D80190GC11 Ag PDF

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Oracle Database 12c: a
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Workshop I lฺco m eฺ
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D80190GC11
Edition 1.1
July 2014
D87242
Copyright © 2014, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
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s
owners.
)h ฺa
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Author
a ilฺc Guide
Dimpi Rani Sarmah
@ gm ent
Technical Contributors and Reviewers i 5 7
S t ud
t
Nancy Greenberg, Swarnapriya Shridhar, Bryan Roberts,
u am Laszlo
t h isCzinkoczki, KimSeong Loh,
h g
Brent Dayley, Jim Spiller, Christopher Wensley,aManish
s e Clair Bennett, Yanti Chang,
Pawar,
u
b r ijes e to
Joel Goodman, Gerlinde Frenzen and Madhavi Siddireddy
m i ( cens
utausing: e li
a
This book was published
G a b l Oracle Tutor
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Table of Contents
Practices for Lesson 1: Introduction ........................................................................................................ 1-1
Practices for Lesson 1: Overview............................................................................................................. 1-2
Practice 1-1: Introduction......................................................................................................................... 1-3
Solution 1-1: Introduction......................................................................................................................... 1-4
Practices for Lesson 2: Retrieving Data Using the SQL SELECT Statement........................................... 2-1
Practice 2-1: Retrieving Data Using the SQL SELECT Statement ............................................................. 2-3
Solution 2-1: Retrieving Data Using the SQL SELECT Statement ............................................................. 2-8
Practices for Lesson 3: Restricting and Sorting Data .............................................................................. 3-1
Practice 3-1: Restricting and Sorting Data................................................................................................ 3-3
Solution 3-1: Restricting and Sorting Data................................................................................................ 3-7
Practices for Lesson 4: Using Single-Row Functions to Customize Output ........................................... 4-1
Practice 4-1: Using Single-Row Functions to Customize Output................................................................ 4-3
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Solution 4-1: Using Single-Row Functions to Customize Output................................................................ 4-9
h
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Practices for Lesson 5: Using Conversion Functions and Conditional Expressions .............................
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Practices for Lesson 5: Overview.............................................................................................................
Practice 5-1: Using Conversion Functions and Conditional Expressions....................................................
5-2
@ gm ent
Solution 5-1: Using Conversion Functions and Conditional Expressions.................................................... 5-9
7 u d
Practices for Lesson 6: Reporting Aggregated Data Using the Group
a m i5 Functions
i s St................................... 6-1
a u t t h
Practice 6-1: Reporting Aggregated Data by Using Group
s h u se
g Functions......................................................... 6-3
Solution 6-1: Reporting Aggregated Data by Using
b r i je e to Group Functions......................................................... 6-6
i ( fromceMultiple
Practices for Lesson 7: Displaying Data
m ns Tables Using Joins ............................................ 7-1
t a
Practices for Lesson 7: Overview
u l i
.............................................................................................................
e
7-2
aData from
Practice 7-1: Displaying
G a l Tables by Using Joins............................................................ 7-3
bMultiple
s h sfe
Solution 7-1: Displaying Data r
from Multiple Tables by Using Joins............................................................ 7-8
j e
Practicesrifor Lessona8:nUsing Subqueries to Solve Queries ................................................................... 8-1
B Lesson
Practices forn
o -tr 8: Overview............................................................................................................. 8-2
n
Practice 8-1: Using Subqueries to Solve Queries ..................................................................................... 8-3
Solution 8-1: Using Subqueries to Solve Queries ..................................................................................... 8-6
Practices for Lesson 9: Using the Set Operators ..................................................................................... 9-1
Practice 9-1: Using Set Operators ........................................................................................................... 9-3
Solution 9-1: Using Set Operators ........................................................................................................... 9-5
Practices for Lesson 10: Manipulating Data............................................................................................. 10-1
Practices for Lesson 10: Overview ........................................................................................................... 10-2
Practice 10-1: Managing Tables by Using DML Statements ...................................................................... 10-3
Solution 10-1: Managing Tables by Using DML Statements ...................................................................... 10-7
Practices for Lesson 11: Using DDL Statements to Create and Manage Tables ..................................... 11-1
Practices for Lesson 11: Overview ........................................................................................................... 11-2
Practice 11-1: Introduction to Data Definition Language ........................................................................... 11-3
Solution 11-1: Introduction to Data Definition Language ........................................................................... 11-7
Additional Practices and Solutions .......................................................................................................... 12-1
Oracle Database 12c: SQL Workshop I Table of Contents

i
Practices for Lesson 1............................................................................................................................. 12-2

Practice 1-1: Additional Practice .............................................................................................................. 12-3
Solution 1-1: Additional Practice .............................................................................................................. 12-11
Case Study: Online Book Store ............................................................................................................... 12-17
Practice 1-2 ............................................................................................................................................ 12-18
Solution 1-2 ............................................................................................................................................ 12-23
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Oracle Database 12c: SQL Workshop I Table of Contents

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Practices for Lesson o m
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Introduction ma t G
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Practices for Lesson 1: Introduction

Chapter 1 - Page 1
Practice Overview
In this practice, you start SQL Developer, create a new database connection, and browse your
HR tables. You also set some SQL Developer preferences.
In some of the practices, there may be exercises that are prefaced with the phrases “If you have
time” or “If you want an extra challenge.” Work on these exercises only if you have completed all
other exercises within the allocated time, and would like an additional challenge to your skills.
Perform the practices slowly and precisely. You can experiment with saving and running
command files. If you have any questions at any time, ask your instructor.
Notes
• All written practices use Oracle SQL Developer as the development environment.
Although it is recommended that you use Oracle SQL Developer, you can also use
SQL*Plus that is available in this course.
• For any query, the sequence of rows retrieved from the database may differ from
the screenshots shown. s a
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Chapter 1 - Page 2
Practice 1-1: Introduction

Overview
This is the first of many practices in this course. The solutions (if you require them) can be found
at the end of this practice. The practices are intended to cover most of the topics that are
presented in the corresponding lesson.
In this practice, you perform the following:

• Start Oracle SQL Developer and create a new connection to the ora1 account.
• Use Oracle SQL Developer to examine the data objects in the ora1 account. The ora1
account contains the HR schema tables.
Note the following location for the practice files:
/home/oracle/labs/sql1/labs
If you are asked to save any practice files, save them in the preceding location.
Tasks
1. Start Oracle SQL Developer by using the SQL Developer Desktop icon.
2. Create a New Oracle SQL Developer Database Connection
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a. To create a new database connection, in the Connections Navigator, right-click
)h ฺa
Connections and select New Connection from the context menu. The New/Select
Database Connection dialog box appears. o m
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b. Create a database connection by using the following information:
Connection Name: myconnection
@ gm ent
Username: ora1 i 5 7
S t ud
Password: ora1 u t am this
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Hostname: localhost
Port: 1521 r i j
SID: ORCL mi
(b ens
licPassword check box.
ta theleSave
uselect
Ensure that youa
G eSQL a bDeveloper Database Connection and Connecting to the
3. Testinghthe Oracle r
r i jes ransf
Database
B a.n-Testt the new connection.
o
n b. If the status is Success, connect to the database by using this new connection.
4. Browsing the Tables in the Connections Navigator
a. In the Connections Navigator, view the objects that are available to you in the
Tables node. Verify that the following tables are present:
COUNTRIES
DEPARTMENTS
EMPLOYEES
JOB_GRADES
JOB_HISTORY
JOBS
LOCATIONS
REGIONS
b. Browse the structure of the EMPLOYEES table.
c. View the data of the DEPARTMENTS table.

Chapter 1 - Page 3
Solution 1-1: Introduction

1. Starting Oracle SQL Developer Using the SQL Developer Desktop Icon
Double-click the Oracle SQL Developer desktop icon.
The SQL Developer Interface appears.
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2. Creating a New Oracle SQL Developer Database Connection
a. To create a new database connection, in the Connections Navigator, right-click
Connections and select New Connection from the context menu.

Chapter 1 - Page 4
The New / Select Database Connection dialog box appears.

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b. Create a database connection by using the following information:
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ii. Username: ora1
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iii. Password: ora1
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iv. Hostname: localhost
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you select
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Chapter 1 - Page 5
3. Testing and Connecting Using the Oracle SQL Developer Database Connection
a. Test the new connection.
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b. If the status is Success, connect to the database bygusing this
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When you create a connection, a SQL Worksheet for that connection opens automatically.

Chapter 1 - Page 6
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4. Browsing the Tables in the Connections Navigator
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a. In the Connections Navigator, view the objects that
are t
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COUNTRIES
DEPARTMENTS
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LOCATIONS
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Chapter 1 - Page 7
b. Browse the structure of the EMPLOYEES table.

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c. View the data of the DEPARTMENTS table.
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Chapter 1 - Page 8
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Retrieving Data
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SQL SELECT
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Practices for Lesson 2: Retrieving Data Using the SQL SELECT Statement
Chapter 2 - Page 1
Practice Overview
This practice covers the following topics:
• Selecting all data from different tables
• Describing the structure of tables

• Performing arithmetic calculations and specifying column names
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Chapter 2 - Page 2
Practice 2-1: Retrieving Data Using the SQL SELECT Statement

Overview
In this practice, you write simple SELECT queries. The queries cover most of the SELECT
clauses and operations that you learned in this lesson.
Task 1
Test your knowledge:
1. The following SELECT statement executes successfully:
SELECT last_name, job_id, salary AS Sal
FROM employees;
True/False

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FROM job_grades;
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au se t h you identify them?
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SELECT employee_id, last_name
r i j
sal x 12 ANNUAL SALARY
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FROM employees;
Task 2 u t
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h points r you begin with the practices:
ebefore
j e s
Note the following
s f
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• BSave r anpractice files at the following location:
n -
no/home/oracle/labs/sql1/labs
• Enter your SQL statements in a SQL Worksheet. To save a script in SQL Developer,
make sure that the required SQL Worksheet is active, and then from the File menu,
select Save As to save your SQL statement as a lab_<lessonno>_<stepno>.sql
script. When you modify an existing script, make sure that you use Save As to save it
with a different file name.
• To run the query, click the Execute Statement icon in the SQL Worksheet. Alternatively,
you can press F9. For DML and DDL statements, use the Run Script icon or press F5.
• After you have executed the query, make sure that you do not enter your next query in
the same worksheet. Open a new worksheet.
You have been hired as a SQL programmer for Acme Corporation. Your first task is to create
some reports based on the data from the Human Resources tables.
Chapter 2 - Page 3
4. Your first task is to determine the structure of the DEPARTMENTS table and its contents.
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Your task is to determine the structure of the EMPLOYEES table andaits contents.
a. Determine the structure of the EMPLOYEES table.
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Chapter 2 - Page 4
b. The HR department wants a query to display the last name, job ID, hire date, and
employee ID for each employee, with the employee ID appearing first. Provide an alias
STARTDATE for the HIRE_DATE column. Save your SQL statement to a file named
lab_02_5b.sql so that you can dispatch this file to the HR department. Test your
query in the lab_02_5b.sql file to ensure that it runs correctly.
Note: After you have executed the query, make sure that you do not enter your next query
in the same worksheet. Open a new worksheet.
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Chapter 2 - Page 5
6. The HR department wants a query to display all unique job IDs from the EMPLOYEES table.
s a
Task 3
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If you have time, complete the following exercises:
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7. The HR department wants more descriptive column headings for
g m n Gemployees.
its reportton
Copy the statement from lab_02_5b.sql to a new SQL @
7 Worksheet.
u eName the columns
dquery
Emp #, Employee, Job, and Hire Date, respectively.
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Chapter 2 - Page 6
8. The HR department has requested a report of all employees and their job IDs. Display the
last name concatenated with the job ID (separated by a comma and space) and name the
column Employee and Title.
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If you want an extra challenge, complete the following exercise: @ gm ent
i 5 7
S t uda query to display all
t m byhaiscomma. Name the column
9. To familiarize yourself with the data in the EMPLOYEES
aoutput table, create
u
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the data from that table. Separate each column
g
THE_OUTPUT. h
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…
Chapter 2 - Page 7
Solution 2-1: Retrieving Data Using the SQL SELECT Statement

Task 1
Test your knowledge:
SELECT last_name, job_id, salary AS Sal

FROM employees;
True/False

SELECT *
FROM job_grades;
True/False s a
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3. There are four coding errors in the following statement. Can you identify ilฺcthem?
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sal x 12 ANNUAL SALARY i 5
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FROM employees; t a
 The EMPLOYEES table does not contain h g aua column
s e t
j e s t o u called sal. The column is called
SALARY.
( b ri se
 The multiplication operator
m i c *, n
is e not x, as shown in line 2.
t a
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 The ANNUALa
G SALARY
a b le cannot include spaces. The alias should read
s h sfeorr should be enclosed within double quotation marks.
ANNUAL_SALARY
e
 Br
j
Ai comma r aisnmissing after the LAST_NAME column.
n - t
Task 2 no
You have been hired as a SQL programmer for Acme Corporation. Your first task is to create
some reports based on the data from the Human Resources tables.
4. Your first task is to determine the structure of the DEPARTMENTS table and its contents.
a. To determine the DEPARTMENTS table structure:
DESCRIBE departments
b. To view the data contained in the DEPARTMENTS table:
SELECT *
FROM departments;
Chapter 2 - Page 8
5. Your task is to determine the structure of the EMPLOYEES table and its contents.
a. Determine the structure of the EMPLOYEES table.
DESCRIBE employees
b. The HR department wants a query to display the last name, job ID, hire date, and
employee ID for each employee, with the employee ID appearing first. Provide an alias
STARTDATE for the HIRE_DATE column. Save your SQL statement to a file named
lab_02_5b.sql so that you can dispatch this file to the HR department. Test your
query in the lab_02_5b.sql file to ensure that it runs correctly.
SELECT employee_id, last_name, job_id, hire_date StartDate
FROM employees;
6. The HR department wants a query to display all unique job IDs from the EMPLOYEES table.
SELECT DISTINCT job_id
FROM employees;
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Task 3
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If you have time, complete the following exercises: a ilฺc Guide
7. The HR department wants more descriptive column headings @ gformits report
e n ton employees.
Copy the statement from lab_02_5b.sql to a new iSQL 5 7 Worksheet.
S t ud Name the columns
Emp #, Employee, Job, and Hire Date, respectively.
u t am Then
t h isrun the query again.
h a se "Employee",
g last_name
SELECT employee_id "Emp s#", u
je e to"Hire Date"
b rihire_date
i cens
job_id "Job",
(
FROM employees;m
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8. The HR
i s
department
n s
je concatenatedf has requested a report of all employees and their job IDs. Display the
B r
last name
t r a with the job ID (separated by a comma and space) and name the
column n -
o Employee and Title.
nSELECT last_name||', '||job_id "Employee and Title"
FROM employees;
Chapter 2 - Page 9
If you want an extra challenge, complete the following exercise:

9. To familiarize yourself with the data in the EMPLOYEES table, create a query to display all
the data from that table. Separate each column output by a comma. Name the column
THE_OUTPUT.
SELECT employee_id || ',' || first_name || ',' || last_name

|| ',' || email || ',' || phone_number || ','|| job_id
|| ',' || manager_id || ',' || hire_date || ','
|| salary || ',' || commission_pct || ',' ||
department_id
THE_OUTPUT
FROM employees;
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Chapter 2 - Page 10
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Restricting and
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Practices for Lesson 3: Restricting and Sorting Data

Chapter 3 - Page 1
Practices Overview
• Selecting data and changing the order of the rows that are displayed
• Restricting rows by using the WHERE clause

• Sorting rows by using the ORDER BY clause
• Using substitution variables to add flexibility to your SQL SELECT statements
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Chapter 3 - Page 2
Practice 3-1: Restricting and Sorting Data
Overview
In this practice, you build more reports by using statements that use the WHERE clause and the
ORDER BY clause. You make the SQL statements more reusable and generic by including the
ampersand substitution.
Task
The HR department needs your assistance in creating some queries.
1. Because of budget issues, the HR department needs a report that displays the last name
and salary of employees who earn more than $12,000. Save your SQL statement as a file
named lab_03_01.sql. Run your query.
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2. Open a new SQL Worksheet. Create a report that displays i 5 d and department
7 the lasttuname
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number for employee number 176. Run the query.
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3. G
The HR department
a needs
r a btol find high-salary and low-salary employees. Modify
i j esh nstofedisplay the last name and salary for any employee whose salary is not
lab_03_01.sql
r
Bthe range
in a through $12,000. Save your SQL statement as lab_03_03.sql.
tr$5,000
n -
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Chapter 3 - Page 3
4. Create a report to display the last name, job ID, and hire date for employees with the last
names of Matos and Taylor. Order the query in ascending order by hire date.
5. Display the last name and department ID of all employees in departments 20 or 50 in

ascending alphabetical order by last_name.
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Modify lab_03_03.sql to display the last name and salary of employees
between $5,000 and $12,000, and are in department 20 or 50.gLabel t G
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Employee and Monthly Salary, respectively. Save5lab_03_03.sql
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7. The HR s h sfeneeds
department r a report that displays the last name and hire date of all
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8. Create a report to display the last name and job title of all employees who do not have a
manager.

Chapter 3 - Page 4
9. Create a report to display the last name, salary, and commission of all employees who earn
commissions. Sort the data in descending order of salary and commissions.
Use the column’s numeric position in the ORDER BY clause.
10. Members of the HR department want to have more flexibility with the queries that you are
writing. They would like a report that displays the last name and salary of employees who
earn more than an amount that the user specifies after a prompt. Save this query to a file
named lab_03_10.sql. (You can use the query created in Task 1 and modify it.) If you
enter 12000 when prompted, the report displays the following results:
s a
)h ฺ a
o m
a ilฺc Guide
@ gm ent
i 5 7
S t ud
u t am this
11. The HR department wants to run reportsg
h a onsaemanager. Create a query that prompts
based
u ID, last name, salary, and
r ijes eThe
the user for a manager ID, and generates
department for that manager’sbemployees.
the
toemployee
HR department wants the ability to sort the
i (Youccan
report on a selected column. e s the data with the following values:
ntest
m
ta le li
manager_id =G a u
103, sortedbby last_name:
h e r a
r i jes ransf
B n-t
no
manager_id = 201, sorted by salary:
manager_id = 124, sorted by employee_id:

Chapter 3 - Page 5

12. Display the last names of all employees where the third letter of the name is “a.”
13. Display the last names of all employees who have both an “a” and an “e” in their last name.
If you want an extra challenge, complete the following exercises: s a

a
) hof aฺ
14. m
Display the last name, job, and salary for all employees whose jobs are either that
co$2,500, e
sales representative or a stock clerk, and whose salaries are not equallฺto
a i u i d$3,500,
or $7,000.
g m nt G
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t a m his S
h g au se t
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i (b ens
u t am e lic
15. G a abtoldisplay the last name, salary, and commission for all
Modify lab_03_06.sql
employees
j es f er
hwhosescommission is 20%. Save lab_03_06.sql as lab_03_15.sql again.
r
Rerun
i
B n-tr the a n
statement in lab_03_15.sql.
no

Chapter 3 - Page 6
Solution 3-1: Restricting and Sorting Data
The HR department needs your assistance in creating some queries.

1. Because of budget issues, the HR department needs a report that displays the last name
and salary of employees earning more than $12,000. Save your SQL statement as a file
named lab_03_01.sql. Run your query.

SELECT last_name, salary
FROM employees
WHERE salary > 12000;
2. Open a new SQL Worksheet. Create a report that displays the last name and department
number for employee number 176.
SELECT last_name, department_id
FROM employees
WHERE employee_id = 176;
s a
3. The HR department needs to find high-salary and low-salary employees. Modify
)h ฺa
lab_03_01.sql to display the last name and salary for all employees whose salary is not
o m
ilฺc Guide
in the range $5,000 through $12,000. Save your SQL statement as lab_03_03.sql.
a
@ gm ent
FROM employees
i 5 7
S t ud
WHERE salary NOT BETWEEN 5000 a
t m 12000;
AND
h is
a u t
4. Create a report to display the last name,g
names of Matos and Taylor. Orderje s
job ID, and
hquery u sehire date for employees with the last
b r i the
e toin ascending order by hire date.
SELECT last_name,i ( job_id,
e n s hire_date
m
FROM
a uta ble lic
employees
WHERE G last_name ra IN ('Matos', 'Taylor')
s h f e
B rije trans
ORDER BY hire_date;
5. Displayn - last name and department ID of all employees in departments 20 or 50 in
the
no alphabetical order by last_name.
ascending
SELECT last_name, department_id
FROM employees
WHERE department_id IN (20, 50)
ORDER BY last_name ASC;
6. Modify lab_03_03.sql to list the last name and salary of employees who earn between
$5,000 and $12,000, and are in department 20 or 50. Label the columns Employee and
Monthly Salary, respectively. Save lab_03_03.sql as lab_03_06.sql again. Run
the statement in lab_03_06.sql.
SELECT last_name "Employee", salary "Monthly Salary"
FROM employees
WHERE salary BETWEEN 5000 AND 12000
AND department_id IN (20, 50);

Chapter 3 - Page 7
7. The HR department needs a report that displays the last name and hire date of all
employees who were hired in 2006.
SELECT last_name, hire_date
FROM employees
WHERE hire_date >= '01-JAN-06' AND hire_date < '01-JAN-07';
8. Create a report to display the last name and job title of all employees who do not have a
manager.
SELECT last_name, job_id
FROM employees
WHERE manager_id IS NULL;
9. Create a report to display the last name, salary, and commission for all employees who
earn commissions. Sort data in descending order of salary and commissions. Use the
column’s numeric position in the ORDER BY clause.
SELECT last_name, salary, commission_pct
FROM employees
s a
WHERE commission_pct IS NOT NULL
)h ฺa
ORDER BY 2 DESC, 3 DESC; m
10. Members of the HR department want to have more flexibility with the a lฺco that
iqueries u deare
iyou
writing. They would like a report that displays the last name and
g m t G who
salary of employees
n
@ t(You
earn more than an amount that the user specifies after a7prompt.
5 u decan use the query
created in Task 1 and modify it.) Save this query to aifile
t a m his Snamed lab_03_10.sql.
Enter 12000 when prompted:
h g au se t
r i j es e to u
FROM employees i (b ens
WHERE
u t
salary am> &sal_amt;
e lic
Enter 12000G
a a l
b for a value in a dialog box. Click OK.
h e r
when prompted
r i jes ransf
B n-t
no

Chapter 3 - Page 8
11. The HR department wants to run reports based on a manager. Create a query that prompts
the user for a manager ID, and generates the employee ID, last name, salary, and
department for that manager’s employees. The HR department wants the ability to sort the
report on a selected column. You can test the data with the following values:
manager _id = 103, sorted by last_name
manager_id = 201, sorted by salary
manager_id = 124, sorted by employee_id

SELECT employee_id, last_name, salary, department_id
FROM employees
WHERE manager_id = &mgr_num
ORDER BY &order_col;
If you have the time, complete the following exercises:

12. Display the last names of all employees where the third letter of the name is “a.”
SELECT last_name s a
FROM employees )h ฺa
m
WHERE last_name LIKE '__a%';
a i l ฺco uide
13. Display the last names of all employees who have both an “a” and
g G last name.
man “e”nint their
SELECT last_name
i 5 7@ tude
FROM employees
t a m his S
WHERE last_name LIKE '%a%'
h g au se t
AND last_name LIKE
j es'%e%';t o u
r i
i (b ense
t am complete
If you want an extra challenge,
u e lic the following exercises:
a
G name, a l
band salary for all employees whose job is that of a sales
14. Display the h last
e rjob,
r i jes raornsa fstock clerk, and whose salary is not equal to $2,500, $3,500, or $7,000.
representative
B SELECTn -t last_name, job_id, salary
o
nFROM employees
WHERE job_id IN ('SA_REP', 'ST_CLERK')
AND salary NOT IN (2500, 3500, 7000);
15. Modify lab_03_06.sql to display the last name, salary, and commission for all
employees whose commission amount is 20%. Save lab_03_06.sql as
lab_03_15.sql again. Rerun the statement in lab_03_15.sql.
SELECT last_name "Employee", salary "Monthly Salary",
commission_pct
FROM employees
WHERE commission_pct = .20;

Chapter 3 - Page 9
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Chapter 3 - Page 10
s a
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Practices for Lesson m
co 4: uUsing
a i l ฺ ide
Single-Row Functions m nt Gto
g
Customize
i 5 7@Outputt u de
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t
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Chapter 4 h
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Practices for Lesson 4: Using Single-Row Functions to Customize Output

Chapter 4 - Page 1
Practice Overview
• Writing a query that displays the current date
• Creating queries that require the use of numeric, character, and date functions
• Performing calculations of years and months of service for an employee
s a
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Chapter 4 - Page 2
Practice 4-1: Using Single-Row Functions to Customize Output

Overview
This practice provides a variety of exercises using the different functions that are available for
character, number, and date data types. Remember that for nested functions, the results are
evaluated from the innermost function to the outermost function.
Tasks
1. Write a query to display the system date. Label the column Date.
Note: If your database is remotely located in a different time zone, the output will be the
date for the operating system on which the database resides.
2. The HR department needs a report to display the employee number, last name, salary, and
salary increased by 15.5% (expressed as a whole number) for each employee. Label the
column New Salary. Save your SQL statement in a file named lab_04_02.sql.
s a
3. Run your query in the lab_04_02.sql file.
) h a
m
c uideฺ
o
i l ฺ
g ma nt G
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t a m his S
h g au se t
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G a abl
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Bri n-tran
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Chapter 4 - Page 3
4. Modify your query in lab_04_02.sql to add a column that subtracts the old salary from
the new salary. Label the column Increase. Save the contents of the file as
lab_04_04.sql. Run the revised query.
s a
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o m
a ilฺc Guide
@ gm ent
i 5 7
S t ud
u t am this
h g a se
r i j es e to u
i (b ens
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G a abl
5. h following
Performsthe f r
etasks:
j e
i a query s
an that displays the last name (with the first letter in uppercase and all the
BrWrite
a. - t r
onletters in lowercase) and the length of the last name for all employees whose
nother
name starts with the letters “J,” “A,” or “M.” Give each column an appropriate label. Sort
the results by the employees’ last names.

Chapter 4 - Page 4
b. Rewrite the query so that the user is prompted to enter the letter that the last name
starts with. For example, if the user enters “H” (capitalized) when prompted for a letter,
the output should show all employees whose last name starts with the letter “H.”
c. Modify the query such that the case of the letter that is entered does not affect the
output. The entered letter must be capitalized before being processed by the SELECT
query.
s a
a
)h ฺ
o m
a ilฺc Guide
@ gm ent
i 5 7
S t ud
u t am this
h g a se
r i j es e to u
(b eexercises:
If you have time, complete the ifollowing n s
m ic
6. The HR department
a uta wants l etol find the duration of employment for each employee. For
bthe last name and calculate the number of months between
G display
each employee,
h e r a
today
i f on which the employee was hired. Label the column as
jesandrathensdate
r
B n-t
MONTHS_WORKED. Order your results by the number of months employed. The number
of o
n months must be rounded to the closest whole number.

Chapter 4 - Page 5
Note: Because this query depends on the date when it was executed, the values in the
MONTHS_WORKED column will differ for you.
s a
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Chapter 4 - Page 6
7. Create a query to display the last name and salary for all employees. Format the salary
to be 15 characters long, left-padded with the $ symbol. Label the column SALARY.
s a
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Chapter 4 - Page 7
Create a query that displays the employees’ last names, and indicates the amounts of
their salaries with asterisks. Each asterisk signifies a thousand dollars. Sort the data in
descending order of salary. Label the column EMPLOYEES_AND_THEIR_SALARIES.
s a
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o m
a ilฺc Guide
@ gm ent
i 5 7
S t ud
u t am this
h g a se
r i j es e to u
i (b ens
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G a abl
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j
ri atrquery
9.BCreate an to display the last name and the number of weeks employed for all
-
n in department 90. Label the number of weeks column as TENURE. Truncate
employees
nonumber
the of weeks value to 0 decimal places. Show the records in descending order
of the employee’s tenure.
Note: The TENURE value will differ because it depends on the date on which you run the
query.

