Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
• Digital audio
– Recording
• Conversion: acoustic to electric
[Edison, Bell]
• Conversion: analog to digital
[Shannon, Bennett]
– Storage (or processing)
• Digital storage [CD, DVD, Blu-ray]
• Digital signal processing
– Playback
• Conversion: digital to analog
• Conversion: electric to acoustic
• ”Hi-res” audio
– Transparency
– DVDA, SADC, HD-Audio
Introduction:
• The hearing
– 0 phon → treshold of audibility
– 120 phon → treshold of pain
– Bandwidth ~20kHz
• Transparency [ARA95]
– Dynamic range ≥ 120dB
• B ≥ 20 bits
– Bandwidth ≥ 26kHz
• fs ≥ 52kHz
• ”Hi-res” digital audio standards
– DVDA
• 24-bit, 192kHz
– SACD ISO226 Equal loudness curves
• 1-bit, 2.8MHz (120dB, 100kHz eff.)
– Intel HD Audio (Azalia)
• 32-bit, 192kHz
Introduction:
• DAC
– Digital data → analog current or voltage
– Linear translation → LPCM
– For 24 bits: 223 ratio between MSB and LSB
• Or: 224 elements with thermometer encoding
• LPCM DAC impractical for audio
– Possible, but difficult and expensive
• Burr-Brown PCM 1702, 1704
• Can we reduce number of bits B?
DAC functionality
Introduction:
• Requantization
Amplified 4 times
Amplified 20 times
NTF(z)=(z-1)
Introduction:
• Delta-Sigma Modulation
– Generalized
– No delay-free loop → ntf[n]|n=0=0
• Up to seventh order filter seen in literature
• SACD → 5th order DSM and 1-bit quantization
– New problem: instability ( )
• Limits input range
Aout X 1 eDSM
Paper III:
• Segmented DEM.
– Simulations: Second-order SDSM
• DEM limited to second order
– Conservative second-order SDSM
shows clear improvement over mod1,
with much less overhead than mod2
Paper III:
• Results/conclusions:
– Paper describes a useful utilization of NOL method
• Used to make hardware for segmented DEM with conservative NTF SDSM
– Paper presents an improved segmented DEM proposal
• 2nd order NOL SDSM performs much better than mod1-SDSM
• 2nd order NOL SDSM gives 30% less overhead than mod2-SDSM
– Segmented DEM allows for use of larger quantizers
• 8-10 bits instead of 3-6 bits typical today
• Most critical for low-OSR DSM, but also useful for hi-res as will be seen
– SDSM should have same order of shaping as DEM algorithm
• Current DEM algorithms → 1st or 2nd order
• No reason to ”over design” and create unneccessary overhead
• Error budgeting
Paper IV:
• I.Løkken, A.Vinje, B.Hernes, T.Sæther, ”Error Estimation in Delta-
Sigma DA Converters”
– Submitted to Analog Integrated Circuits and Signal Processing, January 2008
• Motivation
– Difficult to find published estimates for how DAC errors are affected by the
DSM (NTF, OSR, number of bits…)
– In particular motivated by wanting to look at the jitter issue
• Results
– Estimation methods proposed for mismatch, jitter, switching errors
• All based on the additive noise model, i.e. not accurate or mathematically rigorous,
but simple and should give reasonable predictions
– Matlab models made to validate estimates with functional simulation results
• Instantiated through scripts using Schreier’s Delta-Sigma Toolbox™ to synthesize
modulators for changing parameter values
Paper IV:
• What is jitter?
– Deviations in the sampling period
– Creates several kinds of distortion
• Sinusoid jitter → sideband distortion
• Random jitter → additional noise
– Jitter spectrum modulates (convolves) with signal spectrum
– Jitter sideband distortion not affected by DSM
– Jitter noise hugely affected by DSM
Original
White jitter