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Abstract
Fatal drug concentrations in body fluids and tissue samples are presented for more than 200 drugs and chemicals of
toxicologic interest. Additionally, a reference list is added with more than 600 original papers concerning intoxications with a
lethal outcome. The data can be helpful for the interpretation and plausibility control in own cases of intoxication. However, they
should be used with caution, because use of drug data without sufficient knowledge about the patient or victim, the
circumstances of the case, and about toxicokinetics and toxicodynamics might give a wrong interpretation in a special case.
# 2004 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.
1. Introduction Since these data were usually determined with living persons
and organ-healthy people, they are however only limited
Approximately 400,000 inquiries per year are reaching value for the evaluation of findings raised in bodies. This
German Poisoning Centers and more than 5000 persons die applies also to the extrapolation of taken up quantities as
of an intoxication as the cause of death [363,534]. In well as the concentration at the time of the death. In
postmortem toxicology the interpretation of drug data summary, the proof of an intoxication as cause of death is
requires a good understanding of the pharmacology of the usually made by the quantitative proof of a substance
drugs in question. However, further details of the subject impairment in the appropriate concentration range and the
under question are necessary, i.e. age, general health, knowl- exclusion of competitive causes of death with consideration
edge of the drug-taking history and the circumstances of the of the circumstances of the death (Table 1).
death. Also factors affecting postmortem blood concentra- The aim of the following data collection is to present a
tions of drugs have to be taken into account, such as source of drug concentrations in different body fluids and
chemical instability, action of endogenous enzymes, action tissue samples determined in cases of probably fatal intox-
of bacterial-derived enzymes, drug redistribution and other ication found in the literature (see reference list). The data
processes [148,505]. For the evaluation of quantitative che- can be helpful for the interpretation and plausibility control
mical–toxicological findings in blood and serum samples a in own cases. However, they should be used with caution,
set of tables and data collections is available concerning because use of drug data without sufficient knowledge about
therapeutic, toxic and comatose–lethal concentration ranges the patient or victim, the case, and about pharmacokinetics
of usual medicaments and drugs [466,506,507,535,564,597]. or toxicokinetics and pharmacodynamics might give a
Additionally Baselt and Cravey presented in a single, con- wrong interpretation in a special case.
venient source essential information on the disposition of
chemicals and drugs most frequently encountered in cases of
human poisoning [43]. Further pharmacokinetic and phar- 2. Remarks and list of abbreviations
macodynamic data are of interest such as plasma half-lives,
distribution volumes, plasma protein binding, or pKa values. Beside determined concentrations of various drugs
further information were integrated into the following table.
*
Corresponding author. Tel.: þ49-228-738316; This include the age and sex of patients as well as the
fax: þ49-228-738368. ingestion route and dose, information about the analytical
E-mail address: f.musshoff@uni-bonn.de (F. Musshoff). methods used, and information about the cause of death and
0379-0738/$ – see front matter # 2004 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.
doi:10.1016/j.forsciint.2004.02.017
162
Table 1
Evaluation of quantitative chemical–toxicological findings in blood and serum samples
Vitreous
Age Lay- Time Ingestion Hb. Fb. Urine Stomach Bile Liver Kidney Brain Muscle Analytical Cause of Intoxication
Height Weight D BAC P/M humour Ref.
M/W days of surv. route [mg/l] [mg/l] [mg/l] contents [mg/l] [mg/kg] [mg/kg] [mg/kg] [mg/kg] methode death with:
[mg/l]
Acebutolol Active Metabolite: N-Acetylacebutolol T1/2: 3-11 h+ Vd: ? Therapeutic: 1-2,5/ 1-1,2 Toxic: -
32M 175 cm 80 kg ~3d - p.o. >6g - 33 ( 150 ) unk. 0.22 1330 ( 630 ) 0,66 g - 40 ( 1250 ) 140 ( 250 ) - - 18 ( 29 ) UV OD - 296
18W - - - 10 h p.o. ~24g 0.1 34,7 unk. - 614 - - 55.8 93.2 17.9 6.5 62.6 HPLC-DAD OD B(th) 551
49M - - 39h 15 h p.o. 8g - 149 ( 89,4 ) unk. 1.7 - 755,4 mg - 52 ( 55 ) 128 ( 129 ) - 22.1 24,4 ( 46 ) UV OD - 576
Acepromazine T1/2: ? Vd: ? Therapeutic: - Toxic: -
Table 1 (Continued )
Vitreous
Age Lay- Time Ingestion Hb. Fb. Urine Stomach Bile Liver Kidney Brain Muscle Analytical Cause of Intoxication
Height Weight D BAC P/M humour Ref.
