NZTA New Zealand Official Road Codes 2016-17

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Creating a safe road system
About signs
To create a road system where fewer people die or are seriously injured, we need to improve the safety of all parts of the system –
About driving roads and roadsides, speeds, vehicles, and road use. This is a job for all of us – for drivers and for everyone working in the
transport sector.
About limits
As a road user, you can contribute by choosing to:
About driver responsibility
buy the safest vehicle you can afford so it protects you and your loved ones in the event of a crash, and keep your
vehicle really well maintained
About your vehicle
travel on roads that are the safest and be aware of roadside hazards
About other road users travel at a safe speed for the road and conditions – such as the safety of your vehicle, the weather, other traffic on the
road, and your level of experience
About driver licences
give driving the respect and attention it deserves
About the practical driving tests think ahead and leave plenty of time for your journey – even short ones
share the road safely with others
Driving skills syllabus
stay sober and drug-free behind the wheel, and ensure others do the same.
Learner licence theory test questions
Meanwhile, the transport sector will work to ensure:
Restricted licence test guide
roads and roadsides are more predictable and forgiving of drivers’ mistakes, and encourage appropriate behaviour and
Full licence test guide safe speeds
speed limits suit individual roads and drivers understand safe speeds and drive to the conditions
vehicles help prevent crashes and protect people in crashes so they aren’t killed or seriously injured.
It will take 10 years or more to build this level of safety into the road system, and it will only happen if we all play our part. Please
do your bit for safer journeys on our roads.
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Last updated: 4 October 2012
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About signs
About signs
Main types of signs
Main types of signs
Vehicle-mounted signs
Most of the signs you will see on New Zealand roads are international symbolic signs. This means they use the same shapes and
symbols as traffic signs all over the world.
Symbolic signs are used because they are quick to read and easy for all drivers to understand.
New Zealand's signs are generally made of reflective material, making them easier to read at night.
The three types of sign
The signs on our roads can be divided into three types:
1. compulsory signs
2. warning signs
3. information signs
You must be able to recognise and understand each type of sign.
Some examples of these signs are shown on the following pages.
Note: the examples shown are only a small sample of the symbolic signs used on our roads. They are intended to familiarise you
with the three main types of symbolic sign rather than introduce you to all of the signs you will see when driving.
Important
Road authorities (for example, local councils) may have special rules for road users in specific areas. These restrictions
should be indicated by signs or markings.
Compulsory signs
Compulsory signs tell you what you must or must not do.
They are usually red or blue.
Turn right Keep going Keep left

straight ahead
You must not go You must not drive

faster than 50 km/h into this road
You must not You must not You must stop

turn left make a U-turn and then give way
You must slow down

(or stop, if necessary)
and give way School patrol – you
must stop
Some compulsory signs have red borders.
You must keep left

unless passing
Bus lane that can also
be used by cycles,
motorcycles, mopeds
Bus lane that can only Transit lane, which can only
be used by buses be used by passenger service
vehicles, cycles, motorcycles and
vehicles carrying at least the
number of people displayed
on the sign (eg T2 means two
or more people, T3 means
three or more people)
Warning signs
Warning signs alert you to a particular hazard on the road ahead. They warn you to be careful for your own safety, the safety of
other road users or the safety of road workers carrying out maintenance.
There are two types of warning signs:
1. those that warn you of a permanent hazard

2. those that warn you of a temporary hazard.
Both types of sign are usually diamond shaped.
Permanent warning signs
Permanent warning signs are yellow and black.
Pedestrian crossing Look out for children
Slippery surface Road narrows
Clearance height advance

warning
Temporary warning signs
Temporary warning signs are orange and black.

Roadworks Left lane closed Slips
Gravel surface Stop on request Other hazard
Note: this sign will always be displayed

with another sign explaining the
hazard, eg ‘Flooding’
Information signs
Information signs give you useful information, for example, the distance to the next town. They are all rectangular, but come in a
range of different colours and sizes.
You may turn left, but first Shows the state highway
give way to any pedestrians number and the distance in
and vehicles kilometres to places listed
Shows directions to places Shows the way to the nearest

at the next intersection information centre
Shows the state highway number

and direction to places listed
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Last updated: 14 November 2012

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About signs
About signs
Main types of signs
Vehicle mounted signs
Vehicle-mounted signs
When oversize vehicles or vehicles carrying very large loads use our roads, they must have special signs mounted on them. They
may also be accompanied by pilot vehicles to warn other road users to take care.
If you see one of these signs or pilot vehicles when you are driving, you should slow down. If the oversize vehicle or load is coming
towards you, you may need to pull over and stop to allow it to pass.
Oversize sign
The sign below will be displayed on the oversize vehicle itself. If you see this sign when driving, you should drive cautiously. The
vehicle may be very wide, long or high, or a combination of all three.
Oversize vehicle
Pilot vehicles
When a vehicle is carrying a large load, it may be accompanied by a pilot vehicle, with flashing yellow roof lights and a roof-
mounted sign, to warn other road users.
If the pilot vehicle is in front of the load, the sign will say either ‘Long load follows’ or ‘Wide load follows’.
If the pilot vehicle is behind the load, the sign will say either ‘Long load ahead’ or ‘Wide load ahead’.
Wide load follows
Extremely large loads
If a vehicle’s load is extremely large, two pilot vehicles will travel ahead of it.
The first pilot vehicle will have flashing yellow and purple roof lights and a roof-top sign that says ‘Danger slow down’.
The second pilot vehicle will have flashing yellow roof lights and a roof-top sign that says ‘Wide load follows’.
Danger slow down
Important
If you see an Oversize sign or a pilot vehicle with flashing lights, slow down and be prepared to pull over and stop.
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25/03/2018 The official New Zealand road code - About driving
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Roadcode home & contents

Introduction
Updates
Index
About driving
Key driving skills
Giving way
Stopping and parking
When conditions change
Hazards and emergencies
About driving
Key driving skills
Keeping left
In New Zealand, vehicles drive on the left-hand side of the road.
It is essential to keep left, because if you don't you are likely to cause a head-on crash. This is one of the
worst types of crash, as it almost always results in death or serious injury.
What is a road?
The legal definition of a road is very broad. It includes not only streets and highways, but also any place the
public has access to – including bridges, beaches, riverbeds, car parks, reserve lands, wharves and road
shoulders.
Because of this, you should apply road rules at all times when you're driving, even when you aren't on a
public road.
Keeping left on a laned road
Most roads in New Zealand have lanes marked on them with a white line or raised studs.
When driving on a laned road, it is important to drive your vehicle within your lane.
Where there are two or more lanes on your side of the centre line:
keep in the left-hand lane as much as you can

don't use the lane closest to the centre line if you will hold up other vehicles.
The lane closest to the centre line should only be used when:
http://www.nzta.govt.nz/resources/roadcode/about-driving/keeping-left/ 1/3
you want to pass another vehicle

you want to turn right
the left-hand lane is full with other traffic or is blocked.
Laned road
Keeping left on an unlaned road

An unlaned road is a road with no marked white lines or raised studs.
To stay well out of the way of oncoming vehicles, always keep as close as possible to the left side of the
road.
Unlaned road
Driving tip
When driving on an open road with a centre line, your driver's seat should normally be in the centre of your
half of the road (except when driving a left-hand drive vehicle).
Reduce your speed to stay in this position when driving around bends.
Keeping left on a curve
Keep well to the left when you are driving around a curve (a bend in the road), whether you are on a laned or
unlaned road.
This is particularly important because you can't always see what's around the corner. As well as other
vehicles coming the other way, there could be cyclists, horses, pedestrians or an object on your side of the
road.
Curves in the road
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Introduction
Updates
Index
About driving
Key driving skills
Giving way
About driving
Key driving skills
Giving signals
Signals enable you to tell other road users that you are changing your direction or position on the road.
Because of this, knowing when and how to give signals is a very important part of being a safe driver.
Drivers usually signal using their indicators. However, you may sometimes need to use hand signals, if your
indicators can't be seen.
When to give signals
You must signal for at least three seconds before you:
turn left or right

move towards the left or right (for example, when you pull back into the left lane after passing another
vehicle)
stop or slow down
move out:
from a parking space
to pass another vehicle
to change lanes.
Important
Don't assume that other drivers have seen your signals.
http://www.nzta.govt.nz/resources/roadcode/about-driving/giving-signals/ 1/3
Signalling when turning right
For information about signalling at roundabouts, see Giving way at roundabouts.
Using your indicators

Your indicators are usually flashing yellow lights on both sides of the front and rear of your vehicle. They
signal your intentions to other road users.
Use your left indicator when you are:
turning left
moving towards the left (for example, when you pull back into the left lane after passing another
vehicle or when returning to the kerb).
Signalling left
Use your right indicator when you are:
turning right
moving towards the right (for example, when moving out of a parking space).
Signalling right
Right-turn hand signal
Important
Don't just rely on the other driver's signal. Is the vehicle slowing down? Is the vehicle in the right place on
the road in relation to the signal?
Stopping
Your stop lights (the red lights at the back of your vehicle) let people behind you know that you're slowing
down or stopping. Stop lights come on automatically when you use the brake pedal (footbrake). Keep your
foot on the brake pedal to keep the brake light on to warn other drivers.
Stop lights
Stop or slowing hand signal
Tip: tapping the brake pedal will flash the stop lights to warn other drivers.
Hazard lights
When you turn on your hazard lights, both indicator lights flash at the same time as a warning to other road
users. You should only turn on your hazard lights when your vehicle becomes a temporary hazard to other
road users, such as when:
you're changing a tyre on the side of the road

your vehicle has broken down and is being towed.
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Introduction
Updates
Index
About driving
Key driving skills
Giving way
About driving
Key driving skills
Receiving signals
There are a variety of other signals that other road users will use to communicate to you. You must know
what these signals are and what to do when you see them.
Flashing lights and sirens
If an emergency vehicle (such as an ambulance, fire engine or police car) is coming towards you or behind
you, and is using sirens and/or flashing red, blue, or blue and red lights, you must pull over and, if necessary,
stop and allow it to pass.
Flashing red lights on an emergency vehicle
If a police car is following you with its siren on and/or flashing blue, or blue and red lights, you must pull
over and stop as soon as possible.
If asked to, you must give the following to a police officer:
your name, address and date of birth

your driver licence
the name of the vehicle's owner.
http://www.nzta.govt.nz/resources/roadcode/about-driving/receiving-signals/ 1/3
Flashing blue and red lights on a police car
If a vehicle is following you with flashing blue lights, you must pull over and stop as soon as possible.
Flashing blue lights are used by customs officers, fisheries officers and marine reserve officers. These people
have the right to stop vehicles.
Flashing lights on a customs/fisheries/marine reserve car
Doctors, nurses or midwives on urgent business may use a roof-mounted green flashing light. If you see
these, you must pull over and allow the vehicle to pass.
When service vehicles, such as tow trucks and road maintenance vehicles, use flashing yellow lights, they
are warning you to be careful around them. When you see these lights, slow down and be prepared to stop, if
necessary.
Yellow flashing lights on a service vehicle
Oversize vehicles may use flashing yellow lights and pilot vehicles may use flashing yellow and purple
lights. These mean you must pull over and, if necessary, stop, and let all the vehicles pass. For more
information about oversize vehicles, see Vehicle-mounted signs.
Red flashing signals outside a fire station or airport mean you must stop and remain stopped until the lights
stop flashing.
Flashing red signals
Police officer directing traffic

