Boiler Q A

Boiler Facts - Question & Answers
K. KANNAN, B.E., B.O.E., M.B.A., (D.W.E&T), M.I.E.,

Assistant Executive Engineer/Mechanical
Boiler Maintenance/Mettur TPS, Mettur dam – 636 406
1. What is high pressure Boiler? For utility boilers, which are meant for power generation, the super
Boilers, which operate at, pressure higher than 15 psi is calledheater outlet temperature is limited to 540 + 5(C due to
high-pressure boiler. metallurgical considerations.
12. What do you mean by the heating surface area of a boiler?
2. Why steam is chooses for power generation? It is the surface area of boiler tubes exposed to the hot gases of
The simplest explanation is that it is a convenient way of combustion in the furnace.
transporting heat from the fuel being burned in the boiler to where
in the process it is required. 13. What is the heating surface area of the boiler at MTPS?
19,394 m2.
3. TNEB boilers are sub critical or super critical?
Sub-critical 14. How many type of heating surface area may boiler have?
Radiant, convective and radiant-convective type.
4. What is a super critical boiler?
Boiler producing steam above critical pressure i.e., 218 ata 15. What is circulation ratio?
The ratio of actual mass flow of water through circuit to the
5. How the steam is produced in sub critical pressure steam generated is called circulation ratio.
and super critical pressure boilers?
In sub-critical pressure boilers, the furnace enclosure is cooled by 16. What are the types of circulation followed in boilers?
constant temperature boiling water and the flow circuit is designed Natural, forced and once through circulation
to accommodate the two-phase steam-water flow. The super
heated steam is produced after separating the dry steam at boiler 17. How the natural circulation boiler is working?
drum. But, in super critical pressure, the water acts as a single- Natural circulation boilers employ the effect of density
phase fluid with a continuous increase in temperature to super differences between water and steam to produce circulation.
heated steam as it passes through the boiler. This density differences together with the height of the boiler
constitutes a head, which overcomes the losses occurring in the
6. What are the advantages of supercritical boilers? circuit, and makes circulation possible.
Super critical boilers operate above 225 kg/cm2 pressure (critical
pressure of steam) at which the water becomes steam 18. How the forced circulation boiler is working?
instantaneously without latent heat. Normal power plant operatesIn forced circulation boilers a mechanical pump is added to the
with cycle efficiency of 36% where as power plant with super simple flow loop and the pressure difference created by the
critical boilers operates with cycle efficiency of 42 %. This will pump controls the water flow rate.
reduce fuel cost and reduce emission of green house gases.
19. What will happen if the circulation ratio is less than that
7. What do you mean by utility boiler? required minimum?
Boilers that burn coal, oil or gas to provide steam to generate Flow of water through a circuit should be more the steam
electricity are called utility boilers. generated in order to prevent the tube from over heating. If it is
not so, tube deformation or leakages or tube to fin welding
8. Why once-through technology is adopted in 500 MW and above failures can take place.
capacity units?
At varying operating load conditions in which the unit is shut down 20. What is the circulation ratio and pressure of natural
and start up too frequently, non-uniform temperature appear in the circulation boilers?
wall cross section of steam drum due to thicker wall, producing C.R is 4 to 30 and pressure up to 175 kg/cm2
high thermal stresses that brings about cracks of corrosion fatigue 21. What is the circulation ratio of the once through boilers?
in the boiler drum. Unity (1)
9. What fuels are used for packaged boilers? 22. What is the circulation ratio of the utility boilers? Between 6
Liquid and gases fuel to 9
10. What are the design parameters of the boiler (MTPS)? 23. What is the Circulation ratio of high-pressure natural
700 T/hr Super heated steam at 137 kg/cm2 pressure and 540ºC circulation boilers?
6-10
11. Why the steam temperature is limited to 540ºC?
Kannan.k aee/bm/mtps 1
24. Factor that affects the circulation ratio are?
Number of down comers, diameter and layout of the down comer 36. What is a horizontal SH?
pipes decides the effective circulation. It is arranged across the boiler and has a more intricate design as
regards their fastening but self-drainable. Horizontal SH are
25. Why natural circulation is limited to sub-critical boilers? supported by strips with other steam / water path tubes.
Because, it works on the basis of density difference between
steam and water. 37. What is radiant SH?
It will absorb heat by direct radiation from the furnace and located
26. What is the critical pressure and temperature at which the at the top of the furnace. Spacing between the coils is 600-1000
density difference of the steam and water is zero? mm. Also it will absorb both radiant and convective heat.
218 ata, 374ºC
38. What is the important difference between the working
27. How the steam is generated in the 210 MW boilers? characteristics of a radiant type and a radiant-convective type
The water from drum flows down through down comer pipes. Super heater?
There are six down comers connecting steam drum with furnace The former superheat the steam to higher-than design temperature
water wall inlet (ring) headers. The water travels around the at low loads and the later maintains a relatively steady super heat
furnace water wall circuit to generate steam. The water rises temp over the entire load range.
through the furnace wall to outlet headers (7 Nos.), absorbing heat
to become a steam- water mixture based on the natural circulation 39. Why Platen SH coils outer most circuit is provided with
principle. The saturated steam produced in water wall zone stainless
is steel material?
further super heated to a specified temperature in steam super Front tubes are heated much more strongly than the other tubes in
heaters. a platen. As a result external tube operate under critical
temperature. To avoid this the outer most tube may be with higher-
28. How the boiler operating pressure is determined? grade material/making outer most tube with shorter
The boiler operating pressure is determined by adding Turbine length/shadowing the tubes by another heating surface area,
throttle pressure and the pressure drop through the steam piping, which is operating under lower temperature.
valves, super heater and drum internals at maximum unit steam 40. Why two steam lines are provided from boiler to turbine end
flow. instead of one line?
The effect of pressure losses anywhere in the steam path causes
29. What is nucleate boiling? a loss in the cycle efficiency by reducing the energy available for
Nucleate boiling is formation and release the steam bubbles at theconversion into work. Simply reducing the pipe losses by
tube surfaces, with water still wetting the surface immediately. increasing the pipe size or by adding number of pipes may
Since the tube surface temperature is closer to saturation increase the cycle efficiency.
temperature tube is always safe against the failure.
41. What is Desuperheater?
30. What is film boiling? The steam outlet pressure and temperature are maintained
Film boiling is the formation of steam film at the tube surfaces, constant
in by firing rate. The operating variables, such as slag or
which the metal temperature rises sharply. This leads to ash a accumulation, load, excess air, feed water temperature, burner
instantaneous or long term over heating of tubes or failure. Film operation, fuel quality etc. are causing temperature fluctuation in
boiling begins due to high heat flux or low velocity or inclined SH/RH system. Hence, control is necessary to regulate the steam
tubes. temperature within the required limits in order to correct
fluctuations caused by operating variables and to avert increase in
31. How inadequate water / steam flow circulation affect a boiler?boiler tube metal temperature.
It will reduce the heat removal rate, causing higher metal To maintain the outlet steam temperature within the limit, a feature
temperature of boiler tubes called ‘Desuperheater’ is introduced in between LTSH and vertical
platen super heater at penthouse.
32. What is the function of super heater in a boiler?
The function of super heater is to increase the temperature of the42. Name the locations where the Desuperheaters are used in the
steam above its saturation temperature. boiler?
Main steam lines between LTSH and Platen Super heater, cold re-
33. What is Raiser tube? heater headers before entering into boiler and PRDS system.
Riser is a tube through which water & steam mixture pass from an 43. From where the water is supplied for Desuper heating?
upper water headers to drum Feed water after the HP heater is taken for desuper heating of
Main steam and re-heater steam through SH/RH spray station. For
34. What are the types of super heaters? PRDS system water is taken from both BFP and CEP.
Pendent type, Horizontal type and radiant type 44. Though the steam temperature is key for the heat rate and
35. What is pendent type SH? cycle efficiency, why it is adjusted or controlled within the limit?
Pendent type SH is hanging & supported from header. It is simpler It is important to adjusted or control the steam temperature to
in design, can be fastened more reliably but non-drainable. This prevent the failure due to excessive metal temperature in the
may cause some internal corrosion & involve certain difficulties super
in heater, re-heater and to prevent thermal expansion from
boiler firing. dangerously reducing turbine clearances.
45. What is the basic design factor governs the super heat and re-
In a radiant
heat temperature? 52. How are load changes controlled in boiler?
Total heating surface area available and ratio of convection By & varying number of burners in operation and varying the rate of
radiant heat absorbing surfaces. fuel burning the load changes can be controlled.
46. What are the operating variables affects the super heat and re-
53.What are the consequences of over loading of boiler?
heat temperature? It will affect the design circulation velocity, higher the flue gas
Operating variables such as load, excess air, feed water temperature and bring about higher superheated steam
temperature, changes in the fuel quality & ash deposits on the temperature that may lead to super heater coil failure by
heating surfaces and specific burner combination in service, use overheating.
of
steam foe soot blowing, blow down are affecting the steam
temperature. 54. What is the effect of expansion or contraction?
When heated the boiler expand and contract while cooling. When
47. How the boiler load affects the steam temperature? heating and cooling is not uniform and may give rise to hot spot
As load increases, the quantity and temperature of the combustionwithin the boiler. The magnitude of expansion depends on the
gases increases. heating effect.
In a convection super heater, steam temperature increases with
load, the rate of increase being less the closer the super heater55. What precautions should be taken for non-drainable super
surface is to the furnace. heaters during steam raising/
In a radiant super heater, steam temperature decreases as load The metal temperature of the SH tubes should not be allowed
increases. more than the limit and the firing rate should be controlled to avoid
Normally a proportioned combination of radiant and convection accumulation of condensate in the super heater coils.
super heater surface is installed in series in a steam generating
unit to maintain substantially constant steam temperature over the
56. When it is more economic to adopt a re-heat cycle?
control range of the unit. To generate high-pressure super heated steam for its expansion in
48. How does the excess air affect the steam temperature? the turbine for the generation of Electricity.
For a change in the amount of excess air entering the burner zone,
there is a corresponding change in the quantity of gas flowing over
57. Why constant pressure is maintained in Re-heater? Or why
the convection super heater. So as a result of more intensive heat
pressure drop in re-heater is so important?
transfer in this zone the temperature of the super heater steam The pressure drop in re-heater is critical because the gain in heat
increases. rate with the re-heat cycle can be nullified by too much pressure
loss through the re-heat system. Therefore, steam mass fluxes are
49. How does the feed water temperature affect the steam generally somewhat lower in the re-heater.
temperature?
The decrease of feed water temperature results in a higher super 58. What is the maximum amount of steam that can be by-passed
heater steam temperature. Because, the heating surface of the through re-heat system?
