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Table of Contents:
CHAPTER PAGE
CHAPTER 1 3
CHAPTER 2 23
CHAPTER 3 24
CHAPTER 4 47
CHAPTER 5 62
CHAPTER 6 84
CHAPTER 7 104
CHAPTER 8 138
CHAPTER 9 156
CHAPTER 10 167
1
2
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION TO RESERVOIR ENGINEERING
PROBLEM 1.1
Calculate the volume 1 lb-mole of ideal gas will occupy at:
a) 14.7 psia and 60°F
b) 14.1 psia and 32°F
c) 14.7 plus 10 oz and 80°F
d) 15.025 psia and 60°F
ANSWER:
a)
nRT 1 × 10.73(460 + 60) 3
pV = nRT V = = = 379.6 ft
p 14.7
b)
1 × 10.73 × (460 + 32)
V= = 359.1 ft 3
14.7
c)
1 psia
p = 14.7 psia + 100Ζ( ) = 15.325 psia
160Ζ
1 × 10.73 × (460 + 80)
V= = 378.7 ft 3
15.325
3
d)
1 × 10.73 × (460 + 60)
V= = 371.4 ft 3
15.025
PROBLEM 1.2
A 500 cu ft tank contains 10 lb of methane and 20 lb of ethane at 90°F.
a) How many moles are in the tank?
b) What is the pressure of the tank is psia?
c) What is the molecular weight of the mixture?
d) What is the specific gravity of the mixture?
ANSWER:
a)
m1 m 10 20
nt = + 2 = + = 1.292
mw1 mw 2 16 30
b)
nRt 1.292(10.73)(550)
pa = = = 15.25 psia
V 500
c)
mt 30
Mw = = = 23.22
nt 1.292
d)
M 23.22
γg = = = 0.80
M air 28.97
4
PROBLEM 1.3
What are the molecular weight and specific gravity of a gas that is one third each of
methane, ethane, and propane by volume?
ANSWER:
CH 4 = 0.333
C 2 H 6 = 0.333
C3 H 8 = 0.333
M w = 0.333(16) + (0.333)(30) + (0.333)(44) = 30
Mw 30
γg = = = 1.035
28.97 28.97
p1V1 p2V2
=
n1T1 n2T2
10
n1 = = 0.227lb − mole
44
pV = nRT 14.7(50) = n × 10.73 × 535 → n2 = 0.128lbmol
14.7(50) p 2 (50)
= p2 = 38.48 psia
0.128(535) (0.128 + 0.227)(505)
PROBLEM 1.4
A 10 lb block of dry ice is placed in a 50 cu ft tank that contains air at atmospheric
pressure 14.7 psia and 75°F. What will be the final pressure of the sealed tank when all
the dry ice has evaporated and cooled the gas to 45°F?
ANSWER:
p1V1 p 2V2
=
n1T1 n2T2
5
10
n1 = = 0.227lbmole
44
pV = nRT 14.7(50) = n × 10.73 × 535 → n2 = 0.128lbmol
14.7(50) p2 (50)
= p2 = 38.48 psia
0.128(535) (0.128 + 0.227)(505)
PROBLEM 1.5
A welding apparatus for a drilling rig uses acetylene (C2H2), which is purchased in steel
cylinders containing 20 lb of gas, costs $4.50 exclusive of the cylinder. If a welder is
using 200 cu ft per day measured at 16 oz gauge and 85°F, what is the daily cost of
acetylene? What is the cost per MCF at 14.7 psia and 60°F?
ANSWER:
oz
16 = 1 psi
in 2
p = p gauge + 14.7 = 15.7 psi
m 20
n= = = 0.77
M w 26
ZnRT 1(0.77)(10.73)(545)
PV = ZnRT → V = = = 286.8 ft 3
p 15.7
4.5$
× 200 ft 3 = 3.14$
286.8 ft 3
ZnRT (1)(0.77)(10.73)(520)
V= = = 292.26 ft 3
p 14.7
4.5$
× 1000 ft 3 = 15.40$
292.26 ft 3
6
PROBLEM 1.6
(a) A 55,000 bbl (nominal) pipeline tank has diameter of 110 ft and a height of 35 ft. It
contains 25 ft of oil at the time suction is taken on the oil with pumps that handle 20,000
bbl per day. The breather and safety valves have become clogged so that a vacuum is
drawn on the tank. If the root is rated to withstand ¾ oz per sq in. pressure, how long
will it be before the roof collapses? Barometric pressure is 29.1 in. Neglect the fact that
the roof is peaked and that there may be some leaks.
(b) Calculate the total force on the roof at the time of collapse.
(c) If the tank had contained more oil, would the collapse time have been greater or less?
ANSWER:
The solution of this problem is left to readers.
PROBLEM 1.7
(a) What percentage of methane by weight does a gas of 0.65 specific gravity contain if
it is composed only of methane and ethane? What percentage by volume?
(b) Explain why the percentage by volume is greater than the percentage by weight.
ANSWER:
a)
Mw
γ g = 0.65 → γg = → M w = 0.65(28.97) = 18.83
28.97
x(16) + (1 − x)(30) = 18.83 → x = 0.798
c1 % = 79.8%
16(0.798)
= = 67.8
18.83
b) Molecular weight of methane is less than ethane. Therefore in a mixture of fixed
volume methane’s weight is less than ethane.
7
PROBLEM 1.8
A 50 cu ft tank contains gas at 50 psia and 50°F. It is connected to another tank that
contains gas at 25 psia and 50°F. When the valve between the two is opened, the
pressure equalizes at 35 psia at 50°F. What is the volume of the second tank?
ANSWER:
PV
z = 1, n =
RT
PV P1V1 P2V2
= + PV = P1V1 + P2V2
RT RT RT
Vt = V1 + V2 P (V1 + V2 ) = P1V1 + P2V2
35(50 + V2 ) = (50)(50) + ( 25)(V2 ) V2 = 75 ft 3
PROBLEM 1.9
Gas was contracted at $1.10 per MCF at contract conditions of 14.4 psia and 80°F. What
is the equivalent price at a legal temperature of 60°F and pressure of 15.052 psia?
ANSWER:
P1V1 14.4(1000)
P1V1 = n1 RT1 → n1 = = = 2.485 ft 3
RT1 10.73(540)
P2V2 15.025(1000)
P2V2 = n2 RT2 → n2 = = = 2.697 ft 3
RT2 10.73(520)
101$
2.697 ft 3 × = 1.19$
2.485 ft 3
PROBLEM 1.10
A cylinder is fitted with a leakproof piston and calibrated so that the volume within the
cylinder can be read from a scale for any position of the piston. The cylinder is
8
immersed in a constant temperature bath maintained at 160°F, which is the reservoir
temperature of the Sabine Gas Field. Forty-five thousand cc of the gas, measured at 14.7
psia and 60°F, is charged into the cylinder. The volume is decreased in the steps
indicated below, and the corresponding pressures are read with a dead weight tester after
temperature equilibrium is reached.
V,cc 2529 964 453 265 180 156.5 142.2

P, psia 300 750 1500 2500 4000 5000 6000
(a) Calculate and place in tabular form the gas deviation factors and the ideal
volumes that the initial 45,000 cc occupies at 160°F and at each pressure.
(b) Calculate the gas volumes factors at each pressure, in units of ft3/SCF.
(c) Plot the deviation factor and the gas volume factors calculated in part (b) versus
pressure on the same graph.
ANSWER:
PROBLEM 1.11
(a) If the Sabine Field gas gravity is 0.65, calculate the deviation factors from zero to
6000 psia at 160°F, in 1000 lb increments, using the gas gravity correlation of Fig. 1.4.
(b) Using the critical pressures and temperatures in Table 1.1, calculate and plot the
deviation factors for the Sabine gas at several pressures and 160°F.The gas analysis is as
follows:
9
Component C1 C2 C3 iC4 nC4 iC5
Mole 0.875 0.083 0.021 0.006 0.008 0.003
Fraction
Component nC5 C6 C7+
Mole 0.002 0.001 0.001
Fraction
Use the molecular weight and critical temperature and pressure of octane for the
heptanes-plus. Plot the data of Prob. 1.10(a) and Prob. 1.11(a) on the same graph for
comparison.
(c) Below what pressure at 160°F may the ideal gas law be used for the gas of the Sabine
Field if errors are to be kept within 2%?
(d) Will a reservoir contains more SCF of a real or of an ideal gas at similar conditions?
Explain.
ANSWER:
PROBLEM 1.12
A high-pressure cell has a volume of 0.330 cu ft and contains gas at 2500 psia and
130°F, at which conditions its deviation factor is 0.75. When 43.6 SCF measured at 14.7
psia and 60°F were bled from the cell through a wet test meter, the pressure dropped to
1000 psia, the temperature remaining at 130°F. What is the gas deviation factor at 1000
psia and 130°F?
10
ANSWER:
P1V = Z 1 n1 RT
2500 (0.33) = 0.75 × n1 × (10 .73)(590 ) n1 = 0.174 mol
PscVsc = n2 RTsc
(14.7)(43.6) = n2 (10.73)(520) → n2 = 0.115mol

ntotol = n1 − n2 = 0.174 − 0.115 = 0.059mol
P2V = Z 2 ntotal RT
1000(0.33) = Z 2 (0.059)(10.73)(590)
Z 2 = 0.885
PROBLEM 1.13
A dry gas reservoir is initially at an average pressure of 6000 psia and temperature of
160°F. The gas has a specific gravity of 0.65. What will the average reservoir pressure
be when one-half of the original gas (in SCF) has been produced? Assume the volume
occupied by the gas in the reservoir remains constant. If the reservoir originally
contained 1 MM ft3 of reservoir gas, how much gas has been produced at a final
reservoir pressure of 500 psia?
ANSWER:
PROBLEM 1.14
A reservoir gas has the following gas deviation factors at 150Ԭ. Plot z versus p and
graphically determine the slopes at 1000 psia, 2200 psia, and 4000 psia, Then, using Eq.
(1.19), find the gas compressibility at these pressures.
11
P,psia 0 500 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000
z 1.00 0.92 0.86 0.80 0.82 0.89 1.00
ANSWER:
PROBLEM 1.15
Using Figs. 1.4 and 1.5, find the compressibility of a 70% specific gravity gas at 5000
psia and 203°F.
ANSWER:
from fig1 − 4 → T pc = 375° R, p pc = 660 psia
T 663
T pr = = = 1.77
TPc 375
p 5000
Ppr = = = 7.6
Ppc 660
fig 1 − 5 → Z = 1.01
PROBLEM 1.16
Using Eq. (1.22) and the generalized chart for gas deviation factors, Fig. 1.5, find the
pseudoreduced compressibility of a gas at a pseudoreduced temperature of 1.30 and a
pseudoreduced pressure of 4.00. Check this value on Fig. 1.7.
ANSWER:
12
PROBLEM 1.17
Estimate the viscosity of a gas condensate fluid at 7000 psia and 220°F. It has a specific
gravity of 0.90 and contains 2% nitrogen, 4% carbon dioxide, and 6% hydrogen sulfide.
ANSWER:
° Ppc = 756.8 − 131γg − 3.6γ 2 g = 636 psia
γ = 0.90®
°̄T pc = 169.2 + 349.5γ g − 74γ g = 424° R
2
from fig1 − 9 → M1 = 0.0117 cp

correction for CO 2 = 0.0003 cp
correction for N 2 = 0.00024 cp
correction H 2s = 0.00032 cp
→ M 1 = 0.0117 + 0.0003 + 0.00024 + 0.00032 = 0.01256cp
P 7000
° Ppr = P = 636 = 11
° pc M
® → fig1 − 10 → =3
°T = T = 680 = 1.6 M1
°¯ pr T pc 24
M = 3(0.01256) = 0.0376cp
PROBLEM 1.18
Experiments were made on a bottom-hole sample of the reservoir liquid taken from the
LaSalle Oil Field to determine the solution gas and the formation volume factor as
functions of pressure. The initial bottom-hole pressure of the reservoir was 3600 psia
and bottom-hole temperature was 160°F; so all measurements in the laboratory were
made at 160°F. The following data, converted to practical units, were obtained from the
measurements:
13
Pressure Solution gas SCF/STB Formation Volume
psia at 14.7 psia and 60°F Factor,
bbl/STB
3600 567 1.310
3200 567 1.317
2800 567 1.325
2500 567 1.333
2400 554 1.310
1800 436 1.263
1200 337 1.210
600 223 1.140
200 143 1.070
a) What factors affect the solubility of gas in crude oil?

b) Plot the gas in solution versus pressure.
c) Was the reservoir initially saturated or undersaturated? Explain.
d) Does the reservoir have an initial gas cap?
e) In the region of 200 to 2500 psia, determine the solubility of the gas from your
graph in SCF/STB/psi.
f) Suppose 1000SCF of gas had accumulated with each stock tank barrel of oil in
this reservoir instead of 567 SCF. Estimate how much gas would have been in
solution at 3600 psia. Would the reservoir oil then be called saturated or
undersaturated?
ANSWER:
a) Pressure, API, Specific gravity
b) The solution of this problem is left to readers.
14
c) Undersatured. There is no evolved gas in the reservoir from initial reservoir
pressure until pressure drops to bubble point pressure.
d) No. There is no initial gas cap in undersatured reservoirs.
e) The solution of this problem is left to readers.
f) The solution of this problem is left to readers.
PROBLEM 1.19
a) From the bottom-hole sample given in Prob. 1.18:
b) Plot the formation volume factor versus pressure.
c) Explain the break in the curve.
d) Why is the slope above the bubble- point pressure negative and smaller than the
positive slope below the bubble-point pressure?
e) If the reservoir contains 250MM reservoir barrels of oil initially, what is the initial
number of STB in place?
f) What is the initial volume of dissolved gas in the reservoir?
g) What will be the formation volume factor of the oil when the bottom-hole
pressure is essentially atmospheric if the coefficient of expansion of the stock tank
oil is 0.0006 per °F?
ANSWER:
a) The solution of this problem is left to readers.
b) In pressures below bubble point pressure gas evolves and comes out of solution. The
break of the curve is due to this phenomenon.
c) Some fraction of evolved gas expands at above bubble point pressure and this will
result in negative and smaller slope.
15
d)
V0 V 250
B0 = = →N= 0 = = 190 .83MMSTB
N B0 1.31
e)
Vsolution gas = VO ( sc ) × Rs = 190 .83(567 ) = 108 .2 MMMscf
VT = V60 [1 + B (T − 60) ] → V160 = 1 × [1 + 0.0006 (160 − 60) ]

V160 = 1.06 bb1
sTB
PROBLEM 1.20
If the gravity of the stock tank oil of the Big Sandy reservoir is 30°API and the gravity
of the solution gas is 0.80, estimate the solution gas-oil ratio and the single-phase
formation volume factor at 2500 psia and 165°F. The bubble-point pressure is 2800 psia.
ANSWER:
API = 30, γ = 0.8, p = 2500,T = 160°F fig1 − 11 →R s = 567 scf

sTB
P = 2500psia fig 1 - 12 → BO = 1.333bb1
STB
PROBLEM 1.21
A 1000 cu ft tank contains 85 STB of crude and 20,000 SCF of gas, all at 120°F. When
equilibrium is established, (i.e., when as much gas has dissolved in the oil as will), the
pressure in the tank is 500 psia. If the solubility of the gas in the crude is 0.25
SCF/STB/psi and the deviation factor for the gas at 500 psia and 120°F is 0.90, find the
liquid formation volume factor at 500 psia and 120°F.
16
ANSWER:
Rs = 0.25(500) = 125 scf

sTB
solution gas at surface = 85(125) = 10625scf
free gas at surface = 2000 − 10625 = 9375scf
ZT (0.9)(580) 3
Bg = 0.02829 = 0.02829 = 0.0295 ft
P 500 scf
free gas at reservoir condition = 9375(0.0295) = 276.56 ft 3
1000 − 276.56
solution gas at reservior condition + oil volume = = 128.8bb1
5.615
128.8
B0 = = 1.515 bb1
85 sTB
PROBLEM 1.22
A crude oil has a compressibility of 20×10-6 psi-1 and a bubble point of 3200 psia.
Calculate the relative volume factor at 4400 psia (i.e., the volume relative to its volume
at the bubble point), assuming constant compressibility.
ANSWER:
V0 0.9799
Vr = = = 0.9864
Vbp 0.9934
PROBLEM 1.23
(a) Estimate the viscosity of an oil at 3000 psia and 130°F. It has a stock tank gravity of
35°API at 60°F and contain-san estimated 750 SCF/STB of solution gas at the initial
bubble point of 3000 psia.
(b) Estimate the viscosity at the initial reservoir pressure of 4500 psia.
17
(c) Estimate the viscosity at 1000 psia if there is an estimated 300 SCF/STB of solution
gas at that pressure.
ANSWER:
a)
μ 0 = Aμ od
B
A = 10.715( Rs0 + 100) −0.515 = 10.715(750 + 100) −0.515 = 0.332

B = 5.44( Rs0 + 150) −0.338 = 5.44(750 + 100) −0.338 = 0.556
μ od = 10 x − 1
°
° x = y (T − 460) , y = 10
−1.163 Z
°°Z = 3.0324 − 0.02024(35) = 2.324

®
° y = 10 = 210.9
2.324
° x = 210.9(130) −1.163 = 0.734

°
°¯μ od = 10 0.734 − 1 = 4.42cp
μ 0 = Aμ od = 0.332(4.42) 0.556 = 0.76cp

B
b)
P m
μ 0 = Aμ od ( )
Pb
m = 2.6 P1.187 exp[− 11.513 − 8.98(10) −5 P ]P = 4500 → m = 0.377
4500 0.377
μ 0 = 0.76( ) = 0.866cp
3000
c)
μ 0 = Aμ od
B
A = 10.715( Rso + 100) −0.515 , Rso = 300 A = 0.49

B = 5.44( Rso + 150) −0.338 , Rso = 300 B = 0.718
18
μ od = 10 x − 1
x = y (T − 460) −1.163
y = 10 Z
Z = 3.0324 − 0.02024(35) = 2.324
y = 10 2.324 = 210.9
x = 210.86(130) −1.163 = 0.734
μ od = 10 0.734 − 1 = 4.42 cp
μ o = 0.49 ( 4.42 ) 0.718 = 1.42 cp
PROBLEM 1.24
Given the following laboratory data:
Cell Oil Volume in cell Gas Volume in Cell Temperature
Pressure (cc) cell (cc) (°F)
(psia)
2000 650 0 195
1500 = Pbp 669 0 195
1000 650 150 195
500 615 700 195
14.7 500 44,500 60
Evaluate Ro, Bo, and B, at the stated pressures. The gas deviation factors at 1000 psia
and 500 psia have been evaluated as 0.91 and 0.95, respectively.
ANSWER:
19
PROBLEM 1.25
(a) Find the compressibility for a connate water that contains 20.000 parts per million of
total solids at a reservoir pressure of 4000 psia and temperature of 150°F.
(b) Find the formation volume factor of the formation water of part (a).
ANSWER:
a)
T = 150 ° F , P = 4000 psia
1
cw = = 3.2 × 10 −6 psi −1
[7.033 p + 541 .5C NaCl
− 537T + 403300 ]
b)
ΔVw = −1.00010 ×10 −2 + 1.33391×10 −4 T + 5.050654 × 10 −7 T 2 = 0.02
ΔVwp = −1.95301× 10−9 PT − 1.72834 × 10−13 p 2T − 3.58922 × 10 −7 p − 2.2534 × 10 −10 p 2
= −0.0066
Bw = (1 + Δvwt )(1 + Δvwp ) = (1 + 0.02)(1 − 0.0066) = 1.013 bb1
stb
Bw = 1.013 bb1
stb
PROBLEM 1.26
(a) What is the approximate viscosity of pure water at room temperature and
atmospheric pressure?
(b) What is the approximate viscosity of pure water at 200°F?
ANSWER:
a)
s=0
A = 109.574 − 8.40564S + 0.313314S 2 + 8.72213 × 10−3 S 3 = 109.574
B = −1.12166 + 2.63951× 10− 2 S − 6.79461× 10−4 S 2 − 5.47119 × 10−5 S 3
+ 1.55586 × 10−6 S 4
20
B = −1.1216
M w = AT B = 109.574(60)−1.1216 = 1.11cp
b)
S = 0.18
A = 108.1
B = −1.1169
M w = AT B = 108.1(200) −1.1169 = 0.291cp
PROBLEM 1.27
A container has a volume of 500 cc and is full of pure water at 180°F and 6000 psia.
(a) How much water would be expelled if the pressure were reduced to 1000 psia?
(b) What would be the volume of water expelled if the salinity were 20,000 ppm and
there were no gas in solution?
(c) Rework part (b) assuming that the water is initially saturated with gas and that all
the gas is evolved during the pressure change.
(d) Estimate the viscosity of the water.
ANSWER:
a)
ΔVwp = −1.95301 × 10 −9 PT − 1.72834 × 10 −13 P 2T − 3.58922 × 10 −7 p − 2.25341 × 10 −10 F
T1 = T2 = 180 ° F
at P = 6000 psia ΔVwp 1 = −0.013495cc
at P = 1000 psia ΔVwp 2 = −9.669 × 10 −4 cc
ΔVwp = −0.01253 V2 = 500 + 0.01253 = 500.01cc
21
b)
M w1 = AT B
salinity = 20000 ppm → S = 20000 × 10 −4 = 2
A = 94.086
B = −1.072
M w1 = 94.086(180) −1.072 = 0.36
M w = Mw1× (0.9994 + 4.0295 × 10 −5 P + 3.1062 × 10 −9 P 2 )
, P = 1000 psia
M w = 0.375cp
c) The solution of this problem is left to readers.
d) The solution of this problem is left to readers.
22
CHAPTER 2
THE GENERAL MATERIAL BALANCE EQUATION
This chapter contains no questions.
23
CHAPTER 3
SINGLE-PHASE GAS RESERVOIRS
PROBLEM 3.1
A volumetric gas field has an initial pressure of 4200 psia, a porosity of 17.2%, and
connate water of 23%. The gas volume factor at 4200 psia is 0.003425 cu ft/SCF and at
750 psia is 0.01852 cu ft/SCF.
a) Calculate the initial in-place gas in standard cubic feet on a unit basis.
b) Calculate the initial gas reserve in standard cubic feet on a unit basis, assuming an
abandonment pressure of 750 psia.
c) Explain why the calculated initial reserve depends on the abandonment pressure
selected.
d) Calculate the initial reserve of a 640-acre unit whose average net productive
formation thickness is 34 ft, assuming an abandonment pressure of 750 psia.
e) Calculate the recovery factor based on an abandonment pressure of 750 psia.
ANSWER:
pi = 4200 psi
Bg i = 0.003425 ft 3 / scf @ pi = 4200 psia
φ = 17.2%
Bg = 0.0 / 852 ft 3 / scf @ p = 750 psia
Swi = 23%
24
a)
G=?
43560 × vb × φ × (1 − Swi )
G= =
Bg i
43560 × 1 × 0 .172 × (1 − 0 .23 )
= 1684 .4 MSCF
0 .003425
(b)
Initial gas reserve?
43560 × vb × φ × (1 − Swi )
Gab = =
Bgab
43560 ×1× 0.172 × (1 − 0.23)
= 316MSCF
0.01852
Reserve = G − Gab = 1684.4 − 316 = 1368.4MSCF
OR
Bgab − Bgi 0.01852 − 0.003425
RF = = = 0.815
Bgab 0.01852
Reserve = RF × G = 0.815 × 1684.4 = 1372MSCF
c) We use Gab to calculate Reserve and Gab is a function of pressure. Therefore reserve
is a function of pressure too.
(d)
G = 1684 .4 × (640 × 34 ) = 36652544 MSCF
G r = (RF )(G ) = (0.812 )(36652544 ) = 29 .8 MMMSCF
(e)
Bgab − Bgi 0.01852 − 0.003425
RF = = = 0.815
Bgab 0.01852
RF = 81.5%
25
PROBLEM 3.2
The discovery well No.1 and wells No.2 and No.4 produce gas in the 7500-ft reservoir
of the Echo Lake Field (Fig. 3.14). Wells Nos. 3 and 7 were dry in the 7500-ft reservoir;
however, together with their electric logs and the one from well No.1, the fault that seals
the northeast side of the reservoir was established. The logs of wells Nos. 1, 2, 4, 5, and
6 were used to construct the map of Fig. 3.14, which was used to locate the gas-water
contact and to determine the average net sand thickness. The reservoir had been
producing for 18 months when well No.6 was drilled at the gas-water contact. The static
wellhead pressures of the production wells showed virtually no decline during the 18-
month period before drilling wellNo.6 and averaged near 3400 psia. The following data
were available from electric logs, core analysis, and the like.
Average well depth = 7500 ft