When a police officer is directing traffic, you must stop or go where the officer directs you. A police officer's
directions overrule:
traffic signals
road signs
the give way rules.
If a police officer is controlling an intersection, be careful to get into the correct lane. If you don't, you may
have to go the wrong way.
Show the officer where you want to go by using your indicators.
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Last updated: 11 May 2010

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Introduction
Updates
Index
About driving
Key driving skills
Giving way
About driving
Key driving skills
Turning
Turning can be dangerous, because it usually means you have to cross the path of other vehicles. Remember
turning traffic gives way to traffic that is not turning.
How to turn
To legally and safely make a left or right turn:
do a thorough check for other vehicles – in front, behind and to the sides
remember to check over your shoulder for your blind spots (the areas of road to the sides of your car
that you can't see in your mirrors)
watch for pedestrians
signal for at least three seconds
turn when safe.
If you are turning left, use your left indicator. If you are turning right, use your right indicator.
Be prepared to stop, even if the other driver should give way to you.
Important
When turning or changing lanes remember to always check your blind spots.
Turning from a driveway
If you are driving out of a driveway:
http://www.nzta.govt.nz/resources/roadcode/about-driving/turning/ 1/5
slow down to a complete stop at the end of the driveway

check the road and footpath for pedestrians, vehicles and other hazards
give way to:
anyone using the footpath
cyclists using a cycle path or cycle lane
vehicles on the road, including vehicles turning right into the driveway.
Making a left turn

If you are turning left into another street or driveway:
stay in the left-turn lane or keep to the left side of the road
slow down before you turn
check your mirrors and your blind spot
turn when safe.
Left turn
Making a right turn on a road with no marked lanes
In this situation:

check your mirrors and look over your right shoulder to check your blind spot
move close to the centre of the road
turn when safe to a similar position in the road.
Right turn on an unlaned road
Important
When turning, maintain your position on the road.
For example, if you are on the left-hand side of the road, you should stay on the left-hand side of the road
after you've turned; or if you are in a lane next to the centre line, you should turn into the lane next to the
centre line.
Making a right turn on a road with a centre line
In this situation:

check your mirrors and look over your right shoulder to check your blind spot
move towards to the centre line
turn when safe to a similar position in the road.
Right turn on a road with a centre line
Making a right turn from the left-hand side of the road

If there are other vehicles moving fast or following too closely, or if the road is narrow, it may be best to wait
on the left-hand side of the road to make the turn, rather than stopping in the middle of the road and holding
up traffic.
In this situation:
signal left for at least three seconds

move across to the left-hand side of the road
wait there until it is safe to turn
signal right for at least three seconds before you turn
move when it is safe.
If a vehicle in front of you has also stopped to turn right, it's best to wait behind them and then use the same
position to turn from.
Take extra care on roads where traffic is moving quickly.
Turning right from the left side of the road
Safe turning tip
If you have stopped to turn right, keep your wheels pointed straight ahead until you start to turn. That way, if
you are hit from behind you are less likely to be pushed into the path of oncoming traffic.
Making a right turn from a right-turn bay
A right-turn bay is an area where vehicles that are turning right can wait until it is safe to turn, without
holding up vehicles going straight through.
You can't use the right-turn bay to overtake a vehicle travelling straight ahead.
As you approach the right-turn bay, the road will be painted with a white triangle with diagonal lines inside
it, followed by one or more right-turn arrows.
You can only drive over the white diagonal lines if you are turning right.
Right-turn bay
Turning on or off a road with a flush median

A flush median is a strip in the centre of the road that is marked with white diagonal lines within parallel
lines. It provides a place for vehicles that are turning right, or vehicles that have turned right onto the road
from a side road or driveway.
You can only drive onto the flush median to:
wait to move into a gap in the traffic flow after you have turned right (car A in the diagram below)
slow down and wait before turning right (car B in the diagram below).
Using a flush median
Important
When using a flush median, watch out for pedestrians who might be waiting on the flush median to cross the
road.
Making a U-turn
You are normally allowed to make U-turns, as long as the road is clear in both directions and it is safe to do
so. Make sure you have enough room to complete the turn and don't create a hazard for oncoming vehicles.
You aren't allowed to make U-turns if a 'No U-turn' sign is displayed.
Making a turn over a no-passing line

You can cross over the solid yellow no-passing line (if it is safe to do so) when making a turn to enter a
driveway or side road.
However, bear in mind that no-passing lines are often marked where visibility is limited, so special care is
required. It may be safer to turn further along the road, where visibility is better. See Passing for more
information about no-passing lines.
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Introduction
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Index
About driving
Key driving skills
Giving way
About driving
Key driving skills
Using lanes correctly
Lanes are painted on the road to separate traffic. It's important that you use lanes correctly. The information
below will help you do that.
Lane rules at intersections
Make sure you are in the correct lane for the direction that you are travelling. Follow the direction of any
arrows marked on the road.
If there are no arrows:
turn left from the left-hand lane

turn right from the right-hand lane
use either lane to go straight ahead.
Ideally, you should stay in the same lane all the way through the intersection. Don't change lanes unless you
can do so safely.
http://www.nzta.govt.nz/resources/roadcode/about-driving/using-lanes-correctly/ 1/5
Laned intersection
Making a right turn at an intersection with marked lanes

When turning right from a road that has more than one marked lane in each direction into another road with
more than one marked lane in each direction:
make sure you are in the right-turn lane

signal for at least three seconds before turning
turn into the appropriate lane of the road.
Turning right with marked lanes
Making a right turn into a one-way street
When turning into a one-way street:
turn from the lane next to the centre line (if in a two-way street)
signal for at least three seconds before turning
turn into the closest lane of the one-way street.
Turning right into a one-way street
Making a right turn from a one-way street

When turning right from a one-way street, you should stay in the same lane throughout the turn. That means:
if you're turning from the left-hand lane of the one-way street, turn into the left-hand lane of the two-
way street
if you're turning from the right-hand lane of the one-way street, turn into the lane immediately to the
left of the centre line of the two-way street.
Remember to signal for at least three seconds before turning.
Turning right from a one-way street
Two vehicles turning into the same road at a laned intersection
When two vehicles are turning into the same road at an intersection that has more than one marked in lane in
both directions:
both vehicles must show they want to turn by signalling for at least three seconds
both vehicles stay in their own lane throughout the turn, that is:
car A turns from the left-hand lane into the left-hand lane
car B turns from the right-hand lane into the right-hand lane.
Turning at a laned intersection
Changing lanes at an intersection

Ideally, try to get into the correct lane before you get to the intersection. However, if you must change lanes:
make sure it's safe before you start

signal for at least three seconds before changing lanes
before changing lanes, look over your shoulder to check that there are no vehicles in your blind spot.
Never change lanes suddenly.
Incorrectly changing lanes at an intersection
Passing lanes
When there are passing lanes, drive in the left-hand lane unless you are passing another vehicle.
If you've been driving slower than the speed limit, don't speed up when you reach a passing lane if other
vehicles are following – give them the opportunity to pass you safely. See Passing for more information.
Passing lane
Special vehicle lanes
Special vehicle lanes have signs or markings that indicate they are only for the use of specific kinds of
vehicles, such as buses, cycles, taxis or vehicles carrying a specified number of passengers (transit lanes).
See Main types of signs for examples of special vehicle lane signs.
Other vehicles may use special vehicle lanes to make a turn or get to a parking space. Use of the lane for
these purposes must be kept to a minimum length and be no more than 50 metres. You must give way to any
vehicles entitled to use the lane.
Some special vehicle lanes operate 24 hours a day for the use of the designated vehicles. Others have times
of operation specified on their signs, for example, '4 pm to 6 pm'. In that case, you may be able to stop in
them outside of these times.
Important
If you are turning at an intersection where there is a cycle lane, give way to cyclists going straight through.
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Introduction
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Index
About driving
Key driving skills
Giving way
About driving
Key driving skills
Following distance
It's very important to make sure you have a safe distance between you and the vehicle in front, so you will
have enough time to stop if you need to stop suddenly.
Several seconds can pass from the time you see the hazard until you come to a complete stop. This is because
you need time to react to the hazard and take action – putting your foot on the brake – as well as time for the
brakes to slow the vehicle down.
The faster you are going, the longer it will take to stop. This means you must increase your following
distance as you increase your speed.
Important
Some people take longer to react to hazards than others.
If you're tired, or your reaction times are slower than normal, take this into account and increase your
following distance.
Keeping a safe following distance
A good way to make sure you always keep a safe following distance is to use the two-second rule or the
four-second rule, which are explained below.
The two-second rule
Under normal conditions, the two-second rule is an easy way to make sure you have allowed enough
following distance between your vehicle and the vehicle in front, no matter what speed you're travelling at.
http://www.nzta.govt.nz/resources/roadcode/about-driving/following-distance/ 1/2
To check if you are travelling two seconds behind the vehicle in front:
watch the vehicle in front of you pass a landmark – such as a sign, tree or power pole – at the side of
the road
as it passes the landmark, start counting 'one thousand and one, one thousand and two'
if you pass the landmark before you finish saying those eight words, you are following too closely -
slow down, pick another landmark and repeat the words to make sure you have increased your
following distance.
The two-second rule
The four-second rule

In bad weather, when the road is wet or slippery, or when you're towing a trailer, you need to increase your
following distance to four seconds, because you'll take longer to stop if you need to.
To check that you are travelling four seconds behind the vehicle in front, follow the instructions above for
the two second rule, but count 'one thousand and one, one thousand and two, one thousand and three, one
thousand and four' instead.
Important
When you're following another vehicle and you don't intend to overtake them, you must leave enough space
in front of your vehicle for vehicles behind to pass you.
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Introduction
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Index
About driving
Key driving skills
Giving way
About driving
Key driving skills
Passing
Many serious crashes on New Zealand roads are caused by dangerous passing.
To safely pass another vehicle, you need to be extremely careful. You need to have a clear view of the road
ahead, to make sure you can finish passing safely. You must also pay close attention to the vehicle you are
passing, in case it changes its course.
Passing on the right
Passing on the right can be dangerous, especially if you have to:
change your path of travel

enter a lane or part of the road used by oncoming vehicles.
Before passing, always ask yourself 'is it really necessary to pass?' Don't pass just because you are feeling
impatient with the car in front – that's often when crashes happen.
If you do decide to pass, follow the rules shown below.
Before you pass:
make sure you will be able to see at least 100 metres of clear road ahead of you once you have
finished passing - if not, don't pass
look well ahead to make sure there are no vehicles coming towards you
look behind to make sure there are no vehicles passing you
signal right for at least three seconds before moving out to pass.
Before pulling in front of a vehicle you have passed:

http://www.nzta.govt.nz/resources/roadcode/about-driving/passing/ 1/7
make sure you can see the vehicle in your rear view mirror
signal left for at least three seconds.
Passing on the right
Important
Take extra care, and leave extra room, when passing cyclists, horses or pedestrians, as the wind gust of your
vehicle could affect their balance.
Passing on the left