Chapter 4 - Page 8
Solution 4-1: Using Single-Row Functions to Customize Output

1. Write a query to display the system date. Label the column Date.
Note: If your database is remotely located in a different time zone, the output will be the
date for the operating system on which the database resides.
SELECT sysdate "Date"

FROM dual;
2. The HR department needs a report to display the employee number, last name, salary, and
salary increased by 15.5% (expressed as a whole number) for each employee. Label the
column New Salary. Save your SQL statement in a file named lab_04_02.sql.
SELECT employee_id, last_name, salary,
ROUND(salary * 1.155, 0) "New Salary"
FROM employees;
s a
3. Run your query in the file lab_04_02.sql.
) h a
SELECT employee_id, last_name, salary, o m eฺ
ROUND(salary * 1.155, 0) "New Salary" ilฺc i d
FROM employees;
g ma nt Gu
i 5 7@ tude
a m
a columnis
S
4. Modify your query in the lab_04_02.sql to add t
au sSave h that subtracts the old salary
t the contents of the file as
g
from the new salary. Label the column Increase.
h e
lab_04_04.sql. Run the revised
i j s to u
equery.
r
(b last_name, se salary,
SELECT employee_id, i e n
t am e li*c 1.155, 0) "New Salary",
ROUND(salary
u
G a abl * 1.155, 0) - salary "Increase"
ROUND(salary
e
FROM
j s s f er
h employees;
Bri n-tran
5. no the following tasks:
Perform
a. Write a query that displays the last name (with the first letter in uppercase and all the
other letters in lowercase) and the length of the last name for all employees whose
name starts with the letters “J,” “A,” or “M.” Give each column an appropriate label. Sort
the results by the employees’ last names.
SELECT INITCAP(last_name) "Name",
LENGTH(last_name) "Length"
FROM employees
WHERE last_name LIKE 'J%'
OR last_name LIKE 'M%'
OR last_name LIKE 'A%'
ORDER BY last_name;

Chapter 4 - Page 9
b. Rewrite the query so that the user is prompted to enter the letter that starts the last
name. For example, if the user enters H (capitalized) when prompted for a letter, the
output should show all employees whose last names start with the letter “H.”
FROM employees
WHERE last_name LIKE '&start_letter%'

ORDER BY last_name;
c. Modify the query such that the case of the letter that is entered does not affect the
output. The entered letter must be capitalized before being processed by the SELECT
query.
FROM employees
WHERE last_name LIKE UPPER('&start_letter%' )
ORDER BY last_name;
s a
) h a
If you have time, complete the following exercises: m
co uideฺ
i l ฺ
6. The HR department wants to find the duration of employment foraeach employee.
g m of months
n t GbetweenFor
each employee, display the last name and calculate the number
today and the date on which the employee was hired. i 5 7Label de
@ thetucolumn
MONTHS_WORKED. Order your results by the number a m ofhmonths
i s S employed. The number
of months must be rounded to the closest
t
auwholesnumber.
t
h g e
u it was executed, the values in the
Note: Because this query depends
r i j eons theedate
t o when
MONTHS_WORKED column will
i (bdifferefornyou.
s
m lic
ta leROUND(MONTHS_BETWEEN(
a u
SELECT last_name,
bhire_date)) MONTHS_WORKED
h GSYSDATE,
e r a
r i jes rBY
FROM
a n sf
employees
B n-t ORDER months_worked;
no a query to display the last name and salary for all employees. Format the salary
7. Create
to be 15 characters long, left-padded with the $ symbol. Label the column SALARY.
SELECT last_name,
LPAD(salary, 15, '$') SALARY
FROM employees;

Chapter 4 - Page 10
8. Create a query that displays employees’ last names, and indicates the amounts of their
salaries with asterisks. Each asterisk signifies a thousand dollars. Sort the data in
descending order of salary. Label the column EMPLOYEES_AND_THEIR_SALARIES.
SELECT last_name,
rpad(' ', salary/1000, '*')

EMPLOYEES_AND_THEIR_SALARIES
FROM employees
ORDER BY salary DESC;
9. Create a query to display the last name and the number of weeks employed for all
employees in department 90. Label the number of weeks column as TENURE. Truncate
the number of weeks value to 0 decimal places. Show the records in descending order
of the employee’s tenure.
Note: The TENURE value will differ because it depends on the date when you run the query.
SELECT last_name, trunc((SYSDATE-hire_date)/7) AS TENURE
s a
FROM employees ) h a
m
c uideฺ
o
WHERE department_id = 90
i l ฺ
ORDER BY TENURE DESC;
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Chapter 4 - Page 11
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Chapter 4 - Page 12
s a
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co 5: uUsing
a i l ฺ ide
Conversion Functions m nt Gand
g
Conditional
i 5 t u de
7@Expressions
a m i s S
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Chapter 5 h
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Practices for Lesson 5: Using Conversion Functions and Conditional Expressions

Chapter 5 - Page 1
Practice Overview
• Creating queries that use the TO_CHAR and TO_DATE functions.
• Creating queries that use conditional expressions such as CASE , SEARCHED CASE, and
DECODE
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Chapter 5 - Page 2
Practice 5-1: Using Conversion Functions and Conditional

Expressions
Overview
This practice provides a variety of exercises using the TO_CHAR and TO_DATE functions, and
conditional expressions such as CASE, searched CASE, and DECODE.
Tasks
1. Create a report that produces the following for each employee:
<employee last name> earns <salary> monthly but wants <3 times salary.>.
Label the column Dream Salaries.
s a
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m
c uideฺ
o
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g ma nt G
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t a m his S
h g au se t
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Chapter 5 - Page 3
2. Display each employee’s last name, hire date, and salary review date, which is the first
Monday after six months of service. Label the column REVIEW. Format the dates to
appear in a format that is similar to “Monday, the Thirty-First of July, 2000.”
s a
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h g au se t
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Chapter 5 - Page 4
3. Create a query that displays employees’ last names and commission amounts. If an
employee does not earn commission, show “No Commission.” Label the column COMM.
s a
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Chapter 5 - Page 5
4. Using the CASE function, write a query that displays the grade of all employees based on
the value of the JOB_ID column, using the following data:
Job Grade
AD_PRES A
ST_MAN B
IT_PROG C
SA_REP D
ST_CLERK E
None of the above 0
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Chapter 5 - Page 6
5. Rewrite the statement in the preceding exercise by using the searched CASE syntax.
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Chapter 5 - Page 7
6. Rewrite the statement in the preceding exercise by using the searched DECODE syntax.
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Chapter 5 - Page 8
Solution 5-1: Using Conversion Functions and Conditional

Expressions
1. Create a report that produces the following for each employee:
<employee last name> earns <salary> monthly but wants <3 times salary.>. Label
the column Dream Salaries.
SELECT last_name || ' earns '

|| TO_CHAR(salary, 'fm$99,999.00')
|| ' monthly but wants '
|| TO_CHAR(salary * 3, 'fm$99,999.00')
|| '.' "Dream Salaries"
FROM employees;
2. Display each employee’s last name, hire date, and salary review date, which is the first
Monday after six months of service. Label the column REVIEW. Format the dates to appear
in a format that is similar to “Monday, the Thirty-First of July, 2000.”
SELECT last_name, hire_date,
TO_CHAR(NEXT_DAY(ADD_MONTHS(hire_date, 6),'MONDAY'),
s a
'fmDay, "the" Ddspth "of" Month, YYYY') REVIEW a
)h ฺ
FROM employees;
o m
3. Create a query that displays employees’ last names and commission a ilฺc GIfuanide
amounts.
employee does not earn commission, show “No Commission.”g m the ncolumn
Label t COMM.
7 @ ud e
SELECT last_name, i 5 S t
NVL(TO_CHAR(commission_pct),
u t am 'No t h s
iCommission') COMM
FROM employees;
h a
g use
s
4.
value of the JOB_ID column, ( b rijethe that
Using the CASE function, write a query
using s e to the grade of all employees based on the
displays
following data:
m i cen
Job
a uta ble liGrade
AD_PRES h G ra
s f e A
B rije trans
ST_MAN B
IT_PROG
n o n- C
SA_REP D
ST_CLERK E
None of the above 0

Chapter 5 - Page 9
SELECT job_id, CASE job_id

WHEN 'ST_CLERK' THEN 'E'
WHEN 'SA_REP' THEN 'D'
WHEN 'IT_PROG' THEN 'C'
WHEN 'ST_MAN' THEN 'B'
WHEN 'AD_PRES' THEN 'A'

ELSE '0' END GRADE
FROM employees;
5. Rewrite the statement in the preceding exercise by using the searched CASE syntax.
SELECT job_id, CASE
WHEN job_id = 'ST_CLERK' THEN 'E'
WHEN job_id = 'SA_REP' THEN 'D'
WHEN job_id = 'IT_PROG' THEN 'C'
WHEN job_id = 'ST_MAN'
sTHEN 'B' a
WHEN job_id = 'AD_PRES'
) h a THEN 'A'
ELSE '0' END GRADE m
c uideฺ
o
i l ฺ
ma nt G
FROM employees;
g
6. i 5
Rewrite the statement in the preceding exercise by using
@searched
7the t u deDECODE syntax.
t a m his S
h g au se t
SELECT job_id, decode (job_id,
r i j es e to u
i b ns 'E',
('ST_CLERK',
t a m 'SA_REP',
l i c e 'D',
u e
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n o '0')GRADE
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Chapter 5 - Page 10
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Practices for Lesson 6: Reporting Aggregated Data Using the Group Functions
Chapter 6 - Page 1
Practice Overview
• Writing queries that use group functions
• Grouping by rows to achieve multiple results

• Restricting groups by using the HAVING clause
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Chapter 6 - Page 2
Practice 6-1: Reporting Aggregated Data by Using Group Functions

Overview
After completing this practice, you should be familiar with using the group functions and
selecting groups of data.
Tasks
Determine the validity of the following statements. Circle either True or False.
1. Group functions work across many rows to produce one result per group.
True/False
2. Group functions include nulls in calculations.
True/False
3. The WHERE clause restricts rows before inclusion in a group calculation.
True/False
s a
The HR department needs the following reports:
)h ฺ a
m
o theidcolumns
4. Find the highest, lowest, sum, and average salary of all employees.cLabel e
Maximum, Minimum, Sum, and Average, respectively. Round a ilฺ results
your u
to the
g m nt G
nearest whole number. Save your SQL statement as lab_06_04.sql. Run the query.
@ d e
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s h g use
b ije Saveetolab_06_04.sql
5. Modify the query in lab_06_04.sql
rtype. o the minimum, maximum, sum, and
tdisplay
average salary for each (
i job
e n s as lab_06_05.sql again.
u t amlab_06_05.sql.
Run the statement in
e lic
a
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Chapter 6 - Page 3
6. Write a query to display the number of people with the same job.
a
Generalize the query so that the user in the HR department is prompted for a job title.
s
a
Save the script to a file named lab_06_06.sql. Run the query. Enter IT_PROG when
)h ฺ
prompted.
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@ gm ent
7. Determine the number of managers without listing i 5 7 Label
them. t d column Number of
uthe
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Hint: Use the MANAGER_ID column s h g
to u sethe number of managers.
( b rije se to
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8. Find the G e
difference rabetween the highest and lowest salaries. Label the column
je s s f
Bri n-tran
DIFFERENCE.
no
9. Create a report to display the manager number and the salary of the lowest-paid
employee for that manager. Exclude anyone whose manager is not known. Exclude
any groups where the minimum salary is $6,000 or less. Sort the output in descending
order of salary.
Chapter 6 - Page 4
If you want an extra challenge, complete the following exercises:

10. Create a query to display the total number of employees and, of that total, the number
of employees hired in 2005, 2006, 2007, and 2008. Create appropriate column
headings.
11. Create a matrix query to display the job, the salary for that job based on the department
number, and the total salary for that job, for departments 20, 50, 80, and 90, giving each
column an appropriate heading.
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Chapter 6 - Page 5
Solution 6-1: Reporting Aggregated Data by Using Group Functions

Determine the validity of the following statements. Circle either True or False.
1. Group functions work across many rows to produce one result per group.
True/False
2. Group functions include nulls in calculations.

True/False
3. The WHERE clause restricts rows before inclusion in a group calculation.

