Navigationsystembyusinggisandgps 130712052326 Phpapp01 PDF

INTERNATIONAL
International JOURNAL
Journal of Electronics OF ELECTRONICS
and Communication Engineering & Technology AND (IJECET),
ISSN 0976 – 6464(Print), ISSN 0976 – 6472(Online) Volume 4, Issue 3, May – June (2013), © IAEME
COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY (IJECET)
ISSN 0976 – 6464(Print)

ISSN 0976 – 6472(Online)
IJECET
Volume 4, Issue 3, May – June, 2013, pp. 232-243
© IAEME: www.iaeme.com/ijecet.asp ©IAEME
Journal Impact Factor (2013): 5.8896 (Calculated by GISI)
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NAVIGATION SYSTEM BY USING GIS AND GPS
DeepeshNamdev1, Monika Mehra2, Prerna Sahariya3, Rajeshwaree Parashar4,

Shikha singhal5
1
( HOD cum Associate Professor (E&C, EE), Gurukul Institute of Engg. & Technology,
Kota(Raj), India)
2
(M.Tech Student, Gurukul Institute of Engg. & Technology, Kota(Raj), India)
3
4
(M.Tech Student,Gurukul Institute of Engg. & Technology, Kota(Raj), India)
5
ABSTRACT
Navigation is a field of study that focuses on the process of monitoring and

controlling the movement of a craft or vehicle from one place to another. The field of
navigation includes four general categories: land navigation, marine navigation, aeronautic
navigation, and space navigation.It is also the term of art used for the specialized knowledge
used by navigators to perform navigation tasks. All navigational techniques involve locating
the navigator's position compared to known locations or patterns
Keywords – ERDAS, GIS, GPS, Navigation System, and Space Segments.
I. INTRODUCTION
A navigation system is a (usually electronic) system that aids in navigation.

Navigation systems may be entirely on board a vehicle or vessel, or they may be located
elsewhere and communicate via radio or other signals with a vehicle or vessel, or they may
use a combination of these methods.
Navigation systems may be capable of:
• containing maps, which may be displayed in human readable format via text or in a
graphical format.
• determining a vehicle or vessel's location via sensors, maps, or information from
external sources.
232
International Journal of Electronics and Communication Engineering & Technology (IJECET),
• providing suggested directions to a human in charge of a vehicle or vessel via text or

speech.
• providing directions directly to an autonomous vehicle such as a robotic probe or
guided missile.
1 .VEHICLE NAVIGATION SYSTEM
The traditional vehicle navigation system is an isolated system,which can not meet
the demanding of public traveling and traffic manage. Real-time traffic information is
one of the most important applications for the driver and essential feature of the vehicle
navigation system. Now today most of the former navigation systems are developed based
on static data instead of real-time or dynamic traffic information. In this paper, it gives the
framework of vehicle navigation system based real-time traffic information, discusses spatial
and temporal characteristic of real time navigation data and gets the real-time navigation data
model in GIS-T, and successfully deploys it, which receives traffic information from the
terrestrial digital multimedia broadcasting (T- DMB) system.It is a satellite navigation system
designed for use in automobiles. It typically uses a GPS navigation device to acquire position
data to locate the user on a road in the unit's map database. Using the road database, the unit
can give directions to other locations along roads also in its database.
Fig.1 : navigation system in car
233
Fig.2: map formats
Navigation with Gosmore, an open source routing software, on a personal navigation

assistant with free map data from Open Street Map. Formats are almost uniformly
proprietary; there is no industry standard for satellite navigation maps, although some
companies are currently trying to address this with SDAL and NDS PSF. The map data
vendors such as Navteq create the base map in a standard format GDF, but each electronics
manufacturer compiles it in an optimized, usually proprietary format. GDF is not a CD
standard for car navigation systems. GDF is used and converted onto the CD-ROM in the
internal format of the Navigation.
234
2. TYPES OF NAVIGATION SYSTEM