M/W days of surv. route [mg/l] [mg/l] [mg/l] contents [mg/l] [mg/kg] [mg/kg] [mg/kg] [mg/kg] methode death with:
[mg/l]
26M - - - <8 h p.o. 4,5g - 10,0 ( 3,0 ) unk. 3.3 8,0 ( 2,0 ) - - 340,0 ( 74,0 ) - - - - GC OD - 408
42W - - - - p.o. - - 11,2 ( 0,4 ) unk. 28.0 - - - 178,9 ( 7,3 ) - - - - GLC-FID/NPD OD Pr,Pa,Ba,N 34
35W - 54 kg - - p.o. - - 18 unk. - 28 ( 12 ) - - 66 ( 24 ) - - - - UV OD - 396
38W - 102 kg - - p.o. - - 24 - - - 1160 mg - - - - - - GC-NP/FID OD - 212
34M - - - <12 h p.o. - 0.8 27,0 ( 6,0 ) unk. 4.5 - - - 145,0 ( 36,0 ) - - - - GC OD - 408
Amlodipine T1/2: 34-50 h+ Vd: ? Therapeutic: 0,005-0,015 / - Toxic: > 0,088 / -
63W - - - 26h p.o. 70 mg - 0,185 Serum - - - - - - - - - GC MDOD B(to) 298
15W 168 cm 73 kg - 6h p.o. 140 mg - - 2.7 - - 24mg - 15,4 ( Blut ) - - - - HPLC OD Ag(th) 97
Ammonium T1/2: ? Vd: ? Therapeutic: - / 0,5-1,7 Toxic: -
57M - - - - p.o. - - 33 unk. - - 15,3 mg - - - - - - - OD - 293
Amobarbital T1/2: 15-40 h Vd: 0,9-1,4 l/kg Therapeutic: 1-5 / 1-5 Toxic: 5-6 / 10-30
- - - - - - - - 6 - - - - - 19 10 8 11 - UV/SPF OD - 610
- - - - - - - - 28 - - - - - 50 30 26 24 - UV/SPF OD - 610
Amoxapine Metabolite: Hydroxyamoxapine T1/2: 8 h Vd: ? Therapeutic: 0,18-0,6 / 0,017-0,21 Toxic: 3 / -
41M - 95 kg - - p.o. - - 0,9 unk. - - 75,3mg/l 14.3 16.8 - - - - GC/NPD OD - 590
33M - - 3-4 d - p.o. - - 1.5 - - - - - 50 - - 53.2 - GC-NP/FID OD Ah(to) 508
20W - - - - p.o. - 0.4 1,7 unk. - 22 56 mg 75.2 - - - - - GC/FID MDOD A(le) 600
39M - 77 kg ~4 d - p.o. - 1,4 2,8 unk. - - - 69.1 40.1 - - - - GC/NPD OD - 600
61W - - - - p.o. - 3,0 unk. - - - - 23.2 - - - - GC/FID OD 600
41M - - - - p.o. - - 3,2 unk. - - - - - - - - - GC/FID OD - 484
63W - - - - p.o. - - 3,2 unk. - 17.1 941,6 mg/l 423.3 - - - - - GC/MS OD - 285
48W - - - ~3 h p.o. - - 5,7 unk. - - - - - - - - - GC/FID OD - 484
23M - - 36 h - p.o. - 1.1 6 - - - 124 mg - 77 - - 52 - GC-NP/FID OD - 508
21W - - - ~1 h p.o. - - 6,7 unk. - 11 - - - - - - - GC, UV, TLC OD - 545
46M - - - - p.o. 2g 0.3 7,2 unk. - - 10 mg 823 36 - - - - GC/FID OD - 600
38W 168 cm 66 kg - ~33 h p.o. 5g - 11,5 unk. - 28.3 134mg 1264.5 112.2 - 0.2 2.5 - GC/NPD OD - 590
53M - - - ~1-2 h p.o. - 3,8 18 unk. - 13 110mg 61 150 - - - - GC, UV, TLC MDOD - 545
Amphetamine T1/2: 7-34 h Vd: 3,2-5,6 l/kg Therapeutic: 0,02-0,1 / 0,03-0,11 Toxic: 0,2 / >0,5
59M - - - 38 h i.v. - - - - - - - - 45 4 - - - GC,UV,TLC OD - 417
18W 164 cm 52 kg 9h - p.o. - - 1.8 1.5 - - - - - - - - - GC/MS OD - 104
22M - - ~24h - p.o. - - - 2.4 - 33.4 - - 11.7 3.9 - 5.5 - GC/FID OD - 384
49M - - - - i.v. - - 6,0 unk. - 700 - - 35 - - - - GC,UV,TLC OD - 417
18W - - - - i.v. - - 7,0 unk. - - - - 12 8 - - - GC,UV,TLC OD - 417
22M 181 cm 75 kg - - i.v. - - 7,0 unk. - 242 21 - 12 19 - 3 4 TLC OD - 565
21W 167 cm - - - p.o. - - 11 unk. - - - - 40 - - - - UV/SPF OD - 470
32M - - - - p.o. - - 17 unk. - - 3000 mg/kg - 35 48 - 41 - - MDOD - 224
30M - - - ~3 h i.v. - - 41 unk. - 39 - - 23 - - - - UV/SPF OD - 5
Anileridine T1/2: 1-3 h Vd: ? Therapeutic: - / <0,5 Toxic: -
32M - - - - p.o. - 1.2 0,5 unk. - 49 0,1 mg/kg - 1.3 - - - 0.1 GC/MS MDOD Ag(to),Et 8
28M 185 cm 78 kg - - p.o. - - - 1.4 - - 3,8 mg - 27 - - - - GC/NPD OD - 520
46M 161 cm 65 kg - - i.v. - 2.1 2 subclavian blood - - - - 4.7 - - - - GC/NPD OD - 520
F. Musshoff et al. / Forensic Science International 142 (2004) 161–210
Vitreous
Age Lay- Time Ingestion Hb. Fb. Urine Stomach Bile Liver Kidney Brain Muscle Analytical Cause of Intoxication
Height Weight D BAC P/M humour Ref.
M/W days of surv. route [mg/l] [mg/l] [mg/l] contents [mg/l] [mg/kg] [mg/kg] [mg/kg] [mg/kg] methode death with:
[mg/l]
26W - - 17h 4h p.o. 2g 2.0 4,2 unk. - - 193 mg/l - 71 32.9 - - - SPF OD - 405
26W - - 20h 17h p.o. 8g - 10,6 unk. - - - - - - - - - SPF OD - 405
24W - - - 5h p.o. - - 12,4 unk. - 68.4 552 mg/kg - 344 300 - - - UV/SPF OD - 477
167
Table 1 (Continued ) 168
Vitreous
Age Lay- Time Ingestion Hb. Fb. Urine Stomach Bile Liver Kidney Brain Muscle Analytical Cause of Intoxication
Height Weight D BAC P/M humour Ref.
M/W days of surv. route [mg/l] [mg/l] [mg/l] contents [mg/l] [mg/kg] [mg/kg] [mg/kg] [mg/kg] methode death with:
[mg/l]
Vitreous
Age Lay- Time Ingestion Hb. Fb. Urine Stomach Bile Liver Kidney Brain Muscle Analytical Cause of Intoxication
Height Weight D BAC P/M humour Ref.
M/W days of surv. route [mg/l] [mg/l] [mg/l] contents [mg/l] [mg/kg] [mg/kg] [mg/kg] [mg/kg] methode death with:
[mg/l]
19M - - - - i.v. - - 3,7 unk. - 55.8 - 37.3 6.8 10.2 2.1 - - GC/FID OD - 132
22M - - - - - - - - 3,9 ( 8,1 ) 0.5 - - - - - 3,5 ( 1,7 ) - - GC/MS OD - 222
39M 178 cm 77 kg - - i.v. - - 3,9 unk. - 27 - 8.2 15 34 - 6.4 - GC/NPD OD M(to),B(th) 446
34W - - - - i.v. - 0.6 4,0 ( 15,9 ) unk. 0.3 - - - - - - - - - OD - 530
21W - 59 kg - - nasal - 0.5 4,0 unk. - - - - 1 - - 15 - GC MDOD Li 350
36M - - - - p.o. - - 4,4 unk. - - 52 mg - 33 - - - - - OD - 237
27W - - - - p.o. - - 4,6 unk. - - - - - - - - - - OD - 237
21W - - - - i.v. - - 5,0 unk. - 4 - 1.5 - - - - - GC/NPD MDOD Li(th) 48
17W - - ~7h - - - 0.1 5,21 ( 6,25 ) - 0.8 - - - - - - - - GC/MS OD - 222
25M - - - - i.v. - 0.1 5,8 unk. - - - - - - - - - - OD - 530
171
Table 1 (Continued ) 172
Vitreous
Age Lay- Time Ingestion Hb. Fb. Urine Stomach Bile Liver Kidney Brain Muscle Analytical Cause of Intoxication
Height Weight D BAC P/M humour Ref.
