Presentation No.

Plasmonics and Nanoplasmonics

 Plasma:
o 4th state of matter,
o Gas of charged particles ,
o Metal as a type of plasma,
 In a metal, metallic plasma is a neutral plasma,
 i.e. same number of positive and negative charged particles,
 positive charges are screened nuclei and negative charges are
electron,
 nuclei (positive) are stationary and electrons moves,
o Ionized state of matter,
o Ionized form of gas,
o Consists of electrons and ions,
o Namely electrons, nuclei and neutrons.
 Photons:
o A single quantum of electromagnetic oscillation (light),
o A small energy quanta,
o A small energy packet(s),
o Also known as Quantum of light.
 Plasmons:
o A single quantum of a plasma oscillation,
o Just as light consists of photons, the plasma oscillation consists of plasmons,
 Difference b/w electromagnetic oscillation and plasma oscillation
o Exchange of energy,
o Both of these phenomena exchange energy differently,
o One does it by interference,
o While other by waves.
 Surface Plasmons:
 Surface Plasmons Polaritons:
 Plasma Oscillations:
o Exchange of energy
o Electrostatic energy to kinetic energy
o Charge Separation:
 Exchange happen twice per oscillation period
 Electrostatic potential to kinetic potential
 Kinetic potential to electrostatic potential
 Types of Plasmons:
o Volume plasmons:
o Surface Plasmon polaritons (SPPs)
o Localized surface plasmons
 Quasi-Particles:
o Phonon: quantum of vibrational mechanical energy
 Quantization of mechanical vibration.
 a collective excitation of atoms/molecules
 A phonon is a quantum mechanical description of an elementary
vibrational motion in which a lattice of atoms or molecules uniformly
oscillates at a single frequency.
 In classical mechanics this designates a normal mode of vibration.
 Phonon, in condensed matter physics, is a unit of vibrational energy
that arises from oscillating atoms within a crystal. A packet of these
waves can travel throughout the crystal with a definite energy and
momentum. So in quantum mechanical terms the waves can be treated
as a particle called a phonon.
 Phonons and electrons are two main types of elementary particles or
excitations in solids
 Electrons are responsible for the electrical properties of materials.
o Excitons:
o Plasmons:
 A quantum of plasma oscillation
 Quantization of plasma oscillation
 Collective oscillation of the free electron gas density.
 At optical frequencies, plasmons can couple with a photon to create
another quasi-particle called a plasmons polaritons.
o Polaritons:
 Photons + Plasmons
 Bosonic Quasi-particle
 Resulting from strong coupling of electromagnetic waves with an
electric or magnetic dipole-carrying excitation.
 They are an expression of common quantum phenomena known as
level repulsion or avoided crossing principle.
 Polaritons describe the crossing of the dispersion of light with any
interacting resonance.
 Types:
 Phonon polaritons: coupling of an infrared photon with an
optic phonon.
 Excitons polaritons: visible light + excitons
 Intersubband polaritons: infrared photon + Intersubband
excitation
 Surface Plasmon polaritons: surface Plasmon + light
 Bragg polaritons: Bragg photon modes + bulk excitons
 Plexcitons
o Polaron:
 A fermionic quasiparticle
  It is used in condensed matter physics to understand the interactions of
electrons with atoms in a solid material.
o Magnon:
 A quasiparticle
 A collective excitation of electrons spin structure in a crystal lattice
 Quantized spin wave
o Photon: quantum of electromagnetic or light energy.
 Photonics:
o Photonics is the technology of generating and harnessing light and other forms
of radiant energy whose quantum unit is the photon.
o Photonics involves cutting-edge uses of:
 Lasers,
 Optics
 Fibre-optics
 Electro-optical devices in numerous fields of technology
 Alternate energy
 Manufacturing
 Health care
 Telecommunication
 Environmental monitoring
 Homeland security
 Aerospace
 Solid state lighting and many more.
 Plasmonics:
o Plasmonics is the study of the interaction between electromagnetic field and
free electrons in metal.
o Free electrons in the metal can be excited by the electric component of light to
have collective oscillations.
 Nano-Plasmonics:
o Control of the light at nanoscale
o Study of optical phenomena in the nanoscale vicinity of metal surfaces
 Applications of Nano-Plasmonics:
o Molecular sensors
 Casein in milk
 Proteins
o Plasmon-based amplifiers
 Plasmonstor
 Analogous to transistor
o High resolution lithography and microscopy
o Organic light-emitting diode (2009, Korean Company improve its efficiency
by using plasmons)
o To control colours of materials
 Tools to study the Plasmonics and Nano-Plasmonics
o Laws of reflection,
 o Laws of refraction,
o Refractive Index (RI) ,
o Snell’s law (SL),
o Bragg’s law (BL),
o Maxwell’s equations (ME),
o Plasma frequency (PF),
o Optical properties,
o Electromagnetic spectrum,
 UV
 IR
 Visible
o Permittivity of free space,
o Relative permittivity (dielectric constants) of different mediums
o Planck’s constant (h),
o Reduced Planck’s constant (h cut)
o Plasmon Energy (PE)
 Characterization Techniques:
o Raman Spectroscopy (RS),
o Surface-enhanced Raman Spectroscopy (SERS),
o SEM
o AFM
 Simulation Methods:
o Rapid Prototyping
o COMSOL
o MATLAB
o Green’s tensor approach
o Scattering-matrix formalism
o Finite Element Method (FEM) Simulations
 SPR Bio-sensing:
o Diverse fundamental methods were and are currently under investigation to
create Bio-sensing devices.
o Surface acoustic waves
o Micro-cantilevers
o Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR)
o Optical mode probing