Average static wellhead pressure = 3400 psia
Reservoir temperature = 175°F
Gas specific gravity =0.700
Average porosity = 27%
Average connate water = 22%
Standard conditions = 14.7 psia and 60°F
Bulk volume of productive reservoir rock at the time No.6 was drilled= 22,500 ac-ft

a) Calculate the reservoir pressure.
b) Estimate the gas deviation factor and the gas volume factor.
c) Calculate the reserve at the time well No.6 was drilled, assuming a residual gas
saturation of 30%.
d) Discuss the location of well No.1 with regard to the overall gas recovery.
e) Discuss the effect of sand uniformity on overall recovery--for example, a uniform
permeable sand versus a sand in two beds of equal thickness, one of which has a
permeability of 500 md and the other, 100 md.
ANSWER:
(a)
§ Pwh ·§ Depth ·
ΔP = 0.25¨ ¸¨ ¸ΔP = Pws − Pwh
© 100 ¹© 100 ¹
§ 3400 ·§ 7500 ·
Pws = 3400 + 0.25¨ ¸¨ ¸ = 4038 Psia
© 100 ¹© 100 ¹
OR
§ 0.01875γ g .Depth·
Pws = Pwh.Exp¨¨ ¸¸
© Zav.Tav ¹
Zav=?
Pws + Pwh
Pav = = 3718.75
2
Tpc = 168 + 325γg − 12.5γ 2 g = 389.4
γg = 0.7®
¯Ppc = 677 + 15γg − 37.5γ g = 659.125
2
Tpr = T = 635 = 1.63

° Tpc 389.4
® Z av = 0.885
°Ppr = P Ppc = 371.75659.125 = 5.64
¯
§ 0.01875(0.7)(7500) ·
Pws = 3400EXP¨ ¸ = 4038Psia
© 0.885 × 635 ¹
27
b)
ZT 0.885(635)
Bgi = 0.02827 = 0.02827 = 0.003934 ft3
P 4038 sef
c)
43560 × VB × φ × (1 − Swi )
G= =
Bg i
1 − Swi − Sgr 1 − 0.22 − 0.30

RF = = = 0.615
1 − Swi 1 − 0.22
43560 × 22500 × 0.27 × (1 − 0.22 )

G= = 52 .4 × 10 9 SCF
0.003934
GReserve = RF .G = 0.615(52.4 × 10 9 ) = 32.2 × 10 9 SCF

PROBLEM 3.3
The M Sand is a small gas reservoir with an initial bottom-hole pressure of 3200 psia
and bottom-hole temperature of 220°F. It is desired to inventory the gas in place at three
production intervals. The pressure-production history and gas volume factors are as
follows:
28
Pressure Cumulative Gas Gas Volume
psia Production Factor
MM SCF Cu ft/SCF
3200 0 0.0052622
2925 79 0.0057004
2525 221 0.0065311
2125 452 0.0077360
a) Calculate the initial gas in place using production data at the end of each of the
production intervals, assuming volumetric behavior.
b) Explain why the calculations of part (a) indicate a water drive.
c) Show that a water drive exists by plotting the cumulative production versus p/z.
d) Based on electric log and core data, volumetric calculations on the M Sand
showed that the initial volume of gas in place is 1018 MM SCF. If the sand is
under a partial water drive, what is the volume of water encroached at the end of
each of the periods? There was no appreciable water production.
ANSWER:
a)
Bg − Bg i Gp GP Bg
RF = & RF = G= = GP
Bg G RF Bg − Bg i
0.0057004
First period G = (79) = 1027MMSCF
0.0057004 − 0.0052622
0.0065311
Second period G = (221) = 1137MMSCF
0.0065311− 0.0052622
0.0077360
Third period G = (452) = 1413.5MMSCF
0.0077360 − 0.0052622
29
b) The reservoir is water drive because the amount of G is increasing in the reservoir.
c)
P Z=Bg.P/0.02829T P/Z GP(MMSCF)
3200 0.875 3657 0
2925 0.867 3374 79
2525 0.857 2946 221
2125 0.855 2488 452
d)
G(Bg − Bgi) + we = GpBg+ WpBw We = GpBg− G(Bg − Bgi)
Water influx after the first period:

We = 79 × 10 6 (0.0057004 ) − 1018 × 10 6 (0.0057004 − 0.0052622 )
= 4244 ft 3 = 755 .8bbl
Water influx after the second period:

We = 221 × 10 6 (0.0065311 ) − 1018 × 10 6 (0.0065311 − 0.0052622 )
= 151 .6 × 10 3 ft 3 = 27005 bbl
Water influx after the third period:

We = 452 × 10 6 (0.0077360) − 1018 × 10 6 (0.0077360 − 0.0052622)
= 174237.5bbl
PROBLEM 3.4
When the Sabine Gas Field was brought in, it had a reservoir pressure of 1700 psia, and
temperature of 160ºF. After 5.00 MMM SCF was produced, the pressure had fallen to
30
1550 psia. If the reservoir is assumed to be under volumetric control, using the deviation
factors of Prob. 1.10, calculate the following:
a) The hydrocarbon pore volume of the reservoir.
b) The SCF produced when the pressure falls to 1550, 1400, 1100,500, and 200 psia.
Plot cumulative recovery in SCF versus p/z.
c) The SCF of gas initially in place.
d) From your graph, find how much gas can be obtained without the use of
compressors for delivery into a pipeline operating at 750 psia.
e) What is the approximate pressure drop per MMM SCF of production?
f) Calculate the minimum value of the initial reserve if the produced gas
measurement is accurate to ± 5% and if the average pressures are accurate to ± 12
psi when 5.00 MMM SCF have been produced and the reservoir pressure has
dropped to 1550 psia.
ANSWER:
PROBLEM 3.5
If, however, during the production of 5.00 MMM SCF of gas in the preceding problem,
4.00 MM bbl of water had encroached into the reservoir and still the pressure had
dropped to 1550 psia, calculate the initial in-place gas. How does this compare with
Prob. 3.4(c)?
ANSWER:
31
PROBLEM 3.6
(a) The gas cap of the St. John Oil Field had a bulk volume of 17,000 ac-ft when the
reservoir pressure had declined to 634 psig. Core analysis shows an average porosity of
18% and an average interstitial water of 24%. It is desired to increase the recovery of oil
from the field by repressuring the gas cap to 1100 psig. Assuming that no additional gas
dissolves in the oil during repressuring, calculate the SCF required. The deviation
factors for both the reservoir gas and the injected gas are 0.86 at 634 psig and 0.78 at
1100 psig, both at 130°F.
(b) If the injected gas has a deviation factor of 0.94 at 634 psig and 0.88 at 1100 psig,
and the reservoir gas deviation factors are as above, recalculate the injected gas required.
(c) Is the assumption that no additional solution gas will enter the reservoir oil a valid
one?
(d) Considering the possibility of some additional solution gas and the production of oil
during the time of injection, will the figure of part (a) be maximum or minimum?
Explain.
(e) Explain why the gas deviation factors are higher (closer to unity) for the injected gas
in part (b) than for the reservoir gas.
ANSWER:
a)
ZT 0.78(590)
Bg = 0.0282 = 0.02820 = 0.0117 ft3
P 1114.7 sef
43560 × 17000 × 0.18 × (1 − 0.24)

G1 = = 8.6 × 10 9 SCF
0.0117
ZT 0.78(590)
Bg = 0.0282 = 0.02827 = 0.0221 ft 3 / scf
P 648.7
43560 × 17000 × 0.18 × (1 − 0.24)
G2 = = 4.5 × 10 9 scf
0.0221
32
The amount of injected gas into the reservoir=G2-G1= 4.5×109-8.6×109= - 4.1×109
The negative sign means that gas is injected to the reservoir.
b)
P=634 psig=648.7 psia Z=0.94
P=1100 psig=1114.7 psia Z=0.88
§ 1 1 ·
Ginj = V g ¨¨ − ¸¸
© Bg ( 648.7) Bg (1114.7) ¹
Bg 648.7 = 0.02417 ft 3
scf
Bg1114.7 = 0.01317 ft 3
scf
Vg = 43560 × Vb × φ × (1 − Swi)
§ 1 1 ·
G inj = 43560 × 17000 × 0.18 × (1 − 0.24)¨ − ¸ = −3.5 × 10 SCF
9
© 0 . 02417 0 . 01317 ¹
c) No
d) It will be maximum.
e) Because in this case fewer amount of gas is required for injection.
PROBLEM 3.7
The following production data are available from a gas reservoir produced under
volumetric control:
Pressure Cumulative
(psia) Gas Production (MMM SCF)
5000 200
4000 420
33
The initial reservoir temperature was 237ºF and the reservoir gas gravity is 0.7.
a) What will be the cumulative gas production at 2500 psia?
b) What fraction of the initial reservoir gas will be produced at 2500 psia?
c) What was the initial reservoir pressure?
ANSWER:
§ p· P p
¨ ¸ = i − i G p 2500
© Z ¹ 2500 Z i GZ i
First of all we have to find the value of Pi/ZiG
Tpc = 168 + 325δg − 12 .5δg 2 = 389 .375
Ppc = 677 + 15δg − 37 .5δg 2 = 669 .125
697
°Tpr = Tpc = 389.375 1.79
T
P = 2500 ®
° Ppr = P = 2500 = 3.74
¯ Ppc 669.125
Z 2500 = 0.89 P ( Z) 2500

= 2809
Tpr = 1.79
P = 5000® Z 5000 = 1.01 P ( ) = 4950.5
¯ Ppr = 7.747 Z 5000
Tpr = 1.79
P = 4000 ® Z 4000 = 0.95 P ( ) = 4210 .5
¯ Ppr = 6 Z 4000
Δy (P Z ) ( Z)
− P 4950 .5 − 4210 .5
Slope = = 5000 4000
= = −3.36 × 10 − 9
Δx G p 4000 − G p 5000 200 × 10 9 − 420 × 10 9
Pi
= 3.36 × 10 −9
ZiG
In the next step, we have to find Pi/Zi:
34
§ p· Pi p
¨ ¸ = − i G5000
© ¹ 5000
Z Z i
GZ i
pi
4950.5 = − (3.36 × 10 − 9 ) × (200 × 10 )
9
zi
pi
= 5623
zi
Now, substitute the calculated values into equation *:

2809 = 5623 − (3.36 × 10 −9 )× GP 2500
G p 2500 = 837.56 × 109 SCF
b)
Gp Gp2500
RF = =
G G
P = 0 Gp = G
Z
P = pi − Pi .Gp
Z Zi ZiG
0 = 5623 − (3.36 × 10 −9 )Gp

Gp = G = 1673.5 × 10 9 SCF
837.56 × 10 −9
RF = = 0.500 RF = 50%
1673.5 × 10 9
It means that half of the total initial gas in place can be recovered at 2500 psia.
c) Using trial and error method and by considering that Pi/Zi=5623, then:
First assumption: P=6000 psia
35
Tpr = 1.79 ½
° 6000
P = 6000 6000 ¾ → Z = 1.08 → = 5555.5? Pi/Zi = 5623
Ppr = = 8.96° 1.08
669.125 ¿
Second assumption: P=6200 psia

Tpr = 1.79 ½°
P = 6200 ¾ Z = 1.1 → 62001.1 = 5636
Ppr = 6200 = 9.26°
669.125 ¿
Since 5636 is almost close to initial Pi/Zi=5623, then we can conclude that Pi=6200 psia.
PROBLEM 3.8
(a) A well drilled into a gas cap for gas recycling purposes is found to be in an isolated
fault block. After 50 MM SCF was injected, the pressure increased from 2500 to 3500
psia. Deviation factors for the gas are 0.90 at 3500 and 0.80 at 2500 psia and the bottom-
hole temperature is 160°F. What is the cubic feet of gas storage space in the fault block?
(b) If the average porosity is 16%, average connate water is 24%, and average sand
thickness is 12 ft, what is the areal extent of the fault block?
ANSWER:
(a)
Vg=?
1 1
Ginj = Vg ( − )
Bgi Bg
ZT 0.8(620)
Bgi = 0.0282 = 0.0282 = 0.0056 ft 3
P 2500 Scf
36
0.9(620)
Bg = 0.0282 = 0.0045
3500
§ 1 1 · − 50 × 10 + 6
− 50 × 10 + 6 = Vg ¨ − ¸ → Vg =
© 0.0056 0.0045 ¹ − 43.58
Vg = 1.15MMSCF
(b)
A=?
h = 12 ft
A=?
φ = 16%
Swi = 24%
Vg = 43560× ( A × h) × φ × (1 − Swi)
1.15 × 106 = 43560× A × 40 × 0.16 × (1 − 0.24)
A = 18.09acres
PROBLEM 3.9
The initial volume of gas in place in the P Sand reservoir of the Holden Field is
calculated from electric log and core data to be 200 MMM SCF underlying 2250
productive acres, at an initial pressure of 3500 psia and 140°F. The pressure-production
history is
Pressure, psia Production Gas Deviation

MMM SCF Factor at 140ºF
3500 (initial) 0.0 0.85
2500 75.0 0.82
37
(a) What is the initial volume of gas in place as calculated from the pressure-
production history, assuming no water influx?
(b) Assuming uniform sand thickness, porosity, and connate water, if the volume of
gas in place from pressure-production data is believed to be correct, how many
acres of extension to the present limits of the P Sand are predicted?
(c) If, on the other hand, the gas in place calculated from the log and core data is
believed to be correct, how much water influx must have occurred during the 75
MMM SCF of production to make the two figures agree?
ANSWER:
(a)
G=?
P Pi P 2500 3500 3500
= − i Gp = − (75)
Z Zi ZiG 0.82 0.85 0.85G
G = 289 MMMSCF
(b)
43560 × ( A × h ) × φ × (1 − Swi )
G=
Bgi
ZT
Bgi = 0.0282 = 4.1 × 10 −3 @ p = 3500
P
Bg = 5.5 × 10 −3 @ P = 2500
43560 × ( A × h) × φ × (1 − Swi)
200 × 10 9 = hφ (1 − Swi) = 8.36
4.1 × 10 −3
43560 × A × 8.36
289 × 10 9 = A = 3253acre
4.1 × 10 −3
3253 − 2250 = 1003acre
38
c)
We=?
G( Bg − BGi) = GpBg − We We = GpBg − G( Bg − Bgi)
We = 75(5.5 × 10 −3 ) − 200(5.5 × 10 −3 ) − (4.1 × 10 −3 ) = 0.126 × 10 9 ft 3 ÷ 5.615
We = 22.8MMbbl
PROBLEM 3.10
Explain why initial calculations of gas in place are likely to be in greater error during the
early life of depletion reservoirs. Will these factors make the predictions high or low?
Explain.
ANSWER:
Reservoir pressure drops during production from the reservoir and this phenomenon
increases the Bg and consequently the calculated gas in place has some error from the its
real value. Water influx into the reservoir maintains the reservoir pressure and this
pressure stabilization will not allow Bg to be increased.
PROBLEM 3.11
A gas reservoir under partial water drive produced 12.0 MMM SCF when the average
reservoir pressure had dropped from 3000 psia to 2200 psia. During the same interval,
an estimated 5.20 MM bbl of water entered the reservoir based on the volume of the
invaded area. If the gas deviation factor at 3000 psia and bottom-hole temperature of
170ºF is 0.88 and at 2200 psia is 0.78, what is the initial volume of gas in place
measured at 14.7 psia and 60ºF?
39
ANSWER:
Gp = 12 × 10 9 SCF
Pi = 3000 Psia ( Z = 0.88)
P = 2200 Psia ( Z = 0.76)
T = 170 $ F = 630 $ R
We = 5.2 × 10 6 bbl
G =?
G( Bg − Bgi) + We = GpBg
0.88(630)
Bg i = 0.0282 = 0.0054
3000
0.78(630)
Bg = 0.0282 = 0.00629
2200
G (0.00629 − 0.0054) + (5.2 × 10 6 × 5.615) = 12 × 10 9 (0.000629)
G = 42.8MMMSCF
PROBLEM 3.12
A gas-producing formation has uniform thickness of 32 ft, a porosity of 19%, and
connate water saturation of 26%. The gas deviation factor is 0.83 at the initial reservoir
pressure of 4450 psia and reservoir temperature of 175°F.
(a) Calculate the initial in-place gas per acre-foot of bulk reservoir rock.
(b) How many years will it take a well to deplete by 50% a 640 ac unit at the rate of 3
MM SCF/day?
(c) If the reservoir is under an active water drive so that the decline in reservoir
pressure is negligible, and during the production of 50.4 MMM SCF of gas water
invades 1280 acres, what is the percentage of recovery by water drive?
(d) What is the gas saturation as a percentage of total pore space in the portion of the
reservoir invaded by water?
40
ANSWER:
(a)
0.83(635) 3
Bgi = 0.0282 = 3.35 × 10 −3 ft
4450 Scf
43560 × vb × φ × (1 − Swi ) 43560 × 1 × 0.19 × (1 − 0.26 )
G= = = 1.83 × 10 6 Scf
Bgi 3.35 × 10 − 3
(b)
43560 × (640 × 32) × 0.19 × (1 − 0.26)
G= = 37.435 × 10 9 SCF
0.00335
(50%) =18.7×109SCF
v v 18.7 × 10 9
q= t = = = 6233day
t q 3 × 10 6
6233
t= = 17.1year
365
(c)
RF=?
Active Water drive → Gp = 50.4 × 10 9 SCF
A=1280 acre
Sgr=?
1 − Swi − Sgr
RF =
1 − Swi
Connate Water + We 43560 × φ × vb × Swi + We
S Wf = =
Vp 43560 × φ × vb
We =?
Bg = Bgi Water Avctive → G ( Bg − ↑ 0 Bgi) + We = GpBg + BW ↑ 0 Wp
We = GpBg 50.4 × 10 9 × (0.00335) = 0.169 × 10 9 Sft 3

43560 × (1280 × 32) × 0.19 × 0.26 + 0.169 × 10 9
Swf =
43560 × (1280 × 32)0.19
41
Sgr = 1 − Swf = 1 − 0.7576 = 0.2424
1 − Swi − Sgr 1 − 0.26 − 0.2424
RF = = = 0.67 ⎯
⎯→ RF = 67%
1 − Swi 1 − 0.26
d)
Vg (G − Gp ) Bg
Sg = =
Vp GBgi
1 − Swi
G − Gp
Water Active drive → Bg = Bgi Sg =
G
1 − Swi
(74.88 − 50.4) × 10 9
Sg = = 0.2424
74.88 × 10 9
1 − 0.26
PROBLEM 3.13
Fifty billion standard cubic feet of gas has been produced from a dry gas reservoir since
its discovery. The reservoir pressure during this production has dropped to 3600 psia.
Your company, which operates the field, has contracted to use the reservoir as a gas
storage reservoir. A gas with a gravity of 0.75 is to be injected until the average pressure
reaches 4800 psia. Assume that the reservoir behaves volumetrically, and determine the
amount of SCF of gas that must be injected to raise the reservoir pressure from 3600 to
4800 psia. The initial pressure and temperature of the reservoir were 6200 psia and
280°F, respectively, and the specific gravity of the reservoir gas is 0.75.
ANSWER:
γg = 0.75
γg inj = 0.75
T = 220$ F = 740$ R
42
Ginj = ?
Gp = 50 × 109 Scf
P1 = 3600Psia
P2 = 4800Psia
Pi = 6200Psia
ª 1 1 º
G inj = Vg « − »∗
¬ Bg ( 4800 ) Bg ( 3600 ) ¼
Tpc = 168 + 32.5(0.75) − 12.5(0.75) 2 = 404.72
γ g = 0.75®
¯Ppc = 677 + 15(0.75) − 37.5(0.75) = 667.15
2
Tpr = T = 340 = 1.83

° Tpc 404.72
for p1 = 3600® Z 1 = 0.933
° Ppr = P Ppc = 3600 667.15 = 5.4
¯
Tpr = 1.83
forp 2 = 4800 Z2 = 1
Ppr = 7.2
Tpr = 1.83
forpi = 6200® Z i = 1.1
¯ Ppr = 9.3
3
Bg1 = 0.0282 ZT = 0.005425 ft @ (P1 = 3600 )
P scf
3
Bg 2 = 0.0282 ZT = 0.004361 ft @ (P2 = 4800 )
P Scf
3
Bg i = 0.003714 ft @ (Pi = 6200 )
Scf
Gp.Bg 1 50 × (0.005425)
G ( Bg 1 − Bg i ) = GpBg 1 G = =
( Bg 1 − Bg i ) (0.005425 − 0.003714 )
G = 158.53 × 10 9 (0.003714 ) = 588.8 × 10 6 Scf

V g = GB gi = 158 .53 × 10 9 × (.003714 ) = 588 .8 × 10 6 SCF
ª 1 1 º
∗ G inj = 588.8 × 10 6 « − = 26.48 × 10 9 Scf
¬ 0.004361 0.005425 »¼
43
PROBLEM 3.14
The production data for a gas field are given below. Assume volumetric behavior and
calculate the following:
(a) Determine the initial gas in place.
(b) What percentage of the initial gas in place will be recovered at a p/z of 1000?
(c) The field is to be used as a gas storage reservoir into which gas is injected during
summer months and produced during the peak demand months of the winter.
What is the minimum p/z value that the reservoir needs to be brought back up to if
a supply of 50 MMM SCF of gas is required and the abandonment p/z is 1000?
p/z (psia) Gp (MMM SCF)

