Erosion due to the main propeller action

The jet velocity caused by the rotating main propeller is called the ‘induced jet velocity’, and occurs
directly behind the main propeller. It is recommended by both the EAU (2004) and PIANC Working
Groups 22 and 48 (PIANC, 1997, 2010) that this is calculated using the simplified formula:
V OM = 0.95 × n × D P

where
V OM = initial centreline jet velocity from the main propeller
n = number of propeller revolutions per second
D P = propeller diameter

Propeller Revolution LPG carrier 25000 DWT

n = 127 RPM (GSI, GUANGZHOU SHIPYARD INTERNATIONAL CO., LTD. 50500 DWT
CHEMICAL/PRODUCT OIL TANKER)
- n = 42 RPM (applied by slow ahead average 41 % rpm with standard deviation 5 rpm, m - 2s
based on pilot cards New PIANC recommendations 2011 on PIANC 180-2015),
- n = 51 RPM (applied by half ahead average 53 % rpm with standard deviation 8 rpm, m - 2s
based on pilot cards New PIANC recommendations 2011 on PIANC 180-2015),
- n = 63 RPM (applied by full ahead - manoeuvring average 65 % rpm with standard deviation
10 rpm, m - 2s based on pilot cards New PIANC recommendations 2011 on PIANC 180-2015).

Propeller Revolution LPG carrier 65000 DWT

n = 103 RPM (Universal Shipbuilding Corporation 106433 DWT CRUDE OIL TANKER)
- n = 32 RPM (applied by slow ahead average 41 % rpm with standard deviation 5 rpm, m - 2s
based on pilot cards New PIANC recommendations 2011 on PIANC 180-2015),
- n = 38 RPM (applied by half ahead average 53 % rpm with standard deviation 8 rpm, m - 2s
based on pilot cards New PIANC recommendations 2011 on PIANC 180-2015),
- n = 47 RPM (applied by full ahead - manoeuvring average 65 % rpm with standard deviation
10 rpm, m - 2s based on pilot cards New PIANC recommendations 2011 on PIANC 180-2015).

Initial Centreline Jet Velocity for The Main Propeller LPG carrier 25000 DWT

- D
p = 6000 mm (interpolation value 25000 DWT ship for container ship Port Designers
Handbook)
 V OM = 3.99 m/s ~ 4 m/s (slow ahead),
 V OM = 4.85 m/s ~ 4.9 m/s (half ahead),
 V OM = 5.99 m/s ~ 6 m/s (full ahead - manoeuvring).

Initial Centreline Jet Velocity for The Main Propeller LPG carrier 65000 DWT

- D p = 7500 mm (that is assumed has the same value with 60000 DWT ship for container ship
Port Designers Handbook)
 V OM = 3.79 m/s ~ 3.8 m/s (Slow ahead),
 V OM = 4.52 m/s ~ 4.5 m/s (half ahead),
 V OM = 5.58 m/s ~ 5.6 m/s (full ahead - manoeuvring).
If the output of the main propeller is known, rather than the velocity, the induced jet velocity can be
calculated as follows:

where
V OM = initial centreline jet velocity from the main propeller
c = 1.48 for a free propeller or a non-ducted propeller, and 1.17 for a propeller in a nozzle or a
ducted propeller
P = engine output power in kW
rO = density of seawater, 1.03 t/m3
D p = propeller diameter

Engine Output Power LPG carrier 25000 DWT

P = 9 480 kW (MAIN ENGINE B&W 6S50MC-C, 50500 DWT CHEMICAL/PRODUCT OIL TANKER
GSI, GUANGZHOU SHIPYARD INTERNATIONAL CO., LTD.)
- P = 640 kW (applied by slow ahead average 7 % power with standard deviation 2, m - 2s
based on pilot cards New PIANC recommendations 2011 on PIANC 180-2015),
- P = 1 412 kW (applied by slow ahead average 15 % power with standard deviation 5, m - 2s
based on pilot cards New PIANC recommendations 2011 on PIANC 180-2015),
- P = 2 634 kW (applied by slow ahead average 28 % power with standard deviation 10, m - 2s
based on pilot cards New PIANC recommendations 2011 on PIANC 180-2015).

Engine Output Power LPG carrier 65000 DWT

P = 14 000 kW (MAIN ENGINE SULZAR 7RTA58T X 1, 106433 DWT CRUDE OIL TANKER
Universal Shipbuilding Corporation),
- P = 976 kW (applied by slow ahead average 7 % power with standard deviation 2, m - 2s
based on pilot cards New PIANC recommendations 2011 on PIANC 180-2015),
- P = 2 090 kW (applied by slow ahead average 15 % power with standard deviation 5, m - 2s
based on pilot cards New PIANC recommendations 2011 on PIANC 180-2015),
- P = 3 900 kW (applied by slow ahead average 28 % power with standard deviation 10, m - 2s
based on pilot cards New PIANC recommendations 2011 on PIANC 180-2015),

Initial Centreline Jet Velocity for The Main Propeller LPG carrier 25000 DWT

 V OM = 3.82 m/s ~ 3.8 m/s (slow ahead),

 V OM = 4.98 m/s ~ 5 m/s (half ahead),
 V OM = 6.13 m/s ~ 6.1 m/s (full ahead - manoeuvring).