M/W days of surv. route [mg/l] [mg/l] [mg/l] contents [mg/l] [mg/kg] [mg/kg] [mg/kg] [mg/kg] methode death with:
[mg/l]
Vitreous
Age Lay- Time Ingestion Hb. Fb. Urine Stomach Bile Liver Kidney Brain Muscle Analytical Cause of Intoxication
Height Weight D BAC P/M humour Ref.
M/W days of surv. route [mg/l] [mg/l] [mg/l] contents [mg/l] [mg/kg] [mg/kg] [mg/kg] [mg/kg] methode death with:
[mg/l]
Vitreous
Age Lay- Time Ingestion Hb. Fb. Urine Stomach Bile Liver Kidney Brain Muscle Analytical Cause of Intoxication
Height Weight D BAC P/M humour Ref.
M/W days of surv. route [mg/l] [mg/l] [mg/l] contents [mg/l] [mg/kg] [mg/kg] [mg/kg] [mg/kg] methode death with:
[mg/l]
Vitreous
Age Lay- Time Ingestion Hb. Fb. Urine Stomach Bile Liver Kidney Brain Muscle Analytical Cause of Intoxication
Height Weight D BAC P/M humour Ref.
M/W days of surv. route [mg/l] [mg/l] [mg/l] contents [mg/l] [mg/kg] [mg/kg] [mg/kg] [mg/kg] methode death with:
[mg/l]
Vitreous
Age Lay- Time Ingestion Hb. Fb. Urine Stomach Bile Liver Kidney Brain Muscle Analytical Cause of Intoxication
Height Weight D BAC P/M humour Ref.
M/W days of surv. route [mg/l] [mg/l] [mg/l] contents [mg/l] [mg/kg] [mg/kg] [mg/kg] [mg/kg] methode death with:
[mg/l]
Vitreous
Age Lay- Time Ingestion Hb. Fb. Urine Stomach Bile Liver Kidney Brain Muscle Analytical Cause of Intoxication
Height Weight D BAC P/M humour Ref.
M/W days of surv. route [mg/l] [mg/l] [mg/l] contents [mg/l] [mg/kg] [mg/kg] [mg/kg] [mg/kg] methode death with:
[mg/l]
51W - - - p.o. - - 49.9 - - - - 79.7 81.4 - 56.7 - GC/MS MDOD Perazine 397
32M 167cm 58 kg - - p.o. - - 9,35 unk. - - - - 39.1 - - - - - MDOD Paroxetine 519
23M - - - - p.o. - - 13 unk. - - - - 25 - - - - - MDOD Sertraline 519
29M - - - - p.o. - - 2,1 unk. - - 67 mg - - - - - - GC/NPD MDOD Cc(to) 279
33W - - - - p.o. - - 5.7 - - - - - - - 6.9 - - GC/NPD MDOD A(to) 279
32M 167 cm 58 kg - - p.o. - - 9,4 unk. - - 137 mg - 39.1 - - - - GC/NPD MDOD A(to) 279
23M - - - - p.o. - - 13 unk. - - 10,7 mg - 25 - - - - GC/NPD MDOD A(to) 279
56W - - - - p.o. - - 13,8 unk. - 39.3 - - - - - - - HPLC/PDA MDOD A(to),H(to) 179
43W - - - - p.o. 4,5 g - 15,5 unk. - 323.7 - - 44.7 57.3 - - - HPLC/PDA OD - 179
33M 170 cm 61 kg - ~4 h p.o. - - 18,5 subclavian blood - - 77 mg - 28.5 - - - - GC/NPD MDOD A(to) 522
22M - - 24 h - p.o. - - - 21 - - - 144 28 - 11 - - HPLC MDOD A(th),N(th) 375
51W - - - - p.o. - - - 49.9 - - - - 79.7 81.4 - 56.7 - GC/MS MDOD N(to) 395
48W 153 cm 61 kg - - p.o. - - 137 unk. - - - - 432 - - - - GC/NPD OD B(th) 72
Morphine Metabolite: Morphine-3-glucuronide T1/2: 1,3-6,7 h Vd: 2-5 l/kg Therapeutic: 0,01-0,1 / 0,1 Toxic: 0,1 / -
- - - - - - - - - - - 25 - 1.75 0.10 0.10 0.03 0.05 - RIA OD - 610
29M - - - - nasal - 0.4 - - - - - 0.14 0.11 0.36 - - - RIA MDOD Ba(to) 455
20M - - - - i.v. - - - - - 0.8 - 0.35 0.4 0.95 - 0.4 - RIA OD - 455
45M - - - - i.v. - - - - - 42 - - 0.6 - - - - GC/FID MDOD Ba(to) 155
21W - - - - i.v. - 0.3 - - - 61 - - 0.9 - - - - GC/FID OD - 155
50M - - - - i.v. - - - - - 50 - - 2 - - - 1 GC/FID OD - 155
21M - - - - i.v. - - - - - - - - 18 - - - 2 GC/FID OD - 155
M - - - - p.o. - - - - - - - 111 - 4.2 - 0.25 - - OD Cf(le) 224
22M - - - - i.v. - - trace - 18 - - 1 - - - - GC/FID MDOD Pr(to),Ba(th) 155
