
Environmental impacts of construction: enhancing the identification of the
major environmental impacts of construction processes will help to
improve the effectiveness of environmental management systems.
Furthermore, prediction of the correlated environmental impacts of
construction before the construction stage, will lead to improvements in the
environmental performance of construction projects and sites. The
determination of major environmental impacts will assist to consider a
range of on-site measures in order to mitigate them. The environmental
impacts across construction processes consists of ecosystems impact,
natural resources impact, and public impact.
Ecosystems impact: The accumulated amount of adverse environmental
impacts like waste, noise, dust, and hazardous emissions still occur during
the construction process which cause serious damages to human and
ecosystems. With the rise in number of construction of new buildings, the
ecosystems impact of construction has become an important issue.
Natural Resources: Various natural resources namely “energy”, “land”,
“materials” and “water” are used during the typical construction process.
Moreover several construction equipment operations involve consumption
of natural resources, such as electricity and/or diesel fuel. The building
industry is responsible for using a high volume of natural resources, such
as electricity and/or diesel fuel. The building industry is responsible for
using a high volume of natural resources and generation a great amount of
pollution as a result of energy consumption during extraction and
transportation of raw materials.
Public impact: Most construction projects are located in a densely
populated area. Thus, people who live at or close to construction sites are
prone to harmful effects on their health because of dust, vibration and
noise due to certain construction activities such as excavation.
The factors communities, governments and customers play a huge role in
the development of a hotel industry. The construction process creates a
huge impact on the communities residing at that place, because they are
emotionally attracted to a place where they live in and they would not want
to resettle or rehabilitate to some another place or it is some times the
amount of resettlement issues that they face with the company.
Government should help the problems associated with the resettlement and
rehabilitation of these families in order to initiate their business and
develop the economy of the country.
V. Rehabilitation of displaced families: For the displaced families approach to
resettlement and rehabilitation for everyone is considered. Creating the
entitled of PAPs compensatory land, hoses and payment for other
contingencies. Provision of social and physical rehabilitation infrastructure
and provision community services and facilities. Setting up administrative
machinery for programme implementation and training personals.
Allocating financial and physical resources as required. Making bound
action plan. Setting up monitoring and evaluating system.
VI. Environmental impact Assessment:
The term „environmental impact assessment‟ (EIA) describes a procedure
that must be followed for certain types before they can be given
development consent. The procedure is a means of drawing together, in a
systematic way, an assessment of a project‟s likely significant
environmental effects. This helps to ensure that the importance of the
predicted effects, and the scope for reducing them, are properly understood
by the public and the relevant competent authority before it makes its
decision.

Environmental impact assessment enables environmental factors to be

given due weight, along with economic or social factors, when planning
applications are being considered. It helps to promote a sustainable pattern
of physical development and land and property use in cities, towns and the
countryside. If properly carried out, it benefits all those involved in the
planning process.

From the developer‟s point of view, the preparation of an environmental

statement in parallel with project design provides a useful framework
within which environmental considerations and design development can
interact. Environmental analysis may indicate ways in which the project
can be modified to avoid possible adverse effects, for example through
considering more environmentally friendly alternatives. Taking these steps
is likely to make the formal planning approval stages run more smoothly.

For the planning authority and other public bodies with environmental
responsibilities, environmental impact assessment provides a basis for
better decision making. More thorough analysis of the implications of a
new project before a planning application is made, and the provision of
more comprehensive information with the application, should enable
authorities to make swifter decisions. While the responsibility for
compiling the environmental statement rests with the developer, it is
expected that the developer will consult those with relevant information,
and the regulations specifically require that public authorities which have
information in their possession which is relevant to the preparation of the
environmental statement should make it available to the developer.
 The general public‟s interest in a major project is often expressed as
concern about the possibility of unknown or unforeseen effects. By
providing a full analysis of a project effects, an environmental statement
can help to allay fears created by lack of information. At the same time,
early engagement with the public when plans are still fluid can enable
developers to make adjustments which will help to secure a smoother
passage for the proposed development and result in a better environmental
outcome. The environmental statement can also help to inform the public
on the substantive issues which the local planning authority will have to
consider in reaching a decision. It is a requirement of the project and its
likely effects together with a summary in non-technical language. One of
the aims of a good environmental statement should be to enable readers to
understand for themselves how its conclusions have been reached, and to
form their own judgements on the significance of the environmental issues
raised by the project.

Environmental impact assessment can therefore be helpful to all those

concerned with major projects. The following paragraphs describe the
procedures for deciding whether EIA is necessary in a particular case and,
where it is, for carrying out the assessment. The procedure is intended to
make the most of the potential benefits of EIA, while keeping the process
as simple and flexible as possible, and avoiding any duplication of existing
planning procedures.

Preparing an environmental statement: the planning procedures

 Preliminary consultants
 Content of the environmental statement
 Statutory and other consultees, the general public
 Techniques of assessment, sources of advice
 Submission of environmental statement with planning application
 Handling by the planning authority
 Requests for further information
 Determination of application
 Appeals and all-ins
 Procedural stages

VII. Conclusion / recommendation: Any project which is against the

environment will cause the damages to environment system. For the five
star hotel project planning to be made with respect environmental policies
and laws and regulations from respective authority. Pollution control plan
and rehabilitations plan also be planned in advance in approval stage.
Environmental impact assessment program should be done.

As part of the environmental protection strategy, a post-construction

mitigation, compensation, restoration and reporting plan, referred to this
document as and implementation plan, will be developed through
coordination with the state and federal agencies responsible for the
restoration project. This plan will provide detailed information on how
 each mitigation measure will be implemented and monitored during the
preconstruction, construction and post-construction periods.

The implementation plan will contain the following documents:

 Storm water pollution prevention plan (SWPPP)

 Spill contingency plan
 Riparian restoration plan
 Wetland restoration plan
 Oak planting plan
 Noxious weed eradication plan
 Environmental compliance monitoring plan

VIII. Bibliography / references:

 Construction and Environment NICMAR

 INTERNET