True/False
The HR department needs the following reports:

4. Find the highest, lowest, sum, and average salary of all employees. Label the columns
Maximum, Minimum, Sum, and Average, respectively. Round your results to the nearest
whole number. Save your SQL statement as lab_06_04.sql. Run the query. s a
a
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SELECT ROUND(MAX(salary),0) "Maximum", m
co uide
ROUND(MIN(salary),0) "Minimum",
a i l ฺ
ROUND(SUM(salary),0) "Sum",
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ROUND(AVG(salary),0) "Average" @
i 5 7 t u de
FROM employees;
t a m his S
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5. u minimum, maximum, sum, and average
Modify the query in lab_06_04.sqlsto display the
r ije e to as lab_06_05.sql again. Run the
salary for each job type. Saveblab_06_04.sql
statement in lab_06_05.sql.
m i ( cens
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uta ROUND(MAX(salary),0)
G a
SELECT job_id,
a b "Maximum",
s h sfe r ROUND(MIN(salary),0) "Minimum",
j e
Bri n-tran
ROUND(SUM(salary),0) "Sum",
ROUND(AVG(salary),0) "Average"
o
nFROM employees
GROUP BY job_id;
6. Write a query to display the number of people with the same job.
SELECT job_id, COUNT(*)
FROM employees
GROUP BY job_id;
Generalize the query so that the user in the HR department is prompted for a job title.
Save the script to a file named lab_06_06.sql. Run the query. Enter IT_PROG when
prompted and click OK.
Chapter 6 - Page 6
SELECT job_id, COUNT(*)

FROM employees
WHERE job_id = '&job_title'
GROUP BY job_id;
7. Determine the number of managers without listing them. Label the column Number of
Managers.
Hint: Use the MANAGER_ID column to determine the number of managers.
SELECT COUNT(DISTINCT manager_id) "Number of Managers"
FROM employees;
8. Find the difference between the highest and lowest salaries. Label the column
DIFFERENCE.
SELECT MAX(salary) - MIN(salary) DIFFERENCE
FROM employees;
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m
a i lฺco uide
9. Create a report to display the manager number and the salary ofm
g n t G employee
the lowest-paid
for that manager. Exclude anyone whose manager is not known.
7 @ u d e
Exclude any groups where
the minimum salary is $6,000 or less. Sort the outputiin
a m i s St order of salary.
5 descending
SELECT manager_id, MIN(salary)
g a ut e th
FROM employees
e s h NULLo us
WHERE manager_id IS
b j
ri se tNOT
GROUP BY manager_id (
i >ce6000 n
a m l i
ut ble DESC;
HAVING MIN(salary)
ORDER BY a
h G era
MIN(salary)
r i je ransf
s
IfByou want -tan extra challenge, complete the following exercises:
o n
n a query that displays the total number of employees and, of that total, the number of
10. Create
employees hired in 2005, 2006, 2007, and 2008. Create appropriate column headings.
SELECT COUNT(*) total,
SUM(DECODE(TO_CHAR(hire_date, 'YYYY'),2005,1,0))"2005",
SUM(DECODE(TO_CHAR(hire_date, 'YYYY'),2008,1,0))"2008"
FROM employees;
Chapter 6 - Page 7
11. Create a matrix query to display the job, the salary for that job based on the department
number, and the total salary for that job, for departments 20, 50, 80, and 90, giving each
column an appropriate heading.
SELECT job_id "Job",
SUM(DECODE(department_id , 20, salary)) "Dept 20",

SUM(salary) "Total"
FROM employees
GROUP BY job_id;
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Chapter 6 - Page 8
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Practices for Lesson 7: Displaying Data from Multiple Tables Using Joins
Chapter 7 - Page 1
Practice Overview
• Joining tables using an equijoin
• Performing outer and self-joins

• Adding conditions
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Chapter 7 - Page 2
Practice 7-1: Displaying Data from Multiple Tables by Using Joins

Overview
This practice is intended to give you experience in extracting data from multiple tables using the
SQL:1999–compliant joins.
Tasks
1. Write a query for the HR department to produce the addresses of all the departments.
Use the LOCATIONS and COUNTRIES tables. Show the location ID, street address, city,
state or province, and country in the output. Use a NATURAL JOIN to produce the
results.
2. The HR department needs a report of all employees with corresponding departments. Write
s a
h a
a query to display the last name, department number, and department name for these
)
employees.
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Chapter 7 - Page 3
3. The HR department needs a report of employees in Toronto. Display the last name, job,
department number, and the department name for all employees who work in Toronto.
4. Create a report to display employees’ last names and employee numbers along with their
managers’ last names and manager numbers. Label the columns Employee, Emp#,
Manager, and Mgr#, respectively. Save your SQL statement as lab_07_04.sql. Run the
query.
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5. Modify lab_07_04.sql to display all employees, including King, who has no manager.
Order the results by employee number. Save your SQL statement as lab_07_05.sql.
Run the query in lab_07_05.sql.
Chapter 7 - Page 4
6. Create a report for the HR department that displays employee last names, department
numbers, and all the employees who work in the same department as a given employee.
Give each column an appropriate label. Save the script to a file named lab_07_06.sql.
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report
l job grades and salaries. To familiarize yourself with
the JOB_GRADES
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query thath
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displays the
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Chapter 7 - Page 5
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If you want an extra challenge, complete the following exercises: S t ud
8. The HR department wants to determine theanames u tamof allthemployees
is who were hired after
h g and uhiresedate of any employee
Davies. Create a query to display thesname hired after
i j e t o
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Chapter 7 - Page 6
9. The HR department needs to find the names and hire dates of all employees who were
hired before their managers, along with their managers’ names and hire dates. Save the
script to a file named lab_07_09.sql.
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Chapter 7 - Page 7
Solution 7-1: Displaying Data from Multiple Tables by Using Joins

1. Write a query for the HR department to produce the addresses of all the departments. Use
the LOCATIONS and COUNTRIES tables. Show the location ID, street address, city, state or
province, and country in the output. Use a NATURAL JOIN to produce the results.
SELECT location_id, street_address, city, state_province,

country_name
FROM locations
NATURAL JOIN countries;
2. The HR department needs a report of all employees with corresponding departments. Write
a query to display the last name, department number, and department name for all the
employees.
SELECT last_name, department_id, department_name
FROM employees
JOIN departments
USING (department_id);
s a
3. a
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The HR department needs a report of employees in Toronto. Display the last name,
m
department number, and department name for all employees who work in Toronto.
o
SELECT e.last_name, e.job_id, e.department_id,ad.department_nameilฺc Guide
FROM employees e JOIN departments d
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ON (e.department_id = d.department_id) i 5 7
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JOIN locations l
u t am this
h g a se
USING (location_id)
WHERE LOWER(l.city) r=ije
s to u
senames and employee numbers along with their
'toronto';
4. Create a report to display i (b enlast
employees’
t m manager
aand lic numbers. Label the columns Employee, Emp#,
a u
managers’ last names
b l e
Manager, and
h GMgr#,erespectively.
r a Save your SQL statement as lab_07_04.sql. Run the
r i j ransf
query.es
B SELECTn -t w.last_name "Employee", w.employee_id "EMP#",
n o m.last_name "Manager", m.employee_id "Mgr#"
FROM employees w JOIN employees m
ON (w.manager_id = m.employee_id);
5. Modify lab_07_04.sql to display all employees, including King, who has no manager.
Order the results by employee number. Save your SQL statement as lab_07_05.sql.
Run the query in lab_07_05.sql.
SELECT w.last_name "Employee", w.employee_id "EMP#",
m.last_name "Manager", m.employee_id "Mgr#"
FROM employees w
LEFT OUTER JOIN employees m
ON (w.manager_id = m.employee_id)
ORDER BY 2;
Chapter 7 - Page 8
6. Create a report for the HR department that displays employee last names, department
numbers, and all employees who work in the same department as a given employee. Give
each column an appropriate label. Save the script to a file named lab_07_06.sql. Run
the query.
SELECT e.department_id department, e.last_name employee,
c.last_name colleague
FROM employees e JOIN employees c
ON (e.department_id = c.department_id)
WHERE e.employee_id <> c.employee_id
ORDER BY e.department_id, e.last_name, c.last_name;
7. The HR department needs a report on job grades and salaries. To familiarize yourself with
the JOB_GRADES table, first show the structure of the JOB_GRADES table. Then create a
query that displays the name, job, department name, salary, and grade for all employees.
DESC JOB_GRADES
/
SELECT e.last_name, e.job_id, d.department_name,
s a
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ON (e.department_id = d.department_id) a
JOIN job_grades j
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(e.salary BETWEEN j.lowest_sal AND j.highest_sal);
S t ud
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If you want an extra challenge, complete the following am t h
exercises: is
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gthe names sofeall employees who were hired after
8. The HR department wants to determine s
e name u
to hire date of any employee hired after
( b rijthe
Davies. Create a query to display
s e and
employee Davies.
m i cen
a i
ut ble le.hire_date
a
SELECT e.last_name,
FROMh G e ra e JOIN employees davies
s f
employees
ns
je ra(davies.last_name
BriON - t = 'Davies')
n on davies.hire_date < e.hire_date;

WHERE
9. The HR department needs to find the names and hire dates of all employees who were
hired before their managers, along with their managers’ names and hire dates. Save the
script to a file named lab_07_09.sql.
SELECT w.last_name, w.hire_date, m.last_name, m.hire_date
FROM employees w JOIN employees m
ON (w.manager_id = m.employee_id)
WHERE w.hire_date < m.hire_date;
Chapter 7 - Page 9
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Chapter 7 - Page 10
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Practices for Lesson 8: Using Subqueries to Solve Queries

Chapter 8 - Page 1
Practice Overview
• Creating subqueries to query values based on unknown criteria
• Using subqueries to find values that exist in one set of data and not in another
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Chapter 8 - Page 2
Practice 8-1: Using Subqueries to Solve Queries

Overview
In this practice, you write complex queries using nested SELECT statements.
For practice questions, you may want to create the inner query first. Make sure that it runs and
produces the data that you anticipate before you code the outer query.
Tasks
1. The HR department needs a query that prompts the user for an employee’s last name. The
query then displays the last name and hire date of any employee in the same department
as the employee whose name the user supplies (excluding that employee). For example, if
the user enters Zlotkey, find all employees who work with Zlotkey (excluding Zlotkey).
s a
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o m
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i 5 7
S t ud
u t am this
h g a se
r i j es e to u
2. i
Create a report that displays b employee
(the n s number, last name, and salary of all employees
who earn more thantthe maverage e
a e lic Sort the results in ascending order by salary.
salary.
u
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Chapter 8 - Page 3
3. Write a query that displays the employee number and last name of all employees who work
in a department with any employee whose last name contains the letter “u.” Save your SQL
statement as lab_08_03.sql. Run your query.
4. The HR department needs a report that displays the last name, department number, and
job ID of all employees whose department location ID is 1700.
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S t ud
u t am this
h g a se
r i j es e to u
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i (user
Modify the query so thatm the ise
c prompted for a location ID. Save this to a file named
lab_08_04.sql.u t a l i
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j
5. Bri n
Create t ranfor HR that displays the last name and salary of every employee who
a report
-
no to King.
reports

Chapter 8 - Page 4
6. Create a report for HR that displays the department number, last name, and job ID for every
employee in the Executive department.
7. Create a report that displays a list of all employees whose salary is more than the salary of
any employee from department 60.
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If you have time, complete
G a l
bfollowing exercise:
r
shquerynsinflab_08_03.sql
e
8. Modify
r i j ethe a
to display the employee number, last name, and
B ofnall-tremployees who earn more than the average salary, and who work in a
salary
no with any employee whose last name contains the letter “u.” Save
department
lab_08_03.sql as lab_08_08.sql again. Run the statement in lab_08_08.sql.

Chapter 8 - Page 5
Solution 8-1: Using Subqueries to Solve Queries

1. The HR department needs a query that prompts the user for an employee’s last name. The
query then displays the last name and hire date of any employee in the same department
as the employee whose name the user supplies (excluding that employee). For example, if
the user enters Zlotkey, find all employees who work with Zlotkey (excluding Zlotkey).
--Execute the UNDEFINE command to remove a variable
UNDEFINE Enter_name
-- Execute the below SELECT statements to retrieve the values

from employees table
SELECT last_name, hire_date

FROM employees
WHERE department_id = (SELECT department_id
s a
FROM employees
)h ฺ a
WHERE last_name = '&&Enter_name')
o m
AND last_name <> '&Enter_name';
a ilฺc Guide
Note: UNDEFINE and SELECT are individual queries; executeg m one nafter
them t the other or
press Ctrl + A + F9 to run them together. 7 @ ud e
i 5
mlast name, S t
2. Create a report that displays the employee number,
u t aresults
t h s and salary of all employees
iascending
who earn more than the average salary. Sort
h g a se
the in order by salary.
j u
es e tosalary
SELECT employee_id, last_name,
employeesi (b
r i
FROM
e n s
m lic AVG(salary)
WHERE salary
a uta > b(SELECT
l e
h G era FROM employees)
r i jes rBY
ORDER
a n sf
salary;
B n-t
3. noa query that displays the employee number and last name of all employees who work
Write
in a department with any employee whose last name contains the letter “u.” Save your SQL
statement as lab_08_03.sql. Run your query.
FROM employees
WHERE department_id IN (SELECT department_id
FROM employees
WHERE last_name like '%u%');

Chapter 8 - Page 6
4. The HR department needs a report that displays the last name, department number, and
job ID of all employees whose department location ID is 1700.
SELECT last_name, department_id, job_id
FROM employees
FROM departments
WHERE location_id = 1700);
Modify the query so that the user is prompted for a location ID. Save this to a file named
lab_08_04.sql.
SELECT last_name, department_id, job_id
FROM employees
FROM departments
WHERE location_id =
s a
&Enter_location); a
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m
a i l ฺco uide
5. Create a report for HR that displays the last name and salary of m
g G who
every employee
n t
reports to King.
5 7 @ tude
SELECT last_name, salary i
m his S
t a
FROM employees
h g au se t
WHERE manager_id = (SELECT
j e t o u
s employee_id
r i eemployees
i (b FROM e n s
u t am e liWHERE c last_name = 'King');
G a abl
6. h forsfHR
Createeasreport
j erthat displays the department number, last name, and job ID for every
Bri n-intrthe
employee anExecutive department.
o
nSELECT department_id, last_name, job_id
FROM employees
FROM departments
WHERE department_name =
'Executive');
7. Create a report that displays a list of all employees whose salary is more than the salary of
any employee from department 60.
SELECT last_name FROM employees
WHERE salary > ANY (SELECT salary
FROM employees
WHERE department_id=60);

Chapter 8 - Page 7
If you have time, complete the following exercise:

8. Modify the query in lab_08_03.sql to display the employee number, last name, and
salary of all employees who earn more than the average salary and who work in a
department with any employee whose last name contains the letter “u.” Save
lab_08_03.sql to lab_08_08.sql again. Run the statement in lab_08_08.sql.
SELECT employee_id, last_name, salary

FROM employees
FROM employees
WHERE last_name like '%u%')
AND salary > (SELECT AVG(salary)
FROM employees);
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Chapter 8 - Page 8
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Practices for Lesson 9: Using the Set Operators

Chapter 9 - Page 1
Practice Overview
In this practice, you create reports by using the following:
• UNION operator
• INTERSECT operator
• MINUS operator
s a
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Chapter 9 - Page 2
Practice 9-1: Using Set Operators

Overview
In this practice, you write queries using the set operators UNION, INTERSECT, and MINUS.
Tasks
1. The HR department needs a list of department IDs for departments that do not contain the
job ID ST_CLERK. Use the set operators to create this report.
s a
2. The HR department needs a list of countries that have no departments located inh a
them.
)to create
Display the country IDs and the names of the countries. Use the set operators
c o m e ฺ this
report. ฺ
ail t Gu i d
g m
7 @ u d en
a m i5
i s St
3. a
Produce a list of all the employees who work
g uint departments
e th 50 and 80. Display the
employee ID, job ID, and departmentsID h by using s set operators.
uthe
i j e t o
i (br ense
u t am e lic
G a abl
es h sfer
j
Bri n-tran
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4. Create a report that lists the detail of all employees who are sales representatives and are
currently working in the sales department.

