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Dan Int-Hout
Chief Engineer / Krueger
Richardson Texas
3/22/2011
Study Objectives
2
Where We Are Today:
Occupant Comfort
Thermal Interchange Between People
and Environment
5
Temperature and Humidity Comfort
Zone
Dry-bulb temperature, €F
Relative humidity, rh
Thermal radiation
Air movement, fpm
Insulation value of clothing, clo
Activity level, met
Direct contact with surfaces not at body
temperature
6
ASHRAE Standard 55-2004
Thermal
Environmental Conditions for
Human Occupancy
7
For 80% Thermal Acceptance
8
9
Avoid in humid climate
to avoid mold
10
Ideal target conditions
11
Low humidity a
health issue
12
Graphical Solution Program
Thermal Comfort
ASHRAE Standard 55-2010 mandates a maximum 5.4€F vertical temperature
stratification in Occupied Zone
2’ 2’
Floor to Occupants’ Head Level
(3.5 ft. for seated, 6 ft. for standing occupants)
Comfort Economics
• ASHRAE Journal, June 2008
LEED ‘09 ASHRAE Std 55 Checklist
Indoor Air Quality
Indoor Air Quality
•Standing Standard Project
Committee 62.1
•Residential Committee is
62.2
•Current Standard is
62.1-’13
•Several addenda for the
’13 version have already
been approved, and will be
published in a compiled
addenda, every 18 months
(or so).
“air in which there are no known
contaminants at harmful
concentrations as determined
by cognizant authorities and
with which a substantial
majority (80% or more) of the
people exposed do not express
dissatisfaction”
19
Two Compliance Paths:
20
IAQ Standard
• Standard 62 is on continuous maintenance.
• Continuous and incremental changes are in
progress.
• It will attempt to be in coordination with
building codes.
• A Guideline document for designing systems
above minimum requirements is being created.
• Users Manual is available now.
• The IMC has referenced 62.1 in the 09 release
of the mechanical code.
• There seems to be minimal public awareness
of the dynamic nature of the Standard.
Acoustics
Acoustics:
28
Outlet Accessories
29
Outlet Selection
30
Return or Exhaust Inlets
31
Understanding The Terminology
• Throw
• Drop
• Spread
Understanding The Terminology
THROW
DROP
Understanding The Terminology
Spread - is defined as the divergence of the airstream in a horizontal or vertical
plane after it leaves the outlet.
50 fpm
22.5
Coanda Effect
Understanding The Terminology
7 – 8 – 12
Pressure PS
PT
Pressure – Air outlet pressure data is
required to properly size the air delivery
system within a building.
• Static Pressure – The outward force of air
within a duct, measured in inches of water
column.
• Velocity Pressure – The forward moving
force of air within a duct, measured in
inches of water column. PS
PT
• Total Pressure – The sum of the velocity
and static pressures, expressed in inches
of water column and can be obtained by
use of a pitot tube.
PT = PV + PS
Sound
14 CFM
NC=35
1/2 Unit Separation Distance
12
420
10 350
300
250
8
160
Range
6
2
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0
CFM/Sq.Ft.
Prism 24x24
Prism, 24”x24”, 10” inlet, 20€ΔT
Spacing for 80% ADPI 10in. Neck
24
NC=37
20
1 /2 U n it S e p a ra tio n D is ta n c e , L
16 600
545
12
436
273
8
109
0
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0 2.2 2.4 2.6
cfm/SqFt
Room Air Speed
Issues and Factors
Cold THERMOSTAT
Outside
Window
Overhead Heating Perimeter
Considerations:
• Maximum delta-t for effective mixing when heating
from overhead, per ASHRAE handbook = ?.
• = 15€F (90€F discharge), continuous operation.
• 150 FPM should reach 4-5 feet from the floor.
• ASHRAE 62.1 requires that ventilation be increased
by 25% when heating, if the above rules are not
followed.
• Throw toward and away from glass.
• Typical perimeters require only 8€F Delta-t
@ 1cfm/sq.Ft.
Proper Perimeter Design
Perimeter Considerations:
To be added
59
Select based on ”adjacent zone”
Applications
Classrooms
Kitchen
Restaurant
Auditoriums
Atriums
Gyms
And more…
Non Typical Throw Analysis
Special Applications
High bay application - Ceilings over 12’ high
• Heating is a challenge due to buoyancy.
– Take advantage of vertical stratification where possible
– Required Heating airflow rate may exceed cooling airflow
rate.
– Keep heating supply air temperature to room
temperature ΔT to a minimum
• If supplying air distribution from the ceiling, consider using
round diffusers, drum louvers, or diffusers with some
vertical projection.
• One cannot use ADPI to predict heating performance.
• Consider Displacement Ventilation for cooling applications
Diffuser Selection & Buoyancy
15% T75
T75
K RUEG ER
EXCELLENCE IN AIR DISTRIBUTION
dint-hout@krueger-hvac.com
www.krueger-hvac.com
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