super heater is fixed and as the feed water temperature decreases30%
the steam generating capacity of water wall decreases with the
effect that for the constant fuel consumption the quantity of heat
59. What will happen to the super heater coils in case of
absorbed by the super heater from the flue gases increases per starvation?
unit flow rate of steam. Coils will get overheated and causing warping or tube failure.
50. How does the boiler cleanliness affect the steam temperature?60. What are the prerequisites for steam flow through every tube?
Slag or ash deposits on the heat absorbing surfaces of furnace  Removal of all water from the each tube
zone tubes increases the temperature of the flue gas entering the  The total steam flow equal to or greater than
super heater section and subsequently, the steam temperature approximately 10% of rated steam flow.
increase. Ash deposit is the most frequent cause of steam Water is removed from drainable super heaters by simply opening
temperature fluctuations. This condition can usually be correctedthe header drains and vents. Non-drainable super heaters are not
by changes in the sequence or frequency of the soot blower so simple, because the water must be boiled away. There will be
operation. no steam flow through a tube partially filled with water and those
51. Mostly saturated steam is used for our auxiliaries, then why portions of tube not in contact with water will be subjected to
steam is not directly taken from the drum instead super heated excessive temperatures unless the gas temperature is limited.
steam is used after desuperheating?
If the steam is directly taken from the drum, the super heater may
61. What precautions should be taken to protect the super heater
not receive as much steam as is required for the cooling of coils.
and re-heater coils during the startup of boiler?
This may lead to starvation of SH coils. To avoid this problem, the
During normal operation every super heater tube must have
entire quantity of steam separated from the drum is charged to the
sufficient steam flow to prevent over heating. During startup,
super heater and part of the steam is de-superheated according before
to there is steam flow through every tube, the combustion gas
the requirements, for running of the auxiliaries. temperature entering the super heater section must be controlled
to limit the super heater metal temperature to 450ºC for carbon To facilitate the operation and repairs, economizers/LTSH are
steel tubes and 538ºC to 580ºC for various alloy steels. usually sectionalized in the gas path, with banks of a height up to 1
m.
62. Why hot drain is recommended in the boiler?
Draining all circuit while in hot may temporarily dry the surfaces 73.
to
avoid atmospheric corrosion (Corrosion may taken place inside the What should be the temperature difference between the gas side
tube material in the presence of atmospheric oxygen if moisture and steam side of the super heaters?
present inside the tube). Also, hot draining of boiler are carried out
140ºC for the effective heat transfer which primarily depends on
at suitable opportunity to flush out settlement and deposits. mass velocity and temperature difference.
63. What is header? 74. What will be the effect of using low CV coal instead of
It is a larger pipe, which supplies to or collects the steam or water
designed coal?
from a series of smaller pipes or tubes. Also called a manifold. Low CV coal increases the flue gas flow; leads to more heat
transfer and needs more spray to maintain the design SH/RH
64. How the boiler is supported? temperature.
Mostly it is top supported and allowed to expand downwards
(Approximately to 250 mm). 75. Purpose of providing steam drum?
For steam separation and steam purification
65. Why the water tubes arranged in small parallel tubes instead of
larger pipe? 76. What are the drum internals?
It is arranged to reduce the pressure drop due to the friction and All
to apparatus within the drum is called internals viz., separators,
get better control over the quality of the steam. If the water flows
CBD & EBD pipe lines, Phosphate dosing line, screen dryers etc
through one continuous larger diameter pipe the pressure loss will
be more. 77. What is the function of Drum internals?
- Separation of steam from steam water mixture.
66. Why the feed water should not enter the economiser below- aRemoval of water bubbles from water volume of
certain temperature? boiler from entering down comer.
This may cause a sharp drop in the temperature of the flue gas. - Mixing and distributing feed water.
Due to this cold end corrosion may takes place due to the - Adding chemicals
condensation of sulphuric acid from flue gas. - Facilitating blow down.
67. Why economizer is used in a boiler plant? 78. How the steam is separated in the boiler drum?
To pre heat the feed water before it enters the boiler. It is locatedInin high-pressure boilers, turbo separators are used for steam-
the boiler second pass after the low temperature super-heater and water separation. It is consists of a primary axial flow turbo
before air-heater. separator, a plate type corrugated sheet secondary separator at
the outlet of the turbo separator and screen drier boxes prior to the
68. Where the actual steam generation takes place in Drum type entry to steam outlet nozzles. The spinner blades within the
boiler? separators impart a spinning motion to the mixture, which causes
Steam generation takes place in furnace water walls the heavier water droplets to move radially through the lighter
steam, to impinge on the separator wall and to discharge
69. Why re-circulation is provided in economizer? downward below the water surface through an outer concentric
Re-circulation arrangement is provided to prevent the eco coils cylinder. The secondary separator is plate type corrugated sheet
from overheating i.e. particularly while starting of unit there will not
arranged so as to have a horizontal flow in a zigzag path. The
be any feed flow to the boiler. drier boxes are wire mesh boxes with more wetting surface. The
70. What will be effect of admitting the feed water below certain gravity separation takes place in the space between secondary
temperature to economiser? separator and screen driers.
This may cause a sharp drop in the temperature of the flue gas. If
the flue gas temperature drops to its dew point, it will cause severe 79. How the TDS is removed from the drum?
corrosion of the metal and even lead to tube failure. During steam generation at a high pressure, the concentration of
these salts rise to a value at which they can form scale / sludge.
71. Why economizer inter-mediate headers are provided in high- Calcium and magnesium can form non-sticking sludge, which
pressure boilers? remains in the boiler water in a suspended state and can mostly be
In high capacity boilers where the number of economizer coils removed is by Continuous Blowing Down.
large, many tubes be passed through the roof for connection to an
external header. This will increase the gas leakage. Hence, tubes 80. What is Intermittent Blow Down?
are connected with inter-headers to reduce the number Intermittent of Blow Down (IBD) is a manual instantaneous system
connection in the outlet header. Inter headers and out let header which is operated once in a shift or whenever found necessary to
are connected with minimum number of eco hanger tubes. reduce the boiler TDS to reduce the boiler TDS well below the
specified maximum limit and allow it over the period to build up to
72. Why economizer coils and LTSH coils are sectionalized the as maximum again.
lower bank and upper bank?
81. Where the Tri Sodium Phosphate is dosed in the system For of higher capacity boilers and those operating at higher
steam generation? pressures, a pneumatic or electrically operated feed water control
At boiler drum system is used. The most widely used feed water control system,
especially at utility boilers, is the three-element feed water control.
82. Why the Phosphate is dosed in the boiler drum?
To create the conditions that favour the formation of sludge instead
93. Why the upper water level and lower water levels are
of scale, which are removed from the system by blow down. prescribed in the boiler drum?
Moreover, the phosphate dosing is done to prevent the formation The upper water level is taken so as to ensure high quality steam
of calcium scales rather than scales in general. generation while the lower water level is prescribed for reliable
circulation of water through the circulation system.
83. What is pre-boiler corrosion?
Dissolved oxygen attacks copper in the presence of ammonia94. What are all the three elements in three-element control
more severely in the feed water system (pre-boiler section) system?
before entering into boiler. T Drum level, feed water flow and steam flow
he resultant corrosion product is transported more easily in a
soluble form into the boiler and the liberated “ free copper95. ” How will you detect the tube failure in a boiler?
gets deposited on the heat transfer surfaces at elevated Loss of fluid from the system, noise produced from the leak
temperature.
96. What procedures will you adopt in case a leakage has been
84. Can the phosphate dosing prevent the deposition of pre-boiler detected?
corrosion products? Boiler is to be shutdown and cooled, Boiler is to be drained,
No. It fails to prevent the formation of iron oxides and copper inspection of leak and leaks are to be repaired.
depositions.
97. During steam raising what precautions should be taken for
85. What may happen due to low water in the boiler? non-drainable super heaters?
It may be any thing from leakage to explosion. Firing rate should be controlled to avoid accumulation of
condensate in the super heater coils as well as the tube metal
86. What is foaming? temperature should be kept below the maximum designed
Foaming is due to the chemical composition of the water. Pure temperature.
water does not foam, and in a boiler the steam bubbles are large,
rising quickly to the surface and burst. In the presence of certain98. What is a safety valve?
dissolved or suspended substances, the surface tension is altered It is a device that lets out the excess steam when the steam
and the steam bubbles remains small. Therefore they do not rise pressure in the boiler, steam header or pipe line exceeds the
quickly, and in effect the water into a foaming mass, which can working pressure.
then foam into the steam take-off.
99. How does a safety valve works?
87. What are the common causes for foaming? When the steam pressure exceeds the working pressure, it
-High suspended or dissolved solids in the boiler water automatically vents some steam from the system with the effect
-High alkalinity in the boiler water that the system pressure returns to the normal working limit.
-Contamination of the boiler water with detergent or saponable oil
100. What type of safety valve is used in the high-pressure boiler?
88. What is priming? Spring loaded safety valve.
Priming is the ejection of boiler water into the steam take-off and in
general, results from factors associated with boiler operation. 101. Why is the safety valve of super heater set at a lower
pressure than the SV of the boiler drum?
89. What are the probable causes for priming? To protect the super heater coils from starvation by ensuing
There are several possible causes like operating the boiler with adequate steam flow to the super heater.
too-high water level, operating below the design pressure,
demanding more steam than the design value. 102. What should be the total capacity of the safety valves?
It should be equal to the design steam flow of the boiler.
90. In case of high water level in the drum what will happen?
It may lead to carryover of feed water and cause priming. 103. What will be the relieving capacity of the super heater safety
valves?
91. How does the water level in the drum influence the Safety valves on the super heater will have approximately 25% of
contamination of the steam? boiler MCR as relieving capacity.
Higher the level of the water greater is the steam wetness.
Moreover, for the same height of the water level, steam wetness 104. Why steam blowing is necessary before testing the safety
increases with the increase of steam pressure. valve?
Safety valve seats are susceptible to damage from wet steam.
92. What type of control is used to maintain the drum level? This is an essential reason for cleaning the boiler and blowing out
the super heater and steam line before testing safety valves.
t
109. What is the function of Upper
105. How the Spring Loaded safety valve works?
Spring-loaded Safety Valves are the valves which operates
automatically whenever on upstream of valves exceeds the preset
pressure of valves. It should not have any isolation valve in
between the pressure vessel and safety valve. This type of valve
lifts at one pre-set pressure and re-set at a lower pressure
106. What is the set pressure of the safety