24M - - - ~24h i.v. - - 0,021 unk. - 0.21 0,01 mg/l 0.09 0.07 0.01 0.35 0.01 0.01 GC/NPD OD - 277
23M - - - ~12 h nasal - - 0,04 unk. - 0.28 0,4 mg/kg 0.08 0.3 0.06 - - - RIA OD - 455
- - - - - - - - 0.05 - - 15 - 0.20 0.05 0.05 0.03 0.05 - RIA OD - 610
25M - - - - i.v. - 0.2 0,06 unk. - 6.55 0,02 mg/l 0.25 0.29 1.18 - 0.09 - GC/NPD OD - 277
31M - - - - i.v. 100 mg - 0,07 unk. - - - - - - - - - GC/ECD OD - 82
- - - - - i.v. - 2.6 0.08 - - 0.66 - - 0.09 0.36 - 0.09 - GC/MS OD - 197
- - - - - i.v. - - 0,1 unk. - 1.4 - 1.8 3.6 3.3 - - - GC OD - 402
8W - 37 kg - - p.o. - - 0,13 unk. - - 2,3 mg 135 - - - - - GC/MS OD - 448
- - - - - - - - 0.15 - - - - - 0.10 0.15 0.03 0.10 - RIA OD - 610
27M - - - - i.v. - 0.6 - 0,15 ( 0,36 ) 0.4 1,2 ( 2,2 ) - - - - 0,06 ( 0,15 ) - - LC/MS OD - 56
26M - 75 kg - ~1 h nasal - 0.2 0,15 unk. - 3.9 0,2 mg/kg 1.1 0.4 0.55 - - - RIA OD - 455
36M - - - - i.v. - - 0,17 unk. - 0.83 0,1 mg/l 0.36 0.23 0.07 0.03 0.02 0.04 GC/NPD OD - 277
- - - - - - - - 0.20 - - - - 0.40 0.25 0.25 0.08 0.05 - RIA OD - 610
23M - - - - nasal - - 0.2 - - - - - - - - - - GC/MS OD - 579
24M - - - - i.v. - - 0,2 unk. - 38 - - 0.4 - - - - GC/FID OD - 155
24M - - - - i.v. - - 0,2 unk. - 57 - - 0.4 - - - 0.3 GC/FID OD - 155
20W - - - - i.v. - - 0,2 unk. - - - - 1.1 - - - 0.3 GC/FID OD - 155
- - - - - i.v. - 0.3 0,2 unk. - - - 18.2 1.2 1 - - - GC OD - 402
- - - - - i.v. - 0.6 0,2 unk. - 0.5 - 14.1 1.4 0.8 - - - GC OD - 402
- - - - - i.v. - 1.5 0.21 - - 0.22 - - 0.22 0.48 - 0.11 - GC/MS OD B(to) 197
- - - - - - - - 0.25 - - - - 0.65 0.75 1.15 0.08 0.05 - RIA OD - 610
31M - - - - - - 3.1 - 0,27 ( 0,13 ) 2.1 - - - - - 0,02 ( 0,04 ) - - LC/MS OD - 56
44M - - - - p.o. - - 0.68 0.27 - - - 5.7 - - 0.17 - - GC/MS OD - 579
46M - - - - i.v. - 0.5 0,3 unk. - 42 - - 0.9 - - - 0.4 GC/FID OD Ba(th) 155
- - - - - i.v. - - 0,3 unk. - - - 67.8 1.1 1.4 - - - GC OD - 402
30M - - - ~1h p.o. 190 mg 3.2 0,35 unk. - - - - - - - - - GC/ECD OD - 82
20W - - - - i.v. - - 0,4 unk. - 14 - - 0.6 - - - 0.1 GC/FID OD - 155
21M - - - - i.v. - - 0,4 unk. - 81 - - 1.3 - - - 1.3 GC/FID OD - 155
- - - - - i.v. - 1.4 0,5 unk. - - - - 0.8 2.5 - - - GC OD Mt(th) 402
23W - - - 1h i.v. - - - 0,52 ( 0,3 ) 1.7 0,9 ( 10 ) - - - - 0,2 ( 0,25 ) - - LC/MS OD - 56
- - - - - - - - 0.60 - - 11 - 0.05 0.73 0.25 0.08 0.33 - RIA OD - 610
- - - - - - - - 0.60 - - - - 1.5 0.85 1.1 0.04 0.5 - RIA OD - 610
45W 177 cm 69 kg 3d - i.v. - 0.1 1,7 ( 2,4 ) 0,6 ( 0,1 ) 6 2.5 1,4 mg/kg - 2,3 ( 14,9 ) 2.5 - 0.5 1.1 LC/MS MDOD Ag(to),Mr(to) 294
F. Musshoff et al. / Forensic Science International 142 (2004) 161–210
183
Table 1 (Continued ) 184
Vitreous
Age Lay- Time Ingestion Hb. Fb. Urine Stomach Bile Liver Kidney Brain Muscle Analytical Cause of Intoxication
Height Weight D BAC P/M humour Ref.
M/W days of surv. route [mg/l] [mg/l] [mg/l] contents [mg/l] [mg/kg] [mg/kg] [mg/kg] [mg/kg] methode death with:
[mg/l]
Vitreous
Age Lay- Time Ingestion Hb. Fb. Urine Stomach Bile Liver Kidney Brain Muscle Analytical Cause of Intoxication
Height Weight D BAC P/M humour Ref.
M/W days of surv. route [mg/l] [mg/l] [mg/l] contents [mg/l] [mg/kg] [mg/kg] [mg/kg] [mg/kg] methode death with:
[mg/l]
Vitreous
Age Lay- Time Ingestion Hb. Fb. Urine Stomach Bile Liver Kidney Brain Muscle Analytical Cause of Intoxication
Height Weight D BAC P/M humour Ref.