You can only pass on the left when:
there are two or more lanes on your side of the centre line and you are able to pass safely by using the
left-hand lane
you are directed to by a police officer
the vehicle you are passing:
has stopped, or
is signalling a right turn, or
is turning right.
At all other times, when you are passing, you must pass on the right.
Passing on the left
Important
Keep a safe distance behind the vehicle you are about to pass. Follow the two-second rule.
If you are being passed by another vehicle:

move as far to the left of the road as possible

never speed up to stop the other vehicle from passing you.
No-passing line
On some sections of road there will be a solid yellow line painted on your side of the centre line. This line is
called a no-passing line.
No-passing lines are usually there because it's unsafe to cross the centre line to pass, because features like
hills and curves make it impossible to see if there is oncoming traffic.
Sometimes no-passing lines are marked because:
there is already a passing lane on your side of the road and you must use that to pass
the road is multi-laned, so you do not need to cross the no-passing line to pass.
You must not pass another motor vehicle if it means you have to cross over a no-passing line on your side of
the centre line.
If you see a dashed yellow line on your side of the centre line, that means that a no-passing line is about to
start.
While you may come back over the dashed yellow line to finish passing, you must not cross it to start
passing.
No-passing line
As shown in the picture above:
you may come back over the dashed yellow line between A and B to finish passing
you must not cross the solid yellow line between C and D.
You can pass at a no-passing line if:
you stay on your side of the solid yellow line, and

you can see 100 metres of clear road in front of you for the whole time while you are passing, and
the lane is wide enough for two vehicles.
Passing without crossing the no-passing line
Passing on a three-laned road

If there is no solid yellow line on your side of the centre line, you may use the centre lane to pass as long as:
there are no vehicles in that lane, and

you can see 100 metres of clear road in front of you for the whole time while you are passing.
Don't use the centre lane to pass if there is an oncoming vehicle in the centre lane.
Passing on a three-lane road
Where you must not pass
Remember, it is against the law to cross over a no-passing line on your side of the centre line to pass another
vehicle. But this isn't the only situation where you mustn't pass. This page shows you other situations where
passing is both unsafe and illegal.
Don't pass any vehicle that has stopped, or is slowing down, for people on a pedestrian crossing.
Illegal passing near a pedestrian crossing
Don't pass any vehicle when you are coming to a blind corner or curve. (A blind corner or curve is where
you can't see what's around the corner.)
Illegal passing on a curve
Don't pass any vehicle when you can't see at least 100 metres of clear road in front of you for the whole time
while you are passing.
Illegal passing without 100 metres of clear road
Don’t pass any vehicle at an intersection if it means you will cross the centre line. You must not get in the
way of:
vehicles coming towards you

vehicles coming out of side roads.
Illegal passing at an intersection
Don't pass:
any moving vehicle when you are less than 60 metres from a railway level crossing
any vehicle that has stopped for a train.
Illegal passing near a railway level crossing
Don't pass any vehicle if it means you have to drive over a flush median.
Illegal passing on a flush median
Passing at an intersection
In some situations, you are allowed to pass another vehicle at an intersection; however, you need to be very
careful when doing this.
Passing on the left at an intersection with one lane on your side of the road
In this situation, you can pass on the left if there is enough room in your lane for you to pass and the vehicle
you are passing:
has stopped, or
is signalling a right turn, or
is turning right.
Don't pass if the vehicle has signalled a left turn.
Passing on the left at an intersection
Passing on the left at an intersection with more than one lane on your side of the road
In this situation, you can pass on the left if the vehicle you are passing is in a different lane and you can pass
safely.
Passing on the left at an intersection
Passing on the right at an intersection with more than one lane on your side of the road
In this situation, you can pass on the right if you are turning right or going straight ahead.
Passing on the right at an intersection
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Introduction
Updates
Index
About driving
Key driving skills
Giving way
About driving
Key driving skills
Merging
Sometimes on a road, two lanes will merge into one lane.
The lanes merge where the broken lane lines stop. It's important to make sure that all vehicles from both
lanes have plenty of space in which to merge safely. The instructions in this section show you how.
Merge like a zip
The best way to merge is like a zip – where a vehicle from the left lane goes and then a vehicle from the right
lane goes, and so on.
As you merge, let one vehicle from the other lane go first, and then go.
Merging
http://www.nzta.govt.nz/resources/roadcode/about-driving/merging/ 1/3
Leaving a merge lane after turning right at an intersection
Some roads have a merge lane to help vehicles that have turned onto the road join the traffic flow.
If you are in a merge lane at an intersection:
show you want to merge by signalling for at least three seconds

move into a safe gap in the traffic
adjust your speed and following distance.
Merge lane
Using on-ramps when entering a motorway
Motorway on-ramps are similar to merge lanes.
When using an on-ramp to enter a motorway:
change your speed to match the speed of the motorway traffic

use the whole length of the on-ramp to adjust your speed – don't change speed suddenly just as you
enter the motorway
signal right for at least three seconds
move into a safe gap in the traffic
don't enter the motorway at a sharp angle
adjust your speed and following distance.
Motorway on-ramp
Using off-ramps when leaving a motorway
When using an off-ramp to leave a motorway:
watch for exit signs

signal left for at least three seconds
move into the left-hand lane as soon as possible

keep up with the traffic flow until you are on the off-ramp
don't leave the motorway at a sharp angle
adjust your speed.
Motorway off-ramp
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Last updated: 23 February 2015

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Introduction
Updates
Index
About driving
Key driving skills
Giving way
About driving
Key driving skills
Motorway driving
Motorways are designed so that traffic can flow with as little disruption as possible. On a motorway, you
shouldn't come across things that hold up traffic flow, such as:
intersections
turning vehicles
parked vehicles
pedestrians
cyclists.
Although the number of 'everyday' driving hazards are reduced on motorways, you still need to drive
carefully as motorway traffic usually moves very quickly.
Motorway signs
Most motorway signs are green with white around the edges.
Pay special attention to signs that show the beginning and end of the motorway, as well as signs that show
particular exits.
http://www.nzta.govt.nz/resources/roadcode/about-driving/motorway-driving/ 1/2
Motorway signs
Safe driving on motorways

When driving on a motorway:
keep left, unless you are passing

watch for exit signs
get into the correct exit lane in plenty of time
signal for at least three seconds before you change lanes
you must not stop your vehicle, except in an emergency
you must not make a U-turn
you must not stop to let down or pick up passengers
if you miss your exit, don't stop and reverse – instead, drive on to the next exit.
Breakdowns on motorways
If you break down on a motorway:
indicate and steer your vehicle as far off the road as possible – don't stop suddenly
lift up the bonnet and boot and, if possible, hang something white on the driver's door handle or
window – this will show you need help
turn on your hazard lights or use a safety triangle to warn approaching traffic
at night, turn on the inside light
if you don't have a mobile phone and it isn't safe to walk to a telephone, stay in your car and wait for
help
don't stand on the motorway
if you need help from other drivers, leave plenty of space for them to stop – remember, vehicles travel
fast on a motorway and it will take a while for them to slow down.
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Introduction
Updates
Index
About driving
Key driving skills
Giving way
About driving
Key driving skills
Towing
Light motor vehicles
On a learner or restricted car licence (Class 1) you can tow a trailer but the combined weight of your vehicle,
the trailer and its load must not exceed 4500kg.
On a full licence the combined weight of your vehicle, the trailer and its load must not exceed 6000kg.
Tractors and agricultural vehicles
On a restricted or full car licence you can drive an agricultural tractor-trailer combination of up to 25,000kg
providing you do not exceed 40km/h.
On a full car licence you can also drive:
a tractor/trailer combination of up to 25,000kg if being used for non-agricultural purposes at a speed of

up to 30km/h, or
an agricultural tractor-trailer combination of up to 25,000kg being driven at a speed of up to 40km/h.
See page 13–18 for more information about what you can drive on different licence classes.
You must take extra care when towing a trailer or another vehicle. This is because, with the extra weight
behind it, your vehicle will feel different to drive.
Follow the safe towing guidelines on these pages whenever you tow a trailer or another vehicle.
Note: the term ‘trailer’ includes caravans, and boat and horse trailers.
Important
http://www.nzta.govt.nz/resources/roadcode/about-driving/towing/ 1/2
If you are towing a trailer or another vehicle, check your rear-view mirror often to make sure you aren't
holding up vehicles behind you.
Safe towing guidelines

Refer to the car manufacturer's recommendations before towing a trailer, in particular the weight limits
recommended.
Refer to the loading limits for the tow bar you are using.
Be aware that overloading and uneven loading of car trailers can seriously affect a car's handling.
When driving a light vehicle (for example, a car or light truck), you must not tow more than one trailer
or vehicle at a time.
You must be able to see behind the towed trailer or vehicle. If you can't see behind with your rear-view
mirrors, you may need to fit a special mirror.
There must be no more than 4 metres between your vehicle and the trailer or vehicle it is towing.
The maximum speed for a light vehicle towing a trailer on the open road is 90 km/h.
The maximum speed for towing a motorcycle is 30 km/h.
You must not tow a motorcycle unless it is mechanically disabled.
At night, the back of the trailer/towed vehicle must show a red light.
If you're towing a disabled vehicle at night, its headlights must light up the towing connection.
Remember, you will be slower and less stable than other traffic when towing. Check behind often to
see if other vehicles are held up behind you.
If the road is winding or narrow and vehicles can't pass you, stop at a safe place and let them pass.
Leave more space than usual between your vehicle and the one in front, so that others can pass you.
Remember that the added weight behind you means you will need more space to stop.
Increase your following distance from two seconds to four seconds.
The towing connection and safety chain or cable that holds the trailer/vehicle must be secured safe and
strong.
If you are towing another vehicle without a rigid towing system, eg with a rope or a strop, the
maximum allowable speed is 50km/h.
If you are towing another vehicle with a rigid towing connection the maximum speed is 90km/h.
Important
When towing a horse trailer, take extra care as the horse may move – especially when you brake or travel
around corners – and this could affect the movement of the trailer.
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Introduction
Updates
Index
About driving
Key driving skills
Giving way
About driving
Key driving skills
Reversing
When reversing, take special care to make sure that the way is clear. Every year, young children are killed
and injured by reversing vehicles. If you are in any doubt about whether the way behind you is clear, get out
and check.
Reversing guidelines
Follow the guidelines below whenever you are reversing:
Before you move off, make sure it is safe to reverse. The best way to do this is to walk around the
vehicle and make sure there are no children or other obstacles in your path.
Don't rely on your mirrors alone. Always turn around and look over your shoulder.
Try to reverse in a straight line.
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Last updated: 15 August 2013

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Introduction
Updates
Index
About driving
Key driving skills
Giving way
About driving
Intersections
What is an intersection?
An intersection is where two or more streets or roads join or cross. Intersections can include where a public
entrance or exit joins a street or road.
Intersections can include entrances to and exits from supermarkets, petrol stations and other public parking
areas, such as airports and hospitals. There are a number of different types of intersections, depending on
how many roads meet at the intersection.
Different kinds of intersections
Driving up to an intersection
If any other vehicle is approaching or crossing an intersection, do not speed up when approaching. As you
drive up to an intersection, use the system of car control. This method helps you deal with hazards safely.
Course (look ahead for a safe and legal path).