valve?
It is the pressure at which the valve lifts off its
seat for a pre-determined pressure. The set
pressure can be adjusted by the screw, which
alters the spring force. The valve is also designed
to give a positive lift when the set pressure is
reached and so the valve does not simmer.
Simmer means that the valve is just about opening
or has indefinite contact.
107. What is the Re-set pressure of the safety valve?
It is the pressure at which the valve closes or reseats. It is based
on the blow down of the valve that is varying from 3 to 5%. Blow
down is nothing but the difference between the set pressure and
reset pressure of the valve.
108. What is the function of Lower Adjustment Ring?

The lower ring is used to obtain a popping action and to cushion
the closing action of the valve. If simmer is present or valve fails to
lift, the lower ring should be moved upward slowly, one notch at a
time to remove the simmer.
Adjustmen
R
n?
Kannan.k aee/bm/mtps
The upper ring is used to obtain the required blow down. To
reduce the blow down moves the upper ring upward anti
clockwise. To increase the blow down move ring down-turn
clockwise.
110. What is Electromatic Relief Valve?
8
ERV is normally provided on one of the super heater119. How the Bottom Ash is disposed from boiler?
outlet header in 210 MW units. This valve is provided Each unit has two bottom ash hoppers. Each hopper consists of
to prevent frequent opening of spring loaded safety a set of scraper feeder and clinker Grinder at the furnace
valve. The valve assembly consists of a main valve that bottom. Each hopper consists of upper hopper, slag bath and
is actuated by an adjoining pilot valve and the pilot scraper feeder trolley. Around the top periphery of the upper
valve in turn is actuated electrically. This is actuated hopper, seal trough is provided to effectively seal the furnace
automatically when pressure increases set pressure (or) draft. Quenching nozzles are provided in the upper halves to
also can be opened by pushing a button from UCB quench ash collected in the ash hopper and to help move large
slag. The ash collected at bottom transfer to clinker grinder
whenever necessary. where it is crushed to size and then falls into trench below the
scraper feeder.
111. Why air heaters are used in a boiler plant?
It increases the temperature of the air supplied to the furnace by 120. How the Fly Ash is disposed from boiler?
utilizing the heat of the flue gas. The fly ash collected in the Economiser, Air heater and ESP
The overall efficiency of the plant may be increased hoppers drops continuously through a vertical pipe connection
by 10% by pre heating the air in the boiler. to the mixing box provided below each hopper. The nozzles
provided in the mixing box continuously mix the fly ash with
112. Where the Air heaters are placed in two pass boilers? water and discharged to the common trench for fly ash disposal.
At boiler second pass below the economiser Nowadays, the ash collected at ESP hoppers is
disposed in dry mode by High-pressure air system as fly ash
113. How many Air heaters are there in 210 MW boilers? utilization. The system consists of individual transmitter (Which
Two Tri-sector Regenerative APH is connected to ash hopper on the ESP) equipped with the
necessary valves, pneumatic equipment and controls. The
transmitters of hoppers are connected by a piping system to the
114. How the air is heated in the Regenerative silo. When the transmitter is filled to a certain level, a conveying
Air heaters? cycle is initiated by a signal from the level indicator or by a timer
Regenerative air heaters are mostly used in utility steam if wanted. Ash in the transmitter is transported by pressurised air
generators. It consists of a cylindrical shell plus a rotor, which is to silo where it is loaded to trucks.
packed with bundles of heating elements and is rotated through
counter flowing air and gas streams. A stationary housing that 121. How the ash is removed at ESP?
has ducts at both ends encloses the rotor. Air flows through one An ESP electrically charges the ash particles in the flue gas to
half of the rotor and gas flows through the other half. Metallic collect and remove them. The dust concentrated flue gas enters
seals minimize the air to gas leakage and flow bypass around the ESP through an inlet channel and passes through a gas
the rotor. Bearings in upper and lower beam assemblies’ distributor that distribute the flue gas evenly over the parallel
support and guide the rotor at the central shaft. A rotor speed of array of discharge electrodes spaced alternately with collecting
one to three rpm is provided by a motor driven pinion engaging electrodes. The discharge electrodes are in the form of wire,
a rotor encircling pin rack. which is connected to a high voltage power source, 55 to 75 kV
DC with a negative polarity. The collecting electrodes come in
115. What is SCAPH? the shape of plates that are usually positively charged or
Steam Coil Air Pre-Heater grounded. The high intensity electric field created causes the
particulates in the gas stream to acquire negative charges
116. Why SCAPH is provided? transferred from ionized gas molecules of the same polarity.
The forced draft fans supply cooled ambient air. This air enters These charged particles accelerate towards collection
the air pre-heater through the steam coil air pre-heater. During electrodes, where their charges get neutralized, whereupon they
start up and low load condition steam coil air pre-heater is fall into a collection hopper.
utilised to raise the temperature of air entering the air heater to
avoid cold end corrosion. 122. What is Soot blower?
It is a device used to blow accumulated soot off tubes and
117. Why the size of the ID fan is always larger than FD fan? heating surfaces in a boiler. Super heated steam is used from
Because, ID is to handle flue gas with higher specific volume nozzle to dislodge the deposited soot as the soot blower
than the air handled by the FD fan. traverses or rotated to clear the deposit from a section of the
boiler.
118. How the ash is removed from the boiler?
Ash and residue from the combustion of solid fuels are 123. The steam for soot blowing is supplied from which stage of
discharged at four different points in the boiler flue gas stream super heating?
via Bottom as hopper, economizer hopper, air pre-heater hopper The steam required for blowing is taken after super heater
and ESP hoppers. Particle size, density, velocity and physical header No.10 and line pressure is reduced to 22 kg/cm2.
arrangement in the flue gas path dictate at which point in the
flue gas path the ash particles are no longer carried along in the 124. What is the frequency of the wall blower?
flue gas.
The blowers can be operate and keep water wall tubes clean if It is the box surrounding the burner damper on a boiler. The
super heater steam temperatures are more than desired. If it is secondary air heated in the Air heater is directed to wind box
lower than required, blowing frequency can be reduced. and the damper regulate and directs in to the burners.
125. Why the thermal drain is provided in the soot blowing 137. What is the function of coal burners in boiler?
steam supply line and what is the significant of it? Burners undertake the task of delivering coal and air in a proper
Steam supplied for soot blowing should be in super heated form. proportion, facilitate ignition energy to the coal air stream,
If moisture is present in the steam, erosion rate will be more and sustain the ignition and provide a stable flame during the
leads to water wall tubes failure. In order to maintain the super operation, complete the task of combustion and delivering heat
heated steam in the line, a temperature-controlled valve is to the intended purpose.
provided to drain the condensate automatically.
138. How the burners are arranged at burners corners?
126. What will be the impact of the flue gas velocity in boiler In 210 MW boilers, the wind box assembly is divided into 13
pressure parts? compartments (6 coal burners, 3 oil burners and 4 air
Material wastage will be more over the convective pass tubes. compartments) from top to bottom. In a tangentially fired boiler,
Because, the erosion rate will be proposal to an exponential two wind boxes (combustion air boxes) are arranged one at right
function of flue gas velocity. & one at left side of the furnace. The oil burners are located at
different levels or elevations of the wind boxes (AB, CD & EF).
127. Design flue gas velocity of the boiler? The coal and oil burners are sandwiched between air nozzles or
15 m/s air compartments. End air nozzles are arranged one at the
bottom and one at the top of burner arrangement.
128. What is the effect of expansion or contraction stress on
boiler tubes? 139. How the air required for combustion is distributed?
Leakage develops The Combustion air, referred to as Secondary Air, is provided
from FD Fans. A portion of secondary air called `Fuel Air’ is
129. What is the expansion of the boiler? admitted immediately around the burners (annular space
Maximum 250 mm around the oil/gas burners) into the furnace. The rest of the
secondary air, called 'Auxiliary Air’, is admitted through the
130. What is the effect of soot deposition in the flue gas auxiliary air nozzles and end air nozzles. The quantity of
passage of a boiler? secondary air (fuel air + auxiliary air) is dictated by boiler load
Impairs heat transfer and controlled by FD Fan inlet guide vane regulation.
131. What is draft? 140.