6553 0.393
6468 1.642
6393 3.226
6329 4.260
6246 5.504
6136 7.538
6080 8.749
ANSWER:
a)
P Pi P
= − i Gp
Z Zi ZiG
− Pi Δy 6553 − 6080
= Slope = = = 56 × 10 −9
Z iG Δx 8.749 − 0.393
44
P
for ( P )6553 6553 = i − (56 × 10 9 )(0.393 × 10 9 )
Z Zi
Pi
= 6575.008
Zi
P
= 0 G = Gp 0 = 6575.008 − (56 × 10 −9 )Gp
Z
Gp = G = 117.41× 10 9 Scf
(b)
P
if = 100
Z
∗ 1000 = 6575.008 − 56 × 10 −9 Gp Gp = 99.55 × 10 9 Scf
Gp 99.55
RF = = = 0.8478 RF = 85%
G 117.41
(c)
G − Gp = 117.41 × 10 9 − 99.55 × 10 9 = 17.86 × 10 9 Scf
17.86 × 10 9 + 50 × 10 9 = 67.86 × 10 9 scf
P P
m = i = 56 × 10 9 → i = 6575
ZiG Zi
P Pi P
= − i Gp →
Z Zi ZiG
P
= 6575 − (56 × 10 −9 )(50 × 10 9 = 3775
Z
PROBLEM 3.15
Calculate the daily gas production including the condensate and water gas equivalents
for a reservoir with the following daily production:
45
Separator gas production = 6 MM SCF
Condensate production = 100 STB
Stock tank gas production = 21 M SCF
Fresh water production = 10 bbl
Initial reservoir pressure = 6000 psia
Current reservoir pressure = 2000 psia
Reservoir temperature = 225ºF
Water vapor content of 6000 psia and 225°F = 0.86 bbl/MM SCF
Condensate gravity = 50°API
ANSWER:
γο 0.78 Scf
G EO = 133000 = 133000 = 751.7
M WO 138 STB
141.5 5954
γο = ο
= 0.78 , Mwo = = 138
131.5 + API API − 8.811
GEO = 75174Scf / STB

GEO × NP = 751.7(100) = 75174Scf
GEW = 7390(6 × 0.86) = 38132Scf
Gp = Sep Gas Produced = S.T Gas Produced + G Eo + GEW
= 21000 + 6 × 10 6 + 75174 + 38132 =
= 6.134 × 10 6 Scf
Gp = 6.134 × 10 6 Scf
46
CHAPTER 4
GAS-CONDENSATE RESERVOIRS
PROBLEM 4.1
A gas-condensate reservoir initially contains 1300M SCF of residue (dry or sales gas)
per acre-foot and 115 STB of condensate. Gas recovery is calculated to be 85% and
condensate recovery 58% by depletion performance. Calculate the value of the initial
gas and condensate reserves per acre-foot if the condensate sells for $20.00/bbl, and the
gas sells for $1.90 per 1000 std cu ft.
ANSWER:
20 cent
gas = 1300Mscf × 0.85( ) = 22100 cent
1Mscf
1$
22100 cent( ) = 221$
100 cent
2.5$
liquid = 115bb1× 0.85( ) = 166.75$
1bb1
PROBLEM 4.2
A well produces 45.3 STB of condensate and 742 M SCF of sales gas daily. The
condensate has a molecular weight of 121.2 and a gravity of 52.0°API at 60°F.
(a) What is the gas-oil ratio on a dry gas basis?
47
(b) What is the liquid content expressed in barrels per million standard cubic feet on a
dry gas basis?
(c) What is the liquid content expressed in GPM on a dry gas basis?
(d) Repeat parts (a), (b), and (c) expressing the figures on a wet, or gross, gas basis.
ANSWER:
a)
742Mscf 742 ×1000 scf
GOR = = = 16380
45.3bb1 45.3 bb1
b)
45.3bb1 bb1
= 0.0611
742Mscf Mscf
c)
45.3 × 42
= 2.57 gpm
742
d)
i)
141.5 141.5
γo = = = 0.7711
API + 131.5 52 + 131.5
133000 133000 × 0.7711
GE ° = ×n = × 45.3 = 38.33Mscf
Mw° 121.2
G = 38.33 + 742 = 780.33mscf
780.33Mscf scf
GOR = = 17225
45.3bb1 bb1
ii)
45.3 bb1
= 0.0581
780.33 Mscf
48
iii)
45.3 × 42 bb1
= 0.0244
780.33 Mscf
PROBLEM 4.3
The initial daily production from a gas-condensate reservoir is 186 STB of condensate,
3750 M SCF of high-pressure gas, and 95 M SCF of stock tank gas. The tank oil has a
gravity of 5l.2°API at 60°F. The specific gravity of the separator gas is 0.712 and of the
stock tank gas, 1.30. The initial reservoir pressure is 3480 psia, and reservoir
temperature is 220°F. Average hydrocarbon porosity is 17.2%. Assume standard
conditions of 14.7 psia and 60°F.
(a) What is the average gravity of the produced gases?
(b) What is the initial gas-oil ratio?
(c) Estimate the molecular weight of the condensate.
(d) Calculate the specific gravity (air =1.00) of the total well production.
(e) Calculate the gas deviation factor of the initial reservoir fluid (vapor) at initial
reservoir pressure.
(f) Calculate the initial moles in place per acre-foot.
(g) Calculate the mole fraction that is gas in the initial reservoir fluid.
(h) Calculate the initial (sales) gas and condensate in place per acre-foot.
ANSWER:
a)
g sep Rs sep + g st Rs st 0.712 × 3750 + 1.3 × 95
g= = = 0.727
Rs sep + Rs st 3759 + 95
49
b)
3750 + 95 scf
GOR = × 1000 = 20672
186 bb1
c)
5954 5954
M wo = = = 140.5
ApI − 8.811 51.2 − 8.811
d)
R1 + 4602 + R3
γ well =
133000
R1 + + R3
Mw°
141.5
γo = = 0.7745
131.5 + API
3750 ×10 3 scf
R1 = = 20161.3
186 stb
95 × 10 3 scf
R3 = = 510.752
186 stb
20161.3 × 0.712 + 4602 × 0.7745 + 510.752 × 103
γ well = = 0.868
133000 × 0.7745
20161.3 + + 510.752
140.5
e)
Tpc = 420
well = 0.865
ppc = 640
f)
pV 43560 × 3480 × 0.172
n= = = 4131
RT 0.865 ×10.73 × (580)
g)
R1 R 3750000 95000
ng + 3 +
fg = = 379.4 379.4 = 379.4 379.4 = 0.99
ng + n R1 R3 350 3750000 95000 350 × 0.7745
+ + + +
o 379.4 379.4 M wo 379.4 379.4 140.5
50
h)
379.4 pV 379.4 × p × 43560 × φ × (1 − sw )
pV = nRT → G = =
RT RT
379.4 × 3480 × 43560 × 0.172 × (1 − 0) Mscf
G= = 1567.066
0.865(10.732)(68) 1ac − ft
Mscf 1511 × 103
G × f g = (1567.066)(0.964) = 1510.65 ,N = = 72 STB
ac − ft R1 + R2
PROBLEM 4.4
(a) Calculate the .gas deviation factor for the gas-condensate fluid the composition of
which is given in Table 4.1 at 5820 psia and 265°F. Use the critical values of C8 for the
C7+ fraction.
(b) If half the butanes and all the pentanes and heavier gases are recovered as liquids,
calculate the gas-oil ratio of the initial production. Compare with the measured gas-oil
ratio.
ANSWER:
a) 1.072
b) 15300
PROBLEM 4.5
Calculate the composition of the reservoir retrograde liquid at 2500 psia for the data of
Tables 4.4 and 4.5 and Ex. 4.3. Assume the molecular weight of the heptanes-plus
fraction to be the same as for the initial reservoir fluid.
51
ANSWER:
Δnl = 0.25(0.028) + (0.50)(0.019) + (0.75)(0.016) + 0.034 = 0.0625
0.25(0.028)
nc4 = = 0.112
0.0625
0.50(0.019)
nc5 = = 0.152
0.0625
0.75(0.016)
nc6 = = 0.192
0.0625
+ 1(0.034)
nc7 = = 0.544
0.0625
PROBLEM 4.6
Estimate the gas and condensate recovery for the reservoir of Ex. 4.3 under partial water
drive if reservoir pressure stabilizes at 2500 psia. Assume a residual hydrocarbon
saturation of 20% and F = 52.5%.
ANSWER:
379.4 pV
p = 2500 psi,Vi = 7623Gp =
1000RT
from table 4 .4 0 .066 × 7623 = 503 .118
V at 2500psi= 7623− 503.118 = 7119.882
and at 2500psi = 0.794
T = 655 ° R
R = 10 .73
379.4(2500)(7119.882)
Gp = = 1210.18Mscf / ft 3
1000(0.794)(10.73)(655)
volume under partial water drive at 2500 psi = 283.7 ft 3 / ac − ft
52
1210.18 − 283.7
= 0.765
1210.18
f = 0.525 → (0.765)(0.525) = 0.402
(1210.18)(0.402) = 486.38Mscf / ac. ft
225.1 Mscf 1000 bb1
486.38 × = 456 → 456 × = 31.02
240.1 ac. ft 14700 ac. ft
from table4.5 → depletion to2500psi(condensate) = 15.3bb1/ac.ft
depletion to 2500psi (Gas) = 225.1 Mscf / ac. ft
bb1
condensate recovery = 15.3 + 31.02 = 46.32
ac. ft
Gas recovery= 225.1 + 456 = 681.1Mscf / ac. ft
PROBLEM 4.7
Calculate the recovery factor by cycling in a condensate reservoir if the displacement
efficiency is 85%, the sweep efficiency is 65%, and the permeability stratification factor
is 60%.
ANSWER:
Recovery Factor = 0.85(0.65)(0.60) = 0.332
PROBLEM 4.8
The following data are taken from a study on a recombined sample of separator gas and
separator condensate in a PVT cell with an initial hydrocarbon volume of 3958.14 cu
cm. The wet gas GPM and the residue gas-oil ratios were calculated using equilibrium
ratios for production through a separator operating at 300 psia and 70°F. The initial
53
reservoir pressure was 4000 psia, which was also close to the dew-point pressure, and
reservoir temperature was 186°F.
(a) On the basis of an initial reservoir content of 1.00 MM SCF of wet gas, calculate
the wet gas, residue gas, and condensate recovery by pressure depletion for each
pressure interval.
(b) Calculate the dry gas and condensate initially in place in 1.00 MM SCF of wet
gas.
(c) Calculate the cumulative recovery and the percentage of recovery of wet gas,
residue gas, and condensate by depletion performance at each pressure.
(d) Place the recoveries at an abandonment pressure of 605 psia on an acre-foot basis
for a porosity of 10% and a connate water of 20.
54
Composition in Mole Percentages
Pressure, psia 4000 3500 2900 2100 1300 605
CO2 0.18 0.18 0.18 0.18 0.19 0.21
N2 0.13 0.13 0.14 0.15 0.15 0.14
C1 67.62 63.10 65.21 69.79 70.77 66.59
C2 14.10 14.27 14.10 14.12 14.63 16.06
C3 8.37 8.25 8.10 7.57 7.73 9.11
i-C4 0.98 0.91 0.95 0.81 0.79 1.01
n-C4 3.45 3.40 3.16 2.71 2.59 3.31
i-C5 0.91 0.86 0.84 0.67 0.55 0.68
n-C5 1.52 1.40 1.39 0.97 0.81 1.02
C6 1.79 1.60 1.52 1.03 0.73 0.80
C7+ 6.85 5.90 4.41 2.00 1.06 1.07
Mol. Wt C7+ 143 138 128 116 111 110
Gas deviation factor for wet 0.867 0.799 0.748 0.762 0.819 0.902
gas at 186Ԭ
Wet gas production, cu cm at 0 224.0 474.0 1303 2600 5198
cell P and T
Wet gas GPM (calculated) 5.254 4.578 3.347 1.553 0.835 0.895
Residue gas-oil ratio 7,127 8,283 11,621 26,051 49,312 45,875
Retrograde liquid, percentage 0 3.32 19.36 23.91 22.46 18.07
of cell volume
ANSWER:
a)
3500− 4000psia
53.71 Mscf,48.46 Mscf,5.85 bb1
55
b)
891.6 Mscf
125.1 bb1
c)
767.5 Mscf, 739.2 Mscf,29.7bb1
and 76.74%,82.90%,23.74%
d)
675 Mscf
650 Mscf
26.14 bbl
PROBLEM 4.9
If the retrograde liquid for the reservoir of Prob. 4.8 becomes mobile at 15% retrograde
liquid saturation, what effect will this have on the condensate recovery?
ANSWER:
It will increase the recovery factor.
PROBLEM 4.10
If the initial pressure of the reservoir of Prob. 4.8 had been 5713 psia with the dew point
at 4000 psia, calculate the additional recovery of wet gas, residue gas, and condensate
per acre-foot. The gas deviation factor at 5713 psia is 1.107, and the GPM and GOR
between 5713 and 4000 psia are the same as at 4000 psia.
56
ANSWER:
675 Mscf
650 Mscf
26.13 bbl
PROBLEM 4.11
Calculate the value of the products by each mechanism in Table 4.9 assuming (a) $17.50
per STB for condensate and $1.50 per M SCF for gas; (b) $20.00 per STB and $1.90 per
M SCF; and (c) $20.00 per STB and $2.50 per M SCF.
ANSWER:
a)
Depletion = (20)(71.6) + (1.90)(1200) = 3712$ / ac. ft
water drive = (20)(81.8)+ (1.90)(823) = 3199.7$/ac.ft
partial water drive = (20)(59.6)+ (1.90)(1010) = 3111$/ac.ft
b)
depletion = (25)(71.6) + (3)(1200) = 5390$ / ac. ft
waterdrive= (25)(81.8)+ (3)(823)= 45144/ac.ft
partial water drive = (25)(59.6)+ (3)(1010)= 4520$/ac.ft
PROBLEM 4.12
In a PVT study of a gas-condensate fluid, 17.5 cu cm of wet gas (vapor), measured at
cell pressure of 2500 psia and temperature of 195Ԭ, was displaced into an evacuated
low-pressure receiver of 5000 cu cm volume that was maintained at 250Ԭto ensure that
no liquid phase developed in the expansion. If the pressure of the receiver rises to 620
57
mm Hg, what will be the deviation factor of the gas in the cell at 2500 psia and 195Ԭ,
assuming the gas in the receiver behave ideally?
ANSWER:
pV
pV = nRT → n =
RT
p1V1 p2V2
n1 = n2 → =
R1T1 R2T2
V1 = 17.5cm 3
p1 = 2500 psia
T1 = 655° R
=?
V2 = 5000cm 3
p2 = 620mmHg = 12 psia
T2 = 250° F = 710° R
2 = 1(ideal behavior )
p1V1T2 2500 (17.5)(710)
= = = 0.79
p2V2T1 12(5000 )(655)
PROBLEM 4.13
Using the assumptions of Ex. 4.3 and the data of Table 4.4, show that the condensate
recovery between 2000 and 1500 psia is 13.3 STB/ac-ft and the residue gas-oil ratio is
19,010 SCF/bbl.
ANSWER:
58
PROBLEM 4.14
A stock tank barrel of condensate has a gravity of 55°API. Estimate the volume in ft3
occupied by this condensate as a single- phase gas in a reservoir at 2740 psia and 215°F.
The reservoir wet gas has a gravity of 0.76.
ANSWER:
5954 5954
Mw = = = 128.9
AIP − 8.811 55 − 8.8.11
mo = 350 yc = 350(0.76) = 266
mo 266
no = = = 2.06 lb − mol
Mwo 128.9
Tpc = 392.1°R, Tpr = 1.72

g = 0.79 →
Ppc = 655.2psia, PPr = 4.18 →= 0.874
nRT
V= = 4.77 ft 3
P
PROBLEM 4.15
A gas-condensate reservoir has an areal extent of 200 acres, an average thickness of 15
ft, an average porosity of 0.18, and an initial water saturation of 0.23. A PVT cell is used
to simulate the production from the reservoir, and the following data are collected:
59
Pressure Wet Gas z Condensate
(psia) Produced Wet Gas Produced from
(cc) Separator (moles)
4000(dew point) 0 0.75 0
3700 400 0.77 0.0003
3300 450 0.81 0.0002
The initial cell volume was 1850 cc, and the initial gas contained 0.002 moles of
condensate. The initial pressure is 4000 psia, and the reservoir temperature is 200°F.
Calculate the amount of dry gas (SCF) and condensate (STB) recovered at 3300 psia
from the reservoir. The molecular weight and specific gravity of the condensate are 145
and 0.8, respectively.
ANSWER:
PROBLEM 4.16
Production from a gas-condensate reservoir is listed below. The molecular weight and
the specific gravity of the condensate are 150 and 0.8, respectively. The initial wet gas in
place was 35 MMM SCP, and the initial condensate was 2 MM STB. Assume a
volumetric reservoir and that the recoveries of condensate and water are identical, and
determine the following:
(a) What is the percentage of recovery of residue gas at 3300 psia?
(b) Can a PYT cell experiment be used to simulate the production from this reservoir?
Why or why not?
60
Pressure, psia 4000 3500 3300
Compressibility of wet gas,z 0.85 0.80 0.83
Wet gas produced during pressure 0 2.4 MMM 2.2 MMM
increment. SCF
Liquid condensate produced during 0 80,000 70,000
pressure increment, STB
Water produced during pressure increment, 0 5000 4375
STB
ANSWER:
80000 70000
liquid recovery = + = 0.075
20000000 2000000
Residue Gas = (1 − liquid recovery) × GIIP = (1 − 0.075) × 35 × 10 9 = 32.375 × 10 9 scf
PROBLEM 4.17
A PVT cell is used to simulate a gas-condensate reservoir. The initial cell volume is
1500 cc, and the initial reservoir temperature is 175°F. Show by calculations that the
PVT cell will or will not adequately simulate the reservoir behaviour. The data
generated by the PVT experiments as well as the actual production history are as
follows:
Pressure, psia 4000 3600 3000
Wet gas produced in pressure increment, 0 300 700
cc
Compressibility of produced gas 0.70 0.73 0.77
Actual Production history, M SCF 0 1000 2300
ANSWER:
61
CHAPTER 5
UNDERSATURATED OIL RESERVOIRS
PROBLEM 5.1
Using the letter symbols for reservoir engineering, write expressions for the following
terms for a volumetric, undersaturated reservoir:
a) The initial reservoir oil in place in stock tank barrels.
b) The fractional recovery after producing Np STB.
c) The volume occupied by the remaining oil (liquid) after producing Np STB.
d) The SCF of gas produced.
e) The SCF of initial gas.
f) The SCF of gas in solution in the remaining oil.
g) By difference, the SCF of escaped or free gas in the reservoir after producing Np
STB.
h) The volume occupied by the escaped, or free, gas.
ANSWER:
a) NBoi
b) RF=Np/N
c) (N-Np)Bo
d) GBg
e) NRsio
f) NRsio-NpRp
62
g) NRsio-(N-Np)
h) GfBg
PROBLEM 5.2
The physical characteristics of the 3-A-2 reservoir are given in Fig. 5.2:
(a) Calculate the percentage of recovery, assuming this reservoir could be produced at
a constant cumulative produced gas-oil ratio of 1100 SCF/STB, when the pressure
falls to 3550, 2800, 2000, 1200, and 800 psia. Plot the percentage of recovery
versus pressure.
(b) To demonstrate the effect of increased GOR on recovery, recalculate the
recoveries, assuming that the cumulative produced GOR is 3300 SCF/STB. Plot
the percentage of recovery versus pressure on the same graph used for the
previous problem.
(c) To a first approximation, what does tripling the produced GOR do to the
percentage of recovery?
(d) Does this make it appear reasonable that to improve recovery high-ratio (GOR)
wells should be worked over or shut in when feasible?
ANSWER:
PROBLEM 5.3
If 1 million STB of oil have been produced from the 3-A-2 reservoir at a cumulative
produced GOR of 2700 SCF/STB, causing the reservoir pressure to drop from the initial
reservoir pressure of 4400 psia to 2800 psia, what is the initial stock tank oil in place?
63
ANSWER:
Pi=4400 psia (Bti=1.57 bbl/STB and Rsoi=1100 scf/STB)
P=2800 psia (Bt=1.72 bbl/STB , Bg=1.017×10-3 /5.615=1.811×10-4 bbl/scf)
NP[ Bt + ( Rp − Rsi) Bg ]
N=
Bt − Bti
1× 10 6 [1.72 + (2700 − 1100)(1.811× 10 − 4 )
N=
1.72 − 1.57
N = 22MMSTB
PROBLEM 5.4
The following data are taken from an oil field that had no original gas cap and no water
drive
Oil pore volume of reservoir = 75 MM cu ft
Solubility of gas in crude = 0.42 SCF/STB/psi
Initial bottom-hole pressure = 3500 psia
Bottom-hole temperature = 140°F
Bubble-point pressure of the reservoir = 2400 psia
Formation volume factor at 3500 psia = 1.333 bbl/STB
Compressibility factor of the gas at 1500 psia and 140°F= 0.95
Oil produced when pressure is 1500 psia = 1.0 MM STB
Net cumulative produced GOR = 2800 SCF/STB
(a) Calculate the initial STB of oil in the reservoir.