Initial Centreline Jet Velocity for The Main Propeller LPG carrier 65000 DWT

 V OM = 3.79 m/s ~ 3.8 m/s (slow ahead),

 V OM = 4.89 m/s ~ 4.9 m/s (half ahead),
 V OM = 6.02 m/s ~ 6 m/s (full ahead - manoeuvring).

 V OM = 3.8 m/s for The Main Propeller LPG carrier 25000 DWT and 65000 DWT are applied to
calculate bottom velocity due to main propeller.
The EAU (2004) recommends that the seabed velocity be calculated using the following formula:

where
V bottom = bottom velocity due to the main propeller in m/s
V OM = initial centreline jet velocity from the main propeller
E = 0.71 for a single-propeller ship with a central rudder, and 0.42 for a twin-propeller ship
with a middle rudder
Hp = height of the propeller shaft over the bottom
Dp = propeller diameter
a = −1.00 for a single-propeller ship and –0.28 for a twin-propeller ship

Bottom Velocity Due to The Main Propeller LPG carrier 25000 DWT

- HP = 3.1 m

 V bottom = 5.25 m/s

Bottom Velocity Due to The Main Propeller LPG carrier 65000 DWT

- HP = 6.25 m

 V bottom = 3.24 m/s

The following Figure 1 below shows the PIANC Working Group 22 (PIANC, 1997) recommendations
for the bottom velocity. For the calculation of the initial jet diameter D o, the PIANC recommends the
following relationships:

Figure 1. The bottom velocity as per the PIANC recommendations

Bottom Velocity Due to The Main Propeller LPG carrier 25000 DWT

- non-ducted propeller, D o = 0.71 × D p

- D o = 4260 mm

 V bottom = 3.8 m/s

Bottom Velocity Due to The Main Propeller LPG carrier 65000 DWT

- non-ducted propeller, D o = 0.71 × D p

- D o = 5325 mm

 V bottom = 1.71 m/s

Erosion due to thrusters
Erosion of the berth structure due to the action of bow thrusters

The velocity of the jet from the outlet of the bow thruster can be calculated using the simplified
formula:

where
V OB = initial centreline jet velocity from the bow propeller in m/s
P = bow engine output power in kW
ro = density of water, 1.03 t/m
D B = inner diameter of the bow thruster opening in m.

Initial Centreline Jet Velocity for The Bow Propeller LPG carrier 25000 DWT

- P = 875 kW (interpolation value 25000 DWT ship for container ship Port Designers Handbook)
- D B = 1900 mm (interpolation value 25000 DWT ship for container ship Port Designers
Handbook)

 V OB = 6.42 m/s

Initial Centreline Jet Velocity for The Bow Propeller LPG carrier 65000 DWT

- P = 1700 kW (that is assumed has the same value with 60000 DWT ship for container ship Port
Designers Handbook)
- D B = 2500 mm (that is assumed has the same value with 60000 DWT ship for container ship
Port Designers Handbook)

 V OB = 6.67 m/s

Working Group 22 (PIANC, 1997) gives the initial jet velocity under full power for various thruster
diameters, as shown in the following Figure 2 below.
The water jet velocity that will hit the bottom or the slope below the berth can be assumed to be:

V bottom = bottom velocity due to the bow thrusters in m/s

V OB = initial centreline jet velocity from the bow propeller in m/s
DB = inner diameter of the bow thruster opening in m
L = distance from the opening of the bow thruster to the berth wall in m
 Figure 2. The velocity of the jet produced by bow thrusters

L = 18.725 m (assumed)

Bottom Velocity for The Bow Propeller LPG carrier 25000 DWT

- D B = 2.2 m

 V bottom = 1.51 m/s

Bottom Velocity for The Bow Propeller LPG carrier 65000 DWT

- D B = 2.5 m

 V bottom = 1.78 m/s

The required stone protection layer

EAU (2004) recommends the following formula for the necessary stone diameter to ensure stability
against the propeller current:

where
dreq = required diameter of the stones in m
V bottom = bottom velocity in m/s
B = stability coefficient: 0.90 for ships without a central rudder, 1.25 for ships with a
central rudder
g = acceleration due to gravity, 9.81 m/s2
rs = density of stone, 2.65 t/m3
ro = density of water, 1.03 t/m3

LPG carrier 25000 DWT

dreq ≥ 1.04 m

LPG carrier 65000 DWT

dreq ≥ 0.21 m

 dreq ≥ 1.04 m is recommended due to operational of LPG carrier 25000 DWT in Jetty 1.

The following Figure 3 below shows the PIANC Working Group 22 (PIANC, 1997) recommended mean
stone size D50 for there to be no erosion and for a given bed velocity.

Figure 3. The required stone size for a given bed velocity

 D50 = 0.7 m is applied as mean size stone diameter.

The equivalent rock weight will be:

W = rock weight in kN
dreq = required diameter of the stones in m
rs = density of stone, 26 kN/m3

 W = 475.99 kg ~ 500 kg

W min should be greater than (0.2−0.22) × W 50

 W min < W 50 <W max = 100 kg < W 50 < 500 kg