It is the pressure difference between the combustion product in How the coals are graded?
side the boiler and the cold air outside the boiler Based on the moisture, ash, particle size, ash fusibility
temperatures and sulfur content of the coal.
132. What is balanced draft system?
Coal fired boilers are designed with balanced draft firing system, 141. Which type of coal is contributing more for power
meaning that the pressure in it is approximately atmospheric. generation in India?
Actually, it is kept at a slightly negative pressure to ensure that Sub-Bituminous coal. Mostly Grade ‘F’ coal
any leakage would be inward. This system is provided with
Primary air fan, Forced and Induced draft fans. 142. Why oil is used as an auxiliary fuel in coal-fired boilers?
Coal is the main fuel in utility steam generators as well as many
133. How the air required for combustion can be controlled to industrial boilers, but a considerable quantity of fuel oil is also
meet the variable load demand? used as an auxiliary fuel for boiler warm up, ignition of coal and
It can be controlled either through damper control or speed coal flame stabilization at low loads
control
143. What do you mean by “atomisation” of liquid fuel and why
134. Which is more economical- Damper control or speedis it necessary?
control? Atomisation is the process of spraying the fuel oil into fine mist,
Speed control. Because the power requirement in the case of for better mixing of the fuel with the combustion air. While
speed control is less than that required for damper control to passing through the spray nozzles of the oil gun, the pressure
bring about the desired change in airflow quantity. energy of the steam converts into velocity energy, which breaks
up the oil stream into fine particles.
135. What factor determines the quantity of primary air to be
used for drying and transportation of pulverized coal? 144. What should be the viscosity of the HFO for better
Fuel quantity. Particularly the moisture content. atomization?
For satisfactory atomisation the viscosity shall be 15 to 20
136. Define Wind box? centistokes.
10
145. Why oil re-circulation is necessary? the flame zone across the furnace height and enables control
Before putting in the first burner into service, it is necessary to over steam temperature.
warm up the long oil supply lines to the burners, so that the oil
does not get cooled in the colder piping and that the oil at 154. How wind box compartment dampers positioning affects
correct atomising temperature becomes available at thethe airflow distribution to the furnace?
burners. To achieve this the heated oil is circulated up to the Opening up the fuel air dampers or closing down the auxiliary air
burners and back to the oil tank through oil return lines till dampers increases the airflow around the fuel nozzle. Closing
adequate oil temperature is reached near the burners. down the fuel air dampers or opening up the auxiliary air
dampers decreases the airflow around the fuel nozzle. Correct
146. Why oil temperature is important for firing? proportioning of secondary air distribution between fuel air
The result of inadequate heating of oil is "higher oil viscosity" compartment and auxiliary air compartment influences the
which impairs atomisation at the oil gun, leading to poor flames, degree mixing, combustion and the flame pattern within the
sooting, increased carbon loss and finally flame failures. furnace.
147. What should be the effect of low and high temperature of 155. Which factor decides the opening of fuel air damper?
fuel oil? All fuel air dampers are normally closed. They open at a definite
Low heating of oil is "higher oil viscosity" which impairs time interval after the associated feeders are started. These
atomisation at the oil gun, leading to poor flames, soot forming, dampers are to be modulated with reference to the amount of
increased carbon loss and finally flame failures. fuel fed to that elevation of fuel nozzle.
Over heating or high temperature of the oil is not
desirable from the point of thermal cracking of oil. The formed 156. What is the minimum clearance allowed when the
solid carbon particles build up over the heater tubes, and plug secondary air dampers are in closed condition?
up the strainer, intricate passages of control and shut off valves 6 mm clearance
and atomisers. The carbon particles also cause faster atomiser
wear out and sparkling in the flame. 157. What is the clearance between the nozzle tip to frame or
compartment?
148. 10 – 15 mm
How the firing rate is controlled during the oil firing?
The firing rate is varied by controlling the oil pressure with a 158. What is the function of primary air system?
constant atomizing steam pressure. First to dry the coal in the pulveriser and second to transport
pulverised coal to the coal nozzles in the wind boxes at the four
149. What will happen if, during atomization, the oil pressure is corners of the furnace.
decreased?
As the oil pressure is gradually decreased, the droplets of 159. What is the fundamental indicator of good combustion?
atomized fuel oil will grow in size. Ultimately there will be a Minimum O2, Maximum CO2 and Nil unburnt in Flue Gas
minimum oil pressure at which the droplet will grow too large to
burn completely. 160. What is the disadvantage of using excess air to reduce the
combustibles in flue gas to Zero?
150. What type of oil gun is used for oil firing and how it works? Lower the furnace temperature and excess fan power
Normally ‘J’ type, which is an externally mixing type oil gun, is
used for oil firing. Atomising steam is supplied through holes in 161. If a thermal power plant burns inferior quality of coal
the spray plate and oil at specified viscosity is also fed through different from the designed coal, what harm it will cause?
the same hole and gets mixed just before getting discharged  Excessive use of coal
together in a spray plate. The firing rate is varied by controlling  Operational problems
the oil pressure with a constant atomizing steam pressure.  Poor functioning of ESP
151. What is tangential firing system? 162. How to determine the correct draft for introducing minimum
The fuel and combustion air streams from these burners orexcess air required for operation?
compartments are directed tangentially to an imaginary circle at This is obtained by a trial and error method, as the precise
the center of the furnace. Tangential firing arrangement createsrelationship between damper position and the amount of draft is
a single flame envelope with a rotating fireball in the center of not known.
the furnace.
163. What is the advantage of excess air?
152. What is the Range of burner tilt? It will increase the combustion intensity, reduced carbon loss
Plus 30 to minus 30 degree and CO formation and reduced slagging conditions.
153. What is the effect of burner tilt in Tangential firing system? 164. What is the disadvantage of excess air?
The burners are tiltable Plus 30 to minus 30 degree aboutIncreased fan power consumption, increased heat loss in the
horizontal, in unison at all elevations and corners. This shifts stack, increased tube erosion and possibly increased NOx
formation.
11
Volatile matter of coal will quickly evaporate and explosion can
165. What should be the condition of the fuel to be used for occur.
combustion?
Liquid fuel conditions are temperature, pressure and if solid, 177. What determines the temperature of the coal inside the
mean particle size and distribution. Low temperatures, lower bowl mill?
pressure and larger particle size contribute to less complete Volatile matter of the coal decides the temperature.
combustion and increased unburnt carbon in the ash. If the fuel
is hotter, finer and at higher pressure, combustion is improved. 178. What is the ill effect of more fineness of coal?
Unfortunately Nox emission and slagging can also increase withIt will lead to fly ash loss and ESP loading.
these conditions.
179. What is the desired fineness of the coal in pulverized coal
166. What is the cause of incomplete combustion? firing?
Lack of air in one part of the stream causes incomplete The fineness shall be 70% (of the pulverized coal) pass through
combustion even though high overall excess air is maintained at 200-mesh screen.
the furnace outlet.
180. What is the function of coal bunker?
167. What is the purpose of measuring CO2 and O2? It provides intermediate or short-term storage ahead of feeder or
The carbon monoxide measurement is taken along with oxygen coal mill.
reading for checking that the combustion airflow is at optimum
level. 181. Why a minimum down spout height is maintained between
coalbunker and feeder?
168. What are the factors affecting the stack loss? A minimum height should be maintained to minimize the air loss
The quantity and the temperature of the flue gas can control the from the pressurised pulveriser.
total heat that exits the stack. The quantity of gas is dependent
on the fuel being burnt, but is also influenced by the amount of 182. What are 200 mesh screen?
excess air supplied to the burners. Hence, the air used more It is the U.S. standard sieve, in which the number of openings
than the required for the complete combustion will take away per linear inch designates the mesh. A 200-mesh screen has
more heat. The temperature of the flue gas is affected by the 200 openings to the inch, or 40,000 openings per square inch.
cleanliness of the heating surface area. This, in turn, is Higher the mesh size, finer the screen. The diameter of the wire
dependent on soot blower and air heater operation. determines the opening size. The opening size for the 200-mesh
will be around 0.0029 inch or 0.074 mm.
169. What are MCR and NCR?
Maximum Continuous Rating and Normal Continuous rating. 183. What will be the coal size in 200-mesh screen?
The NCR of the boiler is 75-80% of its MCR. 74 microns
170. What is the lowest load for the stable operation of a boiler? 184. What is Grindability Index?
It is usually 30-40% of the rated load. Grindability Index of coal indicates the ease with which coal can
be pulverised, softer the coal higher the index. Pulveriser
171. What are the consequences of overloading a boiler? capacity is expressed with reference to a particular grindability
Affect the circulation velocity of the water, higher flue gas index. If the grindability is less than design value, the mill output
temperature and higher SH temperature that lead to SH coil reduces for the same fineness to be maintained.
failure.
185. What is Gravimetric feeder system?
172. What is the drawback of operating a boiler at part load? In gravimetric feeder system, coal is carried on a belt over a
The running equipments consume almost the same amount of load cell, which monitor the coal weight on the belt. Gravimetric
energy as in full load condition. feeders are generally used in modern power station, which
compensate for variations in bulk density due to moisture, coal
173. How the flue gas and steam temperature between left & size and other factors.
right can be minimized?
It can be minimized to the extend possible by adjusting the 186. How the coal is pulverized in the bowl mill?
burner loading and loading of left & right side of draft fans. Bowl mill consists of stationary rollers mounted on an electrically
driven rotating bowl. Coal fed through the hopper gets
174. How many kinds of boiler start-up are there? pulverized by attrition as it passes between the sides of the
Hot start, worm-start and cold start. rollers and bowl. Hot primary air introduced into the pulverized
through the bottom of the bowl carries off coal-dust into the
175. What will be the mill outlet temperature? centrally located classifier fitted at the top. Coarse particles drop
70 - 95ºC. back into the bowl through the center cone of the classifier while
the fine coal dust air mixture is lead away to the burner.
176. If the bowl mill temperature is raised above the above said
temperature limit what will happen? 187. What is the function of classifier in the mill?
12
Classifier is provided in the mill outlet to regulate the size of the capable of withstanding erosion, oxidation due to high
coal particle by returning back the higher size coal particle to the temperature and creep strength. Normally Cr-Ni alloy stainless