Chapter 9 - Page 3
5. The HR department needs a report with the following specifications:

• Last names and department IDs of all employees from the EMPLOYEES table,
regardless of whether or not they belong to a department
• Department IDs and department names of all departments from the DEPARTMENTS
table, regardless of whether or not they have employees working in them
Write a compound query to accomplish this report.
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Chapter 9 - Page 4
Solution 9-1: Using Set Operators

1. The HR department needs a list of department IDs for departments that do not contain the
job ID ST_CLERK. Use the set operators to create this report.
SELECT department_id
FROM departments
MINUS
SELECT department_id
FROM employees
WHERE job_id = 'ST_CLERK';
2. The HR department needs a list of countries that have no departments located in them.
Display the country IDs and the names of the countries. Use the set operators to create this
report.
SELECT country_id,country_name
FROM countries
MINUS
s a
SELECT l.country_id,c.country_name ) h a
FROM locations l JOIN countries c o m
c uideฺ
i l ฺ
ON (l.country_id = c.country_id)
g ma nt G
7@ tude
JOIN departments d
ON d.location_id=l.location_id; i 5
m his50Sand 80. Display the
3. Produce a list of all the employees who workuinta t
departments
employee ID, job ID, and department IDh byausing the
g s eset operators.
SELECT employee_id,brjob_id, to u
ijes edepartment_id
FROM EMPLOYEESmi
( ens
a uta ble lic
WHERE department_id=50
h G era
s sf
UNION ALL
r i je raemployee_id,
n
SELECT
B FROM - t job_id, department_id
on EMPLOYEES
nWHERE department_id=80;
4. Create a report that lists the detail of all employees who are sales representatives and are
currently working in the sales department.
SELECT EMPLOYEE_ID
FROM EMPLOYEES
WHERE JOB_ID='SA_REP'
INTERSECT
SELECT EMPLOYEE_ID
FROM EMPLOYEES
WHERE DEPARTMENT_ID=80;

Chapter 9 - Page 5
5. The HR department needs a report with the following specifications:

• Last names and department IDs of all employees from the EMPLOYEES table,
regardless of whether or not they belong to a department
• Department IDs and department names of all departments from the DEPARTMENTS
table, regardless of whether or not they have employees working in them
Write a compound query to accomplish this report.

SELECT last_name,department_id,TO_CHAR(null)dept_name
FROM employees
UNION
SELECT TO_CHAR(null),department_id,department_name
FROM departments;
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Chapter 9 - Page 6
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10:
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Manipulating Data
g ma nt G
Chapter 10i57
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Practices for Lesson 10: Manipulating Data

Chapter 10 - Page 1
Lesson Overview
• Inserting rows into tables
• Updating and deleting rows in a table

• Controlling transactions
Note: Before starting this practice, execute

/home/oracle/labs/sql1/code_ex /cleanup_scripts/cleanup_10.sql script.
s a
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Chapter 10 - Page 2
Practice 10-1: Managing Tables by Using DML Statements

Overview
The HR department wants you to create SQL statements to insert, update, and delete employee
data. As a prototype, you use the MY_EMPLOYEE table before giving the statements to the HR
department.
Notes
• For all the DML statements, use the Run Script icon (or press F5) to execute the query.
Thus, you get to see the feedback messages on the Script Output tabbed page. For
SELECT queries, continue to use the Execute Statement icon or press F9 to get the
formatted output on the Results tabbed page.
• Execute cleanup_10.sql script from /home/oracle/labs/sql1/code_ex
/cleanup_scripts/ before performing the following tasks.
Tasks
s a
1. Create a table called MY_EMPLOYEE.
) h a
2. Describe the structure of the MY_EMPLOYEE table to identify the column names.
o m
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Chapter 10 - Page 3
3. Create an INSERT statement to add the first row of data to the MY_EMPLOYEE table from
the following sample data. Do not list the columns in the INSERT clause. Do not enter all
rows yet.
ID LAST_NAME FIRST_NAME USERID SALARY

1 Patel Ralph rpatel 895
2 Dancs Betty bdancs 860
3 Biri Ben bbiri 1100
4 Newman Chad cnewman 750
s a
5 Ropeburn Audrey aropebur 1550 ) h a
c o m eฺ
a il Guid
ฺ
4. Populate the MY_EMPLOYEE table with the second row of the @ gm data
sample e n tfrom the
5
preceding list. This time, list the columns explicitly in ithe S ud
7INSERTtclause.
5. Confirm your addition to the table. u t am this
h g a se
r i j es e to u
i (b ens
u t am e lic
G a abl
6. h statement
Write an INSERT
ji es ransftable.
therMY_EMPLOYEE
er Theinscript
a dynamic reusable script file to load the remaining rows into
should prompt for all the columns (ID, LAST_NAME,
B n-t USERID, and SALARY). Save this script to a lab_10_06.sql file.
FIRST_NAME,
7. no the table with the next two rows of the sample data listed in step 3 by running the
Populate
INSERT statement in the script that you created.
8. Confirm your additions to the table.
9. Make the data additions permanent.
Update and delete data in the MY_EMPLOYEE table.

10. Change the last name of employee 3 to Drexler.

Chapter 10 - Page 4
11. Change the salary to $1,000 for all employees who have a salary less than $900.
12. Verify your changes to the table.
13. Delete Betty Dancs from the MY_EMPLOYEE table.

14. Confirm your changes to the table.
15. Commit all pending changes.

s a
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m
c uideฺ
o
Control the data transaction to the MY_EMPLOYEE table.
i l ฺ
g
16. Populate the table with the last row of the sample data listed in ma3 bynusing
step t G the
statements in the script that you created in step 6. Run the
i 5 7@
statements
t u dein the script.
Note: Perform the steps (17-23) in one session a
t m his S
only.
17. Confirm your addition to the table. h g au se t
r i j es e to u
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u t am e lic
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no
18. Mark an intermediate point in the processing of the transaction.
19. Delete all the rows from the MY_EMPLOYEE table.
20. Confirm that the table is empty.
21. Discard the most recent DELETE operation without discarding the earlier INSERT operation.
22. Confirm that the new row is still intact.
23. Make the data addition permanent.

Chapter 10 - Page 5

24. Modify the lab_10_06.sql script such that the USERID is generated automatically by
concatenating the first letter of the first name and the first seven characters of the last
name. The generated USERID must be in lowercase. Therefore, the script should not
prompt for the USERID. Save this script to a file named lab_10_24.sql.
25. Run the lab_10_24.sql script to insert the following record:
6 Anthony Mark manthony 1230
26. Confirm that the new row was added with the correct USERID.
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Chapter 10 - Page 6
Solution 10-1: Managing Tables by Using DML Statements

Insert data into the MY_EMPLOYEE table.
1. Create a table called MY_EMPLOYEE.
CREATE TABLE my_employee
(id NUMBER(4) CONSTRAINT my_employee_id_pk PRIMARY Key,

last_name VARCHAR2(25),
first_name VARCHAR2(25),
userid VARCHAR2(8),
salary NUMBER(9,2));
2. Describe the structure of the MY_EMPLOYEE table to identify the column names.
DESCRIBE my_employee
3. s
Create an INSERT statement to add the first row of data to the MY_EMPLOYEE table from a
)
the following sample data. Do not list the columns in the INSERT clause.h a
m
c uideฺ
o
i l ฺ
ID LAST_NAME FIRST_NAME USERID
g ma nt GSALARY
i 5 7@ tude
a m hrpatel
i s S
1 Patel Ralph
u t
a se t
895
h g
2 Dancs r i j es e to u
Betty bdancs 860
( b
i cen s
m
3 a ut ble li Ben
Biri
a bbiri 1100
G
h sfer a
j e s
Bri 4n-traNewman
n Chad cnewman 750
no
5 Ropeburn Audrey aropebur 1550
INSERT INTO my_employee

VALUES (1, 'Patel', 'Ralph', 'rpatel', 895);
4. Populate the MY_EMPLOYEE table with the second row of the sample data from the
preceding list. This time, list the columns explicitly in the INSERT clause.
INSERT INTO my_employee (id, last_name, first_name,
userid, salary)
VALUES (2, 'Dancs', 'Betty', 'bdancs', 860);

Chapter 10 - Page 7
5. Confirm your additions to the table.

SELECT *
FROM my_employee;
6. Write an INSERT statement in a dynamic reusable script file to load the remaining rows into
the MY_EMPLOYEE table. The script should prompt for all the columns (ID, LAST_NAME,
FIRST_NAME, USERID, and SALARY). Save this script to a file named lab_10_06.sql.
VALUES (&p_id, '&p_last_name', '&p_first_name',
'&p_userid', &p_salary);
7. Populate the table with the next two rows of the sample data listed in step 3 by running the
INSERT statement in the script that you created.
s a
VALUES (&p_id, '&p_last_name', '&p_first_name',
) h a
'&p_userid', &p_salary);
m
c uideฺ
o
i l ฺ
8. Confirm your additions to the table. g ma nt G
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SELECT *
t a m his S
FROM my_employee;
h g au se t
i j e s to u
r
(b ense
9. Make the data additions permanent.
i
COMMIT;
u t am e lic
G a abl
sh data f r
ethe
ji edelete
Update rand
a n s in MY_EMPLOYEE table.
B - t r
nonthe last name of employee 3 to Drexler.
10. Change
UPDATE my_employee
SET last_name = 'Drexler'
WHERE id = 3;
11. Change the salary to $1,000 for all employees with a salary less than $900.
UPDATE my_employee
SET salary = 1000
WHERE salary < 900;

Chapter 10 - Page 8
12. Verify your changes to the table.

SELECT *
FROM my_employee;
13. Delete Betty Dancs from the MY_EMPLOYEE table.

DELETE
FROM my_employee
WHERE last_name = 'Dancs';
14. Confirm your changes to the table.

SELECT *
FROM my_employee;
15. Commit all pending changes. s a

) h a
COMMIT;
o m
c uideฺ
i
a tGl ฺ
g m
Control the data transaction to the MY_EMPLOYEE table.
7 @ u d en
16. Populate the table with the last row of the sample data
m t 3 by using the
i5listed inSstep
statements in the script that you created in step a
ut 6. Run i s
h statements in the script.
tthe
g a
h o us e
j e s
( b ri se t
VALUES (&p_id,m i cen
t a l i
'&p_last_name', '&p_first_name',
au ab&p_salary);
'&p_userid',
G le
es h sfer
j
Bri Perform
Note:
- t r n steps (17-23) in one session only.
athe
non
17. Confirm your addition to the table.
SELECT *
FROM my_employee;
18. Mark an intermediate point in the processing of the transaction.

SAVEPOINT step_17;
19. Delete all the rows from the MY_EMPLOYEE table.

DELETE
FROM my_employee;

Chapter 10 - Page 9
20. Confirm that the table is empty.

SELECT *
FROM my_employee;
21. Discard the most recent DELETE operation without discarding the earlier INSERT operation.
ROLLBACK TO step_17;
22. Confirm that the new row is still intact.

SELECT *
FROM my_employee;
23. Make the data addition permanent.

COMMIT;
s a
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c o m eฺ
24. Modify the lab_10_06.sql script such that the USERID is generated i l ฺ
a automatically i
u byd
g
concatenating the first letter of the first name and the first seven m
charactersn t G
of the last
name. The generated USERID must be in lowercase. 5 7
The @
script u d e
should, therefore, not
i S
m lab_10_24.sql.t
prompt for the USERID. Save this script to a filea
u t named
t h is
SET ECHO OFF
h a
g use
s
ije e to
SET VERIFY OFF
b r
m i cens
(
u
VALUES (&p_id,
l e li
ta '&&p_last_name', '&&p_first_name',
a
G era b
lower(substr('&p_first_name', 1, 1) ||
h sf
r i jessubstr('&p_last_name',
a n 1, 7)), &p_salary);
B n-tr
nSETo VERIFY ON
SET ECHO ON
UNDEFINE p_first_name
UNDEFINE p_last_name
25. Run the lab_10_24.sql script to insert the following record:
6 Anthony Mark manthony 1230

Chapter 10 - Page 10
26. Confirm that the new row was added with the correct USERID.
SELECT *
FROM my_employee
WHERE ID='6';
s a
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s a
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11:
i l ฺ
Using DDL Statements
g ma nt Gto
Create and
i 5 7@Managet u de Tables
a m i s S
t
au se t
Chapter 11 h
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Practices for Lesson 11: Using DDL Statements to Create and Manage Tables
Chapter 11 - Page 1
Lesson Overview
• Creating new tables
• Creating a new table by using the CREATE TABLE AS syntax

• Verifying that tables exist
• Altering tables
• Adding columns
• Dropping columns
• Setting a table to read-only status
• Dropping tables
s a
Note: Before starting this practice, execute the
/home/oracle/labs/sql1/code_ex/cleanup_scripts/cleanup_11.sql script. ) h a
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Chapter 11 - Page 2
Practice 11-1: Introduction to Data Definition Language

Overview
In this practice, you create new tables by using the CREATE TABLE statement. Confirm that the
new table was added to the database. You also learn to set the status of a table as READ ONLY,
and then revert to READ/WRITE. You use the ALTER TABLE command to modify table columns.
Notes
• For all the DDL and DML statements, click the Run Script icon (or press F5) to execute
the query in SQL Developer. Thus, you get to see the feedback messages on the Script
Output tabbed page. For SELECT queries, continue to click the Execute Statement icon
or press F9 to get the formatted output on the Results tabbed page.
• Execute the cleanup_11.sql script from
/home/oracle/labs/sql1/code_ex/cleanup_scripts/cleanup_11.sql
before performing the following tasks.
Tasks
1. Create the DEPT table based on the following table instance chart. Save the statement in
s a
h a
the lab_11_01.sql script, and then execute the statement in the script to create the
)
table. Confirm that the table is created. o m
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NAMEa
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Column Name ID
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Key Type Primary key
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Nulls/Unique t a m his S
FK Table h g au se t
FK Column r i j es e to u
i ( b ns
Data type
t a m lice
NUMBER VARCHAR2
Length
G au able7 25
h r
r i jes ransfe
B n-t
no
Chapter 11 - Page 3
2. Create the EMP table based on the following table instance chart. Save the statement in the
lab_11_02.sql script, and then execute the statement in the script to create the table.
Confirm that the table is created.
Column Name ID LAST_NAME FIRST_NAME DEPT_ID

Key Type
Nulls/Unique
FK Table DEPT
FK Column ID
Data type NUMBER VARCHAR2 VARCHAR2 NUMBER
Length 7 25 25 7
s a
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@ gm ent
i 5 7
S t ud
u t am this
3. Modify the EMP table. Add a COMMISSION h g a ofsethe NUMBER data type, with precision 2
column
i j es e to u
and scale 2. Confirm your modification.
r
i (b ens
u t am e lic
G a abl
e s h sfer
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no
4. Modify the EMP table to allow for longer employee last names. Confirm your modification.
Chapter 11 - Page 4
5. Drop the FIRST_NAME column from the EMP table. Confirm your modification by checking
the description of the table.
6. In the EMP table, mark the DEPT_ID column as UNUSED. Confirm your modification by
checking the description of the table.
s a
a
)h ฺ
o m
a ilฺc Guide
@ gm ent
7. Drop all the UNUSED columns from the EMP table. mi5
7
S tud
u ta of tthe
h is
8. Create the EMPLOYEES2 table based on the
h g astructure
s e EMPLOYEES table. Include only
j e s to
the EMPLOYEE_ID, FIRST_NAME, LAST_NAME, u
SALARY, and DEPARTMENT_ID columns.
r i
DEPT_ID, respectively. mi
( ense
Name the columns in your newbtable ID, FIRST_NAME, LAST_NAME, SALARY, and
a uta ble lic

h G era
r i je ransf
s
B n-t
no
9. Alter the status of the EMPLOYEES2 table to read-only.
Chapter 11 - Page 5
10. Try to add a column JOB_ID in the EMPLOYEES2 table.