(b) Calculate the initial SCF of gas in the reservoir.
(c) Calculate the initial dissolved GOR of the reservoir.
(d) Calculate the SCF of gas remaining in the reservoir at 1500 psia.
(e) Calculate the SCF of free gas in the reservoir at 1500 psia.
64
(f) Calculate the gas volume factor of the escaped gas at 1500 psia at standard
conditions of 14.7 psia and 60ºF.
(g) Calculate the reservoir volume of the free gas at 1500 psia.
(h) Calculate the total reservoir GOR at 1500 psia.
(i) Calculate the dissolved GOR at 1500 psia.
(j) Calculate the liquid volume factor of the oil at 1500 psia.
(k) Calculate the total, or two-phase, oil volume factor of the oil and its initial
complement of dissolved gas at 1500 psia.
ANSWER:
No original gas cap and no water drive
pb = 2400 psia
Z = 0.95( p = 1500 psia, T = 140$ F )
N P = 1MMSTB @ p = 1500
Rp = 2800 scf @ p = 1500
STB
Voi = 75 MMft 3
dRs scf / sTB
= 0.42
dP psi
Pi = 3500 Psia
T = 140 $ F
Boi = 1.333 bbl
STB
(a)
voi 75 × 10 6 ft 3 5.615bbl
Voi = Nboi N = = = 10.02 × 10 6 STB
Boi 1.333 bbl STB
(b)
G = Initial Gas Reservoir( scf) = ?
G = NRsοi = (10.02)(0.42 × 2400 ) = 10.1MMMSCF
65
(c)
G 10.1× 10 9 Scf
GORi = = = 1008 scf
N 10.02 × 10 6 STB STB
OR
Scf
GORi = 0.42 × 2400 = 1008
STB
(d)
G 1500 = G − Gp = 10.1 × 10 9 − ( NpRp ) = 10.1 × 10 9 − (1 × 10 6 × 2800)
= 7.3 × 10 9 scf
(e)
Gf = NRsi − NpRp − ( N − Np) Rs =
= (10.1×109 ) − (1×106 × 2800) − [(10.2 ×106 − 1×106 )0.42 ×1500]
= 1.62 ×109 Scf
(f)
ZT 0.95(600)
Bg = 0.0282 = 0.0282 = 0.0107 ft 3 scf
P 1500
(g)
VFreegas = Gf .Bg = 1.6 ×109 × (0.0107) = 17.33 ft 3
(h)
7.3 × 10 9 Scf 7.3 × 10 9 scf
GOR 1500 = = = 809
N − NpSTB (10.02 − 1) × 10 6 STB
scf
(i) Dissolved GOR at Psia=0.42×1500=630 STB
(j) Voi=Vo+Vg
NBoi − GfBg
NBoi = ( N − Np ) Bo + G f Bg Bo =
N − Np
(10.02 × 10 6 × 1.333) − (1.62 × 109 × 0.0107 / 5.615)
Bo =
10.0 × 10 6 − 1 × 10 6
Bo = 1.14 bbl
STB
66
(k)
Bt = Bo + ( Rsi − Rs) Bg
0.0107
= 1.14 + (0.42 × 2400 − 0.42 × 1500) ×
5.615
Bt = 1.86 bbl
STB
PROBLEM 5.5
(a) Continuing the calculations of the Kelly-Snyder Field, calculate the fractional
recovery and the gas saturation at 1400 psig.
(b) What is the deviation factor for the gas at 1600 psig and BHT 125°F?
ANSWER:
PROBLEM 5.6
The R Sand is a volumetric oil reservoir whose PVT properties are shown in Fig. 5.9.
When the reservoir pressure dropped from an initial pressure of 2500 psia to an average
pressure of 1600 psia, a total of 26.0 MM STB of oil had been produced. The
cumulative GOR at 1600 psia was 954 SCF/STB, and the current GOR was 2250
SCF/STB. The average porosity for the field is 18% and average connate water 18%. No
appreciable amount of water was produced, and standard conditions were 14.7 psia and
60°F.
67
a) Calculate the initial oil in place.
b) Calculate the SCF of evolved gas remaining in the reservoir at 1600 psia.
c) Calculate the average gas saturation in the reservoir at 1600 psia.
d) Calculate the barrels of oil that would have been recovered at 1600 psia if all the
produced gas had been returned to the reservoir.
e) Calculate the two-phase volume factor at 1600 psia.
f) Assuming no free gas flow, calculate the recovery expected by depletion drive
performance down to 2000 psia.
g) Calculate the initial SCF of free gas in the reservoir at 2500 psia.
ANSWER:
φ = 18%
Swi = 18%
Wp = 0
Psc = 14.7 psia
Tsc = 60 $ F
pb = 2200 psi
Tres = 150 $ F = 610 $ R

Pi = 2500 psia
p = 1600 psia
Np = 26 × 10 6
Rp 1600 = 954 scf
STB
qg
CurrentGoR = 2250 scf STB =
q0
(a)
Np Bt − Bti
RF = =
N Bt + ( Rp − Rsoi) Bg
N=?
Boi @ 2500 = 1.29, Rsoi = 575 scf STB
Bo @1600 = 1.215, Rso = 383 scf STB , Z = 0.82
ZT (0.82)(610)
Bg = 0.00502 = 0.00502 = 1.57 × 10 −3 bbl
P 1600 scf
Bt = Bo + Bg ( Rsoi − Rs ) → Bt = 1.215 + 1.57 × 10 (575 − 383)
−3
Bt = 1.516 bbl
STB
1.516 − 1.29
RF = = 0.106
1.516 + (954 − 575)1.57 × 10 −3
Np 26 × 10 6
N= = = 246 MMSTB
RF 0.106
N = 246 MMSTB
(b)
Gf = NRsi – NpRp - (N-Np) Rs
=246 (575) - (26×954) - (246-26) 383 = 31.9×109 SCF
(c)
1.215
So = (1 − RF )(1 − Sw)(Bo / Boi) = (1 − 0.106)(1 − 0.18)( ) = 0.69
1.29
Sg = 1− So − Swc = 1 − 0.69 − 0.18 Sg = 13%
69
(d)
NP Bt − Bti
RF = =
N Bt + ( Rp ↓ 0 − Rsi ) Bg if Rp=0 Np=?
1.516 − 1.29
RF = = 0.365
1.516 + (0.575)1.57 × 10 −3
NP = N .RF = 0.365(246) = 89.89MMSTB
(e)
Bt = Bo + ( Rsoi − Rso) Bg
= 1.215 + 1.57 ×10 −3 (575 − 383)1.57 ×10 −3 = 1.516 bbl
STB
(f)
Assume: No free gas flows
0.82(610)
Bg = 0.00502 = 1.25 ×10−3 bbl
2000 scf
Rso = 508.3scf / stb …… Bo@2000= 1.272bbl / stb
Bt = Bo + ( Rsi − Rs ) Bg = 1.272 + 1 .25 × 10 −3 (575 − 508 .3) = 1.355 bbl / stb

Bt − Bti 1 .355 − 1 .29
RF = = = 0 .0479
Bt 1 .355
Np = N .RF = ( 246 )( 0.0479 ) = 11 .8 MMSTB
(g)
2500psia=O@ free gas
PROBLEM 5.7
If the reservoir of Prob. 5.6 had been a water-drive reservoir, in which 25×106 bbl of
water had encroached into the reservoir when the pressure had fallen to 1600 psia,
calculate the initial oil in place. Use the same current and cumulative GORs, the same
PVT data, and assume no water production.
70
ANSWER:
Np[Bt + ( Rp − Rsi ) Bg ] − We
N=
Bt − Bti
26[1.516 + (954 − 575)1.57 × 10 −3 ] − 25
N=
1.516 − 1.29
N = 134 × 10 STB
6
PROBLEM 5.8
The following production and gas injection data pertain to a reservoir.
(a) Calculate the average producing GOR during the production interval from 6 MM
to 8 MM STB.
(b) What is the cumulative produced GOR when 8 MM STB has been produced?
(c) Calculate the net average producing GOR during the production interval from 6
MM to 8 MM STB.
(d) Calculate the net cumulative produced GOR when 8 MM STB has been
produced?
(e) Plot on the same graph the average daily GOR, the cumulative produced gas, the
net cumulative produced gas, and the cumulative injected gas versus cumulative
oil production.
71
Cumulative Oil Average Daily Gas- Cumulative Gas
Production, Np Oil Ration, R Injected, GI
MM STB SCF/STB MM SCF
0 300 0
1 280 0
2 280 0
3 340 0
4 560 0
5 850 0
6 1120 520
7 1420 930
8 1640 1440
9 1700 2104
10 1640 2743
ANSWER:
(a)
( NpRp) 6 + ( NpRp) 7 + ( NpRp)8
Rav =
Np6 + Np7 + Np8
(6 × 106 × 1120) + (7 × 106 × 1420) + (8 × 106 × 1640) scf
= = 1420
6 × 106 + 7 × 106 + 8 × 106 STB
(b)
³
Np
RdNp
Rp = 0
=
NP
R8−7 ( Np8 − Np7 + R7 −6 (1) + R6−5 (1) R5− 4 (1) + R4−3 (1) + R3−2 (1) + R2−1 + R1−0
8
1530(1) + 1270(1) + 958(1) + 705(1) + 450(1) + 310(1) + 280(1) + 290(1)
=
8
RP = 728 scf
STB
72
(c)
³
Np 2
RdNp R8−7(Np8 − Np7 ) + R7−8(Np 7 − Np 6 ) − ( 1440 − 520 )
Ravg.net = Np1
=
Np 2 − Np1 Np8 − Np 6
1530(1) + 1270(1) − 1440 + 520
= = 940 Scf
8−6 STB
(d)
( ³0 RdNp) − Ginj
Np
Rp =
Np
R (1) + R7−6 (1) + R6−5 (1) + R5−4 (1) + R4−3 (1) + R3− 2 (1) + R2−1 (1) + R1−0 (1) − 1440
= 8 −7
8
1530 + 1270 + 985 + 705 + 450 + 310 + 280 + 290 − 1440
=
8
Rp = 548 Sf STB
PROBLEM 5.9
An undersaturated reservoir producing above the bubble point had an initial pressure of
5000 psia, at which pressure the oil volume factor was 1.510 bbl/STB. When the
pressure dropped to 4600 psia, owing to the production of 100,000 STB of oil, the oil
volume factor was 1.520 bbl/STB. The connate water saturation was 25%, water
compressibility 3.2 x 10-6 psi-1, and, based on an average porosity of 16%, the rock
compressibility was 4.0 x 10-6 psi-1. The average compressibility of the oil between
5000 and 4600 psia relative to the volume at 5000 psia was 17.00 x 10-6 psi-1.
a) Geologic evidence and the absence of water production indicated a volumetric
reservoir. Assuming this was so, what was the calculated initial oil in place?
b) It was desired to inventory the initial stock tank barrels in place at a second
production interval. When the pressure had dropped to 4200 psia, formation
volume factor 1.531 bbl/STB, 205 M STB had been produced. If the average oil
compressibility was 17.65 x 10-6 psi-1, what was the initial oil in place?
73
c) When all cores and logs had been analyzed, the volumetric estimate of the initial
oil in place was 7.5 MM STB. If this figure is correct, how much water entered
the reservoir when the pressure declined to 4600 psia?
ANSWER:
Swc = 25% Pi = 5000 psia
−6
Cw = 3.2 × 10 psi −1 Bo i = 1 . 510 b
φ = 16% Np = 100 / 00 STB
Cf = 4 ×10 −6 psi −1 Bo = 1 . 520 @ p = 4800
Co = 17 × 10 −6 psi −1 p = 4600 psia
(a)
a) N=? We = 0,Wp = 0
So=1-0.25 =0.75
C 0 S 0 + C w S w + cf
Ce =
1 − S wi
Np Bt
NBtiCeΔp = NpBt → N = .
CeΔp Bti
17 × 10 −6 (0.75) + 3.2 × 10 −6 (0.25) + 4 × 10 −6
Ce = = 2.34 × 10 −5 psi −1
1 − 0.25
100000 1.520
N= × = 10.75MMSTB
2.34 × 10 (5000 − 4600) 1.51
−5
(b)
p = 4200 Np=205MSTB N=?
C$ = 17.65 × 10−6 psi−1 B$ = 1.531bbl

STB
17 ×10 (0.75) + 3.2 × 10 (0.25) + 4 ×10
−6 −6 −6
Ce = = 2.405 ×10 −5 psi −1

1 − 0.25
205 1.531
N= × = 10.8MMSTB
2.405 ×10 −5 (5000 − 4200) 1.510
74
(c)
N=7.5 MMSTB P=4600 psia we=?
NBtiC e Δp = N p Bt − we → we = N p Bt − NBtiC e Δp
we = 100000(1.320) − (7.5 × 106 )(1.510)(2.34 × 10−5 )(400)

we = 46000 bbl
PROBLEM 5.10
Estimate the fraction recovery from a sandstone reservoir by water drive if the
permeability is 1500 md, the connate water is 20%, the reservoir oil viscosity is 1.5 cp,
the porosity is 25%, and the average formation thickness is 50 ft.
ANSWER:
Fraction Recovery (RF)=?
k = 1500 md
Swc = 20%
μ = 1.5cp
φ = 25%
h = 50 ft
RF = 0.114 + 0.272 "gk + 0.256 Sw − 0.136 "gμo − 1.538φ − 0.00035 h
= 0.114 + 0.272 "g1500 + 0.256 ( 20 ) − 0.136 ("g1.5) − 1.538 (0.25 ) − 0.00035 (50 )
= 0.603 × 100 = 60 .3%
PROBLEM 5.11
The following PVT data are available for a reservoir, which from volumetric reserve
estimation is considered to have 275 MM STB of oil initially in place. The original
pressure was 3600 psia. The current pressure is 3400 psia, and 732,800 STB have been
75
produced. How much oil will have been produced by the time the reservoir pressure is
2700 psia?
Pressure Solution Formation
(psia) Gas Oil Ratio Volume Factor
(SCF/STB) (bbl/STB)
3600 567 1.310
3200 567 1.317
2800 567 1.325
2500 567 1.333
2400 554 1.310
1800 434 1.263
1200 337 1.210
600 223 1.140
200 143 1.070
ANSWER:
Np Bt
N=
ce Δp Bt i
3600 1.31
3400 Bo 3600 − 3400 3600 − 3200
= → Bo = 1.3135
3200 1.310 1.31 − Bo 1.31 − 1.317
732800 1.3135
275 × 10 6 = × C e = 1.336 × 10 −5
ce × 200 1.310
2800 1.325
2700 Bo 2800 − 2700 2800 − 2500
= → Bo = 1.327
2500 1.333 1.325 − Bo 1.325 − 1.333
1.310
NP = 275×106 (1.336 ×10−6 )(3600 − 2700) = 3.27MMSTB
1.327
76
PROBLEM 5.12
Production data, along with reservoir and fluid data, for an undersaturated reservoir
follow. There was no measurable water produced, and it can be assumed that there was
no free gas flow in the reservoir. Determine the following:
a) Saturations of oil, gas, and water at a reservoir pressure of 2258.
b) Has water encroachment occurred and, if so, what is the volume?
Gas gravity = 0.78

Initial water saturation = 25%
Original oil in place = 180 MM STB
Bubble-point pressure = 2819 psia
The following expressions for Bo and Rso as functions of pressure were determined
from laboratory data:
Bo= 1.00 + 0.00015p, bbl/STB

Rso = 50 +0.42p, SCF/STB
Pressure Cumulative Cumulative Instantaneous
(psia) Oil Produced Gas Produced GOR
(STB) (SCF) (SCF/STB)
2819 0 0 1000
2742 4.38 MM 4.38 MM 1280
2639 10.16 MM 10.36 MM 1480
2506 20.09 MM 21.295 MM 2000
2403 27.02 MM 30.26 MM 2500
2258 34.29 MM 41.15 MM 3300
77
ANSWER:
a)
° Ppc = 756 .8 − 131γ g − 3.6γ g 2 = 625 .5 Psia
γ g == 0.78 ®
°̄Tpc = 169 .2 − 349 .5γ g − 74γ g = 311 .5 R
2 °
P 2258
pr = = = 3.46
Ppc 652.5
T 620
Tr = = = 1.99
Z = .94 TPC
311 .5
zT (0.94)(620)
Bg = 0.00504 = 0.00504 = 1.3 ×10 −3 bbl
p 2258 scf
Bo = 1.3387
P = 2258 ®
¯ Rs = 998 .36
V $ ( N − Np ) Bo
So = =
Vp NBoi Boi = 1.42285
pi = 2819 ®
1 − swi ¯ Rsi = 1234
180 − 34.29 195.0619
So = = = 0.571 → So = 0.571
180(1.42285) 341.484
1 − 0.25
Vg
Sg =
Vp
ª º
Gp
Vg = « NRsi − ( N − Np ) Rs − NpRp » Bg
«¬ »¼
V g = [180(1234 ) − (180 − 34.29)998.36 − 41.15 × 10 3 ]× 1.3 × 10 −3

V g = 46.15 × 10 6 scf
46.15
Sg = = 0.135 → Sg = 13.5%
341.484
Sw = 1 − So − Sg = 1 − 0.571− 0.135→ Sw = 0.294
78
b)
Np[Bo + ( Rp − Rsi) Bg ] − We
N=
Bo − Boi + ( Rsi − Rs) Bg
G P 41.15 × 10 9
RP = = = 1200 SCF / STB
N P 34.29 × 10 6
We = Np[Bo + ( Rp − Rsi) Bg ] − N [Bo − Boi + ( Rsi − Rs) Bg ]
We = 34.29 × 10 6 [1.3387 + (1200 − 1234)1.3 × 10 −3 ]

− 180 × 10 6 [1.3387 − 1.42285 + (1234 − 998.36)1.3 × 10 −3 ]
We = 4390000bbl
PROBLEM 5.13
The following table provides fluid property data for an initially undersaturated lense
type of oil reservoir. The initial connate water saturation was 25%. Initial reservoir
temperature and pressure were 97°F and 2110 psia, respectively. The bubble-point
pressure was 1700 psia. Average compressibility factors between the initial and bubble-
point pressures were 4.0 (10)-6 psia-1 and 3.1 (10)-6 psia-1 for the formation and water,
respectively. The initial oil formation volume factor was 1.256 bbl/STB. The critical gas
saturation is estimated to be 10%. Determine the recovery versus pressure curve for this
reservoir.
79
Pressure Oil Formation Solution Gas Formation
(psia) Volume Factor GOR Volume Factor
(bbl/STB) (SCF/STB) (ft3/SCF)
1700 1.265 540 0.007412
1500 1.241 490 0.008423
1300 1.214 440 0.009826
1100 1.191 387 0.011792
900 1.161 334 0.014711
700 1.147 278 0.019316
500 1.117 220 0.027794
ANSWER:
swi = 0.25
Pi = 2110 psia
Pb = 1700
Sgc = 10%
Boi = 1.256 bbl

STB
Cw = 3.1 × 10 −6
T = 97 $ F
C f = 4 × 10 −6
ª cusi + cf º
Bt − Bti + Bti « Δp
NP ¬ 1 − Swi »¼
(1) P = Pb = rb =
N Bt
1.255 − 1.256 + 1.256(6.36 ×10 −3 ) + 10
= = rb = 0.00970
1.265
(2) P < Pb P = 1500 psia
0.008423
Bt + B0 + ( Rsi − Rs) Bg = 1.241(540 − 490) = 1.316
5.615
80
540 + 490
Ravg1 = = 515
2
ªs c + cf º
Bt − Bti + Bti « wi w » ΔP
r1 = ¬ 1 − swi ¼ =
1.316 − 1.256 + 1.256(6.36 × 10−6 )610
Bt + ( RP − Rsi ) Bg 1.316 + ( Rp − 540)
0.008423
5.615
rb Rswi + (r1 − rb ) Ravg1
Rp = =
r1
0.0097(540) + (r1 − 0.0097)515 0.2425 + 515r1
= = 0.05042
r1 r1
P=1300 psia Bt=1.389 Ravg2=465
1.389 − 1.256 + 1.256(6.36 × 10 −6 )810
r2 =
0.009826
1.389 + ( Rp − 540)
5.615
0.0097(540) + (0.05042 − 0.0097)515 + ( r2 − 0.05042) 465
Rp =
r2
2.76 + 405r2
Rp =
r2
r2 = 0.1071
P=1100 psia Bt=1.512 , Ravg3=413.5

1.512 − 1.256 + 1.256(6.36 × 10 −6 )1010
r3 =
0.011792
1.512 + ( Rp − 540)
5.615
0.0097(540) + (0.05042 − 0.0097)515 +
Rp =
r3
(0.1071 − 0.05042)405 + (r 3 − 0.1071)413.5
r3
r3 = 0.2372
The value of r at P=500, 700, and 900 psia can be calculated using the same method and
procedure as stated above.
81
PROBLEM 5.14
The Wildcat reservoir was discovered in 1970. The reservoir had an initial pressure of
3000 psia, and laboratory data indicated a bubble point pressure of 2500 psia. The
connate water saturation was 22%. Calculate the fractional recovery, Np/N, from initial
conditions down to a pressure of 2300 psia. State any assumptions which you make
relative to the calculations.
Porosity = 0.165
Formation compressibility = 2.5 (10)-6 psia-1
Reservoir temperature =150ºF
Pressure Bo Rso z Bg Viscosity

(psia) (bbl/STB) (SCF/STB) (bbl/SCF) Ratio
µ0/µg
3000 1.315 650 0.745 0.000726 53.91
2500 1.325 650 0.680 0.000796 56.60
2300 1.311 618 0.663 0.000843 61.46
ANSWER:
pi = 3000 psia φ = 0.165
Pb = 2500 psia C f = 2.5 × 10 −6 psia −1
Swc = 22% T = 150 F = 610 R
Np
= ?@ 2300 psia
N
82
ª Cf º
(1) P > Pb
NP
= ¬1 − Swi »¼
N Bt
ª 2.5 × 10 −6 º
1.325 − 1.315 + 1.315« »500
Np
= ¬ 1 − 0.22 ¼ = 0.00914
N 1.325
ª Cf º
(2) P < Pb
NP
= ¬1 − Swi »¼ ⊗
N Bt + ( Rp − Rsoi ) Bg
Bt = 1.311 + (650 − 618)0.000843 = 1.38 bbl
STB
ZT
Bg = 0 .00503 = 0 .000843 bbl
P scf
0.00914(650) + (r − 0.00914)634 NP
Rp = =r
r N
ª 2.5 × 10 −6 º
1.338 − 1.315 + 1.315« 700
¬ 1 − 0.22 »¼
⊗→r =
ª 0.00914(650) + ( r − 0.00914)634 º
1.338 + « − 650» 0.000843
¬ r ¼
Np
r= = 0.0195
N
83
CHAPTER 6
SATURATED OIL RESERVOIRS
PROBLEM 6.1
Calculate the values for the second and fourth periods through the fourteenth step of
Table 6.1 for Conroe Field.
ANSWER:
N (Bt − Bti ) 17 × 12
DDI = =
N P [Bt + (RP − Rsi )B g ] 14
ªB º
NmBti « g − 1»
¬ B gi ¼ 17 × 11
SDI = =
N P [Bt + (R P − Rsi )B g ] 14
We − WP Bw 15
WDI = =
N P [Bt + (RP − Rsi )B g ] 14
PROBLEM 6.2
Calculate the drive indexes at Conroe for the second and fourth periods.
ANSWER:
N ( Bt − Bti) 534(0.14)
DDI = = = 0.2911
Np[( Bt + ( Rp − Rsoi) Bg ] 256.983
84
NmBti
[Bg − Bgi]
Bgi 534(0.1295)
SDI = = = 0.2694
Np[( Bt + ( Rp − Rsoi) Bg ] 256.7983
we − Bwwp 112.8
WDI = = = 0.4395
Np[( Bt + ( Rp − Rsoi) Bg ] 256.7983
PROBLEM 6.3
If the recovery by water drive at Conroe is 70%, by segregation drive 50%, and by
depletion drive 25%, using the drive indexes for the fifth period calculate the ultimate
oil recovery expected at Conroe.
ANSWER:
Recovery= 70(0.646) + 50(0.174) + 25(0.180) = 58.42%
PROBLEM 6.4
Explain why the first material balance calculation at Conroe gives a low value for the
initial oil in place.
ANSWER:
It is due to fact that increasing water influx into the reservoir decreases the initial oil in
place.
85
PROBLEM 6.5
(a) Calculate the single-phase formation volume factor on a stock tank basis, From the
PVT data giveninTables6.3 and 6.4, at a reservoir pressure of 1702 psig, for separator
conditions of 100 psig and 76°F.
(b) Calculate the solution GOR at 1702 psig on a stock tank basis for the same separator
conditions.
(c) Calculate the two-phase formation volume factor by flash separation at 1550 psig for
separator conditions of 100 psig and 76°F.
ANSWER:
1720psia< pb
a)
Bofb 1.335
Bo = Bod ( ) = 1.245( ) B$ = 1.2428bbl
Bodb 1.341 STB
b)
§ B $ fb ·
Rso = Rsofb − ¨ [Rsodb − Rsod )]× ¸
© B $ db ¹
ª 1.335 º
= (505 + 49) − «(638 − 425) = 349.6
¬ 1.391 »¼
c)
v Vb
Bt = × = 1.2691×1.335 = 1.6942bbl
Vb vr STB )c
PROBLEM 6.6
From the core data that follow, calculate the initial volume of oil and free gas in place by
the volumetric method. Then, using the material balance equation, calculate the cubic
86
feet of water that have encroached into the reservoir at the end of the four periods for
which production data are given.
Pressure Bt Bg Np RP Wp
(psia) (bbl/STB) (ft3/SCF) (STB) (SCF/STB) (STB)
3480 1.4765 0.0048844 0 0 0
3190 1.5092 0.0052380 11.17 MM 885 224.5 M
3139 1.5159 0.0053086 13.80 MM 884 534.2 M
3093 1.5223 0.0053747 16.41 MM 884 1005.0 M
3060 1.5270 0.0054237 18.59 MM 896 1554. 0 M
Average porosity = 16.8%
Connate water saturation = 27%
Productive oil zone volume = 346,000 ac-ft
Productive gas zone volume> 73,700 ac-ft
Bw = 1.025 bbl/STB
Reservoir temperature =207°F
Initial reservoir pressure =3480 psia
ANSWER:
φ = 16.8%
Swi = 27%
Bw = 1.025 bbl
Stb
T = 207 $ F
Pi = 3480 psia
a)
Vg 73700
m= = = 0.213
VO 34600
87
7758 × vb × φ × (1 − Swi ) 7758 × 346000 × 0.168 × (1 − 0.27)
N= = = 39 × 10 6 STB
Bti 1.4765 × 5.615
Vo = NBoi = 43560 × 346000 × 0.168 × (1 − 0.27) = 58.6 × 10 6 ft 3
GBgi mNBoi 0.213(223)(1.4765 × 5.615)