M/W days of surv. route [mg/l] [mg/l] [mg/l] contents [mg/l] [mg/kg] [mg/kg] [mg/kg] [mg/kg] methode death with:
[mg/l]
- - - - - - - - 13 - - - - - 8 13 8 5 - UV/SPF OD - 610
51M - 69 kg ~1 d - peritoneal - - - 13.5 - 7.2 0,7 mg 67.4 27.5 - 12.6 33.2 - GC/MS OD - 491
- - - - - - - - 36 - - - - - 96 46 27 48 - UV/SPF OD - 610
- - - - - - - - 41 - - - - - 85 64 25 48 - UV/SPF OD - 610
20M - 90 kg ~20 h - i.v. - - 45 - - - - - 20 26 20 48 - GLC OD Ba(th) 92
32M - - - - p.o. - - 113 - - 8.3 12158 mg 114 458 190 - 100 - GC OD - 512
53M - - - - p.o. - 0.6 150 unk. - - 2,1 g - 320 63 - - - UV/SPF OD - 438
38M - - - - peritoneal - - 173 - - 445 40 mg 3480 1580 1457 - 112 - GC OD - 512
Perazine T1/2: 8-16 h+ Vd: ? Therapeutic: 0,02-0,35 / - Toxic: 0,5 / -
51W - - - - p.o. - - 1.27 - - - - 0.77 0.83 - 0.39 - GC/MS MDOD Moclobemide 397
22W - - 7d - p.o. - - 9.6 - - - - - 176 64 - 32 4.1 HPLC-DAD OD - 264
Perphenazine T1/2: 8-12 h Vd: 10-35 l/kg Therapeutic: 0,001-0,02 / 0,0004-0,03 Toxic: 0,05 / 1
34W - - - - p.o. - - 4.4 3.5 - - 230 mg 40 57 23 - - - GC/NPD MDOD Vs(le),N(th) 330
Phencyclidine T1/2: 7-46 h Vd: 5,3-7,5 l/kg Therapeutic: - Toxic: 0,007-0,24 / 0,007-0,24
27M - - ~5 d - p.o. - - - - - - 150 mg - 60 - - - - GC/MS OD - 109
19M - - - - p.o. - - 0,3 unk. - 38 70 mg - 0.9 0.1 - 0.1 - GC/MS OD - 109
19W - - - - p.o. - 2.6 0,3 unk. - 0.4 0,1 mg - 2.4 - - 0.4 - GC/MS OD - 109
25M - - - - p.o. - - 0,3 unk. - 1.3 1 mg - 3 - - 0.5 - GC/MS OD - 109
18M - - - - p.o. - - 0,5 unk. - - - - 3 - - - - GC/MS OD - 109
- - - - - - - - 0,5 unk. - 100 4,2 mg/kg - 6 - - - - GLC OD - 468
24M - - - - p.o. - - 0,6 unk. - - - - 6.8 - - - - GC/MS OD - 109
26M - - - - inhalation - 0.2 1.5 - - 4.3 0,53 mg 2.1 4.4 2 - 2 - GLC OD - 74
15W - - - - p.o. - 0.9 1,8 unk. - - 0,7 mg - 4.3 - - 2.3 - GC/MS OD - 109
24M - - - - - - - 2 unk. - - - - 1.7 - - - - GC/MS OD - 404
- - - - - - - - 2,3 unk. - 5 6,3 mg/kg - 8 - - - - GLC OD - 468
23M - - - - p.o. - - 3,3 unk. - 48.6 52 mg - 20.5 - - 8.3 - GC/MS OD - 109
- - - - - - - - 4 unk. - - 6,5 mg/kg - 5 - - - - GLC OD - 468
28M - - - - - - - 4 unk. - - - - 6.3 - - - - GC/MS OD - 404
- - - - - - - - 5 unk. - 120 185 mg/kg 3.5 36 - - - - GLC OD - 468
26M - - - - p.o. - 0.2 12 unk. - 20 434 mg - 80 - - 32 - GC/MS OD - 109
20M - - - - - - - 19 unk. - - - - 32.7 - - - - GC/MS OD - 404
24M - - - - p.o. - - 25 - - 11 840 mg - 170 59 - - - GLC OD Cc 74
Phendimetrazine T1/2: ? Vd: ? Therapeutic: - / 0,02-0,24 Toxic: -
21M 178 cm 76 kg - - p.o. - - 0,3 unk. - - - - - - - - - GC/FID OD - 230
38M - - ~4 d - p.o. - - 0,67 unk. - 0.32 23,7 mg/l 2 - - - - - GC/FID OD - 276
Phenelzine T1/2: 1,5-4,0 h Vd: ? Therapeutic: 0,001-0,04 / 0,001-0,002 Toxic: 0,5 / -
27W - - - ~1 h p.o. - - 0.7 - - 4.6 - - - - - - - GC/MS MDOD M(to),Co(to),B(th) 337
38W - - - - p.o. - - 3.1 - - - 62 mg - - - - - - GC/MS MDOD Ba(le),Ag(le),Cf(le),Pa(to) 337
Phenmetrazine T1/2: 8 h Vd: ? Therapeutic: 0,02-0,25 / 0,04-0,24 Toxic: 0,5 / -
17M - - - - i.v. - - 4 unk. - 24 - 7 5 - - - - GC/MS OD - 407
Phenobarbital T1/2: 2-6 d Vd: 0,5-0,6 l/kg Therapeutic: 10-30 / 10-40 Toxic: 30-40 / 40-60
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 4 5 - UV/SPF OD - 610
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 5 10 - UV/SPF OD - 610
F. Musshoff et al. / Forensic Science International 142 (2004) 161–210
- - - - - - - - 4 - - - - - - - 2 - - UV/SPF OD - 610
- - - - - - - - 5 - - - - - - - 2 - - UV/SPF OD - 610
- - - - - - - - 15 - - - - - 17 15 8 18 - UV/SPF OD - 610
- - - - - - - - 23 - - - - - - - 22 - - UV/SPF OD - 610
- - - - - - - - 23 - - - - - 63 28 19 27 - UV/SPF OD - 610
- - - - - - - - 25 - - - - - - - 8 - - UV/SPF OD - 610
Phenol T1/2: 30 min. Vd: ? Therapeutic: - Toxic: 50 / -