Mirrors (look behind and in your blind spots).
Signal for at least three seconds.
Brakes (slow down so that you can give way if required).
http://www.nzta.govt.nz/resources/roadcode/about-driving/giving-way-intersections/ 1/4
Gears (change if necessary).
When it is safe:
Accelerate up to traffic speed.
The red shading in the diagram below shows you which areas to check carefully before entering an
intersection.
Approaching an intersection
As you ride up to an intersection:
slow down and look in all directions: ahead, behind and to both sides
be ready to stop if you have to.
The red shading in the diagram below shows you which areas to check carefully before entering an
intersection.
Where to check at an intersection
What are the give way rules?
Road users must stop or give way as necessary at Stop signs, Give Way signs and traffic signals.
If you are turning, give way to vehicles not turning. Note: if you are leaving the path of a marked
centre line, you are deemed to be turning and must give way to vehicles that are following the centre
line.
If you are turning right, give way to all vehicles coming towards you including those turning left.
Note: this applies if both vehicles are facing no signs or signals or the same signs or signals.
At a T-intersection or driveway, traffic on a terminating road or driveway (bottom of the T) must give
way to all traffic on a continuing road (top of the T).
In all other situations, give way to all vehicles coming from your right, eg at a crossroad controlled by
traffic signals, when the signals have failed and all approaches have flashing yellow lights.
Two vehicles coming towards each other and turning right
When two vehicles are coming towards each other and both are turning right, no one should have to give
way.
This is because normally neither will cross the other's path, so both vehicles can turn safely. However, be
careful if the other vehicle is a large truck or bus, as they may need more room to make the turn.
Remember to check for traffic coming towards you that is going straight through the intersection (see The
give way rules). Your view might be blocked by the turning vehicle.
Important
Giving way means that the road user you're giving way to (whether they are a driver, cyclist, pedestrian or
any other kind of road user) doesn't need to stop, brake or slow down, swerve or take any other evasive
action to avoid you.
At many intersections traffic is controlled by Stop signs, Give Way signs and traffic signals. See below for
when to use the give way rules at these intersections. If a police officer is directing traffic you must obey
his/her directions as they overrule the give way rules.
Stop sign
At an intersection controlled by a Stop sign:
come to a complete stop (do not just slow down)

stop where you can see vehicles coming from all directions
stay stopped until you have given way to all other vehicles (this includes cycles and motorcycles, etc)
if you and another vehicle are both facing Stop signs, use the give way rules (see The give way rules)
you must not go until it is safe.
The word STOP and a single yellow line will be painted on the road.
Intersection with a Stop sign
Helpful hint
If you are are turning right, give way to all vehicles coming towards you who are turning left.
Give Way sign
At an intersection controlled by a Give Way sign:
slow down and be ready to stop

give way to all other vehicles, except those facing a Stop sign
if you and another vehicle are both facing a Give Way sign, use the give way rules (see The give way
rules)
you must not go until it is safe.
A triangle give way marking and a white line will be painted on a sealed road.
A car facing a Stop sign gives way to a car facing a Give Way sign.
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Introduction
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Index
About driving
Key driving skills
Giving way
About driving
The give way rules
There are give way rules that apply at intersections.
If you are turning, give way to all traffic that is not turning.
This includes giving way to cyclists using cycle and bus lanes, and vehicles using bus lanes.
http://www.nzta.govt.nz/resources/roadcode/about-driving/the-give-way-rules/ 1/6
It also applies when both vehicles are facing the same control, such as Stop signs, Give Way
signs and green traffic signals.
If you are leaving the path of a marked centre line at an uncontrolled intersection, you must give
way to vehicles following the centre line. This is because vehicles leaving the path of the centre
line are legally turning (even though sometimes they might actually be going in a straight line)
and the give way rules apply.
If you are turning right and the opposing vehicle is turning left, you must give way.
If the road you are on terminates (bottom of the T), give way to traffic on the continuing road (top of
the T).
You must give way to all traffic on the road and any road user on a footpath, cycle path or shared
path.
In all other situations give way to your right. An example would be at an uncontrolled intersection or
crossroads controlled by traffic signals when signals have failed and all approaches have a flashing
yellow light.
Important
Giving way means that the road user you’re giving way to (whether they are a driver, cyclist, pedestrian or
any other kind of road user)
doesn’t need to stop, brake or slow down, swerve or take any other evasive action to avoid you.
Traffic signals
The following rules apply at an intersection controlled by traffic signals (also known as traffic lights):
A red signal means stop.

Red signal
A green signal means you can go, provided it is safe and:

if you are turning right, you give way to vehicles coming towards you that are going straight
through,or vehicles turning left.
you give way to pedestrians crossing. This includes riders of mobility devices and wheeled
recreational devices.
Green signal
A yellow signal means stop, unless you are so close to the intersection that you can't stop safely. A
yellow signal indicates that the lights will soon turn red.
Yellow signal
A flashing yellow signal means the traffic signals are not working. In this case, you must apply the
give way rules for uncontrolled intersections.
Flashing yellow signal
Arrow traffic signals

When arrows are displayed on traffic signals, they apply only to vehicles going in the direction the arrow is
pointing. For example:
A red arrow means you must stop if you are travelling in the direction the arrow is pointing.
Red arrow
A yellow arrow means you must stop if you are travelling in the direction the arrow is pointing, unless
you are so close to the intersection that you can't stop safely.
Yellow arrow
A green arrow means you can go if you are travelling in the direction the arrow is pointing, provided it
is safe.
Green arrow
Reading the traffic signals

The following examples will help you get to know what traffic signals and arrows mean.
Signal Vehicle path Action

Must stop. The red arrow protects pedestrians
Turning left
crossing the road.
Straight through May go, provided it is safe.
May go provided:
> it is safe, and
Turning right
> you give way to vehicles coming towards you that
are going straight through the intersection.
Turning left May go, provided it is safe.
Turning right Must stop, unless it is not safe to do so.
Turning left May go, provided it is safe.

May go, provided it is safe. All vehicles coming

Turning right
towards you should be stopped.
Turning left Must stop.

Straight through Must stop.
May go, provided it is safe. All vehicles coming

Turning right
towards you should be stopped.
Cycle, tram and bus signals
At some intersections, there are special signals for cycles, trams and buses. Cycles, trams and buses can
move when these signals are on, but all other vehicles must wait for the appropriate green traffic signal.
Special traffic signals
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Introduction
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Index
About driving
Key driving skills
Giving way
About driving
Giving way
Giving way at roundabouts
A roundabout is a central island in the middle of an intersection, where all vehicles must travel to the left of
the island. Roundabouts can be small, large, single-laned or multi-laned. The number of roads that come into
a roundabout can range from three to five or even more.
Single-laned roundabouts
When you come up to a roundabout that has only one lane in each direction:
slow down as you come up to the roundabout and be prepared to give way
give way to all vehicles that will cross your path from your right as you enter the roundabout.
Single-laned roundabout
Multi-laned roundabouts
http://www.nzta.govt.nz/resources/roadcode/about-driving/giving-way-at-roundabouts/ 1/4
Most roundabouts that have more than one lane in each direction are marked with lanes and arrows, which
help you enter and leave the roundabout. The lane markings and arrows will tell you which lane to use.
Not all roundabouts are marked the same way, so take extra care – especially at the exits. If you need to cross
from one lane to another near an exit, give way to any vehicles in the lane that you want to enter.
When coming up to a multi-laned roundabout:
slow down as you come up to the roundabout and be prepared to give way
be in the correct lane for where you want to go
give way to all vehicles that will cross your path from your right as you enter the roundabout.
Multi-laned roundabout
Signal use at roundabouts

If you are turning left at the first exit of a roundabout:
signal left as you come up to the roundabout.
Single-laned roundabout Multi-laned roundabout
If you are travelling more than halfway around a roundabout:
signal right as you come up to the roundabout

signal left as you pass the exit before the one you wish to take.
If you are going 'straight' through a roundabout:
don't signal as you come up to the roundabout

signal left as you pass the exit before the one you wish to take. At some small roundabouts it may not
be possible to give three seconds warning, but it is courteous to give as much indication as you can.
Look out for cyclists who may find it difficult to maintain a turn signal on a roundabout and are exempt from
this requirement.
Important
At roundabouts, look out for vehicles that:
may have to change lanes to exit

may not be able to stay in their lane because they are:
large (for example, buses)
travelling too fast.
Roundabout signs
Some of the signs you may see at a roundabout are shown below.
The sign below tells you that you are coming up to a roundabout. You should be ready to give way.
Roundabout
The sign below tells you to keep to the left of the traffic island as you come up to the roundabout.
Keep left
The signs below tell you that you must apply the roundabout give way rules.
Give Way
The picture below shows you where you can expect to see these signs at a roundabout.
Roundabout signs
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Introduction
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About driving
Key driving skills
Giving way
About driving
Giving way
Giving way at railway level crossings
A railway level crossing is a point where the road crosses over a railway line. This means you drive over the
railway tracks and could come into the path of a train. Because of this, you need to be very careful around
railway level crossings to avoid a very serious crash.
Crossing a railway level crossing
The signs below are some of the signs you may see when coming up to a railway level crossing.
Railway level crossing signs
When you see one of these signs:
slow down and be ready to stop

as you come up to the railway crossing, search up and down the railway line. You will need to search
further up the railway line, as trains often travel at a higher speed than vehicles on the road
cross only if you are sure there are no trains coming in either direction and there are no vehicles
stopped in front of you on the other side of the crossing.
At railway level crossings controlled by signals, bells and barrier arms
http://www.nzta.govt.nz/resources/roadcode/about-driving/giving-way-at-railway-level-crossings/ 1/3
Many railway level crossings are controlled by flashing red signals, bells and/or barrier arms, as shown
below.
Railway level crossing signals and barrier arms
You must stop if the signals have started flashing, the bells have started ringing and/or the barrier arm has
started to lower.
Don't cross until the barrier arms have lifted, the lights have stopped flashing and the bells have stopped
ringing.
At railway level crossings controlled by a Stop sign or Give Way sign