m= G= = = 14.09 × 109 SCF
NBoi Bgi 0.0048844
Vg = GBgi = 43560 × 73700 × 0.168 × (1 − 0.27) = 68.38 × 10 6 ft 3

b)
We=?
NmBti
F = NEo + Eg + We
Bgi
F = Np[Bt + ( Rp − Rsi) Bg ] + BwWp
°
®Eo = Bt − Bti
°Eg = Bg − Bgi
¯
G 80.6 × 10 9 Scf
Rsoi = = = 365
N 223 × 10 6 STB
0.005238
F = 11.17[1.5092 + (885 − 358) ] + (1.025)(0.2245)
5.615
= 22.5MMbbl
223 × 0.21× 1.4765
22.5 = 223(1.5092 − 1.4765) + (0.005238 − 0.0048844) + We
0.0048844
We = 10.2MMbbbl For P = 3190
NmBti
we = Np[Bt + ( Rp − Rsi ) Bg ] + BwWp − N ( Bt + − Bti ) − ( Bg − B gi )
Bgi
for : P = 3139psi
88
ª 0.0053086º
we = 13.8«1.5159 + (884 − 358) + 1.025 × (0.5342) − 223(1.5159 − 1.4765)
¬ 5.615 »¼
223 × 0.213 × 1.4765
− (0.0053086 − 0.0048844)
0.0048844
we = 13 .45 MMbbl
For P = 3693psi
ª 0.0053747 º
we = 16.41«1.5223 + (884 − 358) + 1.025 × (1.005) − 223(1.5223 − 1.4765)
¬ 5.615 »¼
223× 0.213× 1.4765
− (0.0053086 − 0.0048844)
0.0048844
we = 17 Mbbl
For : P = 3660psi
ª 0.0054237 º
we = 18.59 «1.5270 + (896 − 358) + 1.025 × (1.554) − 223(1.5270 − 1.4705)
¬ 5.615 »¼
223 × 0.213 × 1.4765
− (0.0053086 − 0.0048844)
0.0048844
we = 20 .6 MMbbl
89
PROBLEM 6.7
The following PVT data are for the Aneth Field in Utah:
Pressure Bo Rso Bg
(psia) (bbl/STB) (SCF/STB) (bbl/SCF) µ0/ µg
2200 1.383 727 - -
1850 1.388 727 0.00130 35
1600 1.358 654 0.00150 39
1300 1.321 563 0.00182 47
1000 1.280 469 0.00250 56
700 1.241 374 0.00375 68
400 1.199 277 0.00691 85
100 1.139 143 0.02495 130
40 1.100 78 0.05430 420
The initial reservoir temperature was 133°F. The initial pressure was 2200 psia, and the
bubble-point pressure was 1850 psia. There was no active water drive. From 1850 psia
to 1300 psia a total of 720 MM STB of oil were produced and 590.6 MMM SCF of gas.
a) How many reservoir barrels of oil were in place at 1850 psia?
b) The average porosity was 10%, and connate water saturation was 28%. The field
covered 50.000 acres. What is the average formation thickness in feet?
ANSWER:
T = 133$ F
Pi = 2200 psia
Pb = 1850 psia
Np = 720MMSTB ½
¾ p = 1850 → 1300 psia
Gp = 590.6 MMMscf ¿
90
(a)
N=? at Pb=1850psia
Gp
Rp = = 820 scf
Np STB
There is no gas cap in the reservoir, therefore: m=0

Np[Bt + ( Rp − Rsi ) Bg ] − ( we − wpBw) − WinjBaing
N=
Bg SwiC w + Cf
Bt − Bti + mBti ( − 1) + (1 + m) Bti ( )Δp
Bgi 1 − Swi
Np[Bt + ( Rp − Rsoi ) Bg ]
N=
Bt − Bti
Bt = 1.324 + (727 − 563)0.00182 = 1.6195
720 × 10 6 [1.6195 + (820 − 727)0.00182]

N= = 5446 × 10 6 STB
1.6195 − 1.383
(b)
φ = 10% A = 5000 ac
swi = 0.28 h=?
43560 × A × h × φ × (1 − swi )
N=
Boi
43560 × 50000 × h × 0.10 × (1 − 0.28)

5446 × 10 6 =
5.615 ft 3
1.383 bbl ×
STB 1bbl
h = 270 ft
91
PROBLEM 6.8
You have been asked to review the performance of a combination solution gas, gas-cap
drive reservoir. Well test and log information show that the reservoir initially had a gas
cap half the size of the initial oil volume. Initial reservoir pressure and solution gas-oil
ratio were 2500 psia and 721 SCF/STB, respectively. Using the volumetric approach,
initial oil in place was found to be 56 MM STB. As you proceed with the analysis, you
discover that your boss has not given you all the data you need to make the analysis. The
missing information is that at some point in the life of the project a pressure
maintenance program was initiated using gas injection. The time of the gas injection and
the total amount of gas injected are not known. There was no active water drive or water
production. PVT and production data are in the following table:
Pressure Bt Bg Np RP
(psia) (bbl/STB) (bbl/SCF) (STB) (SCF/STB)
2500 0.001048 1.498 0 0
2300 0.001155 1.523 3.741 MM 716
2100 0.001280 1.562 6.849 MM 966
1900 0.001440 1.620 9.173 MM 1297
1700 0.001634 1.701 10.99 MM 1623
1500 0.001884 1.817 12.42 MM 1953
1300 0.002206 1.967 14.39 MM 2551
1100 0.002654 2.251 16.14 MM 3214
900 0.003300 2.597 17.38 MM 3765
700 0.004315 3.209 18.50 MM 4317
500 0.006163 4.361 19.59 MM 4839
92
a) At what point (i.e., pressure) did the pressure maintenance program begin?
b) How much gas in SCF had been injected when the reservoir pressure is 500 psia?
Assume that the reservoir gas and the injected gas have the same compressibility
factor.
ANSWER:
Initial Gas cap=50% OF initial oil volume
Pi = 2500 psia
Rsi = 721 Scf
STB
N = 56 MMSTB
Np[Bt + ( Rp − Rsi ) Bg ] − GinjBginj
N=
ª Bg º
Bt − Bti + mBti « − 1»
¬ Bgi ¼
ª º
Ginj B g inj = Np [Bt + ( Rp − Rsi ) B g ] − N « Bt − Bti + mBti (
Bg
− 1) »
¬ Bgi ¼
P = 2300
Ginj Bg inj = 3.741[1.523 + (716 − 721)0.001155]
ª 0.001155 º
− 56 «(1.523 − 1.498) + 0.5 × 1.498( −1 = 0
¬ 0.001.48 »¼
P = 2100
Ginj Bg inj = 6.849[1.562 + (966 − 721)0.00128]

ª 0.001440 º
− 56 «(1.620 − 1.498) + 0.5 × 1.498( −1 = 0
¬ 0.001048 »¼
Ginj Bg inj = 9.173[1.620 + (1297 − 721)0.001440]
ª 0.001440 º
− 56 «(1.620 − 1.498) + 0.5 × 1.498( −1 = 0
¬ 0.001048 »¼
93
Ginj Bg inj = 12.42[1.817(1953 − 721)0.001884]
ª 0.001884 º
− 56 «(1.701 − 1.4981) + 0.5 × 1.498( −1 = 0
¬ 0.001048 »¼
Ginj Bg inj = 14.39[1.967 + ( 2551 − 721)0.002206]

ª 0.002206 º
− 56 «(967 − 1.498) + 0.5 × 1.498( −1 = 0
¬ 0.001048 »¼
Ginj Bg inj = 13.8 ×106 bbl
Analyzing the calculated results show that we have gas injection at P=1300 psia.
b)
Ginj Bg inj = 19.59[4.361 + (4839 − 721)0.0006163]
ª 0.006163 º
− 56«(4.361 − 1.498) + 0.5 × 1.498( − 1)»
¬ 0.0001048 ¼
Ginj Bg inj = 217.5 × 10 bbl
6
217.5 × 10 6 217.5 × 10 6
→ Ginj = = = 35.3 × 10 9 scf
Bginj 0.006163
PROBLEM 6.9
An oil reservoir initially contains 4 MM STB of oil at its bubble-point pressure of 3150
psia with 600 SCF/STB of gas in solution. When the average reservoir pressure has
dropped to 2900 psia, the gas in solution is 550 SCF/STB. Boi was 1.34 bbl/STB and Bo
at a pressure of 2900 psia is 1.32 bbl/STB.
Other data:
Rp = 600 SCF/STB at 2900 psia
Swi = 0.25
Bg = 0.0011 bbl/SCF at 2900 psia
94
Volumetric reservoir
No original gas cap
a) How many STB of oil will be produced when the pressure has decreased to 2900
psia?
b) Calculate the free gas saturation that exists at 2900 psia,
ANSWER:
N = 4MMSTB p = 2900 Psia Rp = 600ςp = 2900
scf
Pb = 3150 psia Rs = 550 swi = 0.25
STB
scf
Rsi = 600 Bo = 1.32 bbl Bg = 0.0011bbl
STB STB Scf
bbl
Boi = 1.34 We = 0 m=0
STB
a)
Np @ 2900 psia = ?
Bt = 1.32 + (600 − 550)0.0011 = 1.775
N ( Bt − Bti) 4(1.375 − 1.34)
Np = =
Bt + ( Rp − Rsoi) Bg 1.375 + (600 − 600)0.0011
Np = 101.818 × 10 3
b)
(1 − Sw − Sg ) Boi
RF = 1 − ×
(1 − Sw) Bo
Np 101.818 × 10 3
RF = = = 0.0254
N 4 × 10 6
1 − 0.25 − Sg 1.34
0.0254 = 1 − × → Sg = 0.02996
1 − 0.25 1.32
Sg = 2.99% ≅ 3%
95
G free = [NRsi − NpRp − ( N − Np ) Rs ]Bg
= [4 × 103 (600) − (101.818 × 600) − (4 × 103 − 101.818)550)]0.0011
G free = 194.9 × 10 6 scf × 0.00111 = 214400bbl
OR
Np Bo
So = (1 − )(1 − swi )( )
N Boi
101.818 × 10 3 1.32
= (1 − (1 − 0.25)( ) = 0.72
4 × 10 6 1.34
Sg = 1 − So − Swi = 1 − 0.72 − 0.25 ≅ 0.03

→ Sg = 3%
OR
Vg 214400
Sg = = = 0.03 Sg = 3%
NBoi /(1 − S wi ) ( 4 × 10 6 )1.34 / 0.75
PROBLEM 6.10
Given the following data from laboratory core tests, production data, and logging
information:
Well spacing = 320 ac
Net pay thickness = 50 ft with the gas/oil contact 10 ft from the top
Porosity: 0.17
Initial water saturation = 0.26
Initial gas saturation =0.15
Bubble-point pressure =3600 psia
Initial reservoir pressure =3000 psia
Reservoir temperature = 120°'F
96
Boi = 1.26 bbl/STB
Bo = 1.37 bbllSTB at the bubble-point pressure
Bo = 1.19 bbllSTB at 2000 psia
Np = 2.0 MM STB at 2000 psia
Gp = 2.4 MMM SCF at 2000 psia
Gas compressibility factor, z = 1.0 – 0.001p
Solution gas-oil ratio, Rso = O.2p
Calculate the amount of water that has influxed and the drive indexes at 2000 psia.
ANSWER:
A = 320ac
hoil = 40 ft
® Boi = 1.26 bbl
¯hgas = 10 ft STB
φ = 0.17 Bo = 1.37 bbl @ Pb
STB
S wi = 0.26
Bo = 1.19 bbl
S gi = 0.15 STB @ p = 2000
Pb = 3600 N p = 2 MMSTB @ p = 2000
We = ?
P = 3000 psi G p = 2.4MMMScf @ p = 2000 WDI = ?
T = 120 F Z = 1 − 0.0001P Gp scf
Rp = = 1200
pi = 3000 Rso = 0.2 P Np STB
P = 3000 psia & zi = 0.7

z 0.7(120 + 460) 3
Bg i = 0.0282 = 0.0282 = 3.816 × 10 −3 ft
p 3000 scf
P = 2000 psia , z = 0.8

zT 0.8(120 + 460) 3
Bg = 0.0282 = 0.0282 = 6.54 × 10 −3 ft
p 2000 scf
97
Voi = 43560 × Vb × φ × (1 − swi )
= 43560 × ( 40 × 320 ) × 0.17 × (1 − 0.26) = 70142054 ft 3
Vgi = 43560 × Vb × φ × ( sgi )
= 43560 × (10 × 320) × 0.17 × 0.15 = 3554496 ft 3
Vg 3554496
m= = = 0.05
Vo 70142054
Voi 70142054
N= = = 9.91×106
Boi 1.26 × 5.615
Bt = Bo + ( Rsi − Rs ) Bg
6.54 × 10 −3 bbl
Bt = 1.19 + (0.2 × 3000 − 0.2 × 2000) = 1.423
5.615 STB
we = N p [Bt + ( Rp − Rsi ) Bg ] − N ( Bt − Bti ) −

NmBti
( Bg − B gi )
Bg i
ª 6.54 × 10 6 º
we = 2 × 10 6 «1.423 + (1200 − 600)
¬ 5.615 »¼
9.91× 10 6 × 0.05 × 1.26
− 9.91× 10 6 (1.423 − 1.26) − (6.54 × 10 −3 − 3.816 × 10 −3 )
3.816 × 10 −3
we = 2.18 × 10 6 bbl
we − BwWP 2.18 × 10 6
WDI = = = 0.514
Np [Bt + ( Rp − Rsi ) B g ] 4.243 × 10 6
WDI = 51 .4 %
PROBLEM 6.11
From the following information determine:
a) Cumulative water influx at pressures 3625, 3530, and 3200 psia.
b) Water-drive index for the pressures in (a).
98
Pressure Np Gp Wp Bg Rso Bt
(psia) (STB) (SCF) (STB) (bbl/SCF) (SCF/STB) (bbl/STB)
3640 0 0 0 0.000892 888 1.464
3625 0.06 0.49 MM 0 0.000895 884 1.466
MM
3610 0.36 2.31 MM 0.001 0.000899 880 1.468
MM MM
3585 0.79 4.12 MM 0.08 MM 0.000905 874 1.469
MM
3530 1.21 5.68 MM 0.26 MM 0.000918 860 1.476
MM
3460 1.54 7.00 MM 0.41 MM 0.000936 846 1.482
MM
3385 2.08 8.41 MM 0.60 MM 0.000957 825 1.491
MM
3300 2.58 9.71 MM 0.92 MM 0.000982 804 1.501
MM
3200 3.40 11.62 1.38 MM 0.001014 779 1.519
MM MM
ANSWER:
PROBLEM 6.12
The cumulative oil production, NP, and cumulative gas oil ratio, RP , as functions of the
average reservoir pressure over the first 10 years of production for a gas cap reservoir
99
follow. Use the Havlena-Odeh approach to solve for the initial oil and gas (both free and
solution) in place.
Pressure Np RP Bo Rso Bg
(psia) (STB) (SCF/STB) (bbl/STB) (SCF/STB) (bbl/SCF)
3300 0 0 1.2511 510 0.00087
3150 3.295 MM 1050 1.2353 477 0.00092
3000 5.903 MM 1060 1.2222 450 0.00096
2850 8.852 MM 1160 1.2122 425 0.00101
2700 11.503 1235 1.2022 401 0.00107
MM
2550 14.513 1265 1.1922 375 0.00113
MM
2400 17.730 1300 1.1822 352 0.00120
MM
ANSWER:
Calculated the value of F, Eo, and Eg and prepare the following table.
For example F at P=3150 psia can be calculated as below:
Bti
F = NE $ + Nm Eg
Bgi
p = 3150 → F = 3.295[1.256 + (1050− 510)]0.00092= 5.80
100
NO. Bt Eo=Bt-Bti F (MM) F/Eo Eg=Bg-Bgi Bti.Eg/Bgi.Eo
3300 1.2511=Bti 0 0 0 0 0
3150 1.2656 0.0145 5.80 400 5×10-5 4.95
3000 1.2798 0.0287 10.67 371.7 9×10-5 4.5
2850 1.2980 0.0469 17.30 368.8 1.4×10-4 4.29
2700 1.3188 0.0677 24.09 355.8 2×10-4 4.24
2550 1.3447 0.0936 31.89 340.7 2.6×10-4 3.99
2400 1.3718 0.1207 41.13 370.76 3.3×10-4 3.93
Plot F/Eo versus Bti.Eg/Bgi.Eo and draw the best straight line. The y intercept equals N
and slope of figure is mN.
450
400
350
300
250
F/Eo
200
150
100
50
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Bti*Eg/Bgi*Eo
N = 100 MMSTB
55.5 55.5
mN = 55.5 → m = = = 0.55
N 100
NmBoi
Scf Initial gas(free gas + dissolved gas) → G = + NRsoi
Bgi
100(0.55)(1.2511)
G= + (100 × 510) = 130MMMScf
0.00087
G = 130MMMScf
101
PROBLEM 6.13
Using the following data, determine the original oil in place by the Havlena Odeh
method. Assume there is no water influx and no initial gas cap. The bubble-point
pressure is 1800 psia.
Pressure Np RP Bt Rso Bg
(psia) (STB) (SCF/STB) (bbl/STB) (SCF/STB) (bbl/SCF)
1800 0 0 1.268 577 0.00097
1482 2.233 MM 634 1.335 491 0.00119
1367 2.981 MM 707 1.372 460 0.00130
1053 5.787 MM 1034 1.540 375 0.00175
ANSWER:
ª mBti º
F = N « E $ + (1 + m ) BtiE fiw + E g » + we
¬ Bgi ¼
we = 0, m = 0 → F = NE $
F = Np [Bt + ( Rp − Rsoi ) B g ]
Eο = Bt − Bti
Water and formation compressibilities can be ignored since the pressure is below bubble
point. Then, calculate the values of F and Eo and prepare the following table.
P E$ F
1800 0 0
1482 0.067 3.2
1367 0.104 4.59
1053 0.272 13.520
Plot F versus Eo and draw the best straight line. The slope of figure is N.
102
16
14
12
10
8
F
6
4
2
0
-2 0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3
Eo
12 − 8
Slope = = 50MMSTB
0.25 − 0.17
N=50 MMSTB
103
CHAPTER 7
SINGLE-PHASE FLUID FLOW IN RESERVOIRS
PROBLEM 7.1
Two wells are located 2500 ft apart. The static well pressure at the top of perforations
(9332ft subsea) in well A is 4365 psia and at the top of perforations (9672 ft subsea) in
well B is 4372 psia. The reservoir fluid gradient is 0.25 psi/ft, reservoir permeability is
245 md, and reservoir fluid viscosity is 0.63 cp.
a) Correct the two static pressures to a datum level of 9100 ft subsea
b) In what direction is the fluid flowing between the wells?
c) What is the average effective pressure gradient between the wells?
d) What is the fluid velocity?
e) Is this the total velocity or only the component of the velocity in the direction
between the two wells?
f) Show that the same fluid velocity is obtained using Eq. (7.1).
ANSWER:
a)
φ a = p a − 0.25ha
ha = 9332 − 9100 = 232 ft
φ a = 4365 − (0.25 × 232) = 4307 psia
φb = pb − 0.25hb
hb = 9672 − 9100 = 572 ft
φb = 4372 − (0.25 × 572) = 4229 psia
104
b)
φa ²φ Therefore, fluid direction is from well A toward well B.b
c)
L = (2500) + (340) 2 = 2523 ft

2
Δφ 4307 − 4229
average pressure gradient = = = 0.0309 psi / ft
Δl 2523
d)
q
vapparent =
a
q
vactual =
aφ (1 − swi )
k Δφ 245 78 bb1
V = −0.001127 = −0.001127 ( )( ) = 0.0135
μ L 0.63 2523 day. ft 2
bb1 5.615 ft 3
→ 0.0135 × = 0.0758 ft
day. ft 2
bbl day
e) This is the velocity in the direction between the two wells.