Note: You will get the “Update operation not allowed on table” error message. You will not
be allowed to add any column to the table because it is assigned a read-only status.
11. Revert the EMPLOYEES2 table to read/write status. Now try to add the same column again.
Now, because the table is assigned a READ WRITE status, you will be allowed to add a
column to the table. s a
You should get the following messages: ) h a
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o
i l ฺ
g ma nt G
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t a m his S
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no EMP, DEPT, and EMPLOYEES2 table.
12. Drop the
Chapter 11 - Page 6
Solution 11-1: Introduction to Data Definition Language

1. Create the DEPT table based on the following table instance chart. Save the statement in a
script called lab_11_01.sql, and then execute the statement in the script to create the
table. Confirm that the table is created.
Column Name
ID NAME
Key Type Primary key
Nulls/Unique
FK Table
FK Column
Data type NUMBER VARCHAR2
Length 7 25
s a
CREATE TABLE dept )h ฺ a
(id NUMBER(7)CONSTRAINT department_id_pk PRIMARY m
coKEY,uide
i l ฺ
name VARCHAR2(25));
g ma nt G
i 5 7@ issue
To confirm that the table was created and to view its structure,
t u defollowing command:
the
DESCRIBE dept;
t a m his S
h g au se t
2. s ttable
Create the EMP table based on the following
j ethen o uinstance chart. Save the statement in a
script called lab_11_02.sql, b r i
and e
execute the statement in the script to create the
table. Confirm that the m i ( e
table is created. n s
t a l i c
G au IDable LAST_NAME FIRST_NAME DEPT_ID
Column
e s h Namesfer
j
BriKeynType- tran
o
nNulls/Unique
FK Table DEPT
FK Column ID
Data type NUMBER VARCHAR2 VARCHAR2 NUMBER
Length 7 25 25 7
CREATE TABLE emp

(id NUMBER(7),
last_name VARCHAR2(25),
first_name VARCHAR2(25),
dept_id NUMBER(7)
CONSTRAINT emp_dept_id_FK REFERENCES dept (id)
);
Chapter 11 - Page 7
To confirm that the table was created and to view its structure:
DESCRIBE emp
3. Modify the EMP table. Add a COMMISSION column of the NUMBER data type, with precision 2
and scale 2. Confirm your modification.
ALTER TABLE emp

ADD commission NUMBER(2,2);
DESCRIBE emp
4. Modify the EMP table to allow for longer employee last names. Confirm your modification.
ALTER TABLE emp
MODIFY (last_name VARCHAR2(50));
s a
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DESCRIBE emp
o m
a ilฺc Guide
@ gm ent
5. Drop the FIRST_NAME column from the EMP table. Confirm i 5 S t ud
7 your modification by checking
a m i s
the description of the table.
g a ut e th
ALTER TABLE emp
e s h o us
b j
ri se t
DESCRIBE emp mi
(
DROP COLUMN first_name;
e n
a
ut ble l i c
a
G era
s h sf the DEPT_ID column as UNUSED. Confirm your modification by
6.
r i je therdescription
In the EMP table,
a n mark
B n-t
checking of the table.
no
ALTER TABLE emp
SET UNUSED (dept_id);
DESCRIBE emp
7. Drop all the UNUSED columns from the EMP table.

ALTER TABLE emp
DROP UNUSED COLUMNS;
Chapter 11 - Page 8
8. Create the EMPLOYEES2 table based on the structure of the EMPLOYEES table. Include only
the EMPLOYEE_ID, FIRST_NAME, LAST_NAME, SALARY, and DEPARTMENT_ID columns.
Name the columns in your new table ID, FIRST_NAME, LAST_NAME, SALARY, and
DEPT_ID, respectively. Confirm that the table is created.
CREATE TABLE employees2 AS
SELECT employee_id id, first_name, last_name, salary,

department_id dept_id
FROM employees;
DESCRIBE employees2
9. Alter the EMPLOYEES2 table status to read-only.

ALTER TABLE employees2 READ ONLY;
10. Try to add a column JOB_ID in the EMPLOYEES2 table.

Note: You will get the “Update operation not allowed on table” error message. You will not
s a
h
be allowed to add any column to the table because it is assigned a read-only status.
) a
m
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o
ALTER TABLE employees2
i l ฺ
ADD job_id VARCHAR2(9);
g ma nt G
5 7 @ tude
i
11. Revert the EMPLOYEES2 table to the read/write status.
m Now try S
to add the same column
t a h i s
again.
h g au se t
column to the table. r i e e to u status, you will be allowed to add a
Now, because the table is assigned asREAD WRITE
j
i (b ens
t am e lic READ WRITE;
ALTER TABLE employees2
u
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s h TABLE f r
eemployees2
ALTER
j e s
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t ran VARCHAR2(9);
o
nDESCRIBE employees2
12. Drop the EMP, DEPT, and EMPLOYEES2 table.

Note: You can even drop a table that is in READ ONLY mode. To test this, alter the table
again to READ ONLY status, and then issue the DROP TABLE command. The tables will be
dropped.
DROP TABLE emp;
DROP TABLE dept;
DROP TABLE employees2;
Chapter 11 - Page 9
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Additional Practices and Solutions

Chapter 12 - Page 1
Practices for Lesson 1
Practices Overview
In these practices, you will be working on extra exercises that are based on the following topics:
• Basic SQL SELECT statement
• Basic SQL Developer commands

• SQL functions
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Chapter 12 - Page 2
Practice 1-1: Additional Practice
Overview
In this practice, exercises have been designed to be worked on after you have discussed the
following topics: basic SQL SELECT statement, basic SQL Developer commands, and SQL
functions.
Tasks
1. The HR department needs to find data for all the clerks who were hired after 1997.
2. The HR department needs a report of employees who earn a commission. Show the last
name, job, salary, and commission of these employees. Sort the data by salary in
s a
descending order.
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3. For budgeting purposes, the HR department
j u a report on projected raises. The report
eshaveenotneeds
ocommission,
should display those employees b r i
who but who have a 10% raise in
i ( n s
t a m lice
salary (round off the salaries).
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Chapter 12 - Page 3
4. Create a report of employees and their duration of employment. Show the last names of all
the employees together with the number of years and the number of completed months that
they have been employed. Order the report by the duration of their employment. The
employee who has been employed the longest should appear at the top of the list.
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Show those employees who havei starting with the letters “J,” “K,” “L,” or “M.”
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Chapter 12 - Page 4
6. Create a report that displays all employees, and indicate with the words Yes or No whether
they receive a commission. Use the DECODE expression in your query.
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These exercises can a bem used for
l icextra practice after you have discussed the following
u t l e
joins, and h Gafunctions.
topics: basic SQL SELECTbstatements,
r a
basic SQL Developer commands, SQL functions,
i j es nsfe
group
7. r
Create
B a report tra employees
that displays the department name, location ID, last name, job title, and
o -
salary ofnthose who work in a specific location. Prompt the user for a location.
Forn example, if the user enters 1800, results are as follows:
8. Find the number of employees who have a last name that ends with the letter “n.” Create
two possible solutions.

Chapter 12 - Page 5
9. Create a report that shows the name, location, and number of employees for each
department. Make sure that the report also includes department_IDs without employees.
10. The HR department needs to find the job titles in departments 10 and 20. Create a report to
display the job IDs for those departments.
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11. Create a report that displays the jobs that are found in the Administration and
m nthe t GExecutive
departments. Also display the number of employees for theseg e job with the
jobs. Show
7 @ u d
highest number of employees first.
a m i5
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can
B n-t
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joins,o group functions, and subqueries.
n
12. Show all the employees who were hired in the first half of the month (before the 16th of the
month, irrespective of the year).

Chapter 12 - Page 6
13. Create a report that displays the following for all employees: last name, salary, and salary
expressed in terms of thousands of dollars.
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emanagers
r
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i e n
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Chapter 12 - Page 7
15. Show the department number, name, number of employees, and average salary of all the
departments, together with the names, salaries, and jobs of the employees working in each
department.
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Create a report to display the departmentgnumber
h se lowest salary of the department with
s u
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the highest average salary.
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Create asreport ra departments where no sales representatives work. Include the
f
je ans department name, manager ID, and location in the output.
Bri n-trnumber,
department
no

Chapter 12 - Page 8
18. Create the following statistical reports for the HR department. Include the department
number, department name, and the number of employees working in each department that:
a. Employs fewer than three employees:
b. Has the highest number of employees:
c. Has the lowest number of employees:
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19. Create a report that displays the employee number, last name, salary, department number,
and the average salary in their department for all employees.
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Chapter 12 - Page 9
20. Create an anniversary overview based on the hire date of the employees. Sort the
anniversaries in ascending order.
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Solution 1-1: Additional Practice
Overview
Solutions to Additional Practice 1-1 are given as follows.
Tasks
1. The HR department needs to find data for all the clerks who were hired after 1997.
SELECT *
FROM employees
WHERE job_id = 'ST_CLERK'
AND hire_date > '31-DEC-1997';
2. The HR department needs a report of employees who earn a commission. Show the last
name, job, salary, and commission of these employees. Sort the data by salary in
descending order.
s a
SELECT last_name, job_id, salary, commission_pct
) h a
FROM employees m
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ma nt G
WHERE commission_pct IS NOT NULL
g
7@ tude
ORDER BY salary DESC;
i 5
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3. For budgeting purposes, the HR department u t a t on projected raises. The report
should display those employees who do h g a needscommission
not get a s
a report
e but who have a 10% raise in
salary (round off the salaries). ije
s to u
( b r se
SELECT 'The salary i
m lic of e n
'||last_name||' after a 10% raise is '
t a
u|| ROUND(salary*1.10)
G a a b le "New salary"
FROMh employees
j e s s f er
Bri n-tran
WHERE commission_pct IS NULL;
n o
4. Create a report of employees and the duration of their employment. Show the last names of
all employees, together with the number of years and the number of completed months that
they have been employed. Order the report by the duration of their employment. The
employee who has been employed the longest should appear at the top of the list.
SELECT last_name,
TRUNC(MONTHS_BETWEEN(SYSDATE, hire_date) / 12) YEARS,
TRUNC(MOD(MONTHS_BETWEEN(SYSDATE, hire_date), 12))
MONTHS
FROM employees
ORDER BY years DESC, MONTHS desc;

5. Show those employees who have a last name that starts with the letters “J,” “K,” “L,” or “M.”
SELECT last_name
FROM employees
WHERE SUBSTR(last_name, 1,1) IN ('J', 'K', 'L', 'M');
6. Create a report that displays all employees, and indicate with the words Yes or No whether
they receive a commission. Use the DECODE expression in your query.
SELECT last_name, salary,
decode(commission_pct, NULL, 'No', 'Yes') commission
FROM employees;
These exercises can be used for extra practice after you have discussed the following
topics: basic SQL SELECT statement, basic SQL Developer commands, SQL functions,
joins, and group functions.
s a
7. Create a report that displays the department name, location ID, last name, job title, a
h and
salary of those employees who work in a specific location. Prompt the user m for )a location.
l ฺ c o ideฺ
i
Enter 1800 for location_id when prompted.
g ma nt Gu
SELECT d.department_name, d.location_id,
i 5 t u de e.job_id,
7@e.last_name,
e.salary
t a m d his S
FROM employees e JOIN departments
h g au se t
ON e.department_id = d.department_id
j t o u
e= s&location_id;
r i
(b ense
AND d.location_id
i
8. tam le who
Find the numberaofuemployees
lic have a last name that ends with the letter “n.” Create
two possible Gsolutions.rab
h sfe
r i jes raCOUNT(*)
n
B FROM
SELECT
n -t employees
n o
WHERE last_name LIKE '%n';
--or
SELECT COUNT(*)
FROM employees
WHERE SUBSTR(last_name, -1) = 'n';
9. Create a report that shows the name, location, and number of employees for each
department. Make sure that the report also includes department_IDs without employees.
SELECT d.department_id, d.department_name,
d.location_id, COUNT(e.employee_id)
FROM employees e RIGHT OUTER JOIN departments d
GROUP BY d.department_id, d.department_name, d.location_id;