2.1 MODERN NAVIGATION SYSTEM
Illustration Description Application
Dead reckoning or DR, in which one Used at all times.
advances a prior position using the ship's
course and speed. The new position is called
a DR position. It is generally accepted that
only course and speed determine the DR
position. Correcting the DR position for
leeway, current effects,and steering error
result in an estimated position or EP.
Pilotage involves navigating in restricted Whenwithin sight of land
waters with frequent determination of
position relative to geographic and
hydrographic features.
Celestial navigation involves reducing Usedprimarily as a backup to

celestial measurements to lines of position satelliteand otherelectronic
using tables, spherical trigonometry, and systemsthe open ocean.
almanacs.
Table 1
2.2 ELECTRONIC NAVIGATION SYSTEM

Illustration Description Application
Radio navigation uses radio waves to Losing ground to GPS.
determine position by either radio
direction finding systems or hyperbolic
systems, such as Decca, Omega and
LORAN-C
Radar navigation uses radar to determine Primarily when within radar

the distance from or bearing of objects range of land.
whose position is known. This process is
separate from radar’s use as a collision
avoidance system.
Satellite navigation uses artificial earth Used in all situations.

satellite system,such as GPS, to
determine position.
Table 2
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3 .GLOBAL POSITIONING SYSTEM
The Global Positioning System (GPS) is a space-based satellite navigation system that
provides location and time information in all weather conditions, anywhere on or near the
Earth where there is an unobstructed line of sight to four or more GPS satellites. The system
provides critical capabilities to military, civil and commercial users around the world. It is
maintained by the United States government and is freely accessible to anyone with a GPS
receiver.
3.1 Basic concept of GPS
A GPS receiver calculates its position by precisely timing the signals sent by GPS satellites
high above the Earth.
Each satellite continually transmits messages that include
• the time the message was transmitted
• satellite position at time of message transmission
The receiver uses the messages it receives to determine the transit time of each
message and computes the distance to each satellite using the speed of light. Each of these
distances and satellites locations define a sphere. The receiver is on the surface of each of
these spheres when the distances and the satellites' locations are correct. These distances and
satellites' locations are used to compute the location of the receiver using the navigation
equations. This location is then displayed, perhaps with a moving map display or latitude and
longitude; elevation information may be included. Many GPS units show derived information
such as direction and speed, calculated from position changes.
In typical GPS operation, four or more satellites must be visible to obtain an accurate
result. Four sphere surfaces typically do not intersect. Because of this we can say with
confidence that when we solve the navigation equations to find an intersection, this solution
gives us the position of the receiver along with accurate time thereby eliminating the need for
a very large, expensive, and power hungry clock. The very accurately computed time is used
only for display or not at all in many GPS applications, which use only the location. A
number of applications for GPS do make use of this cheap and highly accurate timing. These
include time transfer, traffic signal timing, and synchronization of cell phone base stations.
Although four satellites are required for normal operation, fewer apply in special cases. If one
variable is already known, a receiver can determine its position using only three satellites. For
example, a ship or aircraft may have known elevation. Some GPS receivers may use
additional clues or assumptions such as reusing the last known altitude, dead reckoning,
inertial navigation, or including information from the vehicle computer, to give a (possibly
degraded) position when fewer than four satellites are visible. The current GPS consists of
three major segments. These are the space segment (SS), a control segment (CS), and a user
segment (US). The U.S. Air Force develops, maintains, and operates the space and control
segments. GPS satellites broadcast signals from space, and each GPS receiver uses these
signals to calculate its three-dimensional location (latitude, longitude, and altitude) and the
current time.
The space segment is composed of 24 to 32 satellites in medium Earth orbit and also
includes the payload adapters to the boosters required to launch them into orbit. The control
segment is composed of a master control station, an alternate master control station, and a
host of dedicated and shared ground antennas and monitor stations. The user segment is
composed of hundreds of thousands of U.S. and allied military users of the secure GPS
236
Precise Positioning Service, and tens of millions of civil, commercial, and scient
scientific users of
the Standard Positioning Service (GPS
( navigation devices).
3.2 Space Segment
Fig.3 gps constellation
A visual example of the GPS constellation in motion with the Earth rotating. Notice
how the number of satellites in view from a given point on the Earth's surface, in this
example at 45°N, changes with time.
The space segment (SS) is composed of the orbiting GPS satellites, or Space Vehicles
(SV) in GPS parlance. The GPS design originally called for 24 SVs, eight each in three
approximately circular orbits,, but this was modified to six orbital planes with four satellites
each.The orbits are centereded on the Earth, not rotating with the Earth, but instead fixed with
respect to the distant stars. The six orbit planes have approximately 55° inclination (tilt
relative to Earth's equator)) and are separated by 60° right ascension of the ascending node
(angle along the equator from a reference point to the orbit's intersection). The orbital period
is one-half
half a sidereal day, i.e., 11 hours and 58 minutes. The orbits are arranged so that at
least six satellites are always
lways within line of sight from almost everywhere on Earth's surface.
The result of this objective is that the four satellites are not evenly spaced (90 ddegrees) apart
within each orbit. In general terms, the angular difference between satellites in each orbit is
30, 105, 120, and 105 degrees apart which, of course, sum to 360 degrees.
Orbiting at an altitude of approximately 20,200 km (12,600 mi); orbital radius of
approximately 26,600 km (16,500 mi), each SV makes two complete orbits each sidereal day,
repeating thee same ground track each day.This was very helpful during development because
even with only four satellites, correct alignment means all four are visible from one spot for a
few hours each day. For military operations, the ground track repeat can be used to ensure
good coverage in combat zones.
237
As of December 2012, there are 32 satellites in the GPS constellation. The additional
satellites improve the precision of GPS receiver calculations by providing redundant
measurements. With the increased number of satellites, the constellation was changed to a
nonuniform arrangement. Such an arrangement was shown to improve reliability and
availability of the system, relative to a uniform system, when multiple satellites fail. About
nine satellites are visible from any point on the ground at any one time (see animation at
right), ensuring considerable redundancy over the minimum four satellites needed for a
position.
3.3 Control Segment
Fig..4:-Ground monitor station used from 1984 to 2007, on display at the Air Force Space &
Missile Museum
The control segment is composed of