mill. Adjusting the vane position of the classifier increases the steel is used for nozzle tip.
fineness by recirculating the coal flow through the mill and
hence the mill loading is increased. 195. Why hard facing is done in the nozzle tip?
Normally Cr-Ni alloy stainless steel is used for nozzle tip.
188. How the coal flow through all pipes is made nearly Chromium is the alloying element for oxidation and corrosion
constant? resistance. But, these alloying elements are not good for erosion
One bowl mill feeds four burners placed at different elevations in resistance. To improve upon the erosion resistance, hard facing
the boiler. By placing orifices in each pipe feeding pulverized of the base material is necessary.
coal to the burner, the flow through all pipes is made nearly
constant. Flow is restricted most in the case of the shortest pipe. 196. What is the function of seal air fan?
Two seal air fans in parallel are draw the cold from the cold
189. What is the velocity of the pulverized coal –primary airflow primary air duct and supply the required quantity of air for
at the burner outlet? sealing. These fans boost the pressure to a slightly higher value
The coal air mixer velocity within the pipe is between 20and 28 and discharge the air into a separate duct arrangement. The
m/s. The lower side is to take care of the velocity and the upper boosted seal air is then delivered through a filter, to those points
side is to limit the erosion of the coal pipe. in pulveriser components, control dampers and hot air shut-off
gates in the individual hot air ducts.
190. Why the primary and secondary airs are given into the
furnace at different speeds? 197. What is boiler efficiency?
To ensure good intermixing of the ignited fuel with the secondary It is the ratio of the heat utilized by feed water in converting it to
air to complete the combustion and consequently active burning steam, to the heat supplied by the fuel over the same time.
takes place in the furnace space.
198. What is “Excess air”? Why is it required for combustion in a
191. How the Mill outlet temperature is maintained? boiler?
Two primary air fans discharges air into a common duct that For all fuels it is possible to calculate the exact amount of air
required for combustion. Part of the air passes through a that is needed for combustion. In practice some extra amount of
separate section of the air pre-heater where it picks up heat and air is required to make sure that complete combustion takes
pass on to the Mill, the rest of the primary air, by passes the air place and this air varies dependent on the type of fuel being
pre-heater and joins the hot air duct ahead of the pulveriser for burned. So the quantity of air admitted in excess of the
proper temperature control of the coal-air mixture leaving the theoretical requirement is called “Excess air”.
pulveriser. A control damper is installed in both hot and cold
primary air ducts to each pulveriser to control the temperature & 199. How to control “Excess air”.
the quantity of air supplied to the pulveriser. Chemical analysis of the gases ia an objective method that
helps in achieving finer air control. By measuring CO 2 or O2 in
192. What is the function of the coal burner? the flue gas, the excess air level as well as stack losses can be
Its primary function is to produce two individual flows: one is estimated. For optimum combustion of fuel oil, the CO 2 or O2 in
fuel-air mixture and the other of secondary air for ignition and flue gases should be maintained at 14-15% of CO 2 and 2-3% in
active burning in the furnace. case of O2.
193. Explain the design features of coal nozzle for effective 200. What is the difference between GCV and NCV?
burning of pulverized coal? The difference between GCV and NCV is the latent heat of
Coal nozzle inlet is of same size as the coal pipe and has condensation of the water vapour generated by the combustion
continuously decreasing cross-sectional area, which is greatest process. GCV assumes all vapour produced during the
at the choke area. Due to this the velocity of coal stream combustion process is fully condensed. NCV assumes the water
increase from entry to exit that avoids the coal particle leaves with the combustion products without fully being
accumulation at throat area of nozzle. To improve the low load condensed.
capability a divider plate is introduced in the coal nozzle to
divide the coal nozzle into two halves, to create an independent 201.
fuel rich and fuel lean stream. What is the design efficiency of MTPS boiler?
86.14%
194. What material is used for the construction of coal nozzle &
tip and why? 202. How can the supply of air be controlled to meet the variable
Since the nozzle is exposed to the maximum temperature of load demand?
secondary air from wind box, the carbon steel is enough for this Damper control and speed control
condition. But it is made up of casting, as the shape of the coal
nozzle is little complicated for fabrication. As per the nozzle tip is 203. How can the flow quantity of air be adjusted by speed
concerned it is subjected wear due to coal air mixer and as well control?
exposed to furnace temperature. Hence, the material should
13
By changing the fan rpm to bring about the desired change in The flame safeguard system will also continually monitor burner
the fan characteristic. operation when the boiler is on-line.
The system will protect the boiler from excessive pressure or
204. How does the volatile matter content determine the rank of temperature conditions
the coal? It will also regulate the firing rate according to the demand for
Higher the VM content of the coal, the lower is the rank of the heat or steam
coal and vice versa. Finally, it will standby during down time, waiting for the signal to
start the burner once again.
205. What is the sulphur content of the coal?
It varies depending upon the nature of the coal. Usually it 213. How the boiler drum level is measured?
ranges from 0.5 to 3%. Electronic water level indicator is used for drum water level
indication in control room as well as boiler floor. It works on the
206. The energy released by the igniters used in 210 MW basic principle of differing conductivities of water and steam.
boilers? Conductivity signal from the electrode is amplified and detected
1.8 MW approx as water or steam. It consists of a pressure vessel attached to
one end of the drum. An array of probes mounted on the
207. Where the tube metal temperatures are measured? pressure vessel is used to measure the resistance of water and
Metal temperature thermocouples are provided for monitoringsteam. The probe outputs are significantly different for steam
super heaters, re heater tube metal temperatures. These and water. The signal from the probe is precision rectified and
thermocouples are located outside the flue gas path in the compared with lower and upper threshold values. At any time if
penthouse zone. The thermocouples signals are taken to controlthe signal is less than the lower threshold, then the output
room for continuous monitoring. When the temperature exceeds displays water. When the signal is greater than the upper
permissible level alarm is given. threshold, the output displays steam. Drum level transmitters
are also provided for remote indication in addition to hydra step.
208. What will be the steam/water mixer temperature at water
wall tube outlet? 214. What is boiler inspection?
It varies from 300 – 350ºC at the boiler pressure 100 – 165 The inspection of boiler serves two purposes one is
kg/cm2. familiarization of operator with the equipment and another one it
verifies the condition of equipments. One important item often
209. What will be the metal temperature at water wall tube? overlooked during the inspection is the provision or lack of
Metal temperature on the surface will be 375 - 400ºC provision for expansion. The boiler expands as the temperature
and pressure are increased and also in steam lines, ducts, soot
210. What is boiler control system? blower piping and drain piping. Before pressure is raised in the
The control systems for boiler are divided into two major boiler, temporary supports provided for various purposes must
classifications i.e., interlocks & protection system and sequence be removed.
controls & analog controls. 215. What is the objective of forced outage inspection in boiler
The interlock & protection system takes care of sequence of pressure parts?
starting protection and interlock of boiler auxiliaries like FD fans, The main objective is to discover if any secondary damage is
ID fans, air heaters, dampers, valves etc. experienced at the adjacent areas and to determine any other
The FSSS takes care of interlocks required for starting, tubes are close to failure due to same mechanism. Also, it can
supervising the operating and safe shut down of the equipments often locate damaged tubes immediate concern and can provide
connecting with firing system. information for planning a subsequent outage.
211. What is a flame scanner? 216. What is the objective of planed / scheduled outage
It is a device used to observe the flame in a boiler. If the flame is inspection in boiler pressure parts?
extinguished for any reason, it sends a signal to close the fuel The goal of the scheduled outage inspection is to eliminate
supply valve to prevent a possible explosion. There are 32boiler tube failure between the scheduled outage. A boiler
scanners employed in 210 MW units out of which 12 Nos. of inspection scope is developed in accordance with prior
discriminating scanners are located at oil elevations and others knowledge and experience. Certain areas may be experiencing
20 scanners called fireball scanners are used for coal burner degradation of specific nature, which would require detailed
flames. inspections. New phenomena can also be discovered.
212. What is Furnace safeguard system? 217. What type of maintenance system is followed in boiler?
Safeguard system is a set of controls used on a boiler to ensure Maintenance of boiler can be divided into: Annual maintenance,
safe burner operation. The primary functions are: Periodical maintenance and Breakdown maintenance
A safe way of starting and shutting down the burner. This can be
accomplished either automatically or manually. 218. How annual maintenance is carried out?
A flame safeguard system also starts the burner in the proper Statutory regulations require a periodic inspection of the
sequence. For example it will purge the combustion chamber of pressure vessel by an Authorized Inspector. Sufficient notice is
gas, light the pilot and then open the main gas valve. generally given to permit removal of the boiler from service and
14
preparation for inspection. This major inspection can often be 228. What are the causes of momentary boiler pressurisation?
used to accomplish maintenance, replacements, or repairs that How to get rid of this problem? what are the best practices to be
cannot easily be done at other times. This also serves as a good followed in a boiler operation and maintenance?
basis for establishing a schedule for annual, monthly, or periodic Improper combustion regime only can cause such momentary
maintenance programs. furnace pressurisation and puffing. Improper mixing of fuel with
combustion air results with unburnt and this unburnt fuel
219. What type of works is carried out in Periodical subsequently get ignited above the furnace regime and cause
maintenance? sudden pressurisation.
To ensure the continuous operation of the boiler, the following Best practices to be followed are:
maintenance are being carried out.  Proper wind box furnace differential is maintained.
 Soot blowing for water wall tubes & APH  Required excess air is maintained (judged by oxygen
 Furnace oil filter cleaning level in FG)
 Scanner air filter cleaning  Burner tips are clean and no clinker / carbonisation is
 Maintenance of soot blower equipments, valves & taking place and clogging.
actuators  The burner tips are not own out or the coal burner
 Lubrication for fans & APH gear box edges are not eroded
 Oil gun cleaning etc.,  Burner diffuser might have wearer or dislodged from
its position.
220. Why is inspection of boilers and their auxiliaries to be