f)
k ª δp º
V = −0.001127 − 0.433γ o cos θ »
μ «¬δL ¼
2500
tanθ = = 7.353 → θ = tan −1 (7.535) = 82.26°
340
245 ª 4372 − 4365 º
V = −0.001127 − 0.433(0.58) cos(82.26)»
0.63 «¬ 2523 ¼
bb1
V = 0.0135 = 0.0758 ft
day. ft 2 day
105
PROBLEM 7.2
A sand body is 1500 ft long, 300 ft wide, and 12 ft thick. It has a uniform permeability
of 345 md to oil at 17% connate water saturation. The porosity is 32%. The oil has a
reservoir viscosity of 3.2 cp and Bo of 1.25 bbl/STB at the bubble point.
a) If flow takes place above the bubble-point pressure, what pressure drop will cause
100 reservoir bbl/day to flow through the sand body, assuming the fluid behaves
essentially as an incompressible fluid? What for 200 reservoir bbl/day?
b) What is the apparent velocity of the oil in feet per day at the 100 bbl/day flow
rate?
c) What is the actual average velocity?
d) What time will be required for complete displacement of the oil from the sand?
e) What pressure gradient exists in the sand?
f) What will be the effect of raising both the upstream and downstream pressures by,
say, 1000 psi?
g) Considering the oil as a fluid with a very high compressibility of 65(10)-6 psi-1,
how much greater is the flow rate at the downstream end than the upstream end at
100 bbl/day?
h) What pressure drop will be required to flow 100 bbl/day, measured at the
upstream pressure, through the sand if the compressibility of the oil is 65(10)-6 psi-
1
? Consider the oil to be a slightly compressible fluid.
i) What will be the downstream flow rate?
j) What conclusion can be drawn from these calculations concerning the use of the
incompressible flow equation for the flow of slightly compressible liquids, even
with high compressibilities?
ANSWER:
a)
− 0.001127kA Δp − qμl
q= → Δp =
μ L 0.001127kA
106
100(3.2)(1500)
Δp = = 343 psia
0.001127(345)(12 × 300)
for : q = 200 bb1 Δp = 686 psia

day
b)
q(5.615) 100(5.615)
Vapparent = = = 0.156 ft
A 3600 day
c)
Vapparent 0.156
Vactual = = = 0.587 ft
φ (1 − swi ) 0.32(1 − 0.17) day
d)
N
t=
q
N = Vbφ (1 − S wi )
N = (12 × 300 × 1500)(0.32)(1 − 0.17) = 1434240 ft 3 ÷ 5.615 = 255430.1bb1
25543.1 1year
t= = 2554.3days × ≅ 7 year
100 365days
e)
Δp 343
= = 0.229 psia
Δx 1500 ft
f) It has no effect.
g)
q = qref [1 + c°(Pref − p)] = 100[1 + 65 ×10 −6 (343)] = 102.23 bb1

day
Δq = 102.23 − 100 = 2.23 bb1

day
h)
Slightly compressib le, q ref = q inlet = 100 bb1

day
107
kA
q = 0.001127 ln[1 + c° ( p1 − p2 )]
μLc °
ln[1 + (65 × 10 −6 )( p 1 − p 2 )]
345(3600)
100 = 0.001127
3.2(1500)(65 × 10 −6 )
Δp = p1 − p2 = 346.8 psia
i)
kA ª 1 º
q2 = 0.001127
μLc° ¬1 + c° ( p2 − p1 ) »¼
ln «
345 (3600 ) ª 1 º
q 2 = 0.001127 ln
(3.2)(1500 )( 65 × 10 − 6 ) «¬1 + (65 × 10 − 6 )( −346 .8) »¼
q2 = 102.29 bb1
day
j) Using incompressible flow equation for the flow of slightly compressible liquids will
have insignificant error.
PROBLEM 7.3
If the sand body of Prob. 7.2 had been a gas reservoir with a bottom-hole temperature of
140 °F but with the same connate water and permeability to gas, calculate the following:
a) With an upstream pressure of 2500 psia, what downstream pressure will cause
5.00 MM SCF/day to flow through the sand? Assume an average gas viscosity of
0.023 cp and an average gas deviation factor of 0.88.
b) What downstream pressure will cause 25 MM SCF/day to flow if the gas viscosity
and deviation factors remain the same?
c) Explain why it takes more than five times the pressure drop to cause five times the
gas flow.
d) What is the pressure at the midpoint of the sand when 25 MM SCF/day is
flowing?
108
e) What is the mean pressure at 25 MM SCF/day?
f) Why is there a greater pressure drop in the downstream half of the sand body than
in the upstream half?
g) From the gas law calculate the rate of flow at the mean pressure pm, and show
that the equation in terms of qm, is valid by numerical substitution.
ANSWER:
a)
0.111924 kA( p1 − p 2 2 )
2
qsc =
TL μz
0.111924 (345)(3600)(625 × 10 4 − p 2 2 )
5 × 10 6 = p2 = poutlet = 2365.33 psia
600(1500)(0.023)(0.88)
b)
0.111924 (345 )(3600 )( 625 × 10 4 − p 2 2 )
25 × 10 6 = p 2 = 1724 .5 psia
600 (1500 )( 0.23)( 0.88)
c) Flow rate equals square pressure drop. Therefore, pressure drop increases.
d)
p1 + p 2 2 ( 2500 ) 2 + (1725 ) 2
2
p= p= = 2147 .34 psia

2 2
e)
p1 + p2 2500 + 1724.5
Pm = = = 2112.3 psia
2 2
f) Due to friction pressure drop in the downstream half of the sand body is higher than
upstream half.
g)
psc t q 14.7 0.88 × 600 25 × 10 6
qm = ( )( )( sc ) = ( )( )( )
t sc Pm 5.615 52. 2112.3 5.615
qm = 31461 bb1
day
109
PROBLEM 7.4
(a) Plot pressure versus distance through the sand of the previous problem at the 25 MM
SCF/day flow rate.
(b) Plot the pressure gradient versus distance through the sand body.
ANSWER:
PROBLEM 7.5
A rectangular sand body is flowing gas at 10 MM SCF/day under a downstream pressure
of 1000 psia. Standard conditions are 14.4 psia and 80°F. The average deviation factor is
0.80. The sand body is 1000 ft long, 100 ft wide, and 10 ft thick. Porosity is 22%, and
average permeability to gas at 17% connate water is 125 md. Bottom-hole temperature is
160°F, and gas viscosity is 0.029 cp.
a) What is the upstream pressure?
b) What is the pressure gradient at the midpoint of the sand?
c) What is the average pressure gradient throughout the sand?
d) Where does the mean pressure occur?
ANSWER:
a)
0.11865kA( p1 − p2 )
2 2
q sc =
Tlzμ g
0.11865 × 103 × 125( p1 − 106 )

2
10 × 106 = p1 = 3271 psia

620 × 103 × 0.029 × 0.80
110
b)
p1 + p 2 2
2
p= = 2418 .2 psia
2
psc ZT qsc KA dp
( )( )( ) = 0.001127
Tsc P 5.615 μ dx
14.4 0.8 × 62. 10 7 125(10 3 ) dp dp
( )( )( ) = 0.001127 = 2.01 psi
54. 2418.2 5.615 0.029 dx dx ft
c)
dp p1 − p2 3271− 100
= = = 2.271 psi ft
dx dx 1000
d)
p1 + p2
p= = 2135.5 psia
2
0.11865kA( p1 − p 2 )
2 2
q sc =
Tlzμ g
0.11865(103 )(125)(2135.5 2 − 10 6 )
10 × 10 6 = l = 367 ft
620l (0.80)(0.029)
PROBLEM 7.6
A horizontal pipe 10 cm in diameter (I.D.) and 3000 cm long is filled with a sand of
20% porosity. It has a connate water saturation of 30% and, at that water saturation, a
permeability of oil of 200 md. The viscosity of the oil is 0.65 cp and the water is
immobile.
a) What is the apparent velocity of the oil under a 100 psi pressure differential?
b) What is the flow rate?
c) Calculate the oil contained in the pipe and the time needed to displace it at the rate
of 0.055 cu cm/sec.
111
d) From this actual time and the length of the pipe, calculate the actual average
velocity.
e) Calculate the actual average velocity from the apparent velocity, porosity, and
connate water.
f) Which velocity is used to calculate flow rates, and which is used to calculate
displacement times?
g) If the oil is displaced with water so that 20% unrecoverable (or residual) oil
saturation is left behind the water flood front, what are the apparent and actual
average velocities in the watered zone behind the flood front if the oil production
rate is maintained at 0.055 cu cm/sec? Assume piston-like-displacement of the oil
by the water.
h) What is the rate of advance of the flood front?
i) How long will it take to obtain all the recoverable oil, and how much will be
recovered?
j) How much pressure drop will be required to produce oil at the rate of 0.055 cu
cm/sec when the water flood front is at the midpoint of the pipe?
ANSWER:
a)
100
(0.2)( )
q kΔ p 14 .7 → V
Vapparent = = = = 0.0007 cm
A μl (0.65)(3000 ) apparent
sec
b)
kA Δp
q= , A = πr 2 = π (5) 2 = 78.54cm2
μ L
100
(0.2)(78.54) 14.7 3
q= → q = 0.055 cm
(0.65) 3000 sec
112
c)
N
t= , N = vbφ (1 − swi), vb = πr 2 l
q
N = (π × (5) 2 × (3000))(0.2)(1 − 0.3) = 32986.8
32986.8 599760
t= = 599760sec → t = 7day
0.055 86400
d)
L 3000
V= = = 0.005 cm
t 599760 sec
e)
Vapparent 0.0007
Vactual = = = 0.005 cm
φ (1 − swi ) 0.2(1 − 0.30) sec
f) Apparent velocity is used to calculate flow rates and actual velocity is used to
calculate displacement times.
g)
q 0.055 3
Vapparent = = = 0.0007 cm
A 78.54 sec
Vapp 0.0007 3
Vactual = = = 0.007 cm
φ (1 − swi − sor ) 0.2(1 − 0.5 − 0.2) sec
h)
3
V = Vactual = 0.007 cm
sec
i)
N = vbφS ° = (π × (5) × 3000)(0.2)(0.5) = 23562 cm 3
2
N 3
t= , qact = Avact = (78.54)(0.007) = 0.55 cm
q sec
23562
t= = 42840sec.t − 0.5days
0.55
113
j)
qμl (0.055)(0.65)(1500)
Δp = = = 3.414atm
KA (0.2)(78.54)
Δp = 50.2 psia
Δpt = Δpthreshold + Δp = 100 + 50.2 = 150.2 psia
PROBLEM 7.7
(a) Three beds of equal cross section have permeabilities of 50, 200, and 500 md and
lengths of 40, 10, and 75 ft, respectively. What is the average permeability of the beds
placed in series?
(b) What are the ratios of the pressure drops across the individual beds for liquid flow?
(c) For gas flow will the overall pressure drop through beds in series be the same for
flow in either direction? Will the individual pressure drops be the same?
(d) The gas flow constant for a given linear system is 900, so that p12- p22 = 900 L/k. If
the upstream pressure is 500 psia, calculate the pressure drops in each of two beds for
series flow in both directions. The one bed is 10 ft long and 100 md; the second is 70 ft
and 900 md.
(e) A producing formation from top to bottom consists of 10 ft of 350 md sand, 4 in. of
0.5 md shale, 4 ft of 1230 md sand, 2 in. of 2.4 md shale, and 8 ft of 520 md sand. What
is the average vertical permeability?
(f) If the 8 ft of 520 md sand is in the lower part of the formation and carries water, what
well completion technique will you use to keep the water-oil ratio low for the well?
Discuss the effect of the magnitude of the lateral extent of the shale breaks on the well
production.
114
ANSWER:
a)
ΣLi 40 + 10 + 75
k avg = = → k avg = 125md
Li 40 10 75
Σ + +
ki 50 200 500
b)
L1 40
p1 − p2 k1
i =1→ = = 50 = 0.8
p1 − p4 Lt 125
k avg 125
L2 10
p 2 − p3 k2 200 = 0.05
i=2→ = =
p1 − p4 Lt 125
k avg 125
L3 75
p3 − p 2 k3 500 = 0.15
i =3→ = =
p1 − p4 Lt 125
k avg 125
c)
4 2
10 + + 4 + + 8
¦ hi 12 12
k avg = = = 28.72
h 4 2
¦ i 10 4 8
ki + 12 + + 12 +
350 0.5 1230 2.4 520
f) The solution of this problem is left to readers.
115
PROBLEM 7.8
(a) Three beds of 40, 100, and 800 md, and 4, 6, and 10 ft thick, respectively, are
conducting fluid in parallel flow. If all are of equal length and width, what is the average
permeability?
(b) In what ratio are the separate flows in the three beds?
ANSWER:
a)
¦ k i hi ( 40 × 4) + (100 × 6) + (800 × 10)
k avg = = = 438md
¦ hi 4 + 6 + 10
b)
qi kh q k hi 40 × 4
= i i i =1→ 1 = i = = 0.0182
qt k avg ht qt k avg ht 438 × 20
q k 2 h2 100 × 6
i=2→ = = = 0.0685
2
qt k avg ht 438 × 20
q3 kh 800 × 10
i =3→ = 3 3 = = 0.913
qt k avg ht 438 × 20
PROBLEM 7.9
As project supervisor for an in situ uranium leaching project, you have observed that to
maintain a constant injection rate in well A, the pump pressure has had to be increased
so that pe–pw has increased by a factor of 20 from the value at startup. An average
permeability of 100 md was measured from plugs cored before the injection of leachant.
You suspect buildup of a calcium carbonate precipitate has damaged the formation near
the injection well. If the permeability of the damaged section can be assumed to be 1
md, find the extent of the damage. The wellbore radius is 0.5 ft, and the distance to the
outer boundary of the uranium deposit is estimated to be 1000 ft.
116
ANSWER:
PROBLEM 7.10
A well was given a large fracture treatment, creating a fracture that extends to a radius
of about 150 ft. The effective permeability of the fracture area was estimated to be 200
md. The permeability of the area beyond the fracture is 15 md. Assume that the flow is
steady-state, single-phase, incompressible flow. The outer boundary at r = re = 1500 ft
has a pressure of 2200 psia and the wellbore pressure is 100 psia (rw = 0.5 ft). The
reservoir thickness is 20 ft and the porosity is 18%. The flowing fluid has a formation
volume factor of 1.12 bbl/STB and a viscosity of 1.5 cp.
a) Calculate the flow rate in STB/day.
b) Calculate the pressure in the reservoir at a distance of 300 ft from the center of the
wellbore.
ANSWER:
0.00708kh( pe − pw ) stb
q=
r day
μ° B° ln( e )
rw
r 1500
k a ke ln( e ) 200(15) ln( )
rw 0.5
k avg = = = 44md
r r 1500 150
k a ln( e ) + ke ln( a ) 200 ln( ) + 15 ln( )
ra rw 150 0.5
0.00708(44)(20)(2200 − 100)
q= = 972.396 stb
1500 day
105(1.12) ln( )
0.5
117
b)
0.00708kh pr − pw 0.00708(44)(20) pr − 100
q= → 972.396 =
μo ho ln
r 105(1.12) ln( )
r
rw 0.5
P at r = 300ft = 1778psia
PROBLEM 7.11
(a) A limestone formation has a matrix (primary or intergranular) permeability of less
than 1 md. However, it contains 10 solution channels per square foot, each 0.02 in. in
diameter. If the channels lie in the direction of fluid flow, what is the permeability of the
rock?
(b) If the porosity of the matrix rock is 10%, what percentage of the fluid is stored in the
primary pores, and what in the secondary pores (vugs, fractures, etc.)?
(c) If the secondary pore system is well connected throughout a reservoir, what
conclusions must be drawn concerning the probable result of gas or water drive on the
recovery of either oil, gas, or gas-condensate? What then are the means of recovering the
hydrocarbons from the primary pores?
ANSWER:
a)
kavg = 175.5md
b)
Vvug
= 0.022 %
Vp
118
PROBLEM 7.12
During a gravel rock operation the 6 in. I.D. liner became filled with gravel, and a layer
of mill scale and dirt accumulated to a thickness of 1 in. on top of the gravel within the
pipe. If the permeability of the accumulation is 1000 md, what additional pressure drop
is placed on the system when pumping a 1 cp fluid at the rate of 100 bbl/hr?
ANSWER:
q = 100 bbl = 2400 bb1

hr day
π
A= ( ID) 2 = 0.196 ft 2
4
kA Δp qμL 2400 (1)( 1 )

q = 0.001127 → Δp = = 12
μ L 0.001127 KA 0.001127 (1000)(0.196)
Δp = 903psia
PROBLEM 7.13
One hundred capillary tubes of 0.02 in. ID and 50 capillary tubes of 0.04 in. ID, all of
equal length, are placed inside a pipe of 2 in. inside diameter. The space between the
tubes is filled with wax so that flow is only through the capillary tubes. What is the
permeability of this ‘rock’?
ANSWER:
ID = 0.02in(number= 100)
K (0.02in ) = 20 × 10 6 × (0.02) 2 = 8000 darcy
119
π
A(0.02in ) = 100 × × (0.02) 2 = 3.142 × 10 − 2 in 2
4
ID = 0.04in(number= 50)
K (0.04in ) = 20 × 10 6 × (0.04) 2 = 32000darcy
π
A(0.04in) = 50 × × (0.04) 2 = 6.283 × 10 −2 in 2
4
(8000 × 3.142 × 10 −2 ) + (32000 × 6.283 × 10−2 )
k avg = = darcy
π
× (2) 2
4
PROBLEM 7.14
Suppose, after cementing, an opening 0.01 in. wide is left between the cement and an 8
in. diameter hole. If this circular fracture extends from the producing formation through
an impermeable shale 20 ft thick to an underlying water sand, at what rate will water
enter the producing formation (well) under a 100 psi pressure drawdown? The water
contains 60,000 ppm salt and the bottom-hole temperature is 150°F.
ANSWER:
w2 Ac ( p1 − p2 )
q = 8.7 × 109
μBL
0.01 2 ª 8.01 2 8 º
( ) × π × «( ) − ( ) 2 » × 100
q = 8.7 × 10 9 12 ¬ 12 12 ¼
= 215BPD
(0.49)(1)(20)
PROBLEM 7.15
A high water-oil ratio is being produced from a well. It is thought that the water is
coming from an underlying aquifer 20 ft from the oil producing zone. In between the
aquifer and the producing zone is an impermeable shale zone. Assume that the water is
120
coming up through an incomplete cementing job that left an opening 0.01 in. wide
between the cement and the 8 in. hole. The water has a viscosity of 0.5 cp. Determine
the rate at which water is entering the well at the producing formation level if the
pressure in the aquifer is 150 psi greater than the pressure in the well at the producing
formation level.
ANSWER:
0.01
K = 7.7 × 1012 w2 = 7.7 × 1012 × ( ) = 5347222 md = 5347 darcy
12
8 7.99 2
Ac = 3.14(( ) 2 − ( ) ) = 3.5 × 10 −3
12 12
0.01 2
( ) × 3.5 × 10 −3 × 150
w 2 Ac ( p1 − p 2 ) 12
q = 8.7 × 10 9
= 8.7 × 10 9
μL 0.5 × 20
q = 317BPD
PROBLEM 7.16
Derive the equation for the steady-state, semispherical flow of an incompressible fluid.
ANSWER:
7.08kre rw ( pe − p w )
q sc =
μ o Bo (rw − re )
121
PROBLEM 7.17
A well has a shut-in bottom-hole pressure of 2300 psia and flows 215 bbl/day of oil
under a drawdown of 500 psi. The well produces from a formation of 36 ft net
productive thickness. Use rw = 6 in.; re = 660 feet; µ = 0.88 cp; Bo = 1.32 bbl/STB.
a) What is the productivity index of the well?
b) What is the average permeability of the formation?
c) What is the capacity of the formation?
ANSWER:
a)
q 215 bb1
PI = = = 0.43
Δp 500 day.sia
b)
r
qμ ln( e )
kh( pe − pw ) rw
q = 0.00708 →K =
re
μ ln( ) 0.00708 hΔp
rw
660
)
( 215)(0.88) ln(
K= 0.5 = 10.7 md
0.00708 (36)(500 )
c)
r 660
qμ ln( e ) (215)(0.88) ln( )
rw 0.5
capacity of formation = kh = =
0.00708( pe − pw ) 0.00708(500)
kh = 384md − ft
122
PROBLEM 7.18
A producing formation consists of two strata: one 15 ft thick and 150 md in
permeability; the other 10 ft thick and 400 md in permeability.
a) What is the average permeability?
b) What is the capacity of the formation?
c) If during a well workover the 150 md stratum permeability is reduced to 25 md
out to a radius of 4 ft, and the 400 md stratum is reduced to 40 md out to an 8 ft
radius, what is the average permeability after the workover, assuming no cross-
flow between beds? Use re = 500 ft and rw = 0.5 ft.
d) To what percentage of the original productivity index will the well be reduced?
e) What is the capacity of the damaged formation?
ANSWER:
a)
¦ k i hi (150 × 15) + ( 400 × 10)
k avg = = = 250 md
¦ hi 15 + 10
b)
Capacity = ¦ ki hi = (150 × 15) + (400 × 10) = 6250md − ft
c)
r
k a ke ln( e ) 25 × 150 ln(500 )
rw 0.05
k avag1 = = = 60md
r r 500 ) + 150 ln( 4
k a ln( e ) + ke ln( e ) 25 ln( 4 0.05
)
rw rw
40 × 400 ln(500 )
k avg 2 = 0.05 = 86.8md
40 ln(500 ) + 400 ln( 8 )
8 0.05
¦ k i hi (60 × 15) + (86.8 × 10)
k avg ( total ) = = = 70.72md
¦ hi 15 + 10
123
d)
q
( )2
Δp k 70.72
Productivi ty Index = 2 = = 0.28 or 28%
q
( )1 k1 250
Δp
e)
Totalcapacityafterdamage= ¦kavg hi = (70.72× 25) = 1768md − ft
PROBLEM 7.19
(a) Plot pressure versus radius on both linear and semilog paper at 0.1, 1.0, 10, and 100
days for pe = 2500 psia, q = 300 STB/day; Bo= 1.32 bbl/STB; µ = 0.44 cp; k = 25 md; h
= 43 ft; ct = 18 x 10-6 psi ; ࢥ = 0.16.
(b) Assuming that a pressure drop of 5 psi can be easily detected with a pressure gauge,
how long must the well be flowed to produce this drop in a well located 1200 ft away?
(c) Suppose the flowing well is located 200 ft due east of a north-south fault. What
pressure drop will occur after 10 days of flow, in a shut-in well located 600 ft due north
of the flowing well?
(d) What will the pressure drop be in a shut-in well 500 ft from the flowing well when
the flowing well has been shut in for one day following a flow period of 5 days at 300
STB/day?
ANSWER:
124
PROBLEM 7.20
A shut-in well is located 500 ft from one well and 1000 ft from a second well. The first
well flows for 3 days at 250 STB/day, at which time the second well begins to flow at
400 STB/day. What is the pressure drop in the shut-in well when the second well has
been flowing for 5 days (i.e., the first has been flowing a total of 8 days)? Use the
reservoir constants of Prob. 7.19.
ANSWER:
70.6qμB ª φμct r 2 º
Δp = « − Ei ( )
kh ¬ 0.00105kt »¼
70.6( 250)(0.44)(1.32) ª − 0.16 × 0.44 × 18 × 10 −6 × 500 2 º

Δp1 = « − Ei ( )»
24( 43) ¬ 0.00105( 25)(8 × 24) ¼
70.6( 400)(0.44)(1.32) ª − 0.16 × 0.44 × 18 × 10 −6 × 1000 2 º

Δp 2 = « − E ( )»
24 × 43 0.00105( 25)(5 × 24)
i
¬ ¼
Δp = Δp1 + Δp 2 Δp = 9.536[− E i ( −0.0628)] + 152575 [− E i ( −0.402) ]
− E i ( − x ) = − ln( x) − 0.5772 − Ei ( −0.06286) = − ln(0.06286) − 0.5772 = 2.19

from tabe l7.1 x = 0.402 − E i ( − x) = 0.699
Δp = (9.536)( 2.19) + (15.2575)(0.699) = 31.54 psi
PROBLEM 7.21
A well is opened to flow at 200 STB/day for 1 day. The second day its flow is increased
to 400 STB/day and the third to 600 STB/day. What is the pressure drop caused in a
shut-in well 500 ft away after the third day? Use the reservoir constants of Prob. 7.19.
125
ANSWER:
Δpt = Δp1 + Δp2 + Δp3
70.6(200)(0.44)(1.32) ª − 0.16 × 0.44 × 18 × 10 −6 × 500 2 º

Δp1 = « − E ( )» =
0.00105 × 25 × (3 × 24)
i
25(43) ¬ ¼
= 7.629[− Ei ( −0.1676)] = 10.44
70.6( 400 − 200)(0.44)(1.32) ª − 0.16 × 0.44 × 18 × 10 −6 × 500 2 × 2 º