1. a master control station (MCS)
2. an alternate master control station
3. four dedicated ground antennas and
4. six dedicated monitor stations
The MCS can also access U.S. Air Force Satellite Control Network (AFSCN) ground
antennas (for additional command and control capability) and NGA (National Geospatial-
Intelligence Agency) monitor stations. The flight paths of the satellites are tracked by
dedicated U.S. Air Force monitoring stations in Hawaii, Kwajalein, Ascension Island, Diego
Garcia, Colorado Springs, Colorado and Cape Canaveral, along with shared NGA monitor
stations operated in England, Argentina, Ecuador, Bahrain, Australia and Washington DC.
The tracking information is sent to the Air Force Space Command MCS at Schriever Air
Force Base 25 km (16 mi) ESE of Colorado Springs, which is operated by the 2nd Space
238
Operations Squadron (2 SOPS) of the U.S. Air Force. Then 2 SOPS contacts each GPS
satellite regularly with a navigational update using dedicated or shared (AFSCN) ground
antennas (GPS dedicated ground antennas are located at Kwajalein, Ascension Island, Diego
Garcia, and Cape Canaveral). These updates synchronize the atomic clocks on board the
satellites to within a few nanoseconds of each other, and adjust the ephemeris of each
satellite's internal orbital model. The updates are created by a Kalman filter that uses inputs
from the ground monitoring stations, space weather information, and various other
inputs.Satellite maneuvers are not precise by GPS standards. So to change the orbit of a
satellite, the satellite must be marked unhealthy, so receivers will not use it in their
calculation. Then the maneuver can be carried out, and the resulting orbit tracked from the
ground. Then the new ephemeris is uploaded and the satellite marked healthy again.The
Operation Control Segment (OCS) currently serves as the control segment of record. It
provides the operational capability that supports global GPS users and keeps the GPS system
operational and performing within specification.OCS successfully replaced the legacy
1970’s-era mainframe computer at Schriever Air Force Base in September 2007. After
installation, the system helped enable upgrades and provide a foundation for a new security
architecture that supported the U.S. armed forces. OCS will continue to be the ground control
system of record until the new segment, Next Generation GPS Operation Control System
(OCX), is fully developed and functional.
The new capabilities provided by OCX will be the cornerstone for revolutionizing
GPS’s mission capabilities, and enabling Air Force Space Command to greatly enhance GPS
operational services to U.S. combat forces, civil partners and myriad of domestic and
international users.The GPS OCX program also will reduce cost, schedule and technical risk.
It is designed to provide 50% sustainment cost savings through efficient software architecture
and Performance-Based Logistics. In addition, GPS OCX expected to cost millions less than
the cost to upgrade OCS while providing four times the capability.
The GPS OCX program represents a critical part of GPS modernization and provides
significant information assurance improvements over the current GPS OCS program.
• OCX will have the ability to control and manage GPS legacy satellites as well as the
next generation of GPS III satellites, while enabling the full array of military signals.
• Built on a flexible architecture that can rapidly adapt to the changing needs of today’s
and future GPS users allowing immediate access to GPS data and constellations status
through secure, accurate and reliable information.
• Enables new modernized signals (L1C, L2C, and L5) and has M-code capability,
which the legacy system is unable to do.
• Provides significant information assurance improvements over the current program
including detecting and preventing cyber attacks, while isolating, containing and
operating during such attacks.
4. GIS (GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEMS)
Geographic Information Systems are computer based tools for mapping and analysing
features and events on earth. GIS technology integrates common database operations such as
query and statistical analysis with the unique visualisation and geographic analysis benefits
offered by maps”
239
Fig. No.5: GIS users