Railway level crossings that aren't controlled by signals, bells or barrier arms may be controlled by a Stop
sign or a Give Way sign.
At railway crossings controlled by Stop or Give Way signs:
make sure you can see in both directions along the railway line
if there is a Stop sign, come to a complete stop before the railway line (there will usually be one or two
yellow lines showing you where to stop)
only cross the railway line if you are sure that there are no trains coming in either direction and there
are no vehicles stopped in front of you on the other side of the crossing
take extra care if there is more than one railway line.
Railway level crossing signs
Important safety advice for railway level crossings
Never try to cross the railway line unless there is enough space for your vehicle on the other side of the
line.
Never pass a vehicle that has stopped for a train.
Never try to race a train over the crossing.
Following other vehicles over railway level crossings
Take special care when following other vehicles when coming up to a railway level crossing. Some vehicles
(such as buses and vehicles carrying dangerous goods) are legally required to come to a complete stop before
crossing, even when there are no lights flashing or bells ringing.
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Introduction
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Index
About driving
Key driving skills
Giving way
About driving
Giving way
Giving way on one-lane bridges
Some roads in New Zealand have one-lane bridges on them. At these bridges, vehicles travelling in one
direction have to give way to vehicles going in the other direction.
All one-lane bridges are clearly signposted, showing who should give way.
Signs that show you must give way on one-lane bridges
If you have to give way at a one-lane bridge, you should see one or both of the warning signs shown below.
The first warning sign has a yellow diamond-shaped sign to tell you that you are coming up to a one-lane
bridge and a round sign with a red border to tell you that you must give way to vehicles coming towards you.
First warning sign

http://www.nzta.govt.nz/resources/roadcode/about-driving/giving-way-on-one-lane-bridges/ 1/2
The second warning sign reminds you that you must give way.
Second warning sign
Signs that show that other drivers should give way to you on a one-lane bridge
If other drivers should give way to you on a one-lane bridge, you will see the sign shown below as you come
up to the bridge.
The big white arrow on the blue rectangle shows that you can go onto the bridge first.
Slow down and check for vehicles that may already be on the bridge, before driving on.
Others should give way to you
Important
When coming up to a one-lane bridge, take note of the signs:
a red circle shows you must give way

a blue rectangle shows that other vehicles should give way to you.
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Index
About driving
Key driving skills
Giving way
About driving
How to park safely
It's not only moving vehicles that are potential hazards on the road. Parked vehicles can be hazards too.
That's why it's important to follow the safe parking rules and guidelines shown in this section.
Safe parking rules
By law, you must follow these rules when parking:
Indicate for at least three seconds before slowing down to park.

Park parallel to the road and as close to the left as possible, unless you are parking in an area where
angle parking is permitted. There will be lines on the road (or signs) to show where you can angle
park.
Move as far off the road as possible when stopping or parking on a road with fast-moving traffic.
Always check for passing vehicles, cyclists and pedestrians before opening your door.
Be careful when pulling out of a parking space. Don't forget to:
check for vehicles
signal for at least three seconds before pulling out.
A motor vehicle must not be parked on the road during the hours of darkness unless it is clearly visible
to other road users. This means it should be lit by street lights, or you should turn on the tail lights and
the side light nearest the centre of the road on the front of the vehicle.
A light, flat-decked vehicle that is parked on the street at night must display a rear red light that:
is on the side of the vehicle closest to the centre of the road
is visible at a distance of 100 metres.
Safe parking guidelines
http://www.nzta.govt.nz/resources/roadcode/about-driving/how-to-park-safely/ 1/2
Following the guidelines below will ensure that when you park your vehicle it won’t move forward or
backward when parking on a steep road.
Turn the front wheels towards the kerb

Leave your car in reverse gear if it's manual or in park if it's automatic
Apply your handbrake.
Safety tip
When there is lots of traffic, it's a good idea to get out of your car on the side away from the traffic.
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Introduction
Updates
Index
About driving
Key driving skills
Giving way
About driving
Where not to park
For your own safety, and the safety and convenience of other road users, there are certain areas where you
must not park. You risk being fined and/or having your vehicle towed away if you park in these areas.
You must not park or stop your vehicle:
on the right-hand side of the road, except in a one-way street

where it will be in the way of other people using the road (including pedestrians)
near a corner, curve, hill, traffic island or intersection, if it will stop other people from seeing along the
road
on the road, if you can park the vehicle off the road without damaging grass or gardens (a controlling
authority may have a bylaw and/or signs prohibiting parking on a grass verge)
on any footpath
on a traffic island (whether it is flush or raised)
on, or closer than 6 metres to, an intersection, unless there are parking spaces or a notice telling you
that you can park there
on, or closer than 6 metres to, the approach side of a pedestrian crossing
on a marked bus stop or taxi stand
closer than 6 metres to a bus stop marked only by a sign
in front of, or closer than 1 metre to, a vehicle entrance
alongside another parked vehicle – that is, you must not double-park
on 'no stopping' lines (broken yellow lines) marked within 1 metre of the edge of the road, which you
may see near pedestrian crossings, intersections, driveways or narrow roads
where traffic signs say you must not stop or park
where a sign says that part of the road is reserved for specified kinds of vehicles (for example, bus, taxi
or goods service vehicles) – in many cases, this restriction is marked by a broken yellow line more
than 1 metre from the kerb
in a cycle lane
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in a bus or transit lane during the hours of operation as indicated by signs

on, or closer than 500mm to, a fire hydrant, unless somebody who can move the vehicle stays with it
on a yellow circle on the road containing a rectangle (as shown below) or between the circle and the
footpath, unless somebody who can move the vehicle stays with it.
without due care and consideration for other road users. You must leave sufficient room between your
vehicle and any adjacent parked vehicles to allow easy access.
Fire hydrant road marking
Indicates the direction of the fire hydrant
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Index
About driving
Key driving skills
Giving way
About driving
Parking signs
You must obey all parking signs.
Examples of parking signs
Any parking sign that has a red border around the outside means that you cannot stop there at any time,
unless other times are shown.
Below are some examples of parking signs and what they mean.
You must not stop here between the times shown

on the sign. If you do, your car will be towed away.
You will have to pay the tow fee to get your car back
http://www.nzta.govt.nz/resources/roadcode/about-driving/parking-signs/ 1/5
You must not stop for the distance shown on the sign
You cannot stop here at any time
You can stop after you pass this sign
You can't stop between 8am and 6pm in the direction shown by the arrow
You may not stop here at any time. Only buses can stop here
All other parking signs apply between 8am and 6pm, other than public holidays covered by section 44(1) of
the Holidays Act 2003 (Christmas Day, Boxing Day, Good Friday, etc), unless other times are shown.
The number shown under the 'P' shows how many minutes you can park for
A coupon must be displayed on the window of the vehicle if you park here
Only motorcycles can park here
Any vehicle can stop here to unload goods or people, but the vehicle must not be left unattended for more
than five minutes
Only goods service vehicles can stop here to unload goods or people, but the vehicle must not be left
unattended for more than five minutes
Parking for people with disabilities

Parking areas with the sign shown below are set aside to give mobility parking permit holders easy access to
places such as supermarkets, libraries and community centres.
To park here you must display a mobility parking permit on your front window. Otherwise, you may be fined
or have your vehicle towed away.
For information on how to get a permit, and the special parking conditions that go with it, contact CCS
Disability Action or your local council.
Only vehicles displaying a mobility parking permit can park here
Mobility parking permit
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Introduction
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Index
About driving
Key driving skills
Giving way
About driving
Stopping at intersections, railway level crossings and pedestrian
crossings
When traffic is heavy, queues of vehicles can build up quickly.
If you find yourself in a traffic queue, it is important that you don't block other roads, railway lines or
pedestrian crossings.
Always follow the blocking rule.
Blocking rule
You must not go into or attempt to cross the intersection, railway level crossing, pedestrian crossing or an
area controlled by pedestrian traffic signals, unless there is space for your vehicle on the other side of the
intersection or crossing.
Not blocking the intersection
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In the illustration above, vehicle A must not go into the intersection because there is no space ahead.
Vehicles B and C can go into the intersection because there is enough space ahead.
You must not go into, or attempt to cross, a pedestrian crossing, unless there is space for your vehicle on the
other side of the crossing.
Blocking the area controlled by pedestrian traffic signals
The vehicle in the illustration above is blocking the area controlled by pedestrian traffic signals.
When turning right at traffic lights you are able to enter and stop in the intersection, as long as there are no
other cars already waiting in the intersection to also turn right. When it’s safe to do so you may complete the
turn even if the light is no longer green by the time you get to turn.
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Introduction
Updates
Index
About driving
Key driving skills
Giving way
About driving
Driving in bad weather
If it is raining, icy, snowing or foggy, conditions on the road will be more dangerous. You need to drive with
extra care.
Tips for driving in bad weather
Check your car
Effective brakes, tyres, windscreen wipers, lights and steering are even more crucial in wet weather. Check
your vehicle regularly to make sure they are all in good condition.
Adjust your driving
Wet, frosty or icy roads can be very slippery. You need to increase your following distance because it takes
longer to stop on a slippery surface. You should increase your following distance by using the four-second
rule). Roads are extra slippery just after the rain commences, and will remain so until the rain has washed
any oil off the road.
Watch your visibility
Visibility (how far you can see) can be seriously reduced by rain, snow or fog. This can increase the risk of a
crash. To improve visibility, keep all windows and mirrors clean. Don't let windows fog up – turn on the
demister or open a window.
Brake carefully
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Unless your vehicle has ABS brakes, don't brake too hard when it is wet. You may go into a dangerous skid.
Instead, pump the brakes gently.
If your vehicle has ABS brakes, never pump the brakes in an emergency. Keep the pedal pressed down hard
and steer out of trouble. Don't become over-confident in your driving just because your vehicle has ABS
brakes.
Spray
Be aware of approaching vehicles (especially large trucks) as these can spray water on your windscreen as
they pass. Even if it has stopped raining, if the road is still wet, you may need to turn on your windscreen
wipers as the truck approaches.
Reduce speed
On a wet road, driving at the speed limit could be too fast for the conditions. You can lose control very easily
in the wet, especially if you have to brake suddenly, so slow down.
Dip your headlamps in fog
If you drive with your lamps on full beam in fog, the light will just reflect back on you. Dip your lights – it
will be much easier to see.
Don't just turn your park lights on. They are hard for oncoming drivers to see and do little to improve your
vision.
You can use front fog lights when driving in fog. These have a wide, low beam and produce either a white or
yellow light.
Rear fog lights, which produce a high-intensity red light, should only be used when visibility is very bad. (In
normal conditions they can dazzle drivers following you.)
Fog lights should be switched off as driving conditions improve.
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Introduction
Updates
Index
About driving
Key driving skills
Giving way
About driving
Night driving
When to use headlights
You must turn on your vehicle's headlights:
from 30 minutes after sunset on one day, until 30 minutes before sunrise on the next day
at any other time when you can't clearly see a person or vehicle 100 metres away.
Never drive with just the park lights on. (Note: park lights are now referred to as position lights.)
When to dip your vehicle's headlights