10. The HR department needs to find the job titles in departments 10 and 20. Create a report to
display the job IDs for these departments.
SELECT DISTINCT job_id
FROM employees
WHERE department_id IN (10, 20);
11. Create a report that displays the jobs that are found in the Administration and Executive
departments. Also display the number of employees for these jobs. Show the job with the
highest number of employees first.
SELECT e.job_id, count(e.job_id) FREQUENCY
WHERE d.department_name IN ('Administration', 'Executive')
GROUP BY e.job_id
ORDER BY FREQUENCY DESC;
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These exercises can be used for extra practice after you have discussed
a i l ฺ cthe u i de
topics: basic SQL SELECT statements, basic SQL Developer commands, SQL
g m nt Gfunctions,
7@ tude
joins, group functions, and subqueries.
i 5
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12. Show all employees who were hired in the a first
t a
u half ofethet month (before the 16th of the
month, irrespective of the year). s h g us
j e t o
SELECT last_name, (hire_date
i bri nse
FROM
t a
employees m lice
G au able
WHERE TO_CHAR(hire_date, 'DD') < 16;
r
r i j esh ansfe
13. B anreport
Create
o
expressed
-tinr terms
that displays the following for all employees: last name, salary, and salary
of thousands of dollars.
n
SELECT last_name, salary, TRUNC(salary, -3)/1000 Thousands
FROM employees;
14. Show all employees who have managers with a salary higher than $15,000. Show the
following data: employee name, manager name, manager salary, and salary grade of the
manager.
SELECT e.last_name, m.last_name manager, m.salary,
j.grade_level
FROM employees e JOIN employees m
ON e.manager_id = m.employee_id
JOIN job_grades j
ON m.salary BETWEEN j.lowest_sal AND j.highest_sal
AND m.salary > 15000;

15. Show the department number, name, number of employees, and average salary of all
departments, together with the names, salaries, and jobs of the employees working in each
department.

count(e1.employee_id) employees,
NVL(TO_CHAR(AVG(e1.salary), '99999.99'), 'No average' )
avg_sal,
e2.last_name, e2.salary, e2.job_id
FROM departments d RIGHT OUTER JOIN employees e1
ON d.department_id = e1.department_id
RIGHT OUTER JOIN employees e2
ON d.department_id = e2.department_id
GROUP BY d.department_id, d.department_name, e2.last_name,
e2.salary,
e2.job_id
s a
ORDER BY d.department_id, employees;
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16. Create a report to display the department number and lowest salary of
a ilฺthe u ide with
the highest average salary.
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SELECT department_id, MIN(salary)
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GROUP BY department_id
h g au se t
HAVING AVG(salary) = i(SELECT
r j t ou
es e MAX(AVG(salary))
i (b FROMe n s employees
m
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h G era
17. r i
Create
s
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a n sf displays the departments where no sales representatives work. Include
that
the
o n -tr number, department name, manager ID, and location in the output.
B department
nSELECT *
FROM departments
WHERE department_id NOT IN(SELECT department_id
FROM employees
WHERE job_id = 'SA_REP'
AND department_id IS NOT NULL);

18. Create the following statistical reports for the HR department. Include the department
number, department name, and the number of employees working in each department that:
a. Employs fewer than three employees:
SELECT d.department_id, d.department_name, COUNT(*)
FROM departments d JOIN employees e
ON d.department_id = e.department_id
GROUP BY d.department_id, d.department_name
HAVING COUNT(*) < 3;
b. Has the highest number of employees:

SELECT d.department_id, d.department_name, COUNT(*)
FROM departments d JOIN employees e
ON d.department_id = e.department_id
GROUP BY d.department_id, d.department_name
HAVING COUNT(*) = (SELECT MAX(COUNT(*)) s a
FROM employees )h ฺa
o m
GROUP BY department_id);
a ilฺc Guide
c. Has the lowest number of employees: @ gm ent
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u t am e this COUNT(*)
FROM departments d JOIN employees
d.department_id =sh
ga use
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to
ON e.department_id
GROUP BY d.department_id,
( b
i= (SELECT e
n MIN(COUNT(*))
HAVING COUNT(*)
a m l i c e
a ut bleFROM employees
h G era GROUP BY department_id);
r i je ransf
s
B n-t
19. n
Createoa report that displays the employee number, last name, salary, department number,
and the average salary in their department for all employees.
SELECT e.employee_id, e.last_name, e.department_id, e.salary,
AVG(s.salary)
FROM employees e JOIN employees s
ON e.department_id = s.department_id
GROUP BY e.employee_id, e.last_name, e.department_id,
e.salary;

20. Create an anniversary overview based on the hire date of employees. Sort the
anniversaries in ascending order.
SELECT last_name, TO_CHAR(hire_date, 'Month DD') BIRTHDAY
FROM employees
ORDER BY TO_CHAR(hire_date, 'DDD');
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Case Study: Online Book Store
Overview
In this case study, you build a set of database tables for an online book store (E-Commerce
Shopping Cart). After you create the tables, you insert, update, and delete records in the book
store database and generate a report. The database contains only the essential tables.
The following is a diagram of the table and columns for the online book store application:
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Note: Ifryou
- tratonbuild the tables, you can execute
Online_Book_Store_Create_Table.sql
the commands in the
script in SQL Developer. If you want to drop the
nocan execute the commands in the Online_Book_Store_Drop_Tables.sql
tables, you
script in SQL Developer. Then you can execute the commands in the
<<Online_Book_Store_Populate.sql>> script in SQL Developer to create and populate
the tables.
All the three SQL scripts are present in the /home/oracle/labs/sql1/labs folder.
• If you use the Online_Book_Store_Create_Table.sql script to build the tables,
start with step 2.
• If you use the Online_Book_Store_Drop_Tables.sql script to remove the tables,
start with step 1.
• If you use the Online_Book_Store_Populate.sql script to build and populate the
tables, start with step 6.

Practice 1-2
Overview
In this practice, you create the tables based on the following table instance charts. Select the
appropriate data types and be sure to add integrity constraints.
Tasks
1. Table Details
a. Table Name: AUTHOR
Column Data type Key Table Dependent Type
Author_ID VARCHAR2 PK
Author_Name VARCHAR2
b. Table Name: BOOKS
Column Datatype Key Table Dependent On
s a
Book_ID
Book_Name
VARCHAR2
VARCHAR2
PK
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Price NUMBER
g m
Publisher_ID VARCHAR2 FK @
PUBLISHER
7 u d en
c. Table Name: CUSTOMER
a m i5
i s St
Column Name Data type a t
uKey thTable Dependent On
Customer_ID VARCHAR2 sh
g PK us
e
j e
ri se o t
Customer_Name
(
VARCHAR2
i cenb
Street_Address
a m
VARCHAR2
li
City a ut VARCHAR2
b l e
Phone_Number h G erVARCHAR2
a
r i jes ransf VARCHAR2
Credit_Card_Number FK Credit_Card_Details
B t
on-
d. CREDIT_CARD_DETAILS
n
Column Name Data type Key Table Dependent On
Credit_Card_Number VARCHAR2 PK
Credit_Card_Type VARCHAR2
Expiry_Date DATE
e. Table Name: ORDER_DETAILS
Column Data type Key Table Dependent On
Order_ID NUMBER PK
Customer_ID VARCHAR2 FK CUSTOMER
Shipping_Type VARCHAR2 FK SHIPPING_TYPE
Date_of_Purchase DATE
Shopping_Cart_ID NUMBER FK SHOPPING_CART

f. Table Name: PUBLISHER

Publisher_ID VARCHAR2 PK
Publisher_Name VARCHAR2
g. Table Name: PURCHASE_HISTORY

Customer_ID VARCHAR2 FK CUSTOMER
Order_ID NUMBER FK ORDER_DETAILS
h. Table Name: SHIPPING_TYPE

Shipping_Type VARCHAR2 PK
Shipping_Price NUMBER
i. Table Name: SHOPPING_CART
Column Data type Key a
Table Dependent On
s
Shopping_Cart_ID NUMBER PK a
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Book_ID VARCHAR2 FK
BOOKS
Price NUMBER
a
Date DATE
@ gm ent
Quantity NUMBER
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2. h g a to the
Add additional Referential Integrity constraints setables created.
s u
3. b rijeproperly
Verify that the tables were created
( s e tochecking in the Connections Navigator in
by
SQL Developer.
m i cen
a
utot uniquely
l e li
4. Create a sequencea
G100; doernot
a b identify each row in the ORDER_DETAILS table.
h
r i jes ransf
a. Start with allow caching of the values. Name the sequence
B n-tORDER_ID_SEQ.
no

b. Verify the existence of the sequences in the Connections Navigator in SQL Developer.
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Add data to the tables. Create a script for each set ofi5
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5.
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data to be
Add data to the following tables:
h g au se t
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r i j es e to u
b. PUBLISHER i (b ens
u t
c. SHIPPING_TYPEam e lic
d. sh
Ga erabl
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CUSTOMER
je.e CREDIT_CARD_DETAILS
B n-tr
nof. BOOKS
g. SHOPPING_CART
h. ORDER_DETAILS
i. PURCHASE_HISTORY
Note: Save the scripts using the task number. For example, to save the script created
for the BOOKS table, you can save it as labs_apcs_5a_1.sql. Ensure that you save
the scripts in the /home/oracle/labs folder.

6. Create a view named CUSTOMER_DETAILS to show the Customer Name, Customer

Address, and the details of the order placed by the customer. Order the results by
Customer ID.
7. Make changes to the data in the tables.

a. Add a new book detail. Verify if the author detail for the book is available in the AUTHOR
table. If not, make an entry in the AUTHOR table.
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b. riEnter
B n-t an cart detail for the book details that you just entered in 7(a).
no

8. Create a report that contains each customer’s history of purchasing books. Be sure to
include the customer name, customer ID, book ID, date of purchase, and shopping cart ID.
Save the commands that generate the report in a script file named lab_apcs_8.sql.
Note: Your results may be different.
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Solution 1-2
Overview
The solution to Practice 1-2 is given as follows.
Tasks
1. Table Details
a. AUTHOR
CREATE TABLE AUTHOR
(
Author_ID VARCHAR2 (10) NOT NULL ,
Author_Name VARCHAR2 (20)
)
;
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COMMENT ON TABLE AUTHOR IS 'Author'
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t a m his S
ALTER TABLE AUTHOR
h g au se t
i j
ADD CONSTRAINT AUTHOR_PK
r t o u KEY (Author_ID);
es e PRIMARY
i (b ens
b. BOOKS
u t am e lic
G
CREATE
r bl
aTABLEaBOOKS
h sfe
i jes(Book_ID
B n-tran VARCHAR2 (10) NOT NULL ,
r
no Book_Name VARCHAR2 (50) ,
Author_ID VARCHAR2 (10) NOT NULL ,
Price NUMBER (10) ,
Publisher_ID VARCHAR2 (10) NOT NULL
)
;
COMMENT ON TABLE BOOKS IS 'Books'

;
ALTER TABLE BOOKS

ADD CONSTRAINT books_PK PRIMARY KEY ( Book_ID );

c. CUSTOMER
CREATE TABLE CUSTOMER
(
Customer_ID VARCHAR2 (6) NOT NULL ,
Customer_Name VARCHAR2 (40) ,
Street_Address VARCHAR2 (50) ,

City VARCHAR2 (25) ,
Phone_Number VARCHAR2 (15) ,
Credit_Card_Number VARCHAR2 (20) NOT NULL
)
;
COMMENT ON TABLE CUSTOMER IS 'Customer'

;
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ALTER TABLE CUSTOMER
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o
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ADD CONSTRAINT Customer_PK PRIMARY KEY ( Customer_ID
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d. CREDIT_CARD_DETAILS t a m his S
h g au se t
es e to u
CREATE TABLE CREDIT_CARD_DETAILS
r i j
(b eVARCHAR2
(
i n s
a m
Credit_Card_Number
l i c (20) NOT NULL ,
a ut ble VARCHAR2 (10) ,

Credit_Card_Type
h G era DATE
Expiry_Date
r i je ) ransf
s
B ; n-t
no
COMMENT ON TABLE CREDIT_CARD_DETAILS IS 'Credit Card Details'
;
ALTER TABLE CREDIT_CARD_DETAILS

ADD CONSTRAINT Credit_Card_Details_PK PRIMARY KEY (
Credit_Card_Number) ;

e. ORDER_DETAILS
CREATE TABLE ORDER_DETAILS
(
Order_ID VARCHAR2 (6) NOT NULL ,
Shipping_Type VARCHAR2 (10) NOT NULL ,

Date_of_Purchase DATE ,
Shopping_Cart_ID varchar2(6) NOT NULL
)
;
COMMENT ON TABLE ORDER_DETAILS IS 'Order Details'

;
ALTER TABLE ORDER_DETAILS
ADD CONSTRAINT ORDER_DETAILS_PK PRIMARY KEY (Order_ID ) ;
s a
f. PUBLISHER
) h a
CREATE TABLE PUBLISHER o m
c uideฺ
( i l
a tG ฺ
Publisher_ID VARCHAR2 (10) NOT NULLg,m
Publisher_Name VARCHAR2 (50) i57
@ tuden
t a m his S
au se t
)
;
h g
r i j es e to u
i (b ens
u t am e lic
a TABLE
COMMENTGON a l
bPUBLISHER
h e r IS 'Publisher'
r ;jes
i a n sf
B n-tr
no
ALTER TABLE PUBLISHER
ADD CONSTRAINT PUBLISHER_PK PRIMARY KEY ( Publisher_ID) ;

g. PURCHASE_HISTORY
CREATE TABLE PURCHASE_HISTORY
(
Order_ID VARCHAR2 (6) NOT NULL
)
;
COMMENT ON TABLE PURCHASE_HISTORY IS 'Purchase History'

;
h. SHIPPING_TYPE
CREATE TABLE SHIPPING_TYPE
( s a
Shipping_Type VARCHAR2 (10) NOT NULL ,
a
)h ฺ
o m
ilฺc Guide
Shipping_Price NUMBER (6)
a
gm ent
)
;
5 7 @ t ud
i S
COMMENT ON TABLE SHIPPING_TYPEutIS am'Shipping
t h is Type'
h a
g use
;
s
( b rije se to
m i cen
ALTER TABLE SHIPPING_TYPE
u t a
l e li
) ; a
ADD CONSTRAINT
G era b
SHIPPING_TYPE_PK PRIMARY KEY ( Shipping_Type
h
r i je ransf
s
B n-t
no

i. SHOPPING _CART
CREATE TABLE SHOPPING_CART
(
Shopping_Cart_ID VARCHAR2 (6) NOT NULL ,
Book_ID VARCHAR2 (10) NOT NULL ,
Price NUMBER (10) ,

Shopping_cart_Date DATE ,
Quantity NUMBER (6)
)
;
COMMENT ON TABLE SHOPPING_CART IS 'Shopping Cart'

;
ALTER TABLE SHOPPING_CART

s a
ADD CONSTRAINT SHOPPING_CART_PK PRIMARY KEY (SHOPPING_CART_ID)
; ) h a
m
c uideฺ
o
i l ฺ
2. maCreated
Adding Additional Referential Integrity Constraints to the Table
g n t G
5 7 @ tude
a. Include a Foreign Key constraint in the BOOKSm i
table. S
t a h i s
h g au se t
ALTER TABLE BOOKS
i j e s to u
( r
ADD CONSTRAINT bBOOKS_AUTHOR_FK
s e FOREIGN KEY
i e n
(
u t am e lic
a abl
Author_ID
G
es h sfer
)
j
Bri n-REFERENCES
t( ran AUTHOR
no Author_ID
)
;
ALTER TABLE BOOKS

ADD CONSTRAINT BOOKS_PUBLISHER_FK FOREIGN KEY
(
Publisher_ID
)
REFERENCES PUBLISHER
(
Publisher_ID
);

b. Include a Foreign Key constraint in the ORDER_DETAILS table.