24M - - - ~1 h dermal - - 4,7 unk. - - - - 7.1 - - - - UV-SPF OD - 335
17M - - - ~1 h dermal - 0.3 27 unk. - - - - - - - - - UV-SPF OD - 527
43M - - - - p.o. - 0.3 56 unk. - - - - 74 - - - - UV-SPF OD - 527
27M - - - - p.o. - 0.7 60 - - 208 111 mg/l - 166 874 - 106 - GC/MS OD - 544
Phentermine T1/2: 19-24 h Vd: 3-4 l/kg Therapeutic: 0,03-0,1 / 0,09-0,51 Toxic: 0,9 / -
32M 160 cm 111 kg - - p.o. - - 7,60 - 88 16 mg pos 14 16 - - - GC/NPD MDOD - 323
32M 160 cm 111 kg - - p.o. - - 7,6 unk. - 88 16 mg - 14 16 - - - GC/NPD MDOD Ba(to),H(th) 223
Phenytoin T1/2: 8-60 h Vd: 0,5-0,8 l/kg Therapeutic: 5-15 / 10-20 Toxic: 20-25 / 20-50
4,5 W - - - ~80 h p.o. - - 45 - - - - 272 112 - - - OD - 317
4W - - - 80 h p.o. 2g - 45 unk. - - - - 272 112 - 78 - - OD - 220
PMA (para-methoxyamphetamine) T1/2: ? Vd: ? Therapeutic: - Toxic: -
37W - - - - p.o. - - - 0.24 - - - - 1.4 - - - - GC/NPD MDOD A(to) 157
24M - - - - p.o. - - 0,6 unk. - - - - - - - - - GC/MS OD - 306
19M - - - - p.o. - - 0.7 0.6 - - - - - - - - - GC/NPD OD Am(th) 366
19W - - - ~3 h p.o. - - 0.8 0.6 - - - - - - - - - GC/NPD OD - 366
19M - - - - p.o. - - 1,1 unk. - - - - - - - - - GC/MS OD Ep(to) 306
22W - - - - p.o. ~180 mg - - 1.3 - - - - 7.4 - - - - GC/NPD OD Am(to) 157
18M - - - ~6 h p.o. - - 2.3 1.3 - - - - - - - - - GC/NPD OD Cc(th) 366
31M - - - - p.o. ~250 mg - - 1.7 - - - - 11 - - - - GC/NPD OD Am(to) 157
18W - - - - p.o. - - 1,9 unk. - - - - - - - - - GC/MS OD - 306
26W - - - - p.o. ~450 mg - - 2.2 - - - - 5.6 - - - - GC/NPD MDOD Am(to),Cc 157
23M - - - - p.o. - - - 3.7 - - - - 7.1 - - - - GC/NPD OD Am(to) 157
24M - - - - p.o. - - - 4.9 - - - - 21 - - - - GC/NPD OD Am(to) 157
Prilocaine T1/2: 1-2 h+ Vd: 0,7-4,4 l/kg Therapeutic: 0,5-1,5 / 1-5 Toxic: 5-6 / -
W - - 2d 0,5 h intraspinal 400 mg - 30 1.6 - - - - 3.3 5 - 10 - GC/NPD OD - 560
83M - - - 1,5 h s.c. 864 mg - 13,4 unk. - 69.4 - - 49.2 - - - - GC/NPD OD - 258
Procyclidine T1/2: 8-18 h Vd: 0,7-1,3 l/kg Therapeutic: - / 0,08-0,63 Toxic: 1-2 / -
- - - - - p.o. - - 7,8 unk. - - - - - - - - - GLC OD - 387
Profenofos Metabolite: Desethylatprofenofos T1/2: ? Vd: ? Therapeutic: - Toxic: -
88W - - 27 h - p.o. - - 1,2 ( 317 ) unk. 0.00 0.4 3550 mg/l - - - - - - GC/FPD OD - 198
Promethazine T1/2: 9-16 h Vd: 9-19 l/kg Therapeutic: 0,05-0,2 / 0,006-0,099 Toxic: 1-2 / -
21M - - - - p.o. - - - - - - - - 50 26 - - - UV,TLC OD - 59
21M - - - - p.o. - - 8,0 unk. - 50 - - 180 92 - - - UV,TLC OD - 59
2dM - - - - i.v. 50 mg - - 23.9 - - - - - - - - - GC/NPD OD - 340
Propafenone T1/2: 2-10 h Vd: 2,5-4,0 l/kg Therapeutic: 0,4-3 / 0,17-1,65 Toxic: 2-3 / -
37W - - - ~4 h p.o. - - 7,7 unk. - - 6,9 mg - 258 39.7 - 3.4 - HPLC OD - 69
20W - - - ~5 h p.o. ~6 g - 12 unk. - - - - 60 - - - - GC/NPD OD - 370
2-Propen-1-ol Metabolite: Acrolein T1/2: ? Vd: ? Therapeutic: - Toxic: -
55M 180 cm 98 kg 4d 2h p.o. - 0.2 309 ( 7,2 ) unk. 42.9 26 ( 5,4 ) 42 g/l 963 ( 13,8 ) - - - - - GC/FID OD - 547
Propofol T1/2: 3-8 h+ Vd: 60 l/kg Therapeutic: ~2-8 / 0,23-1,1 Toxic: -
29W - 57 kg - - i.v. 400 mg - - 0.2 - 94 - - 1.4 - - - 222 HPLC OD - 145
34W - - - - i.v. - - 0,48 unk. - - - - - - - - - HPLC OD - 319
37M - 52 kg - - i.v. - - - 2.5 - - - - 22 3.6 - 11.3 - GC/FID OD - 83
26M - 91 kg - - i.v. - - 5,3 unk. - 8900 - - 27 - - 7.6 - GC/MSD OD Ah(th) 239
81W - - - - i.v. - - 5.7 - - - - - - - - - - GC/MS OD - 559
Propoxur T1/2: ? Vd: ? Therapeutic: - Toxic: -
F. Musshoff et al. / Forensic Science International 142 (2004) 161–210
50M - - - - p.o. - 0.1 0,3 unk. - - 6600 mg/kg - 8.1 25.3 - - - GC/NPD OD - 433
189
Table 1 (Continued ) 190
Vitreous
Age Lay- Time Ingestion Hb. Fb. Urine Stomach Bile Liver Kidney Brain Muscle Analytical Cause of Intoxication
Height Weight D BAC P/M humour Ref.
