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Workout Problem 4
Fourier Series
Math 414
Advanced Engineering Mathematics
Submitted by:
Renz Kenneth D. Arellano
3-BSEcE-A
Submitted to:
Engr. KHARLO J. SUBRIO
Subject Instructor
Math 414/324 | Advanced Engineering Mathematics
Workout Problem 4
Fourier Series
Ans. The Fourier Series allows us to model any arbitrary periodic signal with a combination of
sines and cosines. A Fourier series is a representation of a wave form or other periodic function as a
sum of sines and cosines. It is named after the French mathematician and physicist Jean-Baptiste
Joseph Fourier (1768–1830). Since sound waves are made up of sine waves, Fourier transforms are
widely used in signal processing. A Fourier series is a way to represent complex waves, such as
sound, as a series of simple sine waves. The series breaks down a wave into a sum of sines and
cosines. This means that elements of a wave can be isolated from each other. The field of Fourier
analysis is the study of various Fourier series. The practice of isolating a signal into individual
frequencies is known as a Fourier transform.
While it is possible to calculate a Fourier series manually, computers can more easily analyze the
complex harmonics of everyday sounds. Fourier analysis is widely used in audio processing, such as
picking out individual sounds from a recording.
Consider a square wave of length . Over the range , this can be written as
(1)
where is the Heaviside step function. Since , the function is odd, so ,
and
(2)
reduces to
(3)
(4)
Math 414/324 | Advanced Engineering Mathematics
(5)
(6)
(7
Sawtooth Wave
Consider a string of length plucked at the right end and fixed at the left. The functional form of this
configuration is
(1)
The components of the Fourier series are therefore given by
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
(7)
(8)
(9)
The Fourier series is therefore given by
(10)
(11)
(12
Math 414/324 | Advanced Engineering Mathematics
Triangle Wave
(4)
(5)
(6)
(7)
Math 414/324 | Advanced Engineering Mathematics
Now consider the asymmetric triangle wave pinned an -distance which is ( )th of the distance . The
displacement as a function of is then
(8)
(11)
The constants a0, ai and bi, , are called the coefficients of Fn(x).
The Fourier polynomials are -periodic functions. Using the trigonometric identities
Math 414/324 | Advanced Engineering Mathematics
for , we have
(2)
for m and n, we have
(3)
for , we have
(4)
for , we have
Using the above formulas, we can easily deduce the following result:
Theorem. Let
Math 414/324 | Advanced Engineering Mathematics
We have
is called the Fourier series associated to the function f(x). We will use the notation
Math 414/324 | Advanced Engineering Mathematics
Answer. Since f(x) is odd, then an = 0, for . We turn our attention to the coefficients bn. For
any , we have
We deduce
Hence
Math 414/324 | Advanced Engineering Mathematics
4. Determine the Fourier series representation of the following. Show step by step procedure with
explanation. Additional examples will be given extra credit.
1, 0≤𝑥≤1
𝑓(𝑥) = {
0, 1≤𝑥≤2