carried out on a regular basis? 229. What is an operator requirement?
To detect the defects, locate deterioration of material, abnormal  Every operator must be trained to understand and
wear etc. so that these can be rectified to avoid serious fulfill the responsibility assumed for the successful
damage. performance of the equipment and the safety of all the
personnel involved.
221. At what intervals, is internal inspection of a boiler normally  The operator must have a complete knowledge of all
carried out? components- their designs, purposes, limitations and
Once in a year. relationships to other components.
222. What is the validity of the boiler certificate? 230.What is the objective of the operating procedure?
Twelve months  Protection of pressure parts from corrosion, over
heating and thermal stress
223. What is boiler preservation?  Prevention of furnace explosion and
Boilers, which are kept ready for stand-by service and may be  Production of steam at the desired temperature,
required at short notice, are preserved by the chemical water. pressure and purity
Chemicals used for preservation are ammonia and hydrazine
231. How a boiler can be prepared for the startup?
224. Why boiler is preserved? A systematic approach is required in the preparation for service
The internal surfaces of boilers prone to corrosion by leftover of a new boiler or any boiler that has undergone major repairs.
water after operation by atmospheric oxygen when they are out The procedure varies with design, however certain steps are
of service. Hence boiler preservation is required to protect the required for all boilers. The steps may be listed as follows:
internal surfaces from corrosion. Inspections, cleaning, hydrostatic testing, recalibration of
instruments, auxiliary equipment preparation, refractory
225. How many methods are for Boiler preservation? conditioning, chemical cleaning, steam blow out, safety valve
Wet method and dry method. testing and initial operations for adjustment and testing.
226. For which type of boilers, is preservation by wet method 232. Why hydro test is conducted?
recommended? After the pressure parts are assembled (incase of new boiler) or
Boilers, which are kept ready for stand-by service and may be repaired but before the refractory and casting are installed, a
required for sudden demands of operation, are preserved by the hydrostatic test at 1.5 times the boiler design pressure is applied
wet method. to all new boilers and maintained for a sufficient time to detect
any leak. If the boiler is in good condition certificate has to be
227. For which type of boilers, is preservation by Dry method issued after conducting the hydro test for 1.25 times of working
recommended? pressure.
Boilers, which are scheduled to be kept out of service for a long
period and which are not expected to be put into operation at 233. Name the drains provided at waterside of the Boiler?
short notice. CBD, EBD, down comer drain, Bottom ring header drain and
economiser drain.
15
234. What is the quantity of the water drained through CBD  Water temperature should not be more than 56ºC
system? above the metal temperature to avoid excessive metal
It will be around 1% of the rated steam flow. stress transients.
 No air should be trapped in the unit during the hydro
235. Explain the system provided for boiler draining? test. As the unit is being filled, the vents should be
There are two-drain systems: one is at waterside and another is open until water appears at vent points.
at steam side. Waterside system comprising water wall drains
and economizer drain connected at a common header at ‘O’ 239. What precaution should be taken to fill the boiler before
meter level called Low point drain. The system may be drained startup?
either through atmosphere or IBD expander according to the  High quality water should be used to minimise
condition of the boiler. waterside corrosion and deposits.
The steam side drains from various drainable super heaters are  Temperature of the water should be match with
connected at a common header at boiler 16 m level then temperature of the metal to prevent the thermal stress.
connected to IBD expander. Both the drains are used for boiler High temperature differential can cause thermal stress
back filling purpose for lighting up or to conduct the hydro test in in the pressure parts and also it distorts the pressure
boiler. parts attachments.
 During the filling air vents should be kept open to
236. Explain the venting system of the boiler? reduce the oxygen corrosion and assure that all boiler
Proper air venting is a must for steam generating equipments. tubes are filled with water.
The provision of properly sized and installed air vents ensure  Establish the correct water level before firing begins.
that trapped air is quickly vented out. During the boiler filling, air
vents should be kept open to displace all air inside the boiler 240. Why by-pass arrangement is provided in the high-pressure
with water. Any air trapped in the system will lead to corrosion. If valves?
the air is not removed, not only corrosion will take place but also By-pass arrangements serves two purposes: First, in steam
it restricts flow in the system making it less effective in carrying services, to worm up the line before opening the main valve and
heat around. secondly, to balance the pressure on both sides of the main
In waterside 2 Nos. of drum air vents and 1 No. of Economiser valve wedge or disc to bring down the opening torque.
air vent are provided at boiler left side 55 m level and there is no 241. What is the function of Isolation valve?
separate vent for water headers. The Super heater & re-heater Isolation valve is normally fully open or fully close condition. This
vents are provided at boiler right side 54 m level. may be Globe or Gate or butterfly valves.
237. Is it advisable to charge the pre-boiler circuit with balance
water available after backfilling of boiler for hydro test or 242. What is the function of Regulation valve?
preservation? A regulating valve has to control the rate of flow, according to
No, the balance water should be drained and chemical for requirement and it may be operated in any position from fully
normal filling of light up should be added & then the pre-boiler open to fully shut.
section should be filled. This will prevent corrosion of water wall
tubes due to high concentration of ammonia present in the 243. What is the function of Pressure reducing valve?
water. Hence, the pH of water should be as specified by the It will reduce the pressure of the fluid passing through the valve.
manufacturer. The valve should do this automatically and it should give
constant output irrespective of any fluctuations in the inlet
238. What precautions should be taken to conduct the hydro pressure.
test?
 High quality water should be used to prevent the 244. What is the function of NRV?
internal fouling and corrosion. This type of valve permits the flow of fluid in one direction only.
 D.M water or condensate treated with 10-ppm
ammonia for pH control and 500 ppm of hydrazine for 245. Where the seal trough is provided?
control of oxygen should be used for non-drainable At the bottom of every boiler a hopper has been provided with a
super heaters and re-heaters. Clear or filtered water sealing arrangement with water between boiler furnace and this
can be used for components that will be drained hopper. This is to give a seal against negative pressure
immediately after the hydro test. maintenance in the furnace and also for the expansion of the
 The water temperature must be above the dew point furnace walls downwards on furnace heat up. This hopper is
temperature of the surrounding air to prevent the always filled with water, overflowing continuously at the top seal
formation of condensate on the parts being tested. to quench the ash and clinkers falling down from the furnace.
 The metal temperature and therefore the water
temperature must be at or above the code (ASME 246. Why make up water is continuously added to the system?
section I PG99) restriction of 21ºC Since steam is taken out continuously and returned to the boiler,
 The water temperature should be kept low so hat the losses due to blow-downs and leakages have to be made up for
pressure parts can be touched and close inspection maintaining designed boiler water quantity by means of the level
can be made. gauges provided on the boiler drum. For this, continuous make
16
up water is added to the boiler water system. Since this make A. reduced B. stopped C. no change
up requires pure water this quality water is obtained by a
Demineralised (DM) water treatment plant. However some 260.In a boiler the pressure inside
storage is essential as DM plant may be down for maintenance. A. can exceed the allowable stress of boiler material
For this purpose a storage tank is installed from which B. should not exceed the allowable stress of boiler material
continuously DM water is drawn for boiler make up. C. pressure is not connected to stress
247. Why cooling air is continuously supplied to oil guns, 261.In boiling of water in a boiler there is
scanners and igniters? A. ordinary boiling B. nucleate boiling C. film boiling
Oil gun tips, scanners and igniter tips are directly exposed to
furnace flame and get heated. Though the tips are made up of 262. 3T`s in Boiler Combustion Represents
special steels it is continuously cooled by respective cooling air A. Time- Temp- Turbulence B. Thermometer- Temp-
system. Secondary air is used fore oil gun cooling and scanner Turbulence C. Time- Temp- Thermometer
air is used for scanners & igniters.
Particularly cooling of oil gun tip ensures that there is no oil 263. Steam is better Thermal Conductor than water
carbonization i.e. carbon cracking is eliminated at elevated A. True B. False
temperature..
264.Total NO of ID Fans in Service at 210 MW Boiler at Full
248. Steam Power Plants are working based on Load in Mettur TPS
A. Ranking Cycle, B. OTTO Cycle, C. Diesel Cycle A. 4 B. 5 C. 2
249. At sea level, water boils at 265.Total NO of FD Fans in Service at Full Load is in Mettur
A. 98ºC B. 99ºC C. 100ºC TPS
A. 2 B. 3 C. 4
250. When pressure on water is increased 266.Total NO of PA Fans in Service at Full Load in Mettur TPS
A. Its boiling temperature decreases A. 1 B. 2 C. 3
B. Its boiling temperature increases
C. Its boiling temperature has no effect. 267. FD Fans Used in Mettur TPS is
A. Axial Type B. Radial Type C. Axial- Profile Type
251. During heating in a boiler, temperature
A. Varies from point to point 268.PA Fans Used in Mettur TPS is
B. remains same at all point, C. none of these A. Axial Type B. Radial Type C. None of the above
252. Saturated steams have-------- 269.When any one of the ID Fan Trips, The corresponding FD
A. less steam & more moisture B. more steam & less moisture Fan will also Trip
C. more steam & more moisture A. Yes, B. NO
253. Super heated steams have ------------- 270. PA Fan Bearing Temperature working Range from
A. less heat stored in it B. more heat stored in it A. 70-80, B. 60-70 C. 90-100269.
C. no heat stored in it
271. PRDS Stands for
255.During heating in a boiler the temperature of tube ad the A. Pressure Reducing De-Super Heater
temperature of water that is flowing inside the tube are B. Pressure Reducer Degree Super Heater
A. temperature not connected to heat C. Pressure Recorder De-super Heater
B. same C. different D. none of these
272. High capacity Boiler is also called as
256.Water Wall tubes is --------- A. Steam Producer B. Steam Generator
A. Fin Welded B. Fusion welded C. Gas Weld C. Steam Condenser
257. During heating in a boiler, the temperature of tube is 273. No. Of Down Comer Pipes in Mettur TPS boilers
A. less than the temperature of the water inside A.10 B. 6 C. 8
B. more than the temperature of the water inside
C. equal to the temperature inside 274. Total No of Turbo Separators in Boiler at Mettur TPS
A. 2 x 29 B. 2 x 50 C. 2 x 30
258. In a boiler the temperature of drum at the outside surface
and its inside surface are 275. No. of Drum Safety Valves available at Mettur TPS
A. equal B. same C. different A. 5 B. 3 C. 2
259.By insulating the pipelines in a boiler the heat loss can be