You must dip your vehicle's headlights:
when other vehicles are coming towards you, so that you don't blind the oncoming driver
when you are following other vehicles
when you are approaching a police officer who is directing traffic
when parked.
Dipping headlights for an oncoming vehicle
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Dipping headlights when following another vehicle
If there is plenty of street light, you should be able to drive with your headlights dipped the whole time.
Speed at night
At night, just as during the daytime, you must drive at a safe speed. This means that:
on a road with lanes, you must be able to stop in the length of clear road you can see in front of you
on a road with no lanes, you must be able to stop in half the length of clear road you can see in front of
you.
Safety tips for night driving
Driving at night is more dangerous than driving during the day. To improve your safety on the road at night:
make sure your windscreen and lights are clean

never wear dark glasses
watch for pedestrians and cyclists – they are harder to see at night
stop and rest if you are sleepy
don't blind other drivers with your vehicle's headlights – dip them when vehicles are coming towards
you or when you are following another vehicle
if you are blinded by the lights of oncoming vehicles:
slow down or stop
try to keep your eyes on the left side of the road, so you're not looking directly at the light
drive at a speed that means you can see the road at least two seconds ahead.
in an area without street lighting, use full beam as appropriate to increase your range of visibility.
Driving at night
Use markers to guide you when driving at night

Many roads have reflectors and guide posts to help you 'read' the road at night. Some examples of these are
shown below.
Left side of road marker post Right side of road marker post
indicating left-hand bend
Left side of bridge Right side of bridge
Left side of road Centre line
No passing Fire hydrant
Important
Be aware that at night, because most road signs are highly reflective, your lights shining on them may make
you think you can clearly see further than you really can. Make sure you drive more slowly and carefully at
night, particularly on unfamiliar roads.
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Introduction
Updates
Index
About driving
Key driving skills
Giving way
About driving
Roadworks
Road repair crews often have to work on roads to keep them in good condition. This means you will
sometimes come across heavy vehicles, machinery and workers on the road, which you must be careful
around.
The road surface itself can also be dangerous when under repair, as it may be uneven or have new seal.
When you see a roadworks sign, always slow down and be ready to stop.
Obey the signs
If there are roadworks on the road ahead, it will always be clearly signposted.
Slow down and read the signs. They will prepare you for the particular hazards you are about to face.
Two of the signs commonly used to indicate roadworks are shown below.
Roadworks ahead
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Because it can be dangerous to drive through roadworks or on new seal, temporary speed limit signs are
often posted. You must drive at or below the speed shown on the temporary speed limit sign.
Obey any directions given

Road repair crews may sometimes need to stop traffic. They may use temporary traffic signals or hand-held
'Stop/Go' signs (shown below) to do this.
Stop before reaching the sign
You may move forward carefully
Follow all directions given to you, otherwise you could be involved in a serious crash.
Important
Crashes can happen when drivers ignore roadworks warning signs and temporary speed limits. Don't take
these warnings lightly. You don't know what's ahead, so slow down and take care.
Detour signs
When a road is being maintained or is closed you may see detour signs which offer you an alternative way
around the road block.
You should follow the direction signs and expect to see them when approaching and leaving intersections.
Take note of the shape and colour of the symbol on detour signage as one detour may pass through another.
Detour signs
Lane change signs
When roads or lanes are being maintained, an attenuator (truck with message board on it) is often used. Its
purpose is to direct traffic to an open lane in advance of roadworks. Slow down and obey the arrow.
Attenuator
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Introduction
Updates
Index
About driving
Key driving skills
Giving way
About driving
Sunstrike
Sunstrike can occur at any time during the day, but is most likely during sunrise or sunset, when the sun’s
rays hit your windscreen at a low angle.
To avoid a crash, follow the guidelines shown below.
Reducing the danger of sunstrike
Be prepared for possible sunstrike when driving at sunrise or sunset, especially when turning or
driving towards the sun.
Be especially careful in winter, when sunstrike is more likely to occur because the sun is lower in the
sky.
Keep your windscreen clean, inside and out. Dust and grime on the windscreen can make the effects of
sunstrike much worse.
Wear sunglasses when driving with the sun in your eyes.
Use your car's sun visors to block the sun.
If you experience sunstrike, it may be best to pull over and wait for a few minutes until your eyes
adjust or visibility improves.
Be careful if snow has fallen and the sky is clear – sunlight shining on snow can cause 'snow
blindness', which produces similar effects to sunstrike.
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Introduction
Updates
Index
About driving
Key driving skills
Giving way
About driving
Road surface
There are three main types of surface used on New Zealand's roads and highways:
asphalt
chip-seal
unsealed surfaces.
You may need to adjust your driving to suit the particular surface you are driving on and how each type of
surface can affect your vehicle's handling. You should also be alert for changes in the road surface.
Asphalt
Asphalt has a smooth, black appearance and produces a low level of road noise when you drive over it. It's
often used on busy roads and curves because it stands up well to wear caused by braking vehicles.
Asphalt provides good overall grip, but has reduced skid resistance when it is wet. This means you should
slow down and take extra care when driving on asphalt in wet weather.
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Asphalt
Chip-seal
Chip-seal consists of a thin layer of stones set in tar. It has a rough appearance when in good condition, but
may wear smooth with age and frequent use.
Worn chip-seal has reduced skid resistance, so be alert for smooth patches as you drive.
Slow down on newly laid chip-seal. There may be patches of loose chips, which can increase your risk of
skidding. Loose chips can also be thrown up when vehicles drive over them and could break your
windscreen.
Chip-seal
Unsealed surfaces
Depending on the geographic area unsealed roads can be clay, pumice or gravel (sometimes called ‘loose
metal’). These roads tend to be minor roads in rural areas.
Because the surface of the road is loose, it can move under your wheels and offers very low skid resistance.
Loose stones may also be thrown up by vehicles. Because of this, you need to drive very carefully on gravel
roads. Adjust your speed to suit the conditions.
You will also need to take extra care in dry weather, as your visibility may be reduced by dust that will be
thrown up by any vehicles in front of you. Always increase your following distance to stay back from the
dust cloud.
Gravel
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Introduction
Updates
Index
About driving
Key driving skills
Giving way
About driving
Dealing with hazards
As a driver, you will constantly face hazards on the road. A hazard is any object or situation that could be
dangerous.
Hazards include:
intersections (including driveways)

curves or bends in the road
pedestrian crossings
the position or movement of other road users, such as other vehicles, cyclists or pedestrians
changes in weather and road conditions.
To deal with hazards safely, you should get into the habit of using the hazard action plan and system of car
control described in this section.
The hazard action plan
When you're driving you should always be:
identifying potential hazards that could affect you

predicting how the hazard might develop and endanger your safety
deciding what action to take to negotiate the hazard
acting on your decision by using the system of car control.
For example, if there are children playing near the kerb. They may run out after a ball or after each other.
Using the system of vehicle control, choose a course as far away from the children as possible (while still
keeping on your side of the road), check the mirror, use the brakes and slow down.
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The system of car control
This system is a safe and simple method of driving that will help you deal with hazards safely. It ensures you
are always positioned in the right place on the road, and travelling at the right speed and in the right gear.
Use this system when you approach any type of hazard.
Course: choose a safe and legal path.
Mirrors: check your mirrors frequently to see the position of all other traffic around you.
Signal: always signal if you intend to change your position on the road.
Brake: use the brakes to reduce your speed.
Gear: select the correct gear for the speed you have chosen.
Accelerate: accelerate safely to leave the hazard.
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Introduction
Updates
Index
About driving
Key driving skills
Giving way
About driving
Multiple hazards
It is rare to come across only one hazard at a time when driving. Most of the time you will have to deal with
several hazards at once.
This means you will need to stay aware of all the hazards, but give most attention to the hazard that is most
likely to develop into a dangerous situation and require you to take urgent action.
For example, if there are children playing near the kerb. They may run out after a ball or after each other.
Using the system of vehicle control, choose a course as far away from the children as possible (while still
keeping on your side of the road), check the mirror, use the brakes and slow down.
Identifying the main hazard
The following illustrations show scenes involving multiple hazards for the driver of the blue car. Remember,
the main hazard is the one that is most likely to require you to take urgent action.
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Hazard A is the main hazard. The cyclist is about to pull out around the parked car and move into the path of
the blue car.
Hazard B is the main hazard. This car is reversing out of a parking space and about to enter the path of the
blue car.
Hazard D is the main hazard. This car is about to turn across the path of the blue car.
Hazard B is the main hazard. The child's attention is focused on the adult on the other side of the road.
Remember, the child may try to cross the road without looking.
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Last updated: 22 March 2013

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Introduction
Updates
Index
About driving
Key driving skills
Giving way
About driving
Safe driving tips
Extend your vision
One of the most important things you can do to be a safer driver is to look well ahead of you when you're
driving, so you can pick up potentially dangerous situations before it's too late.
The earlier you spot a potential hazard, the more time you will have to take evasive action.
Rather than looking only as far as the vehicle in front of you when driving, you should actually be scanning
the road in front to a distance of at least 12 seconds ahead of where your car is – that is, the place you will be
after driving for 12 seconds.
As a rough guide, at 50km/h, 12 seconds is 166 metres or about two city blocks. At 100km/h, 12 seconds is
333 metres. This means at 100km/h you should look ahead as far as you can see.
Keep your eyes moving

Many people only look ahead of them when driving. This means they're not getting the full picture of what's
happening on the road.
As well as looking ahead, you should also use your mirrors to look to the sides and behind often enough to
be aware of surrounding traffic.
Moving your eyes regularly and concentrating on what's going on around you will also help you to stay alert
on long journeys.
Create a safety cushion

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You should create a 'cushion' of safety around your whole vehicle by making sure there is a safe distance in
all directions between you, other vehicles and potential hazards.
This will give you and other road users more time and space to avoid any hazards.
Create a cushion of safety ahead of you by maintaining a safe following distance. Use the two-second
rule or the four-second rule when appropriate.
Create a cushion of safety behind you by maintaining a safe distance between you and any following
vehicles. If a vehicle is following you too closely, slow down, move over and let it pass as soon as you
can do so safely.
Create a safety cushion to your sides by keeping a safe distance from any hazards on your sides, such
as driveways, parked vehicles, cyclists or children playing on the footpath.
Important
The cheapest insurance you can have is space around your vehicle.
The more space you have the safer you will be.
Don't get distracted

It's easy to get distracted when you're driving. Things like music, talking passengers, passing scenery and
roadside advertising can all divert your attention from your driving and the road.
You must learn to ignore distractions and concentrate on your driving when you're behind the wheel. If, for
any reason, you must look away from the road, follow the pointers below:
Check well ahead and behind for any potential hazards. Don't look away if you can see potential
hazards.
Remember if you do look away from the road make sure you don't go off course.
Never take your eyes off the road for longer that is absolutely necessary. For example, while driving at
90km/h, if you took your eyes off the road for two seconds you will travel 50 metres.
Identify escape routes
Following the tips above will help you avoid many potentially dangerous crashes. However, despite all your
best efforts, there may still be occasions when you find yourself on a direct collision course with another
vehicle or other hazard.
For this reason, it is wise to identify possible escape routes all the time while you're driving. That way, if you
find yourself in danger of a crash, you'll be ready to take quick evasive action.
Most escape routes will be to your left, so take note of what's on the left-hand side of the road as you drive.
Ask yourself questions like:
'Is there a wide shoulder I could steer onto?'