M/W days of surv. route [mg/l] [mg/l] [mg/l] contents [mg/l] [mg/kg] [mg/kg] [mg/kg] [mg/kg] methode death with:
[mg/l]
44M - - - - inhalation - 1.7 0,6 unk. - - 84 mg/kg - 0.8 0.3 - - - GC/NPD OD - 433
78M - - - - p.o. - - 1,34 unk. - 8.1 1800 mg/kg 71.8 5.4 9.4 - - - GC/NPD OD - 433
56M - - - - p.o. - - 7,5 unk. - - 730 mg/kg 5.4 37 18.5 - - - GC/NPD OD - 433
56M - - - - p.o. - 2.3 13,6 unk. - - 2300 mg/kg 15.9 15.4 2.2 - - - GC/NPD OD - 433
52M - - - - p.o. - 1.4 41,1 unk. - - 123 mg/kg - - - - - - GC/NPD OD - 433
Propranolol T1/2: 2-4 h Vd: 3-5 l/kg Therapeutic: 0,02-0,3 / 0,05-0,15+ Toxic: 1-3 /-
60M - - 5d - p.o. - - 7 unk. - 0.28 2 g/l - - - - - - GC/MS OD - 175
45M - - - - p.o. - 1.6 7 - - - - - - - - - - GC/FID MDOD H(to) 238
30W - - - - p.o. - - 9,7 unk. - - 23 g/kg - - - - - - UV/SPF OD - 543
34W - - - - p.o. 6g 2.3 14 unk. - 0.9 530 mg/kg - 171 - - 67 - GC/FID OD - 308
38W - - - - p.o. - - 16 unk. - 2 320 mg - 254 71 - 41 - GC/FID MDOD Co(le),Ag(th) 561
27W - - - - p.o. - - 20 unk. - - 750 mg/kg - - - - - - UV/SPF OD - 543
60M - - - 8h p.o. 9,6 g - 20 unk. - - 190 mg/kg - 10 26 - 6 - GLC OD - 250
35W - - - - p.o. - - 28 unk. - - 576 mg - - 185 - - - UV/SPF OD - 188
Propylhexedrine T1/2: ? Vd: ? Therapeutic: 0,01 / 0,01 Toxic: 0,5 / -
24M - - - - i.v. - - 0,16 unk. - - - - 5.8 5.3 2.2 - - GC/MS OD - 138
17W - - - - i.v. - - 0,3 unk. - - - - 1.3 1.8 0.5 - - GC/MS OD - 138
29M - - - - i.v. - - 0,7 unk. - - - - - - - - - GC OD - 16
22M - - - - i.v. - - 1,2 unk. - - - - - - - - - GC OD - 16
22M - - - - i.v. - - 1,2 unk. - - - - - - - - - GC OD - 16
26M - - - - i.v. - - 1,4 unk. - - - - - - - - - GC OD - 16
29M - - - - inhalation - - 1,8 unk. - 12.6 - - 2.8 1.5 1.7 - - GC OD - 542
19M - - - - i.v. - - 2 unk. - 69.5 - 9.4 7.4 4 1.1 - - GC/MS OD - 138
27M - - - - i.v. - - 2,2 unk. - - - - - - - - - GC OD - 16
34W - - - - i.v. - - 2,3 unk. - - - - - - - - - GC OD - 16
19W - - - - inhalation - 1.2 2,7 unk. - - 5,4 mg/l - 11.8 9.5 - - - GC OD - 542
30M - - - - p.o. - - 36 unk. - 60 - 20 36 30 - 24 - GC OD - 471
Protriptyline T1/2: 54-92 h Vd: 15-31 l/kg Therapeutic: 0,05-0,3 / 0,07-0,38 Toxic: 0,5 / 0,5-2
32M 180 cm 93 kg 6d - p.o. ~5,5 g - 29.2 20.7 - 157.1 93 mg - 538.2 219.2 - 224.4 25 GC OD N(th) 154
Pyrilamine T1/2: ? Vd: ? Therapeutic: / - Toxic: -
25W - 56 kg - - p.o. - - 11 unk. - - 578 mg - 18 - - 71 - GC/FID OD Ag(th) 248
Quetiapine T1/2: 5-7+ Vd: ? Therapeutic: < 1 / 0,195-0,632 Toxic: 1,8 / 13
34W 163 cm 77 kg - - p.o. - 0.7 5.1 0.95 - 3 7,7 mg 7.5 16 - - - - GC/NPD MDOD Am(to),N(to),B(th) 13
35W 173 cm 165 kg - - p.o. - - 1.1 - - - 18 mg - 9 - - - - GC/NPD MDOD Cc(to),A(to),Pr(to) 13
44W 165 cm 73 kg - - p.o. - - 1.9 1.4 - - - - - - - - - GC/NPD MDOD A(to),B(th) 13
40M 170 cm 93 kg - - p.o. - 4.1 49 - - - 7,6 mg - 112 - - - - GC/NPD MDOD B(to),A(to) 13
Remoxipride T1/2: 5-10 h+ Vd: ? Therapeutic: 2,15 +/- 0,59 / - Toxic: -
23W 171 cm 70 kg - - p.o. - - 230 - - 220 5000 mg/kg - 490 - - - - GC-FID/ATD OD Et 510
Secobarbital T1/2: 22-29 h Vd: 1,6-1,9 l/kg Therapeutic: 1,5-5 / 1-2,2 Toxic: 7-10 / >3
- - - - - p.o. - - 13 unk. - - - - 58 - - - - UV OD - 116
- - - - - p.o. - - 120 unk. - - - - 213 - - - - UV OD - 116
- - - - - - - - 1 - - - - 3 5 3 1 - UV/SPF OD - 610
- - - - - - - - 2 - - - - - 6 3 2 2 - UV/SPF OD - 610
F. Musshoff et al. / Forensic Science International 142 (2004) 161–210
- - - - - - - - 6 - - - - - 19 10 3 11 - UV/SPF OD - 610
- - - - - - - - 9 - - - - - 14 8 5 9 - UV/SPF OD - 610
26M 178 cm - - - p.o. - 0.2 11,5 unk. - 3.4 1,5 g/kg - 19.9 7.3 - 35.5 1.2 HPLC MDOD B(le),Co(th) 549
- - - - - - - - 18 - - - - - 59 27 7 25 - UV/SPF OD - 610
- - - - - - - - 19 - - - - - 57 27 8 18 - UV/SPF OD - 610
- - - - - - - - 28 - - - - - 50 30 10 24 - UV/SPF OD - 610
Selenium T1/2: 69-77 d Vd: ? Therapeutic: 0,045-0,13 / - Toxic: 0,4 / -
40W 160 cm 40 kg - 8h p.o. - - 2.6 - - - 18 mg/kg - 5.4 14.2 - 1.2 - GC/ECD MDOD Ku(to) 369
52W - - - 8d p.o. - - 2,77 antemortem - - - - 0.79 - - - 0.14 AAS MDOD Ku(to) 428
44M - - - 1,5 h dermal - - 18.4 - - 2.1 6,9 mg/l - 1.6 1.5 - 0.5 - AAS OD - 504
17M - - - ~3 h p.o. - - 38 unk. - - - - 741 450 - 35 34 SPF OD - 304
Silver T1/2: ? Vd: ? Therapeutic: 0-0,005+ Toxic: 0,06-0,6+