17
276.HFO Viscosity at Oil Gun will be around A. Ultra Violet from Fuel Burning B. --- Rays from the Fuel
A. 15 to 30 CST B. 30 to 45 CST C. 45 to 60 CST Burning C. --- Rays from the Fuel Burning
277.Boiler Wind Box Consist of ---------- at each corner 292. Choose the Carbon Steel grade from the Following
A. 14 Elevations B. 15 Elevations C. 13 Elevations A. SA 210 Gr.C B. SA 213 T11 C. SA 213 T22
278.No of Coal Mills Available Per Unit in Mettur TPS 293. Platen SH Coils are made up of
A. 7 B. 6 C. 5 A. Carbon Steel B. Low Alloy Steel C. High Alloy Steel
279.What type of Burner Mechanism is employed at Mettur 294. Sub critical boilers Water Wall Tubes are generally made
TPS? up of
A. Tilting Tangential Type B. Fixed Type A. Carbon Steel B. Low Alloy Steel C. High Alloy Steel
C. Radial Tilting Type
295. In Water Chemistry, TDS Stands for
280.FSSS Stands for A. Time Delay Systems B. Total Dissolved Solids C.Total
A. Furnace Safeguard System Dissolved System
B. Furnace Safeguard Supervisory System
C. Furnace Safeguard Savings System 296. The Unit of the Conductivity is
281.Most of the Power Plant in India, Boiler Furnace of A. Micro mho per cm B. W/MK C. k cal/Kg
A. Wet Bottom Furnace Type B. Dry Bottom Furnace Type
C. Mixed Bottom Furnace Type 297. Boiler Cleaning is necessary to increase the
A. Burner efficiency B. Furnace heat Transfer
282.When the Ash Fusion Temperature is above the Furnace C. Thermal Diffusivity
Temperature, Such Type of Furnace is called
A. Wet Bottom Furnace B. Dry Bottom Furnace 298. LRSB Stands for
C. None of the Above A. Long Retractable Soot Blower B. Long Returnable Soot
Blower C. Long Radial Soot Blower
283. In Thermal Power Plant “ESP” Stands for
A. Extra Sensory Perception B. Electro Static Precipitator 299. Total No of Wall Degassers Available per Boiler in Mettur
C. Electro Static Power TPS
A. 58 B. 56 C. 60
284. Type of APH used in Mettur TPS
A. Tubular APH B. Rotary Regenerative APH 300. Silica in Steam Can be controlled by
C. Recuperative APH A. Continues Blow Down B. Emergency Blow
Down C. Intermittent Blow Down
285. For Conducting Tube Thickness Survey
A. Micro Meter is used 301. FSSS is Provide to Avoid
B. Ultra sonic thickness meter C. Gauge A. Furnace Dilution B. Furnace Expansion
C. Furnace Explosion
286.Total No of Coal compartments per Boiler in Mettur TPS
A. 24 B. 34 C. 44 302. Drum Level Swelling can be controlled by Opening
A. CBD B. EBD C. IBD
287. Type of Main Oil Gun Used in Mettur TPS
A. Air Cooled Parallel Pipe, J-Type 303. Economiser is a
B. Oil Cooled Parallel Pipe, JX- Type A. Feed Water Heater B. Super heater C. Re-heater
C. Air Cooled Parallel Pipe, J & JX-Type
304. IBR Stands for
288. In 90 J 16 Oil Guns Spray Plate type - 90 stands for A. Indian Boiler Regulation B. Indian Business regulation C.
A. Atomiser Diameter B. Atomiser Spray Angle Indian Bank Regulation
C. Atomiser Length
305. Hydraulic Test Pressure for newly Erected Boiler will be
289. Kind of Fuel Firing System Available in Mettur TPS A. 1.25 Times of Design Pressure B. 1.5 Times of Design
A. Direct Fuel Firing B. Indirect Fuel Firing C. Pressure C. 2 Times of Design Pressure
Partly Direct Fuel Firing & Partly In-Direct Fuel Firing
306. Indian Boiler Act formed in the Year
290. Type of Boiler Furnace Used in Mettur TPS A. 1920 B. 1923 C. 1965
A. Solid Refractory Wall B. Hollow Refractory Wall with Air
Cooling C. Water Cooled Metallic walls 307. Certificate for boiler is issued after conducting hydraulic
test for
291. Flame Scanner is working based on Detecting
18
A. 1.25 times of working pressure B. 1.5 times of 323. Generally 500 MW Boilers are
working pressure C. There is no norm A. Natural Circulation Type B. Forced circulation
C. Once through circulation
308. The Competent Authority to Issue the B.O.E. Certificate in
Tamil Nadu is 324. FD Fans Supply the
A. Chairman/TNEB B. Chairman/Slum Board A. Primary Air for Combustion B. Secondary Air for
C. Chairman/TNBD Combustion C. Both (A) & (B)
309. Coal Nozzle Tips used in the boiler are made up of 325. SADC Stands for
A. Forged Steel B. Cast Steel C. Stainless Steel A. Service Air Damper Control B. Secondary Air
Damper Control C. Both (A) & (B)
310. Hard Facing of Coal Nozzles and Tips are done to reduce
A. Coal Powder Erosion B. Fly Ash Erosion C. Air 326. Type of Coal Mill used in Mettur TPS
Ingression A. Ball & Roller Mill B. Bowl Mill C. Tube Mill
311. Boiler Steam Lines can be insulated by 327. No of main Oil Guns used per Boiler in Mettur TPS
A. Insulation Tape B. Glass Wool Mattress A. 4 x 4 B. 3 x 4 C. 2 x 4
C. Clay Materials
312. Normal Curing time for Castable Refractory should be 328. Types of Coal Mill used in ETPS
A. 24 hrs B. 48 hrs C. 36 hrs A. Ball Mil B. Bowl Mill C. Both (A) & (B)
313. A Good Refractory material should be 329. SCAPH Stands for