ADD CONSTRAINT Order_ID_FK FOREIGN KEY

(
Customer_ID
)
REFERENCES CUSTOMER
(
Customer_ID
)
;
s a
h a
ADD CONSTRAINT FK_Order_details FOREIGN KEY ฺco
m) eฺ
a il Guid
(
@ gm ent
Shipping_Type
i 5 7
S t ud
)
REFERENCES SHIPPING_TYPE uta
m his
h g a se t
(
Shipping_Type brij
es e to u
) m i ( cens
; a uta ble li
h G era
r i je ransf
s
B ALTERn -t TABLE ORDER_DETAILS
o
n ADD CONSTRAINT Order_Details_fk FOREIGN KEY
(
Shopping_Cart_ID
)
REFERENCES SHOPPING_CART
(
Shopping_Cart_ID
)
;

c. Include a Foreign Key constraint in the PURCHASE_HISTORY table.
ALTER TABLE PURCHASE_HISTORY

ADD CONSTRAINT Pur_Hist_ORDER_DETAILS_FK FOREIGN KEY
(
Order_ID
)
REFERENCES ORDER_DETAILS
(
Order_ID
)
;
ALTER TABLE PURCHASE_ HISTORY
ADD CONSTRAINT Purchase_History_CUSTOMER_FK FOREIGN KEY
(
s a
Customer_ID
) h a
)
o m
c uideฺ
REFERENCES CUSTOMER i l ฺ
( g ma nt G
Customer_ID
i 5 7@ tude
) ;
t a m his S
h g au se t
d. Include a Foreign Key constraint
r i j t ou
esin thee SHOPPING_CART table.
i (b ens
am e lic
ALTER TABLE tSHOPPING_CART
u
a abl SHOPPING_CART_BOOKS_FK FOREIGN KEY
ADDGCONSTRAINT
es h( sfer
j
Bri n-tBook_ID
ran
no )
REFERENCES BOOKS
(
Book_ID
)
;

3. Verify that the tables were created properly by checking in the Connections Navigator in
SQL Developer. In the Connections Navigator, expand Connections > myconnection >
Tables.
4. Create a sequence to uniquely identify each row in the ORDER DETAILS table.
a. Start with 100; do not allow caching of the values. Name the sequence ORDER_ID_SEQ.
CREATE SEQUENCE order_id_seq
START WITH 100
NOCACHE;
b. Verify the existence of the sequences in the Connections Navigator in SQL Developer.
In the Connections Navigator, assuming that the myconnection node is expanded,
expand Sequences.
Alternatively, you can also query the user_sequences data dictionary view:
SELECT * FROM user_sequences;
s a
) h a
5. Add data to the tables.
o m
c uideฺ
a. AUTHOR Table i l
a tG ฺ
g m
Author_ID @
Author_Name
7 u d en
AN0001
a m
Oliver
i s St
i5Goldsmith
AN0002
g a ut Oscar
e h
tWilde
s s
h o uGeorge
AN0003 j
ri se e t Bernard Shaw
AN0004 (
i cenb Leo Tolstoy
t a m l i
AN0005 au le Percy Shelley
G a b
s
AN0006
e h sfer Lord Byron
r i j n
B AN0007 n - tra John Keats
o
nAN0008 Rudyard Kipling
AN0009 P. G. Wodehouse

b. PUBLISHER Table
Publisher_ID Publisher_Name
PN0001 Elsevier
PN0002 Penguin Group

PN0003 Pearson Education
PN0004 Cambridge University Press
PN0005 Dorling Kindersley
s a
) h a
m
c uideฺ
o
i l ฺ
g ma nt G
7@ tude
c. SHIPPING _TYPE
i 5
m his S
t a
Shipping_Type
h g au Shipping_Price
s e t
USPS
r i j es e to u200
FedEx i (b ens 250
m
DHL
a uta ble lic 150
h G era
r i je ransf
s
B n-t
no

d. CUSTOMER
Customer Customer _Name Street City Phone Credit _Card

_ ID _Address _number _Number
CN0001 VelasquezCarmen 283 King Seattle 587-99-6666 000-111-222-333
Street
CN0002 Ngao LaDoris 5 Modrany Bratislav 586-355-8882 000-111-222-444
a
CN0003 Nagayama Midori 68 Via Sao 254-852-5764 000-111-222-555
Centrale Paolo
CN0004 Quick-To-See 6921 King Way Lagos 63-559-777 000-111-222-666
Mark
CN0005 Ropeburn Audry 86 Chu Street Hong 41-559-87 000-111-222-777
Kong
CN0006 Urguhart Molly 3035 Laurier
s a
Quebec 418-542-9988 000-111-222-888
Blvd.
) h a
CN0007 Menchu Roberta Boulevard de Brussels 322-504-2228m eฺ
co uid000-111-222-999
Waterloo 41 i
a tGl ฺ
g m
CN0008 Biri Ben 398 High St.
7 @ u d en
Columbu 614-455-9863 000-111-222-222
m i5s
S t
CN0009 Catchpole 88 Alfred a th i s
utSt. e Brisbane 616-399-1411 000-111-222-111
Antoinette g a
h o us
j e s
( b ri se t
m i cen
a ut ble li
a
h G era
r i je ransf
s
B n-t
no

e. CREDIT_CARD_DETAILS
Credit _Card_ Number Credit _Card _Type Expiry _Date

000-111-222-333 VISA 17-JUN-2009
000-111-222-444 MasterCard 24-SEP-2005

000-111-222-555 AMEX 11-JUL-2006
000-111-222-666 VISA 22-OCT-2008
000-111-222-777 AMEX 26-AUG-2000
000-111-222-888 MasterCard 15-MAR-2008
000-111-222-999 VISA 4-AUG-2009
000-111-222-111 Maestro 27-SEP-2001
000-111-222-222 AMEX 9-AUG-2004
s a
)h ฺa
o m
a ilฺc Guide
@ gm ent
i 5 7
S t ud
u t am this
h g a se
r i j es e to u
i (b ens
u t am e lic
G a abl
s
f. BOOKS
e h sfer
j
BriBook
n - t
_IDr an Book _Name Author _ID Price Publisher _ID
o
nBN0001 Florentine Tragedy AN0002 150 PN0002
BN0002 A Vision AN0002 100 PN0003
BN0003 Citizen of the World AN0001 100 PN0001
BN0004 The Complete Poetical AN0001 300 PN0001

Works of Oliver
Goldsmith
BN0005 Androcles and the Lion AN0003 90 PN0004
BN0006 An Unsocial Socialist AN0003 80 PN0004

BN0007 A Thing of Beauty is a AN0007 100 PN0002

Joy Forever
BN0008 Beyond the Pale AN0008 75 PN0005

BN0009 The Clicking of AN0009 175 PN0005

Cuthbert
BN00010 Bride of Frankenstein AN0006 200 PN0001
BN00011 Shelley's Poetry and AN0005 150 PN0003

Prose
BN00012 War and Peace

sAN0004 150 PN0002 a
) h a
m
c uideฺ
o
i l ฺ
g ma nt G
i 5 7@ tude
t a m his S
h g au se t
r i j es e to u
i (b ens
u t am e lic
G a abl
es h sfer
j
Bri n-tran
no
g. SHOPPING_CART
Shopping _Cart Book _ID Price Shopping _Cart Quantity
_ID _Date
SC0001 BN0002 200 12-JUN-2001 10
SC0002 BN0003 90 31-JUL-2004 8
SC0003 BN0003 175 28-JUN-2005 7
SC0004 BN0001 80 14-AUG-2006 9
SC0005 BN0001 175 21-SEP-2006 4
SC0006 BN0004 100 11-AUG-2007 6
SC0007 BN0005 200 28-OCT-2007 5

SC0008 BN0006 100 25-NOV-2009 7

SC0009 BN0006 150 18-SPET-2009 8
s a
h. ORDER _DETAILS a
) h _Cart
Order _ID Customer Shipping_
c o m
Date _of _Purchase Shopping
e ฺ _ID
_ID Type ฺ
ail t Gu i d
OD0001 CN0001 USPS g
12-JUN-2001 m nSC0002
@ d e
OD0002 CN0002 USPS i57 Stu SC0005
28-JUN-2005
m
OD0003 CN0003
a this
FedEx ut 31-JUL-2004 SC0007
h g a s e
OD0004 CN0004
i j s to u14-AUG-2006
eFedEx SC0004
r
(b FedEx se
OD0005 CN0005
m i e n 21-SEP-2006 SC0003
OD0006
a ta le licDHL
uCN0006 28-OCT-2007 SC0001
G CN0007 ra b
es h
OD0007
s f e DHL 11-AUG-2007 SC0006
j
BriOD0008
n - t r an CN0008 DHL 18-SEP-2009 SC0008
o
nOD0009 CN0009 USPS 25-NOV-2009 SC0009

i. PURCHASE_HISTORY
Customer _ID Order _ID
CN0001 OD0001
CN0003 OD0002
CN0004 OD0005
CN0009 OD0007
6. Create a view named CUSTOMER_DETAILS to show the Customer Name, Customer

s
Address, and the details of the order placed by the customer. Order the results by Customer a
ID. ) h a
m
c uideฺ
o
CREATE VIEW customer_details AS
i l ฺ
ao.order_id,
SELECT c.customer_name, c.street_address,
g m n t G
i 5 7@ tude
o.customer_id, o.shipping_type, o.date_of_purchase,
m his oS
o.shopping_cart_id
FROM t
u et a
customer c JOIN order_details
c.customer_idh=ga
ON
j e s t o us
o.customer_id;
i
SELECT * i (br ense
FROM u t am e lic
customer_details
G
ORDER BY r a bl
acustomer_id;
h
r i jes ransfe
B n-t
no

7. Make changes to the data in the tables.

a. Add a new book detail. Verify if the author detail for the book is available in the AUTHOR
table. If not, make an entry in the AUTHOR table.
INSERT INTO books(book_id, book_name, author_id, price,
publisher_id)
VALUES ('BN0013','Two States','AN0009','150','PN0005');
s a
)h ฺ a
o m
a ilฺc Guide
@ gm ent
i57 that S d
tujust
b. Enter a shopping cart detail for the bookmdetails you entered in 7(a).
t a h i s
h g au se t
r i j es e to u
INSERT INTO shopping_cart(shopping_cart_id, book_id, price,
( b
i cen
Shopping_cart_date,quantity) s
m
ut ble li
a
VALUES ('SC0010','BN0013','200',TO_DATE('12-JUN-2006','DD-MON-
YYYY'),'12');a
h G era
r i je ransf
s
8. B anreport
Create -tcustomer
that contains each customer’s history of purchasing books. Be sure to
include
n o the name, customer ID, book ID, date of purchase, and shopping cart ID.
Save the commands that generate the report in a script file named lab_apcs_8.sql.
Note: Your results may be different.
SELECT c.customer_name CUSTOMER, c.customer_id,

s.shopping_cart_id, s.book_id,o.date_of_purchase
FROM customer c
JOIN order_details o
ON o.customer_id=c.customer_id
JOIN shopping_cart s
ON o.shopping_cart_id=s.shopping_cart_id;

s a
) h a
m
c uideฺ
o
i l ฺ
g ma nt G
i 5 7@ tude
t a m his S
h g au se t
r i j es e to u
i (b ens
u t am e lic
G a abl
es h sfer
j
Bri n-tran
no


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Oracle Database 12c: SQL Workshop I Table of Contents

Practices for Lesson 1............................................................................................................................. 12-2

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Oracle Database 12c: SQL Workshop I Table of Contents

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Practices for Lesson 1: Introduction

Practices for Lesson 1: Overview

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Practices for Lesson 1: Introduction

Practice 1-1: Introduction

In this practice, you perform the following:

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Practices for Lesson 1: Introduction

Solution 1-1: Introduction

The SQL Developer Interface appears.

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Practices for Lesson 1: Introduction

The New / Select Database Connection dialog box appears.

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Practices for Lesson 1: Introduction

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Practices for Lesson 1: Introduction

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Practices for Lesson 1: Introduction

b. Browse the structure of the EMPLOYEES table.

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Practices for Lesson 1: Introduction

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Practices for Lesson 2: Overview

• Describing the structure of tables

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Practice 2-1: Retrieving Data Using the SQL SELECT Statement

2. The following SELECT statement executes successfully:

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in the same worksheet. Open a new worksheet.

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Solution 2-1: Retrieving Data Using the SQL SELECT Statement

SELECT last_name, job_id, salary AS Sal

2. The following SELECT statement executes successfully:

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If you want an extra challenge, complete the following exercise:

SELECT employee_id || ',' || first_name || ',' || last_name

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Practices for Lesson 3: Restricting and Sorting Data

Practices for Lesson 3: Overview

• Restricting rows by using the WHERE clause

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Practices for Lesson 3: Restricting and Sorting Data

Practice 3-1: Restricting and Sorting Data

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Practices for Lesson 3: Restricting and Sorting Data

5. Display the last name and department ID of all employees in departments 20 or 50 in

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Practices for Lesson 3: Restricting and Sorting Data