Design and Development of Microcontroller

based Anaesthesia System for Biomedical Applications

Dela Cruz, Joshua

Dimalig, Richnell
Garcia, Kenneth Patrick
Placido, John Mathew
Ramchandani, Prem J
Satur, Dante Jr. P
Ventayen, Gabriel Paolo O.

Technological Institute of the Philippines

Manila

As of

October 19, 2017

Chapter 1
 PROJECT BACKGROUND

The Project

Abstract— The 21st century is the era of Embedded Systems with its increasing applications in
various fields of biomedical engineering. One such application of embedded systems in
biomedical field is Microcontroller based Anaesthesia System. This is an autonomous system
that helps in giving the anaesthesia to the patient continuously till the end of operation in
appropriate dosage, thereby reducing manual efforts for giving anaesthesia to patients more than
once whenever required. And also it may reduce over and insufficient dosage of anaesthesia to
the patient. Key words: Microcontroller, Anaesthesia, Biomedical

In present scenarios of the world embedded systems are more popular due to their
manual less operations. Due to this the demand for embedded systems in every field increases.
They are also preferred for automated control systems. Especially in the field of biomedical
engineering, embedded systems are playing vital role.

In the present scenario of operation being carried out on the patient, giving anesthesia is
important to carryout painless operation. The anesthesia is given before starting of operation.
Sometimes the patient may take longer time for recovery after operation due to over dosage or
may recover early during operation itself due to insufficient dosage (which may require an
anesthesia for the second time during operation). The possible way is to give anesthesia in proper
small dosage continuously avoiding the above mentioned issues.

To address this Microcontroller based Anesthesia System plays an important role. This
system gives anesthesia in small dosage continuously to avoid over and insufficient dosage. This
system consists of Keypad for entering the speed of dosage, LCD to display the status, stepper
motor connected to injection mechanism, status led and buzzer to indicate the refilling of
injection if required.

Heart beat sensor for detecting the patient heart beat whether it is high or low to take the
decision of injecting, Speed Switches to inject anaesthesia slower or at medium speed or faster,
apart from this an injection switch to inject, and reversing switch to reverse back the injection to
its initial position or start position, enable or disable switch to enable or disable system, LCD to
display status whether it is injecting or reversing, stepper motor attached to injection mechanism,
buzzer to be on when injection reaches its final point, Green LED when injection or reversing is
going on, Red LED to indicate injection is empty or reached its final point, Blue LED to indicate
that system is injecting, Yellow LED to indicate system is reversing injection.

The injection or reversing process is selected. The heart beat sensor detects the heartbeat,
to decide whether to inject or not. If doctor stops injection process then the system stops
injecting process. Not only this, the system even stopped when injection is empty or when
injection has reached its final point. The injection mechanism can be reversed by selecting
appropriate switch in order to bring back injection to its initial position. The system even buzzers
whenever injection reaches its final point.

General Objective

The main aim of the project is to develop a device to be used for injecting the Anesthesia
while operation is on-going to control pain during a surgery or procedure by using medicine
called anesthetics. It can help control your breathing, blood pressure, blood flow, and heart rate
and rhythm. Anesthesia may be used to: Relax you. Block pain.

Specific Objectives

The project specifically aims to design the following:

 System gives anesthesia in small dosage continuously to avoid over and insufficient dosage.
 Keypad for entering the speed of dosage.
 LCD to display the status, stepper motor connected to injection mechanism,
 Status led and buzzer to indicate the refilling of injection if required
The Client

The target clients for this project are the following:

 Hospitalized people who need surgery

In the practice of medicine (especially surgery and dentistry), anesthesia is a state of

temporary induced loss of sensation or awareness. It may include analgesia (relief from or
prevention of pain), paralysis (muscle relaxation), amnesia (loss of memory),
or unconsciousness. A patient under the effects of anesthetic drugs is referred to as
being anesthetized.

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

 The anaesthetic machine (UK English) or anesthesia machine (US English) or Boyle's
machine is used by anaesthesiologists, nurse anaesthetists, and anaesthesiologist assistants to
support the administration of anaesthesia. The most common type of anaesthetic machine in use
in the developed world is the continuous-flow anaesthetic machine, which is designed to provide
an accurate and continuous supply of medical gases (such as oxygen and nitrous oxide), mixed
with an accurate concentration of anaesthetic vapour (such as isoflurane), and deliver this to the
patient at a safe pressure and flow. Modern machines incorporate a ventilator, suction unit,
and patient monitoring devices.

The original concept of Boyle's machine was invented by the British anaesthetist Henry
Boyle (1875–1941) in 1917. Prior to this time, anaesthetists often carried all their equipment
with them, but the development of heavy, bulky cylinder storage and increasingly elaborate
airway equipment meant that this was no longer practical for most circumstances. The
anaesthetic machine is usually mounted on anti-static wheels for convenient transportation.

Simpler anaesthetic apparatus may be used in special circumstances, such as

the TriService Apparatus, a simplified anaesthesia delivery system invented for the British armed
forces, which is light and portable and may be used effectively even when no medical gases are
available. This device has unidirectional valves which suck in ambient air which can be enriched
with oxygen from a cylinder, with the help of a set of bellows. A large number of draw-over type
of anaesthesia devices are still in use in India for administering an air-ether mixture to the
patient, which can be enriched with oxygen.

Many of the early innovations in U.S. anaesthetic equipment, including the closed circuit
carbon-dioxide absorber (a.k.a. the Guedel-Foregger Midget) and diffusion of such equipment to
anaesthetists within the United States can be attributed to Richard von Foregger and The
Foregger Company.

In dentistry a simplified version of the anaesthetic machine, without a ventilator or

anaesthetic vaporiser, is referred to as a relative analgesia machine. By using this machine, the
dentist can administer a mild inhalation sedation with nitrous oxide and oxygen, in order to keep
their patient in a conscious state while depressing the feeling of pain.