'Can I steer off the road safely if I need to?'
If there are no safe escape routes, reduce your speed and increase your following distance so you can stop in
plenty of time if a crash situation develops.
Furthering your driver education
As a driver, you never stop learning. You should always be looking for ways to improve your safe driving
skills.
Practice, combined with the right attitude, will help you refine your skills, but there are also courses you can
take to help you become a safer driver.
For information on advanced driver education courses in your area, visit Advanced driving skills courses or
call our contact centre on 0800 822 422.
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Introduction
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Index
About driving
Key driving skills
Giving way
About driving
Tips for handling driving emergencies
Sometimes, no matter how carefully you drive, you may still find yourself in an emergency situation. This
section describes how to handle emergencies if they develop.
Skids
Skids don't happen without reason. They are usually caused by:
heavy acceleration
heavy braking
changing direction suddenly
driving too fast on wet or unsealed roads.
Different kinds of skids require you to take different corrective action. You should know what to do if your
car goes into a skid.
Note: the following guidelines relate only to vehicles with conventional brakes and not vehicles with ABS
brakes
If your vehicle has ABS brakes, never pump the brakes in an emergency. Keep the pedal pressed down hard
and steer out of trouble.
Four-wheel skid
In a four-wheel skid, all four wheels lock under heavy braking.
You should:
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pump your brakes gently so the wheels turn and grip the road again.
Four-wheel skid
Front-wheel skid (understeer)
In a front-wheel skid, the vehicle goes in a straight line instead of following the direction your front wheels
are turned in.
In this kind of skid you shouldn't brake.
You should:
push in the clutch (if driving a manual vehicle)

take your foot off the accelerator
turn the steering wheel in the direction that the vehicle is heading
once you've regained control, let the clutch out.
Front-wheel skid
Rear-wheel skid (oversteer)
In a rear-wheel skid, the rear of the vehicle swings out.
In this kind of skid you shouldn't brake.
You should:
push in the clutch (if driving a manual vehicle)

take your foot off the accelerator
turn the steering wheel in the direction that the rear wheels are sliding
once you've regained control, let the clutch out.
Rear-wheel skid
Tyre blowouts
Tyre blowouts can be dangerous, especially if you are driving fast, because they can cause your vehicle to
lose control.
A front-tyre blowout will usually cause the vehicle to 'pull' towards the side with the blowout. A rear-tyre
blowout will usually cause the vehicle to sway from side to side.
You can try to avoid having a blowout by checking your tyres regularly. It's important to have correct tyre
pressure. If a tyre has a large cut or bulge, or is very worn, it needs to be replaced.
If you do have a blowout while driving, you should:
grip the steering wheel tightly

ease off the accelerator
try to keep the vehicle on its path
signal and steer to the side of the road once you've reduced speed.
Engine failure
If your engine cuts out suddenly while driving, you must try to get the vehicle to the side of the road as
quickly and safely as possible.
You should:
signal and steer towards the side of the road

put the gears into neutral – this will help you roll further
put your hazard lights on once you've stopped.
If your vehicle has power steering, it will be difficult to steer once the engine is dead. Try not to be alarmed
by the reduced control. Grip the wheel tightly and steer as best as you can.
Jammed accelerator
An instinctive response of many drivers to a jammed accelerator is to turn the engine off. This isn't a good
idea, particularly if your vehicle has power steering and braking, as this will make it much harder to steer and
the brakes will be less effective.
You should:
try to lift the accelerator up with your toes

leave the vehicle in gear
brake – the brakes will be strong enough to stop the vehicle, even with the engine going
keep steering and look for a spot where you can safely pull of the road.
Shattered windscreen
Shattered windscreens are becoming less common these days because modern vehicles are fitted with
laminated windscreens, which crack but don't shatter. Stone chips can turn into cracks which weaken the
screen. Always repair chips before they turn into cracks.
If you are driving an older model vehicle and your windscreen shatters, you should:
steer by looking through the side window if you can't see through the shattered windscreen. If you
have been concentrating on the road ahead by using the '12-second rule' you should have a good
mental picture of the road, which will help you steer
avoid pushing a hole in the shattered glass unless absolutely necessary. You will probably cut your
hand and pieces of broken glass will be blown into your eyes
pull over and stop as soon as possible

once you have stopped, punch out the shattered glass using a jack or another tool. If no tools are
available, wrap your hand in thick cloth (such as a jersey or towel) and carefully knock out the glass
drive at a reduced speed to the nearest windscreen repairer.
Vehicle fire
If you think your vehicle is on fire, you will need to act immediately. You should:
signal and pull over to the side of the road

get yourself and any passengers out of the vehicle as quickly as possible
keep everyone clear of the vehicle and try to warn oncoming traffic
phone the fire service.
Don't try to put out the fire yourself, as you could inhale toxic fumes and there is also a danger the vehicle
could explode.
Earthquake
In a severe earthquake driving can be very difficult because the road may be shaking or moving up and down
beneath you.
If you think that an earthquake is happening while you're driving, you should:
pull over and stop

stay inside your vehicle until the shaking stops. Your vehicle will provide you with some protection
against falling objects.
After the earthquake:
if power lines have fallen onto your vehicle, stay inside it until help arrives
if you continue driving straight after the earthquake, be on the lookout for slips or other road damage
and obstacles
turn on your radio and listen for news about possible road closures and other information.
Submerged vehicle
New Zealand has a high number of coastal and riverside roads and sometimes vehicles can end up
underwater.
Knowing what to do if you're ever in this situation can mean the difference between life and death.
If possible, get out of the vehicle while it's still afloat. It will normally sink within a matter of minutes.
Escape by winding down the window. The weight of water against doors will usually make them too
hard to open.
Once submerged, water will gradually seep into the vehicle. Escape through the windows. If this isn't
possible, wait until the vehicle is filled almost to head height with water. The doors will be easier to
open then as the pressure inside the vehicle will be almost the same as it is outside.
Before leaving the vehicle, turn the lights on so rescuers can find it more easily.
Form a human chain with any other passengers as you leave the vehicle. This will make sure you all
stay together.
Bonnet flying up
You can try to avoid having your bonnet fly up by:
remembering to re-fasten your vehicle's bonnet securely whenever you open it
pulling over to the side of the road immediately if you notice the bonnet flexing or coming loose while
you are driving.
If the bonnet flies up while you are driving you should:
steer by looking through the gap under the hinge of the bonnet or out the side window
brake smoothly, indicate and move over to the left-hand side of the road.
Brake failure
If your vehicle's brakes fail, it will be an alarming experience.
You can try to avoid this happening by checking your brakes regularly. Always replace worn brake pads
immediately and top up the brake fluid levels whenever necessary.
If your brakes do fail while driving:
change to a lower gear – automatic vehicles included – to help slow the vehicle down
pump the brakes hard and quickly to make use of any capacity still left in the hydraulic brake system
gradually pull up on the handbrake – don't pull too hard or you may cause the rear wheels to lock
warn other road users by switching on your headlights and hazard lights and sounding your horn
look for an 'escape route', such as a wide shoulder of the road, a flat field or an uphill road
if you are travelling downhill and the vehicle is starting to lose control, try to scrape against something
on the side of the road, such as a safety rail, a bank or the kerb.
Headlight failure
It's uncommon for both headlights to fail while you are driving, but it can happen.
If your headlights do fail while you're driving, you should:
slow down
move off the road gradually and stop somewhere safe
turn your hazard lights on.
Avoiding a head-on crash

A head-on crash is probably the most dangerous type of crash you can be involved in. This is because when
two vehicles collide head-on the force of the impact is usually twice as much as it is when a vehicle hits a
non-moving object.
If you find yourself heading towards a head-on crash, there are some things you can do to try and avoid the
crash or limit its damage:
Brake hard. Every kilometre of speed that you slow down by will lessen the impact of a crash if it
happens.
Flash your headlights and blow your horn to attract the attention of the other driver.
Look for an escape route to your left, even if it means driving off the road. A roll-over accident is
likely to be less dangerous than a head-on crash.
Don't swerve to your right. The other driver is mostly likely to respond by swerving to their left and
you would be likely to crash into each other.
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25/03/2018 The official New Zealand road code - About limits


Introduction
Updates
Index
About limits
Speed limits
Alcohol and drugs limits
Driver fatigue
About limits
Speed limits
Excessive speed is one of the biggest killers on our roads. On average, 130 people die every year in New
Zealand in speed-related crashes.
Remember, the faster you go, the more likely you are to be killed or seriously injured if you crash.
Safe speed guidelines

You can drive at any speed under or equal to the limit, provided:
your speed is safe for the traffic conditions (for example, slow down if you are on a busy road, or if
there are pedestrians or cyclists around)
your speed is safe for the road conditions (for example, slow down if the road is winding, bumpy,
narrow, wet or icy)
your speed is safe for the weather conditions (for example, slow down if it is raining, windy or foggy)
you can stop suddenly behind a vehicle that you’re following – if a vehicle ahead of you stops
suddenly and you run into the back of it, you will be legally responsible
you can stop in half the length of clear road you can see in front of you on a road with no centre line or
lanes (for example, a narrow country road where vehicles may meet head-on)
you can stop in the length of clear lane you can see in front of you on a road with a centre line or lanes.
Slow drivers
If you are travelling slower than the speed limit and there are vehicles following you, you must:
keep as close to the left side of the road as possible

pull over as soon as it is safe to let following vehicles pass.
Don’t speed up on straight stretches of road to prevent following vehicles from passing you.
http://www.nzta.govt.nz/resources/roadcode/about-limits/speed-limits/ 1/6
Slow drivers
Compulsory speed signs