Δp 2 = « − Ei ( )» =
25( 43) ¬ 0.00105 × 25 × ( 2 × 24) ¼
= 7.629[− E ( −0.2514)] = 7.93
70.6(600 − 400)(0.44)(1.32) ª − 0.16 × 0.44 × 18 × 10 −6 × 500 2 × 2 º

Δ p3 = « − Ei ( )» =
25( 43) ¬ 0.00105 × 25 × (2 × 24) ¼
= 7.629[− Ei ( −0.50286)] = 4.24
Δpt = Δp1 + Δp2 + Δp3 = 10.44 + 7.93 + 4.24 = 22.61psi
PROBLEM 7.22
The following data pertain to a volumetric gas reservoir:
Net formation thickness = 15 ft
Hydrocarbon porosity = 20%
Initial reservoir pressure = 6000 psia
Gas viscosity = 0.020 cp
Casing diameter = 6 in.
Average formation permeability = 6 md
a) Assuming ideal gas behavior and uniform permeability, calculate the percentage
of recovery from a 640 ac unit for a producing rate of 4.00 MM SCF/day when
the flowing well pressure reaches 500 psia.
126
b) If the average reservoir permeability had been 60 md instead of 6 md, what
recovery would be obtained at 4.00 MM SCF/day and a flowing well pressure of
500 psia?
c) Recalculate part (a) for a production rate of 2.00 MM SCF/day.
d) Suppose four wells are drilled on the 640 ac unit, and each is produced at 4.00
MM SCF/day. For 6 md and 500 psia minimum flowing well pressure, calculate
the recovery.
ANSWER:
(a) 54.8% and 10.25 years
(b) 83.6% and 15.64 years
(c) 67.6% and 25.6 years
(d) 56.7% and 2.65 years
PROBLEM 7.23
A sandstone reservoir, producing well above its bubble-point pressure, contains only one
producing well, which is flowing only oil at a constant rate of 175 STB/day. Ten weeks
after this well began producing, another well was completed 660 ft away in the same
formation. On the basis of the reservoir properties that follow, estimate the initial
formation pressure that should be encountered by the second well at the time of
completion.
ࢥ = 15% h = 30ft
co = 18(10)-6 psi-1 µ = 2.9 cp
cw = 3(10)-6 psi-1 k = 35 md
cf = 4.3(10)- 6 psi-1 rw = 0.33 ft
Sw = 33% pi = 4300 psia
Bo = 1.25 bbl/STB
127
ANSWER:
PROBLEM 7.24
Develop an equation to calculate and then calculate the pressure at well 1, illustrated in
Fig. 7.23, if the well has flowed for 5 days at a flow rate of 200 STB/day.
ࢥ = 25% h = 30ft
cr = 30(10)-6 psi-1 µ = 0.5 cp
k = 50 md Bo = 1.32 bbl/STB
rw = 0.33 ft pi = 4000 psia
ANSWER:
128
PROBLEM 7.25
A pressure drawdown test was conducted on the discovery well in a new reservoir to
estimate the drainage volume of the reservoir. The well was flowed at a constant rate of
125 STB/day. The bottom-hole pressure data, as well as other rock and fluid property
data, follow. What are the drainage volume of the well and the average permeability of
the drainage volume? The initial reservoir pressure was 3900 psia.
Bo = 1.1 bbl/STB µo = 0.80 cp
ࢥ = 20% h = 22 ft
So = 80% Sw = 20%
co = 10(10)-6 psi-1 cw = 3(10)-6 psi-1
cf = 4(10)- 6 psi-1 rw = 0.33 ft

Time in Hours Pwf, psi
0.5 3657
1.0 3639
1.5 3629
2.0 3620
3.0 3612
5.0 3598
7.0 3591
10.0 3583
20.0 3565
30.0 3551
40.0 3548
50.0 3544
60.0 3541
70.0 3537
80.0 3533
90.0 3529
100.0 3525
120.0 3518
150.0 3505
ANSWER:
Draw Pwf versus log t in a semi log paper and then find the slope of figure.
m = −56 psi / cycle
Plhr = 3639 psi
130
162.6qμB 162.6(125)(0.80)(1.1)
k =− =− = 14.5md
mh − 56(22)
ª p − p wf ( Δt = 0) K º
s = 1.151« lhr − log( ) + 3.23»
φμct rw
2
¬ m ¼
c° s° + c w s w + c f
where : ct = = 15.75 × 10 − 6 psi −1
1 − sw
ª 3639 − 3900 14.5 º

s = 1.151« − log( ) + 3.23» =
¬ − 56 0.2(0.80)(15.75 × 10 )(0.33)
−6 2
¼
s = 0.1925
Draw Pwf versus time in a Cartesian paper and then find slope of figure.
͵͸ͺͲ
͵͸͸Ͳ
͵͸ͶͲ
͵͸ʹͲ
͵͸ͲͲ
Pwf
͵ͷͺͲ
(psi)
͵ͷ͸Ͳ
͵ͷͶͲ
͵ͷʹͲ
͵ͷͲͲ
͵ͶͺͲ
Ͳ ͷͲ ͳͲͲ ͳͷͲ ʹͲͲ
Time (hr)
m / = −0.383
0.2339 qB 0.2339 (125 )(101)
A=− =− = 1211716 ft 2
m / ct h φ ( −0.383)(15 .751 × 10 − 6 )( 22 )(0.20 )
A= 27.8 acres
V = Ah = 27.8 × 22 = 611.6ac − ft
131
PROBLEM 7.26
The initial average reservoir pressure in the vicinity of a new well was 4150 psia. A
pressure drawdown test was conducted while the well was flowed at a constant oil flow
rate of 550 STB/day. The oil had a viscosity of 3.3 cp and a formation volume factor of
1.55 bbl /STB. Other data, along with the bottom-hole pressure data recorded during the
drawdown test, follow. Assume that wellbore storage considerations may be neglected,
and determine the following:
a) The permeability of the formation around the well.
b) Any damage to the well.
c) The drainage volume of the reservoir communicating to the well.
ࢥ = 34.3% h = 93ft
cr = 1(10)-5 psi-1 rw = 0.5 ft
Time in Hours Pwf, psi
1 4025
2 4006
3 3999
4 3996
6 3993
8 3990
10 3989
20 3982
30 3979
40 3979
50 3978
60 3977
70 3976
80 3975
132
ASNWER:
a)
Draw Pwf versus time in a semi log paper. The slope of figure can be found as m= -27
psi/cycle.
162.6qμB 162.6(550)(3.3)(1.55)
k=− =− = 182md
mh − 27(93)
b)
ª p − p wf ( Δt = 0) k º
s = 1.151« 1hr − log( ) + 3.23» = 0.383
φμct rw
2
¬ m ¼
c) Draw Pwf versus time in a Cartesian paper. The slope of figure (m) can be found as
m=-0.1167 psi/cycle.
m = −0.1167psi/cycle
0.2339qB 0.2339(550)(1.55)
A=− =− = 5356445 ft 2 = 123ac
mct hφ − (0.1167)(1 × 10 )(93)(0.343)
−5
V = Ah = (123)(93) = 11439ac − ft
PROBLEM 7.27
The first oil well in a new reservoir was flowed at a constant flow rate of 195 STB/day
until a cumulative volume of 361 STB had been produced. After this production period,
the well was shut in and the bottom-hole pressure monitored for several hours. The
flowing pressure just as the well was being shut in was 1790 psia. For the data that
follow, calculate the formation permeability and the initial reservoir pressure.
ࢥ = 11.5% h = 23 ft
cr = 1(10)-5 psi-1 rw = 0.33 ft
133
ǻt in Hours Pws, psi
0.5 2425
1.0 2880
2.0 3300
3.0 3315
4.0 3320
5.0 3324
6.0 3330
8.0 3337
10.0 3343
12.0 3347
14.0 3352
16.0 3353
18.0 3356
ANSWER:
Np 361
tp = = × 24 = 44.43hr
q 195
Then calculate tp+ǻt/ǻt for each ǻt and prepare the following table.
134
ǻt (hr) Pws (psi) tp+ǻt/ǻt
0.5 2425 89.86
1.0 2880 45.43
2.0 3300 23.21
3.0 3315 15.81
4.0 3320 12.1
5.0 3324 9.88
6.0 3330 8.4
8.0 3337 6.55
10.0 3343 5.44
12.0 3347 4.7
14.0 3352 4.17
16.0 3353 3.77
18.0 3356 3.46
Draw Horner figure which is Pws versus log tp+ǻt/ǻt in a semi log paper and then find
the slope of figure:
m=-70 psi/cycle.
162.6qμB 162.6(195)(0.85)(2.15)
K =− =− = 36md
mh − 70(23)
P1hr?
t p + Δt 44.43 + 1
= = 45.43 P1hr = 3400 psia
Δt 1
ª p ( Δ t = 0 ) − p1 hr k º
s = 1 .151 « wf − log( ) + 3 .23 »
φμ c t rw
2
¬ m ¼
135
ª1790 − 3400 36 º
s = 1.151« − log( ) + 3.23» =
¬ − 70 (0.115)(0.85)(1 × 10 )(0.33)
−5 2
¼
s = 20.37
PROBLEM 7.28
A well located in the center of several other wells in a consolidated sandstone reservoir
was chosen for a pressure buildup test. The well had been put on production at the same
time as the other wells and had been produced for 80 hr at a constant oil flow rate of 375
STB/day. The wells were drilled on 80 ac spacing. For the pressure buildup data and
other rock and fluid property data that follow, estimate a value for the formation
permeability and determine if the well is damaged. The flowing pressure at shut-in was
3470 psia.
ࢥ = 25.3% h = 22 ft
So = 80% Sw = 20%
co = 17(10)-6 psi-1 cw = 3(10)-6 psi-1
cf = 4(10)- 6 psi-1 rw = 0.33 ft
tp=80 hr
ǻt (hr) pws, (psi)
0.114 3701
0.201 3705
0.432 3711
0.808 3715
2.051 3722
4.000 3726
8.000 3728
17.780 3730
136
ANSWER:
Calculate tp+ǻt/ǻt for each ǻt and prepare the following table.
ǻt (hr) Pws (Psi) tp+ǻt/ǻt

0.114 3701 71.17
0.201 3705 40.8
0.432 3711 19.51
0.808 3715 10.9
2.051 3722 4.9
4.000 3726 3
8.000 3728 2
17.780 3730 1.45
Draw Pws versus log tp+ǻt/ǻt in a semi log paper and then find the slope of figure:
m= -53 psi/cycle.
162qμB 162.6(375)(0.87)(1.31)
k =− =− = 60md
mh (−53)(22)
P1hr?
tp + Δt 80 + 1
= = 81 p1hr = 3780 psia
Δt 1
ª p ( Δ t = 0 ) − p1 hr k º
s = 1 .151 « wf − log( ) + 3 .23 »
φμ
2
¬ m c r
t w ¼
ª 3470 − 3780 60 º
s = 1.151« − log( ) + 3.23» = 1.08
¬ − 53 (0.253)( 0.87 )(1.82 × 10 )( 0.33)
−5 2
¼
ct = c ° s ° + c w s w + cf → ct = 1.82 × 10 −5 psi −1
137
CHAPTER 8
WATER INFLUX
PROBLEM 8.1
Assuming the Schilthuis steady-state water influx model, use the pressure drop history
for the Conroe Field given in Fig. 8.15, and a water influx constant, k ', of
2170ft3/day/psi, to find the cumulative water encroachment at the end of the second and
fourth periods by graphical integration for Table 6.1.

ANSWER:
ft 3
k ′ = 2170 / psi ÷ 5.615
day
k ′ = 386.5 bbl
day / psi
For 12 month (365day):
t
130
we = k ′³ ( pi − p)dt = 385.5( )365 = 9169712.5bbl
o 2
ª130 130 + 170 º
we = 386.5« (365) + (20 − 12) × 30» = 24.5 × 10 6 bbl
¬ 2 2 ¼
ª130 170 + 190 º
we = 386 .5 « (365 ) + 36000 + (30 − 20 ) × 30 »
¬ 2 2 ¼
= 45 .36 × 10 6 bbl
PROBLEM 8.2
The pressure history for the Peoria Field is given in Fig. 8.16. Between 36 and 48
months, production in the Peoria Field remained substantially constant at 8450 STB/day,
at a daily gas-oil ratio of 1052 SCF/STB, and 2550 STB of water per day. The initial
solution GOR was 720 SCF/STB. The cumulative produced GOR at 36 months was
830SCF/STB, and at 48 months it was 920 SCF/STB. The two-phase formation volume
factor at 2500 psia was 9.050 ft3/STB, and the gas volume factor at the same pressure,
0.00490 ft3/SCF. Calculate the cumulative water influx during the first 36 months.
139
ANSWER:
dNP STB
° dt = 8450 day
°
° scf
36 − 48month®GOR = 1052
STB
°
° dwp
= 2250 STB
°¯ dt day
scf
° Rsi = 720 STB
°
° scf
®Rs = 830 (36month)
° STB
° scf
°Rs = 920 STB (48month)
¯
ft 3 bbl
°° Bt = 9.050 STB ÷ 5.615 = 1.611 STB
® 3
° B g = 0.0490 ft ÷ 5615 = 8.72 × 10 − 4 bbl
¯° scf scf
dwe dNp dNp dwp

ew = = Bt + ( R − Rsi ) Bg + Bw
dt dt dt dt
= 1.611(84501+ (1052 − 720)(8450)8.72 × 10−4 + 2250(1)
= 18311bbl

PROBLEM 8.3
During a period of production from a certain reservoir, the average reservoir pressure
remained constant at 3200 psia. During the stabilized pressure, the oil and water
producing rates were 30,000 STB/day and 5000 STB/day, respectively. Calculate the
incremental water influx for a later period when the pressure drops from 3000 to 2800
psia. Assume the following relationship for pressure and time holds:
dp
= −0.003 p, psia / month
dt
Other data are the following:
pi = 3500 psia
Rsot = 750 SCF/STB
Bi = 1.45 bbl/STB at 3200 psia
Bg = 0.002 bbl/STB at 3200 psia
R= 800 SCF/STB at 3200 psia
Bw = 1.04 bbl/STB at 3200 psia
ANSWER:
dNp STB
° dt = 30000 day
°
P = 3200®
° dwp = 5000 STB
°¯ dt day
Pi = 3500 psia
Rsoi = 750 scf
STB
Bt = 1.45 bbl @ 3200 psia
STB
B g = 0.002 bbl @ 3200 psia
Scf
R = 800 scf
STB
Bw = 1.04 bbl @ 3200 psia
STB
141
dwe dNp dNp dwp
= Bt + ( R − Rsoi ) B g + Bw
dt dt dt dt
= 1.45(300000) + (800 − 750)(30000)0.002 + 5000(1.04)
= 51700bbl
day
dwe
= C ( pi − p) →
dt
51700 = C (3500 − 3200 ) → C = 172.3 bbl
day / psi
dp
= −0.003 p ( psi / month) →
dt
− 1 2800 dp
³ dt = ³ →
0.003 3000 p
−1 −1
Δt = (ln p 2 − ln p1 ) = (ln 2800 − ln 3000)
0.003 0.003
Δt = 23 month
Δt = 23month
Δwe = CΔpΔt = 172.3(300 − 2800 )( 23 × 30) = 23.8 × 10 6 bbl
Δwe = 23.8 × 10 6 bbl
PROBLEM 8.4
The pressure decline in a reservoir from the initial pressure down to a certain pressure,
p, was approximately linear at -0.500 psi/day. Assuming the Schilthuis steady-state
water influx model and a water influx constant of k', in ft3/day-psia, determine an
expression for the water influx as a function of time in bbl.
ANSWER:
dp
= −0.500 → dp = −0.500dt → pi − p = −0.5dt →
dt
dp = −0.5t
142
dwe dwe dp
= k ( pi − p) → × = k ( pi − p) →
dt dp dt
dwe
( −0.5) = k ( −0.5dt )
dp
dwe
= k .dt → ³ dwe = k .³ dp.dt → ³ dwe = +0.5³ t.dt
dp
0.5 2 0.25 2
we = + kt = +0.25kt 2 pts → we = kt bbl
2 5.615
we = 0.0445kt 2 bbl
PROBLEM 8.5
An aquifer of 28,850 ac includes a reservoir of 451 ac. The formation has a porosity of
22%, thickness of 60 ft, a compressibility of 4(10)-(, psi'", and a permeability of 100 md.
The water has a viscosity of 0.30 cp and a compressibility of 3(10)-6 psi-1. The connate
water saturation of the reservoir is 26%, and the reservoir is approximately centered in
this dosed aquifer. It is exposed to water influx on all of its periphery.
a) Calculate the effective radii ofthe aquifer and the reservoir, and their ratio.
b) Calculate the volume of water the aquifer can supply to the reservoir by rock
compaction and water expansion per psi of pressure drop throughout the aquifer.
c) Calculate the volume of the initial hydrocarbon contents of the reservoir.
d) Calculate the pressure drop throughout the aquifer required to supply water
equivalent to the initial hydrocarbon contents of the reservoir.
e) Calculate the theoretical time conversion constant for the aquifer.
f) Calculate the theoretical value of B' for the aquifer.
g) Calculate the water influx at 100, 200, 400, and 800 days if the reservoir boundary
pressure is lowered and maintained at 3450 psia from an initial pressure of 3500
psia.
143
h) If the boundary pressure were changed from 3450 psia to 3460 psia after 100 days
and maintained there, what would the influx be at 200, 400, and 800 days as
measured from the first pressure decrement at time zero?
i) Calculate the cumulative water influx at 500 days from the following boundary
pressure history:
t (days) 0 100 200 300 400 500

p (psia) 3500 3490 3476 3458 3444 3420
j) Repeat part (i) assuming an infinite aquifer, and again assuming re / rR = 5.0
k) At what time in days do the aquifer limits begin to affect the influx?
l) From the limiting value of WeD for re / rR =8.0, find the maximum water influx
available per psi drop. Compare this result with that calculated in part (b).
ANSWER:
PROBLEM 8.6
Find the cumulative water influx for the fifth and sixth periods in Ex. 8.3 and Table 8.3.
ANSWER:
144
PROBLEM 8.7
The actual pressure history of a reservoir is simulated by the following data which
assume that the pressure at the original oil-water contact is changed instantaneously by a
finite amount, ¨P.
Use the van Everdingen and Hurst method to calculate the total cumulative water influx.
How much of this water influx occurred in the first two years?
Other reservoir properties include the following:

Reservoir area = 19,600,000 ft2
Aquifer area =686,900,000 ft2
k = 10.4 md ࢥ =25%
µw = 1.098 cP ct =7.01(10)-6 psi -1
h= 10 ft
Time, Years ¨P, psia

0 40
0.5 60
1.0 94
1.5 186
2.0 110
2.5 120
3.0 -
ANSWER:
a)
(686900000 )
ra = = 14786 ft

145
19600000
re = = 2498 ft

ra
rD = = 6(Finite reservoir)
re
kh
t D = 6.328 × 10 −3 =
φμctre 2
10.4(10)
= 6.328 × 10 −3 = t D = 0.0548t
0.25(1.098)(7.01× 10 −6 )(2498) 2
B = 1.119φCt hre f = 1.119(0.25)(7.01× 10 − 6 )(10)(2498) 2 B = 122.4
2
we = B ¦ ΔpweD = 1224 × (7686) = 9.409 × 106 bbl
Time/year tD weD ¨P ¨P weD

3 60 16.56 40 662.4
2.5 50 16.05 60 963
2 40 14.93 94 1403.42
1.5 30 13.74 186 2555.64
1 20 11.16 110 1227.6
0.5 10 7.293 120 875.16
¨PweD =7687
b)
we = B ¦ ΔpweD = 1224(3827) = 4.684 ×106 bbl
Time/year tD weD ¨P ¨P weD
3 60 14.93 40 597.2
2.5 50 13.74 60 824.4
2 40 11.16 94 1049
1.5 30 7.293 186 1356.5
¨PweD=3827
146
PROBLEM 8.8
An oil reservoir is located between two intersecting faults as shown in the areal view in
Fig. 8.17. The reservoir shown is bounded by an aquifer estimated by geologists to have
an area of 26,400 ac. Other aquifer data are the following:
ࢥ =0.21 k = 275 md
h = 30 ft ct = 7(10)-6 psi-1
µw = 0.92 cp
The average reservoir pressure, measured at three-month intervals is as follow:
Time, Years P, psia
0 2987
91.3 2962
182.6 2927
273.9 2882
365.2 2837
456.5 2793

Use both the van Everdingen and Hurst and the Fetkovich methods to calculate the
influx that occurred during each of the three month intervals. Assume that the average
reservoir pressure history approximates the oil reservoir aquifer boundary pressure
history.
ANSWER:
Van Everdingen & Hurst method:
B = 1.119φct re hf
2
43560 (1350 )
re = = 10600 ft
(60 )
360
43560 ( 26400 )
ra = = 46864 ft
π (60 360)
60
B = 1.119(0.21)(7 × 10 −6 )(10600) 2 (30) B = 924.2
360
kt
t D = 6.328 × 10 −3 t D = 0.01146t
φμ w ct re2
Time/day tD ¨P weD we
273.9 3.138 12.5 3.42 39509
182.6 2.092 30 2.63 72919.38
91.3 1.046 40 1.712 43326.5
After the third period → ¦ we = 155755 bbl
148
365.2 4.18 12.5 4.15 47943
273.9 3.138 30 3.42 94823
182.6 2.092 40 2.63 97226
91.3 1.046 45 1.712 71200
After thefourth period → ¦ we = 311192 bbl
456.5 5.23 12.5 4.8 55452
365.2 4.18 30 4.15 115063
273.9 3.138 40 3.42 126430
182.6 2.092 45 2.63 109379
91.3 1.046 44.5 1.712 70409
After thefifth period → ¦ we = 476733bbl
The Fetkovich method:

Time Pr (Pr)n (Pa)n-1 (Pa)n-1-(Pr)n (¨we)n we
0 2987 2987 2987 0 0 0
1 2962 2974.5 2987 12.5 15209 15209
2 2927 2944.5 2985.2 40.7 49550 46759
3 2882 2904.5 2979.4 75 91157 155916
4 2837 2859.5 2968.8 109.3 132974 288890
5 2793 2815 2953.4 138.4 168366 457256
149
ra
rD = = 4.42
ra
ra = 46864 ft
re = 10600 ft
Step1:
π π
wi = (ra2 − re2 )hφ = (468642 − 106002 )30(0.21)
5.615 5615
= 7345345374
Step2:
60
wei = qwi pi f = 7 × 10−6 wi (2987)( ) = 25.6 × 106 bbl
360
Step3:
60
0.00708(275)(30)( )
0.00708khf 360 = 14.37
J= =
μw[LnrD − 0.75] 0.92[Ln(4.42) − 0.75]
Jpi 14.37(2987)
= = 1.677 × 10 −3
wei 25.6 × 10 6
ª Jp i º
1 − EXP « − Δ t » = 1 − Exp [− 1 .677 × 10 − 3 × 91 .3] = 0 .142
¬ we i ¼
Step4:
we i ª − Jp i º
( Δ we ) n = = [( p a ) n −1 − ( p r ) n ]«1 − Exp ( Δt »
pi ¬ we i ¼
25.6 × 10 6
(Δwe) n = [( pa) n−1 − ( pr ) n ]0.142
2987
(Δwe) n = 1216.7[( pa) n−1 − ( pr ) n ]
(we)n
( pa) n−1 = ( p) n (1 − )
wei
150
PROBLEM 8.9
For the oil reservoir-aquifer boundary pressure relationship that follows, use the van
Everdingen and Hurst method to calculate the cumulative water influx at each quarter
(see Fig. 8.18):
ࢥ =0.20 k = 200 md
h = 40 ft ct = 7(10)-6 psi-1
µw = 0.80 cp
Area of oil reservoir = 1000 ac
Area of aquifer = 15,000 ac
ANSWER:
The Van Evedingen and Hurst method
re = 3723 ft
ra = 14421ft
B = 1.119φct hre2 f = 1.119(0.2)(7 × 10−6 )(40)(3723) 2 = 868.5

kt (200 )t
t D = 6.328 × 10 −3 = 6.328 × 10 − 3 →
φμc t re2 0.2(0.8)(7 × 10 − 6 )(3723 ) 2
t D = 0.0815 t
Step1:
Δp1 = 16 t D = 7.44 → weD = 6.02
4020 − 3988
we = BΔpweD = 868.5( )6.02 we = 83654bbl
2
After 91.3 days
Step2:
pi − p 2
Δp 2 = = 44 t = 14.88 → weD = 9062
2 D
we = ( we ) Δp1 + ( we ) Δp 2 = (868 .5 × 16 × 9062 ) + (868 .5 × 44 × 6.02 )

= 363728 bbl
After 182.6 days
Step3: water influx after 273.9 days:

Time/day tD ¨P weD B¨P weD
273.9 22.3 16 13.333 185275
182.6 14.88 44 9.62 367618
91.3 7.44 65 6.02 339844
We=89273 bbl
152
365.2 29.8 16 16.5 229284
273.9 22.3 44 13.333 509507
182.6 14.88 65 9.62 543073
91.3 7.44 80 6.02 418269
We=1700133 bbl

456.5 37.2 16 19.7 273751
365.2 29.8 44 16.5 630531
273.9 22.3 65 13.33 752511
182.6 14.88 80 9.62 668379
91.3 7.44 90 6.02 47553
we = 2795743bbl
PROBLEM 8.10
Repeat Prob. 8.9 using the Fetkovich method, and compare the results with the results of
Prob. 8.9.
153
ANSWER:
Time Pr (Pr)n (Pa)n-1 (Pa)n-1-(Pr)n (¨we)n we
0 4020 4020 4020 0 0 0
1 3988 4004 4020 16 80600 80600
2 3932 4960 4006 64 235493 316093
3 3858 3895 3967 72 364794 680887
4 3772 3815 3908 93 467542 1148429
5 3678 3725 3833 108 545409 1693838
Fetkovich method:
43560(150000)
ra = = 14421 ft
π
43560(1000)
re = = 3723 ft
π
ra
rD = = 3.87
re
Step 1:
π π
wi = (ra2 − re2 )hφ = (144212 − 37232 )40(0.20)
5.615 6.615
= 868811838.4
Step 2:
360
wei = ct wi p i f = (7 × 10 −6 ) wi (4020) = 24.45 × 106 bbl
360
Step 3:
0.00708khf 0.00708(200)(40)
J= = = 117.4
μw[Ln rD − 0.75] 0.8[Ln (3.87) − 0.75]
154
Jp i 117 .4( 4020 )
= = 0.0192
we i 24.45 × 10 6
ª Jp i º
1 − Exp « − Δ t » = 1 − Exp [− 0 .0192 (91 .3) ]0 .828
¬ we i ¼
Step 4:
we i ª º
( Δ we ) n = [( p a ) n −1 − ( p r ) n ]«1 − Exp ( − Jp i ) Δ t »
pi ¬ we i ¼
24.45 × 106
= [( pa) n−1 − ( pr) n ]0.828
4020
(Δwe) n = 5037.5[( pa) n−1 − ( pr ) n ]
_
(Δwe) n
( p a ) n −1 = ( p a ) n (1 − )
wei
155
CHAPTER 9
THE DISPLACEMENT OF OIL AND GAS
PROBLEM 9.1
(a) A rock 10 cm long and 2 sq cm in cross section flows 0.0080 cu cm/sec of a 2.5 cp
oil under a 1.5 atm pressure drop. If the oil saturates the rock 100%, what is its absolute
permeability?
(b) What will be the rate of 0.75 cp brine in the same core under a 2.5 atm pressure drop
if the brine saturates the rock 100%?
(c) Is the rock more permeable to the oil at 100% oil saturation or to the brine at 100%
brine saturation?
(d) The same core is maintained at 40% water saturation and 60% oil saturation. Under a
2.0 atm pressure drop, the oil flow is 0.0030 cu cm/sec and the water flow is 0.004 cu
cm/sec. What are the effective permeabilities to water and to oil at these saturations?
(e) Explain why the sum of the two effective permeabilities is less than the absolute
permeability.
(f) What are the relative permeabilities to oil and water at 40% water saturation?
(g) What is the relative permeability ratio ko/kw at 40% water saturation?
(h) Show that the effective permeability ratio is equal to the relative permeability ratio.
156
ANSWER:
a)
qμl 0.008(2.5)(10)
k= = = 0.067darcy == 67md
AΔp 2(1.5)
b)
kAΔp 0.067 ( 2)( 2.5) 3
qw = = = 0.0447 cm
μl 0.75(10) sec
c) Absolute permeability is one of the properties of rock and it is not related to the fluid
type.
d)
q w μl 0.0040(0.750)(10)
kw = = = 0.0075 darcy = 7.5 md
AΔp 2(2)
qo μ o l 0.0030(2.5)(10)
ko = = = 0.01875darcy = 18.75md
AΔp 2(2)
e) Effective permeability is the ability of rock to transmit one specific fluid. When fluid
saturation is less than 100% of pore volume, then the two effective permeabilities is less
than the absolute permeability.
f)
k w 0.0075 k 0.01875
k rw = = = 0.112, kr° = ° = = 0.28
k 0.067 k 0.067
g)
kro 0.28
= = 2.5
krw 0.112
h)
ko 0.01875
= = 2.5
k w 0.0075
157
PROBLEM 9.2
The following permeability data were measured on a sandstone as a function of its water
saturation:
Sw 0 10 20 30* 40 50 60 70 75* 80 90 100
kro 1.0 1.0 1.0 0.94 0.80 0.44 0.16 0.045 0 0 0 0
krw 0 0 0 0 0.04 0.11 0.20 0.30 0.36 0.44 0.68 1.0
*Critical saturations for oil and water
a) Plot the relative permeabilities to oil and water versus water saturation on
Cartesian coordinate paper.
b) Plot the relative permeability ratio versus water saturation on semilog paper.
c) Find the constants a and b in Eq. (9.3) from the slope and intercept of your graph.
Also find a and b by substituting two sets of data in Eq. (9.3) and solving
simultaneous equations.
d) If µo = 3.4 cp, µw = 0.68 cp, Bo = 1.50 bbl/STB, and Bw = 1.05 bbl/STB, what is
the surface water cut of a well completed in the transition zone where the water
saturation is 50%?
e) What is the reservoir cut in part (d)?
f) What percentage of recovery will be realized from this sandstone under high-
pressure water drive from that portion of the reservoir above the transition zone
invaded by water? The initial water saturation above the transition zone is 30%.
g) If water drive occurs at a pressure below saturation pressure such that the average
gas saturation is 15% in the invaded portion, what percentage of recovery will be
realized? The average oil volume factor at the lower pressure is 1.35 bbl/STB and
the initial oil volume factor is 1.50 bbl/STB.
h) What fraction of the absolute permeability of this sandstone is due to the least
permeable pore channels that make up 20% of the pore volume? What fraction is
due to the most permeable pore channels that make up 25% of the pore volume?
158
ANSWER:
a) The solution of this problem is left to readers.
b) The solution of this problem is left to readers.
c)
kro
= ae−bsw
krw
20 = ae−0.4 Sw → a = 13629.6
0.15 = ae−0.7 sw → b = 16.3
d)
k ro 0.44
at Sw = 50% → = =4
k rw 0.11
qw 1 1
fw = = = = 0.64
qw + qo 1 + ko × μ w Bw 1 + 4( 0.68 )(1.05 )
k w μo B 3.4 1.50
e)
1 1
fw = = = 0.56
ko μ w 0.68
1+ 1 + 4( )
kw μo 3 .4
f)
0.85 − 0.30
Recovery = = 0.643
0.85
g)
S g = 0.15
B = 1.50 bb1
sTB
Assume: Sw = 0.75
1 − s w − s g Boi 1 − 0.75 − 0.15 1.50
Recovery = 1 − ( × ) =1− ( )
1 − sw Bo 1 − 0.75 1.35
Recovery= 0.55or recovery= 55%
159
h) 0% and 46%.
PROBLEM 9.3
Given the following reservoir data:
Throughput rate = 1000bbl/day

Average porosity = 18%
Initial water saturation = 20%
Cross-sectional area = 50,000 ft2
Water viscosity = 0.62 cp
Oil viscosity = 2.48 cp
ko/kw versus Sw data in Fig. 9.1 and 9.2
Assume zero transition zone:

a) Calculate fw and plot versus Sw.
b) Graphically determine fw/Sw at a number of points, and plot versus Sw.
c) Calculate fw/Sw at several values of Sw using Eq. (9.17), and compare with the
graphical values of part (b).
d) Calculate the distances of advance of the constant saturation fronts at 100, 200,
and 400 days. Plot on Cartesian coordinate paper versus Sw. Equalize the areas
within and without the flood front lines to locate the position of the flood fronts.
e) Draw a secant line from Sw = 0.20 tangent to the fw versus Sw, curve in part (b),
and show that the value of Sw at the point of tangency is also the point at which
the flood front lines are drawn.
f) Calculate the fractional recovery when the flood front first intercepts a well, using
the areas of the graph of part (d). Express the recovery in terms of (1) the initial
160
oil in place and (2) the recoverable oil in place (i.e., recoverable after infinite
throughput).
g) To what surface water cut will a well rather suddenly rise when it is just
enveloped by the flood fronts? Use Bo = 1.50 bbl/STB and Bw = 1.05 bbl/STB.
h) Do the answers to parts (f) and (g) depend on how far the front has travelled?
Explain.
ANSWER:
1 1
fw = for example → for S w = 50% f w = = 0.686
ko ȝw 0.22 0.62
1+ 1+ ( )( )
a) kw ȝo 0.12 2.48
Sw 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.85

Ko/Kw 25 8.8 1.84 0.59 0.14 0.03 0
fw 0.138 0.312 0.685 0.871 0.966 0.99 1
Then draw Sw versus fw.

b)
δf w f − f w1
for example S w = 50% = w2 = 2 .8
δS w s w 2 − s w1
c)
δfw ( μw / μo)bae − bsw
= & a, b from figure 9.2
δsw [1 + ( μw / μo)ae −bsw ]2
Sw 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9
įfw/ įSw 0.526 1.56 3.04 2.8 1.284 0.414 0.118 0.0327
d)
5.615q′t δf w
x= ( ) sw
φAc δS w
161
5.615(1000)(100) δf w δf
for t = 100 days x100 = ( ) sw = 62.4( w ) sw
0.18(5000) δS w δS w
δf w
for t = 200 day x200 = 124 .8( )
δS w sw
δf w
for t = 400 day x400 = 249( )
δS w sw
f) The answers are 0.69 and 0.56.
g)
1 1
fw = = = 0.851
ko μ w Bw 0.62 1.05
1+ 1+ ( )( )
k w μo Bo 2.48 1.50
PROBLEM 9.4
Show that for radial displacement where rw << r
5.615q δf w 1 / 2
r =[ ( )]
πφh δS w
where r is the distance a constant saturation front has travelled.
ANSWER:
162
PROBLEM 9.5
Given the following reservoir data:
Sg 10* 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 62*
kgko 0 0.08 0.20 0.40 0.85 1.60 3.00 5.50 10.0
kro 0.70 0.52 0.38 0.28 0.20 0.14 0.11 0.07 0.04 0
*Critical saturations for gas and oil.
Absolute permeability = 400 md

Hydrocarbon porosity = 15%
Connate water = 28%
Dip angle = 20º
Cross-sectional area = 750,000 ft2
Oil viscosity = 1.42 cp
Gas viscosity = 0.015 cp
Reservoir oil specific gravity = 0.75
Reservoir gas specific gravity = 0.15 (water = 1)
Reservoir throughput at constant pressure =10,000 bbl/day
a) Calculate and plot the fraction of gas, fg, versus gas saturation similar to Fig. 9.13
both with and without the gravity segregation term.
b) Plot the gas saturation versus distance after 100 days of gas injection both with
and without the gravity segregation term.
c) Using the areas of part (b), calculate the recoveries behind the flood front with
and without gravity segregation in terms of both initial oil and recoverable oil.
163
ANSWER:
a)
1 − 2.115 k ro
fg =
1 + 0.0106 k o / k g
With gravity drainage:
Sg 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4 0.5 0.62

fg 0 0.0881 0.186 0.397 0.569 0.669 0.764 0.85 0.914
Without gravity drainage:

Sg 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4 0.5 0.62
fg 1 0.883 0.949 0.974 0.987 0.993 0.996 0.998 0.998
b)
5.615q′t δf g
x= ( )
φAc δS g sg
5.615(10000)(100) δf g δf
x100 = ( ) sg = 49.9( g ) sg
0.15(750000) δS g δS g
įfg/įSg X(without gravity) įfg/įSg X(with gravity)
0.188 9.38 2.02 101.14
0.096 4.8 1.63 81.4
0.055 2.74 1.29 64.5
0.03 1.5 0.99 49.88
0.018 0.9 0.78 38.94
0.011 0.55 0.676 33.73
0.0072 0.36 0.534 26.66
c) The answers are 80.8, 50.1. 28.6, and 17.7.

164
PROBLEM 9.6
Derive an equation including a gravity term similar to Eq. (9.23) for water displacing
oil.
ANSWER:
− Kk ro δφ o − Kk ro δP ρ o g sin α
qo = Aρ o = Aρ o ( o + )
μo δx μo δx 1.0133 × 10 6
1 ª Kk ro A δPc Δρg sin α º

fw = 1+ −
μ k « q ′μ o δx 1.0133 × 10 6 »¼
( )
1 + w ro ¬
μ o k rw
Field units:
1 ª Kk ro A º
fw = 1 + 1.127 ( −0.433γ sin α ) »
μ k « q ′μ o
1 + w ro ¬ ¼
μ o k rw
Equation for water displacing oil with gravity drainage:
1 − 0.488KA( ρ w − ρ o )(sin α )k ro /( μ o q ′)
fw =
μw
1 + (k o / k w )( )
μo
PROBLEM 9.7
Rework the water displacement calculation of Table 9.1, and include a gravity
segregation term. Assume an absolute permeability of 500 md, a dip angle of 45º, a
density difference of 20% between the reservoir oil and water and an oil viscosity of 1.6
cp. Plot water saturation versus distance after 240 days, and compare with Figure 9.11.
165
Sw 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
kro 0.93 0.60 0.35 0.22 0.12 0.05 0.01 0
ANSWER:
Displacement with gravity drainage=69%
Displacement without gravity drainage=59%
PROBLEM 9.8
Continue the calculations of Ex. Prob. 9.1 down to a reservoir pressure of 100 psia
using:
a) Muskat method
b) Schilthuis method
c) Tamer method
ANSWER:
166
CHAPTER 10
HISTORY MATCHING
PROBLEM 10.1
The following data are taken from a volumetric, undersaturated reservoir. Calculate the
relative permeability ratio kg/ko at each pressure, and plot versus total liquid saturation.
Connate water, Sw = 25%
Initial oil in place = 150 MMSTB
Boi = 1.552 bbl/STB
P R Np Bo Bg Rso µ o/µ g
psia SCF/STB MMSTB bbl/STB bbl/SCF SCF/STB
4000 903 3.75 1.500 0.000796 820 31.1
3500 1410 13.50 1.430 0.000857 660 37.1
3000 2230 20.70 1.385 0.000930 580 42.5
2500 3162 27.00 1.348 0.00115 520 50.8
2000 3620 32.30 1.310 0.00145 450 61.2
1500 3990 37.50 1.272 0.00216 380 77.3
ANSWER:
k g μo Bo
R = Rso +
ko μ g Bg
167
kg 1. 5 k
for p = 4000 psia 903 = 820 + (31.1) → g = 1.42 × 10 −3
ko 0.000796 ko
kg
for p = 3500 psia = 1.21 × 10 −2
ko
kg
for p = 3000 psia = 2.60 × 10 −2
ko
kg
for p = 2500 psia = 4.43 × 10 −2
ko
kg
for p = 2000 psia = 5.73 × 10 −2
ko
kg
for p = 1500 psia = 0.079
ko
N p Bo
S L = S w + (1 − S w )(1 − )
N Boi
3.75 1.5
for p = 4000 psia S L = 0.25 + (1 − 0.25)(1 − ) = 0.957
150 1.552
for p = 3500 psia S L = 0.879
for p = 3000 psia S L = 0.827
for p = 2500 psia S L = 0.784
for p = 2000 psia S L = 0.747
for p = 1500 psia S L = 0.711
P(psia) 4000 3500 3000 2500 2000 1500

Kg/Ko 0.00142 0.0121 0.026 0.0443 0.0573 0.079
SL (%) 95.7 87.9 82.7 78.4 74.7 71.1
168
PROBLEM 10.2
Discuss the effect of the following on the relative permeability ratios calculated from
production data:
a) Error in the calculated value of initial oil in place.
b) Error in the value of the connate water.
c) Effect of a small but unaccounted for water drive.
d) Effect of gravitational segregation both where the high gas-oil ratio wells are shut
in and where they are not.
e) Unequal reservoir depletion.
f) Presence of a gas cap.
ANSWER:
PROBLEM 10.3
For the data that follow and that are given in Figs. 10.15 to 10.17 and the fluid property
data presented in the chapter, perform a history match on the production data in Figures
10.18 to 10.21, using the computer program in Table 10.1. Use the new permeability
ratio data plotted in Figures 10.8 and 10.13 to finetune the match.
Laboratory core permeability measurements

Average Absolute Permeability to Air (md)
Well Zone 1 Zone 2
5-6 5.1 4.0
8-16 8.3 6.8
9-13 11.1 6.0
14-12 8.1 7.6
169

PROBLEM 10.4
Write a computer program that uses the Muskat method discussed in Chapter 9 in place
of the Schilthuis method used in Chapter 10 to perform the history match on the data in
Chapter 10.
ANSWER:

PROBLEM 10.5
Write a computer program that uses the Tamer method discussed in Chapter 9 in place
of the Schilthuis method used in Chapter 10 to perform the history match on the data in
Chapter 10.
ANSWER:
173
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INTRODUCTION TO RESERVOIR ENGINEERING

V,cc 2529 964 453 265 180 156.5 142.2

(14.7)(43.6) = n2 (10.73)(520) → n2 = 0.115mol

from fig1 − 9 → M1 = 0.0117 cp

a) What factors affect the solubility of gas in crude oil?

VT = V60 [1 + B (T − 60) ] → V160 = 1 × [1 + 0.0006 (160 − 60) ]

API = 30, γ = 0.8, p = 2500,T = 160°F fig1 − 11 →R s = 567 scf

Rs = 0.25(500) = 125 scf

A = 10.715( Rs0 + 100) −0.515 = 10.715(750 + 100) −0.515 = 0.332

°°Z = 3.0324 − 0.02024(35) = 2.324

° x = 210.9(130) −1.163 = 0.734

μ 0 = Aμ od = 0.332(4.42) 0.556 = 0.76cp

A = 10.715( Rso + 100) −0.515 , Rso = 300  A = 0.49

THE GENERAL MATERIAL BALANCE EQUATION

This chapter contains no questions.

SINGLE-PHASE GAS RESERVOIRS

Average well depth = 7500 ft

­Tpr = T = 635 = 1.63

1 − Swi − Sgr 1 − 0.22 − 0.30

43560 × 22500 × 0.27 × (1 − 0.22 )

GReserve = RF .G = 0.615(52.4 × 10 9 ) = 32.2 × 10 9 SCF

d) The solution of this problem is left to readers.

P Z=Bg.P/0.02829T P/Z GP(MMSCF)

3200 0.875 3657 0

2925 0.867 3374 79

2525 0.857 2946 221

2125 0.855 2488 452

G(Bg − Bgi) + we = GpBg+ WpBw We = GpBg− G(Bg − Bgi)

Water influx after the first period:

Water influx after the second period:

Water influx after the third period:

43560 × 17000 × 0.18 × (1 − 0.24)

 Z 2500 = 0.89  P ( Z) 2500

Now, substitute the calculated values into equation *:

0 = 5623 − (3.36 × 10 −9 )Gp

First assumption: P=6000 psia

Second assumption: P=6200 psia

Pressure, psia Production Gas Deviation

We = GpBg  50.4 × 10 9 × (0.00335) = 0.169 × 10 9 Sft 3

­Tpr = T = 340 = 1.83

G = 158.53 × 10 9 (0.003714 ) = 588.8 × 10 6 Scf

p/z (psia) Gp (MMM SCF)

GEO = 75174Scf / STB

depletion to 2500psi (Gas) = 225.1 Mscf / ac. ft

Tpc = 392.1°R, Tpr = 1.72

UNDERSATURATED OIL RESERVOIRS

(a) Calculate the initial STB of oil in the reservoir.

Bt = Bo + ( Rsi − Rs ) Bg = 1.272 + 1 .25 × 10 −3 (575 − 508 .3) = 1.355 bbl / stb

C$ = 17.65 × 10−6 psi−1 B$ = 1.531bbl

Ce = = 2.405 ×10 −5 psi −1

we = 100000(1.320) − (7.5 × 106 )(1.510)(2.34 × 10−5 )(400)

Gas gravity = 0.78

Bo= 1.00 + 0.00015p, bbl/STB

V g = [180(1234 ) − (180 − 34.29)998.36 − 41.15 × 10 3 ]× 1.3 × 10 −3

// $$$

0

"0" )*4/ +)

* &

/- ;9<8="0" )*4/ +)

A = 10.715( Rso + 100) −0.515 , Rso = 300 A = 0.49

Tpr = T = 635 = 1.63

G(Bg − Bgi) + we = GpBg+ WpBw We = GpBg− G(Bg − Bgi)

Z 2500 = 0.89 P ( Z) 2500

We = GpBg 50.4 × 10 9 × (0.00335) = 0.169 × 10 9 Sft 3

Tpr = T = 340 = 1.83

P = 3000 psia & zi = 0.7

P = 2000 psia , z = 0.8

for : q = 200 bb1 Δp = 686 psia

p= p= = 2147 .34 psia

10 × 106 = p1 = 3271 psia

Δp = Δp1 + Δp 2 Δp = 9.536[− E i ( −0.0628)] + 152575 [− E i ( −0.402) ]

− E i ( − x ) = − ln( x) − 0.5772 − Ei ( −0.06286) = − ln(0.06286) − 0.5772 = 2.19

Δp = (9.536)( 2.19) + (15.2575)(0.699) = 31.54 psi