A. High Degree of Heat Resistance A. Steam Coil Air Pre Heater B. Steam Cooled APH
B. Low Thermal Material C. All the Above C. Both (A) & (B)
314. The most commonly used refractory cement consists of 330. For Oil Firing in Boiler
A. Alumna (Al2O3) B. Silicon Carbide (Sic) A. Primary Air Required B. Secondary Air
C. Both (A) & (B) Required C. None of the Above
315. Boiler Duct Materials are 331. ID Fans are used to

A. Mild Steel B. Carbon Steel C. Stainless Steel A. Supply the Combustion air to Boiler
B. Evacuate the Flue Gas from Furnace to Chimney
316. The Purpose of Providing Expansion Bellows in Ducting C. Supply the Service Air to Boiler
Systems is
A. To Absorb Flue Gases B. To Absorb the Thermal 332. Balance Draft can be maintained by
Expansion C. To Absorb the Moisture in Ducting System A. PA & ID Fans B. FD & ID Fans C. FD & GR Fans
317. Certificate for the Use of a Boiler can be Issued By 333. For 100% Oil Firing in 210 MW Boiler
A. A Component Authority from Boiler Inspectorate A. PA Fan is required B. Gas Re circulation Fans
B. A Component Authority from the Secretariat Required C. Both (A) & (B)
C. Owner of the boiler
334. Scanner Air Fans have tap off from
318. For Controlling the Soluble Solids the Boiler Water --------- A. PA Fan Out-Let Inter-Connecting Duct
Method is used B. FD Fan Out-Let Inter-Connection Duct
A. CBD B. EBD C. IBD C. None of the Above
319. Furnace Explosion can be avoided by maintaining 335. In case of FD fan failure the air for scanner air fan is drawn
A. PRDS System B. FSSS C. SADC System from
A. PA fan discharge header B. Seal air fan
320. The Recommended pH value of Feed Water for HP Boilers C. Emergency Air Damper D. Atmosphere
ranging from
A. 6 to 7 B. 8.3 to 9.5 C. 11 to 14 336. The Super Heated Steam Temperature used for Power
Generation in 210 MW units is
321. Total No of SH Headers available in Mettur TPS A.1 00ºC B. 500ºC C. 540ºC
A. 10 B. 11 C. 14
337. In Sea Shore Plant Condenser Tube Leakage leads to
322. M.S.S.V. Stands for A. Decrease the PH value of Boiler Water
A. Main Steam Safety Valve B. Main Steam Stop B. Increase the Conductivity of Boiler C. All the above
Valve C. None of the Above
338. Fuels used in Mettur TPS Boiler are
19
A. Coal B. Heavy Furnace Oil & Light Diesel Oil C.
All of the above 353. Cold end Corrosion in APH is due to
A. Excess Air present in the Furnace Oil
339. For Atomising Heavy Furnace Oil B. Excess Sulphur present in the Furnace Oil
A. Air is used B. Steam is used C. Diesel is used C. Excess Calcium present in the Furnace Oil
340. Boiler Mountings are 354. Modes of Heat transfer take place in Boiler Power plant are
A. Water level Indicators B. Pressure Gauges andA. Conduction alone B. Convection alone
Safety Valves C. All the above C. Conduction, Convection & Radiation
341. Chimney draught is also called as 355. Economiser Re Circulation is necessary during light up to
A. Artificial Draught B. Natural draught avoid
C. Steam Jetty draught A. Eco Coils Water StarvationB. Steaming in Economiser C.
All the above
342. Orsat Apparatus is used for
A. Steam sample Analysis B. Flues gas Analysis 356. Water Wall tube Puncture may lead to
C. DM water Analysis A. Drum Level very Low Condition B. Very high furnace draft
C. Starvation in SH tubes D. All the above
343. For Complete Combustion of Fuel 357. High Pressure Boiler Tube should be welded by
A. Theoretical Minimum Air only Required A. Welder B. IBR Certified Welder
B. Excess Air is required C. None of the above C. Non-IBR Welder
344. Removal of Ash particles takes place in 358. Normally the High Pressure Boiler tube Root welding can
A. Deaerator B. Boiler be done by using
C. Electro Static Precipitator A. Arc Welding B. TIG Welding C. MIG Welding
345. How many Fields are there in 210 MW ESP 359.Drum slope in NCTPS Boilers are
A. 12 B. 24 C. 36 A. 2` Boiler Right side B. 4` Boiler Left side
C. 2` Boiler Left side
346. The Allowable limit of dust particles let out through
Chimney is 360. Package Boiler is necessary during
A. 150 gm/Kg, B. 150 mg/Nm3, C. 1,500 mg/Kg A. Boiler Operation B. New Boiler Commissioning
C. None of the above
347. Removal of Oxygen from Feed Water takes place in
A. Deaerator B. Turbine C. ESP 361. Soot Blowing Steam is being taken from
A. 5th SH Header B. 10th SH Header
348. Bin card terminology is used in C. 14th SH Header
A. Work Shop B. Stores C. Foundry Shop
362. Nature of Boiler Tube Puncture is
349. Boiler Efficiency may be defined as, is the Ratio of A. Burst opening (or) Fish mouth opening
A. Heat Absorbed by Water to Steam, B. Pin Hole Puncture C. All the above
B. Heat Liberated in the Furnace
C. Heat absorbed by the water & steam to the heat liberated by 363. SH Spray can be used to control the
the fuel A. SH Steam Temperature B. Re-heater steam
temperature C. PRDS steam temperature
350. Attemperation is used to reduce the Temperature and heat
Content of 364. R.O stands for
A. Wet Steam B. Dry Steam A. Reverse Osmosis B. Restricted Osmosis
C. Super Heated Steam C. Remove Osmosis
351. The main Purpose of providing Scanner in Boiler Furnace 365. Cation Exchanger used in Water Treatment to Removes
is to indicate the A. Chloride B. H+ ions C. Carbonates
A. Water level B. Flame condition
C. Flue Gas temperature 366. Anion Exchanger used in Water Treatment to Removes
A. Magnesium B. Sodium C. OH- Ions
352. The Purpose of Providing Down Comer Blow off in the
Boiler is 367. Hydrazine dosing in Boiler Feed Water System to Remove
A. To Blow out the Foreign Particles from the Ring Header B. ToA. H2 B. N2 C. O2
Blow out the SteamC. To Blow out the Water
20
368. Material used in Hot End Basket Element of APH
A. Al Steel B. Carbon Steel C. Carton Steel 386. Identify the fuel, which has the highest specific gravity.
a) LSHS b) LDO c) HSD d) furnace oil
369. Material used in Cold End Basket Element of APH
A. Carton Steel B. Carbon Steel C. Al Steel 388. Name the Valve Seat material used in high Pressure
Steam Line
370. How many drives in each APH in Mettur TPS A. Al Steel B. Stainless Steel C. Stelliting
A. 4 B. 2 C. 1
389. Shrouding used on Boiler to avert
371. Name the Cleaning Device used to clean the Basket while A. Fly Gas Erosion B. Steam erosion C. Over Heating
APH is in service
A. Air Jet B. Water Jet C. Soot Blowing System 390. Main cause of the Tube Puncture on Boiler
A. Fly ash Erosion B. Over Heating
372. What is the allowable Temperature of an APH Bearings? C. Welding Failure D. All the Above
A. 60ºC B. 70ºC C. 80ºC 391. Long term Over Heating of Tubes leads to
A. Burst Opening with thick lip B. Pin hole Open
373. The Impartment Protection device for an APH C. Fish mouth open
A. Rotor Stop Alarm B. Oil Temperature High Alarm
C. LOP Stop Alarm 392. Alloy steel Welding of Boiler Tubes required Pre Heating
and Post Heating
374. Allowable Flue Gas Out-Let Temperature of an APH A. True B. False
A. 147ºC B. 155ºC C. 135ºC
393. Non-Destructive testing method of Welding Joints
375. Where the Soot blowers are positioned in APH at Mettur A. X-Rays B. Ultra Sonic Testing
TPS C. Die Penetrate Test D. All
A. Cold end only B. Hot End only C. at Both the ends
394. Hydraulic Test is conducted in Boiler after Tube Puncture
376. How many LRSB are there in 210 MW Boiler of Mettur TPS A. To Check the Welding Joints in Puncture are
A. 18 B .10 C. 27 B. To Check the Tube Leakage in other area
C. Both (A) & (B)
377. Wall Soot Blower blowing Pressure
A. 17 Ksc B. 11Ksc C.10Ksc 395. Purpose of Sky Climber in Boiler
A. Used as Lift for Boiler Furnace Maintenance B. Used as a
378. Soot Blowers over run due to Welding Machine c. Used as a Checking Device
A. Dust Accumulation on the Guide rods
B. Improper Gear Measuring 396. Which one of the following methods of welding is used at
C. Wrong inner Setting D. Both (B) & (C) site for boiler tube welding?
a. TIG welding b. ARC welding
379. How many SCAPH are used in 210MW Boiler c. Resistance welding d. a & b
A. 2 B. 4 C .6
397. Presence of sulphur in the boiler fuel oil leads to
380. Flap Valve Suitable for a) Erosion b) corrosion c) low heat transfer
A. One Direction Flow B. Both Directional Flow
C. Irrespective of Flow 398. At what pressure drum and super heater air vents has to be
closed?
381. What is mean by Check Valve? A. 2 ksc B. 4 ksc C. 10 ksc
A. Gate Valve B. Globe Valve C. Non-Return Valve
399. Viscosity of the liquid fuel is very much dependent on
382. How many ERV is provided in 210 MW Boiler a) Pipe size b) colour c) temperature d) pressure
A. 1 B. 2, C. 3
400. For complete combustion of every kg of fuel oil firing,
383. What Type of Safety Valve used in Boiler drum and SH approximate theoretical quantity of air required is.
A. 1, 700 Series B. 1, 800 Series C. 1, 600 Series a) 18 kg b) 14 kg c) 21 kg
384. Setting Pressure of a Safety Valve can be adjusted using 401. Oxygen percentage measurement by volume basis can be
A. Compression screw B. Spring C. UAR done by using:
a) Copper tubes b) potassium oxide probe
385. If liquid fuel is highly viscose, the action required for proper c) zirconium oxide probe
burning in boiler is ------------
a) Cooling b) heating c) mixing d) vapourising 402. “Turndown ratio” for burners is the ratio of
21
a) Max air input over min air input
b) Max fuel input over min fuel input 404. High % of CO in the flue gas of boiler is an indicator of
c) Max fuel input over actual fuel input a) High excess air b) complete combustion
c) low excess air
403. Large and irregular lumps of coal when fired in a boiler lead
to……. 405. Which one of the following has a high specific gravity?
a) Poor combustion b) low excess air a) Kerosene b) furnace oil c) water
c) high thermal efficiency
22
23

Boiler Q A

Încărcat de

Informații document

Titlu original

Drepturi de autor

Formate disponibile

Partajați acest document

Partajați sau inserați document

Opțiuni de partajare

Vi se pare util acest document?

Este necorespunzător acest conținut?

Drepturi de autor:

Formate disponibile

Boiler Q A

Încărcat de

Drepturi de autor:

Formate disponibile

Boiler Facts - Question & Answers

K. KANNAN, B.E., B.O.E., M.B.A., (D.W.E&T), M.I.E.,

106. What is the set pressure of the safety

108. What is the function of Lower Adjustment Ring?

110. What is Electromatic Relief Valve?

131. What is draft? 140.

259.By insulating the pipelines in a boiler the heat loss can be

313. A Good Refractory material should be 329. SCAPH Stands for

315. Boiler Duct Materials are 331. ID Fans are used to

S-ar putea să vă placă și