Importance of GIS in Navigation System is that we can create maps and by using GCP’s
(ground control point) create rectified map.[1]
5. REMOTE SENSING
Taking a closer look from a distance is the concept behind remote sensing, broadly
defined as a method of obtaining information about properties of an object without coming
into physical contact with that object. [2]
A more specific definition of remote sensing relates to studying the environment from
a distance using techniques such as satellite imaging, aerial photography, and radar. While
the majority of remote sensing technologies utilize electromagnetic radiation for
measurements, other methods use seismic waves or acoustics. Sonar (sound navigation and
ranging) technology is used to collect measurements from the sea floor by collecting point or
raster data derived from the strength and time of the acoustic return. The National Oceanic
and Atmospheric Association (NOAA) uses single and multibeam sonar for numerous
applications like mapping seafloor geology, field verifying other remotely sensed data sets,
navigation, disaster recovery and salvage, and habitat studies, among other uses. [3]
The beginnings of remote sensing technology are based in photography. The first aerial
images of the earth were captured using cameras attached to balloons and kites in the mid-
nineteenth century. During World War I aerial views captured by cameras mounted on
airplanes were used for military reconnaissance. This method of aerial photography became
the standard for depicting the earth’s surface from a vertical (looking straight down) or
oblique (at various angles, generally less than 45°) perspective from that time until the 1960s.
[4]
240
[5]
Fig No.6: Geometric Transformation
241
Satellites developed by Russian and American space programs expanded the field of
vision in the 1960s by obtaining views from beyond Earth’s atmosphere. Landstat, Nimbus, ERS,
RADARSAT and UARS are satellite programs used for earth observation. Images collected by
NASA’s Landsat satellite program, first launched in 1972, are used to monitor a number of
environmental factors including water quality, glacier recession, sea ice movement, invasive
species encroachment, coral reef health, land use change, deforestation rates and population
growth. Satellite imagery is also used to help assess damage from natural disasters such as fires,
floods, and tsunamis, and subsequently, plan disaster relief and flood control programs. [6]
Remote sensing methods are used to gain a better understanding of the Earth and its
functions. A Global Earth Observation System of Systems (GEOSS) is being developed to
connect earth observation systems around the world. A comprehensive and coordinated system of
earth observations could lead to better management of environmental data and could fulfill
numerous societal benefits including:
• Reducing loss of life and property from natural and human-induced disasters.
• Understanding environmental factors affecting human health and well-being.
• Improving management of energy resources.
• Understanding, assessing, predicting, mitigating, and adapting to climate variability and
change.
• Improving water resource management through better understanding of the water cycle.
• Improving weather information, forecasting and warning.
• Improving the management and protection of terrestrial, coastal and marine ecosystems.
• . Understanding, monitoring and conserving biodiversity. [7]
The Global Earth Observation System of Systems (GEOSS) 10-Year Implementation
Plan encourages the adoption of international standards to achieve interoperability among diverse
systems. IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Society has identified the need to create
standards for standards for collecting, processing, storing, and disseminating shared metadata,
data, and derived products. [8]
6. CONCLUSION
The technology of the Global Positioning System is allowing for huge changes in society.
The applications using GPS are constantly growing. The cost of the receivers is dropping while at
the same time the accuracy of the system is improving. This affects everyone with things such as
faster Internet speed and safer plane landings. Even though the system was originally developed
for military purposes, civil sales now exceed military sales (See Figure below).
Fig. 5 Graph of GPS