69M - - - 5h p.o. - - - - - - 2,4 mg/kg - 6.3 4.9 - 0.6 - AAS OD - 318
Sodium azide T1/2: ? Vd: ? Therapeutic: - Toxic: -
47M - - ~12 h 4h p.o. 9g - 7,4 thoracic blood - - 1036 mg/kg 21.4 - - - 2.7 - HPLC-DAD OD - 362
25W 158 cm 65 kg 36 h - p.o. - - 262 unk. - - 754 mg/l 1283 14 205 - - - HPLC OD - 314
Sotalol T1/2: 7-18 h Vd: 1,6-2,4 l/kg Therapeutic: 0,5-3 / - Toxic: 7,5-16 / -
58W - - - - p.o. ~14 g - 40 - - - - 37.1 102.6 103.2 - 11.5 352.2 HPLC MDOD B(to) 430
47M - - - - p.o. - - 40 unk. - 415.7 19,8 mg - 88 116 - 0.59 - GC/ECD OD - 388
Strychnine T1/2: 10-11 h Vd: 13 l/kg Therapeutic: - Toxic: 0,075-0,1 / 2
24W 158 cm 57 kg - - p.o. - - - - - - 40 mg - 108 - - 4.2 - UV-SPF OD - 416
46W - - - - p.o. - - 0,6 unk. - - 108 mg - 0.27 0.4 - - - UV-SPF OD - 416
56M 173 cm 79 kg 3h - p.o. ~260 mg - 3,3 unk. - 1.4 107 mg 9.2 6.2 3.2 - - - GC/FID OD - 592
45M - - - - p.o. - - - 3.3 - 3.4 149 mg/l 11.4 98.6 3.7 - 2.4 2.3 GC/NPD OD - 497
- - - - - p.o. - - 16 unk. - - 33 mg - 209 5 - - - - OD - 416
47W 145 cm 50 kg 13 h - p.o. - - 21,2 unk. - - 281,5 mg/l - 49.8 15.6 - - - GC/MS OD - 361
- - - - - p.o. - - 50 unk. - 1 100 mg - 160 90 - 5 - - OD - 416
- - - - - p.o. - - 61 unk. - 2.5 - - 175 70 - - - - OD - 416
Sulindac T1/2: 7 h Vd: ? Therapeutic: 1-5 / 4-5 Toxic: -
58W - - - - p.o. - - 130 unk. - - - 2810 136 125 - - - UV,GC OD - 20
Talinolol T1/2: 10-14 h+ Vd: ? Therapeutic: 0,04-0,15 / - Toxic: -
42W - - - 6h p.o. - - 40 unk. - 2 mg/4 ml 40 mg - 30 13 0,4 mg/ 4,8 ml 1.3 - UV OD - 186
Temazepam T1/2: 3-13 h Vd: 0,8-1,0 l/kg Therapeutic: 0,02-0,15 / 0,4-0,9 Toxic: 1 / -
77W - - - - p.o. - - 3,8 unk. - - - - 38.6 - - - - LC/UVD OD - 365
77M - - - - p.o. - - 9,0 unk. - 2.3 - - 106.6 - - - - LC/UVD OD - 365
Tetrachloroethylene T1/2: 33-72 h Vd: 8,2 l/kg Therapeutic: - Toxic: -
53M 170 cm 70 kg 24 h - inhalation - 2 4,5 unk. - - - - 240 71 - 69 - GC/ECD OD - 321
33M - - - - inhalation - - 44 unk. - - - - - - - 360 - GC/MS OD - 347
2M - - - ~1 h inhalation - - 66 unk. - - - - - - - 79 - GC/ECD OD - 181
Theophylline T1/2: 3-11 h Vd: 0,3-0,7 l/kg Therapeutic: 8-15 / 10-20 Toxic: >20 / 30-40
14W - - - - p.o. - - 74 unk. - 342 - - - - - - - HPLC OD - 476
80M - - - ~24 h p.o. - - 80 antemortem - - - - - - - - - HPLC OD - 15
53M - - - - p.o. - - 100 unk. - - - - 108 - - - - - OD - 70
17M - - - - p.o. - - 145 unk. - 182 320 mg - 91 - - - - GC/MS OD - 500
21W - - - ~24 h p.o. 10 g - 210 unk. - - - - - - - - - UV/SPF OD - 588
26W - - - ~8 h p.o. - 1.8 220 unk. - - 7,2 g - 203 - - - - HPLC OD Pa(th) 102
58M - - - - p.o. - - 250 unk. - - 704 mg 275 200 212 - 231 - UV/SPF OD - 588
Thiamylal T1/2: ? Vd: ? Therapeutic: - Toxic: -
28M 178 cm 80 kg - - i.v. ~6 g - 29 - - 20 0,4 mg 16 135 25 - - - HPLC OD - 98
Thiopental T1/2: 6-46 h Vd: 1,4-6,7 l/kg Therapeutic: 1-5 / 1-42 Toxic: - / >7
M - - - <2 h i.v. - - 6 unk. - - - - 63 31 - 24 - GC/FID,UV OD - 67
43M - - - - i.v. - - - 12.3 - - - - - - - - - HPLC MDOD Mr(to) 338
43W - 61 kg - - rectal 6,25 g - 14 unk. - - - - 114 16.7 - 33 - UV/SPF OD - 582
F. Musshoff et al. / Forensic Science International 142 (2004) 161–210
191
Table 1 (Continued ) 192
Vitreous
Age Lay- Time Ingestion Hb. Fb. Urine Stomach Bile Liver Kidney Brain Muscle Analytical Cause of Intoxication
Height Weight D BAC P/M humour Ref.
M/W days of surv. route [mg/l] [mg/l] [mg/l] contents [mg/l] [mg/kg] [mg/kg] [mg/kg] [mg/kg] methode death with:
[mg/l]
Vitreous
Age Lay- Time Ingestion Hb. Fb. Urine Stomach Bile Liver Kidney Brain Muscle Analytical Cause of Intoxication
Height Weight D BAC P/M humour Ref.
M/W days of surv. route [mg/l] [mg/l] [mg/l] contents [mg/l] [mg/kg] [mg/kg] [mg/kg] [mg/kg] methode death with:
[mg/l]
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Kubota, H. Kinoshita, I. Ijiri, Blood carbofuran concentra- [32] R.C. Backer, R. Zumwalt, P. McFeeley, S. Veasey, N.
tions in suicidal ingestion cases, Forensic Sci. Int. 116 Wohlenberg, Carisoprodol concentrations from different
(2001) 59–61. anatomical sites: three overdose cases, J. Anal. Toxicol. 14
[12] C.A. Amon, L.G. Tate, R.K. Wright, W. Matusiak, Sudden (1990) 332–334.
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