Remote sensing provides a cost-effective method for mapping and monitoring broad
areas, and has the advantage that the spread of diseases such as dieback is not enhanced by
remote monitoring. Archived data can be used to monitor how areas have changed through time.
242
REFERENCES
[1] Deepesh Namdev, S.Mangal, M.Singh,Image Processing with GIS and

ERDAS,Lambert Academic Publication, Germany,June- 2012.
[2] Bichlien Hoang American Meteorology Society “Glossary of Meteorology.”
[3] NOAA Coastal Services Center“Remote Sensing for Coastal Management.”
[4] NASA. “The Remote Sensing Tutorial.”
[5] James B.Campbell, Introduction to Remote Sensing, The Guilford Press Fourth
Edition, 2007
[6] NASA. “The Numbers Behind Landsat.”
[7] GEO-Group on Earth Observations “Societal Benefits”.
[8] Ashley Caudill IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Society. “GEOSS Standards”.
[9] Seema vora, Prof.Mukesh Tiwari and Prof.Jaikaran Singh, “GSM Based Remote
Monitoring of Waste Gas at Locally Monitored GUI with the Implementation of
Modbus Protocol and Location Identification Through GPS”, International Journal of
Advanced Research in Engineering & Technology (IJARET), Volume 3, Issue 2, 2012,
pp. 52 - 59, ISSN Print: 0976-6480, ISSN Online: 0976-6499.
[10] Rahul T. Dahatonde and Shankar B. Deosarkar, “Design of Radiating-Edge Gap-
Coupled Broadband Microstrip Antenna for GPS Application”, International Journal of
Electronics and Communication Engineering & Technology (IJECET), Volume 3,
Issue 3, 2012, pp. 303 - 313, ISSN Print: 0976- 6464, ISSN Online: 0976 –6472.
243

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INTERNATIONAL

ISSN 0976 – 6464(Print)

NAVIGATION SYSTEM BY USING GIS AND GPS

DeepeshNamdev1, Monika Mehra2, Prerna Sahariya3, Rajeshwaree Parashar4,

Navigation is a field of study that focuses on the process of monitoring and

Keywords – ERDAS, GIS, GPS, Navigation System, and Space Segments.

A navigation system is a (usually electronic) system that aids in navigation.

• providing suggested directions to a human in charge of a vehicle or vessel via text or

1 .VEHICLE NAVIGATION SYSTEM

Fig.1 : navigation system in car

Fig.2: map formats

Navigation with Gosmore, an open source routing software, on a personal navigation

2. TYPES OF NAVIGATION SYSTEM

Celestial navigation involves reducing Usedprimarily as a backup to

2.2 ELECTRONIC NAVIGATION SYSTEM

Radar navigation uses radar to determine Primarily when within radar

Satellite navigation uses artificial earth Used in all situations.

3 .GLOBAL POSITIONING SYSTEM

3.1 Basic concept of GPS

3.2 Space Segment

Fig.3 gps constellation

3.3 Control Segment

The control segment is composed of

4. GIS (GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEMS)

Fig. No.5: GIS users

Fig. 5 Graph of GPS

[1] Deepesh Namdev, S.Mangal, M.Singh,Image Processing with GIS and

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