A speed limit is the maximum legal speed that you can travel on the road under good conditions.
Signs showing the speed limit are displayed beside the road. These signs usually have a red border, which
means that the sign is compulsory.
You may drive slower than the speed limit shown, but you must be considerate towards any vehicles behind
you.
You must drive slower than the limit if:
conditions make the speed limit shown unsafe, or

you are driving a vehicle which requires you to drive at a lower speed (such as heavy vehicles, which
have a lower speed limit than cars – see table below).
Some examples of speed signs are shown below.
The maximum speed you can travel is 50km/h
The maximum speed you can travel is 70km/h
A temporary speed limit of 30km/h applies. Temporary speed-limit signs are usually put up when there is
work being done on or near the road
Important
Speed limit changes take effect at the sign post.
Before reaching the speed-limit sign make sure you:
reduce your speed, if the sign indicates a lower speed

do not increase your speed until you pass the sign, if the sign indicates a higher speed.
Open road speed limits
The signs below mean that the maximum speed that you can travel at is 100km/h.
Maximum speed 100km/h
The vehicles listed in the table below have a lower maximum speed limit.
When following other vehicles, remember that some vehicles have lower speed limits and you may have to
adjust your speed. Some vehicles have a lower maximum speed limit, such as light vehicles towing trailers.
Maximum
Vehicle type open road
speed limit
Heavy motor vehicles (vehicles with a gross
vehicle mass* of over 3500kg) and heavy motor 90km/h
vehicles towing trailers
Vehicles with a gross vehicle mass* of over
80km/h
2000kg and are displaying school bus signs
Light vehicles towing trailers 90km/h
Heavy vehicles constructed without springs or
other forms of suspension, between its road 45 km/h
wheels and its chassis
* Gross vehicle mass (GVM) is the greater of:
the mass specified as the GVM of a particular vehicle by the vehicle's manufacturer
the mass specified as the GVM of a particular vehicle (or a vehicle of its kind) by the NZTA.
Important
If a driver exceeds a permanent posted speed limit by more than 40km/h, there is an automatic 28-day
licence suspension.
If a driver exceeds a temporary speed limit by more than 50km/h, there is an automatic 28-day licence
suspension.
Other signs that mean you must adjust your speed
Accident sign
The signs below mean that you are coming up to a crash site. Slow down and drive at 20km/h or less until
you have passed the crash site.
Accident
School bus signs
The signs below will be displayed on school buses. If a school bus has stopped you must slow down and
drive at 20km/h or less until you are well past (no matter which direction you are coming from) if:
the bus displays a school bus sign on which the lights a flashing, or
the bus displays a school bus sign (with or without flashing lights) and has stopped for the purpose of
picking up or dropping off school children.
School bus signs
Note: you may also see ‘Kura’, the Māori word for school, on a bus.
School zones
Some schools display signs that are turned on before and after school and other times such as lunch time.
Examples are shown below.
This sign will be displayed at the start of the school zone. If the 40 is visible and the yellow lights are
flashing, the maximum speed is 40km/h until the zone ends.
This sign will be on a side road.
Curve warning signs
The signs below warn you that you are coming up to a tight curve or bend in the road. The number
recommends a safe and comfortable speed to drive at around the curve – in this example the recommended
speed is 35 km/h. The arrows show which direction the curve goes.
Curve warning signs
Variable speed limit signs
Variable speed signs are used to manage traffic congestion. You need to adjust your speed accordingly.
Variable speed signs
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Introduction
Updates
Index
About limits
Speed limits
Driver fatigue
About limits

Alcohol and drugs, including some drugs given to you by a doctor, can seriously affect your driving. They
can slow your reaction times and affect your senses.
You risk causing death and serious injury to yourself and other people if you drive under the influence of
alcohol or drugs.
Legal alcohol limits for driving
The law says you must not drive if the amount of alcohol in your blood or breath exceeds certain age-related
limits. These limits are shown below.
Under twenty
There is a zero alcohol limit if you are under 20. That means if you drive after consuming even one drink
you can be charged with drink driving. If you have an alcohol level of less than 150 micrograms per litre of
breath and less than 30 milligrams per 100 millilitres of blood you could be fined and given 50 demerit
points. If your alcohol limit is higher, you could be disqualified from driving, given 50 demerit points and
either fined or imprisoned.
Twenty or over
You must not drive if you have consumed more than the legal alcohol limit, which is 250 micrograms per
litre of breath or 50 milligrams per 100 millilitres of blood.
It is difficult to say how many alcoholic drinks you can have before you reach these limits. It depends on
many factors, including:
whether you are male or female

your size
how much food you have eaten.
http://www.nzta.govt.nz/resources/roadcode/about-limits/alcohol-and-drugs-limits/ 1/5
Because of this, and because even small amounts of alcohol can affect your driving, the best advice is: if you
drink at all, don't drive.
If you've been drinking, call a taxi, take a bus or get someone who hasn't been drinking, such as a friend or
'dial-a-driver', to drive you home.
Drugs and driving

The law also says you must not drive if you have taken any type of drug that may affect your driving ability.
If you are prescribed drugs by a doctor, always ask if they will have any effect on your driving.
Testing for alcohol and drugs
You can be stopped by the police and breath-tested at any time. The police can use the following tests to see
if you have been drinking or taking drugs.
Passive breath test
The police officer will place a hand-held device in front of your mouth and ask you to talk into it. This will
show if you have recently drunk any alcohol. If any alcohol is detected, a breath screening test will be
required.
Breath screening test
The police officer will give you a small electronic device, and will ask you to blow into it. If your alcohol
level is high, you will be asked to take an evidential breath test or have a blood test.
Evidential breath test
This is an electronic device you blow into, which gives a reading that can be used in court as evidence of
your breath–alcohol concentration.
Blood test
If you have a blood test, a medical doctor or other approved person will take a sample of your blood to be
tested for alcohol or drugs.
Compulsory (drug) impairment test

This includes an eye assessment, a walk and turn, and a one leg stand assessment.
If you fail you may be forbidden to drive and required to have a blood test.
When are the tests carried out?
A police officer can ask you to take a passive breath test or breath screening test if:
you are suspected of drinking and driving

you are signalled to stop at a Police alcohol check point.
You must wait with the officer for the result of the test.
If the test shows you have been drinking, you must:
take a further test – this will be either an evidential breath test or a blood test
hand over the keys to your vehicle, if asked by a police officer
go with a police officer, if required
agree to a blood test, if asked by a police officer, medical doctor or other approved person.
If you don't, you may be arrested.
A compulsory impairment test can be required if a police officer has good cause to suspect that you are
impaired by a drug or drugs. This could be because of your erratic driving, or if you have been stopped for
another reason and appear to be under the influence of drugs.
What are your rights?

You may:
choose not to take a breath screening or evidential breath test – however, if you:
refuse a breath screening test, you will be asked to take an evidential breath test
refuse an evidential breath test, you must undergo a blood test
choose to have a blood test if an evidential breath test shows you are over the legal limit. The court
will take the results of the blood test over the results of the evidential breath test
talk to a lawyer (if you wish to) after a positive breath screening test and before an evidential breath or
blood test – a telephone will be made available to you for this purpose.
If your blood test shows you are over the legal limit, you will be given a copy of the blood test certificate.
You may ask for your blood sample to be tested by an independent analyst. If you want this to happen, it’s
important that you talk to a lawyer as soon as possible.
What are the penalties?
The following table shows some of the penalties for driving offences related to alcohol and drugs.
Court-imposed penalties for alcohol/drugs offences
Offence Amount of alcohol Penalty

Disqualification
Blood Breath Prison Fine or suspension
of licence
First or second
You kill or injure offence - one
someone when year or more,
More than 80mg More than Up to
driving after drinking Up to 10 years third or
per 100ml 400mcg per litre $20,000
too much or taking subsequent
drugs offence - more
than one year
First and second offences
You drive, or try to Up to Six months or
Up to three months
drive, after drinking More than 80mg More than $4500 more
too much or taking per 100ml 400mcg per litre Third and subsequent offences
drugs Up to More than one
Up to two years
$6000 year
You drive, or try to Second and subsequent offences
More than More than
drive, after drinking The court may impose a zero alcohol licence in
80mg per 100ml 400mcg per litre
too much addition to the penalties listed above.
First and subsequent offences
You drive, or try to More than The court may impose an alcohol interlock
More than
drive, after drinking 160mg per disqualification with an accompanying three
800mcg per litre
too much 100ml months disqualification period as an alternative
to the penalties listed below.
You drive, or try to More than 30mg More than Up to three months Up to Three months or
drive, after drinking per 100ml 150mcg per litre $2250 more
too much or taking
drugs and you are
aged under 20 years
First and second offence
You refuse to give Up to Six months or
blood when asked by Up to three months
$4500 more
a police officer,
doctor or approved Third and subsequent offences
person Up to More than one
Up to two years
$6000 year
You refuse to go with
a police officer for an Up to As decided by
evidential breath test $4500 the court
or blood test
You are in charge of a
vehicle after drinking
too much or taking
Up to
drugs and you do not
$10,000
hand over the keys
when asked by a
police officer
Penalties for drug impaired driving or driving with class A drugs in the blood stream
Offence Penalty
Disqualification or
Prison Fine suspension of
licence
First or second offence
Up to three
Up to $4500 At least six months
You drive drug impaired but no one is injured, or fail months
or refuse to do the impairment test Third or subsequent offence
Up to two
Up to $6000 More than one year
years
Up to three
You drive drug impaired causing injury or death Up to $10,000 One year or more
years
You drive carelessly causing injury or death with Up to three
Up to $10,000 One year or more
Class A drugs in the blood years
On-the-spot (roadside) licence suspension
Your licence will be suspended on the spot if you refuse to have a blood test or if, following an evidential
breath or blood test, you are found to have:
more than 130* milligrams of alcohol per 100 millilitres of blood, or

more than 650* micrograms of alcohol per litre of breath.
* A lower threshold of 80 milligrams or 400 micrograms will apply if, in the previous four years, you have
been convicted of:
driving or attempting to drive under the influence of alcohol or drugs, or

driving or attempting to drive with excess breath or blood alcohol, or
failing or refusing to allow a blood sample to be taken, or
causing death or injury while in charge of a motor vehicle and under the influence of alcohol or drugs,
or with excess breath or blood alcohol.
Your licence will be suspended for 28 days and you will still have to face court-imposed penalties.
Repeat offences
The penalties described above may be increased substantially for repeat offences.
In addition, if you commit two alcohol-related offences within a five-year period and one of those offences
involves:
refusing to go with a police officer

refusing to give a breath or blood sample
driving under the influence of alcohol or drugs
having a breath–alcohol level above 1000 micrograms
having a blood–alcohol level above 200 milligrams per 100 millilitres
then you will be:
disqualified from driving for an indefinite period, and

required to attend a Ministry of Health alcohol assessment centre.
If you commit an alcohol-related offence and:
your breath and/or blood alcohol levels are twice the legal limit or higher, or
you have already been convicted of a previous offence within a five-year period
then you could be:
given an alcohol interlock disqualification with an accompanying three-month disqualification period,

or
given a zero alcohol disqualification.
Applying for removal of an indefinite disqualification
You can apply for the removal of an alcohol-related indefinite disqualification if:
you have served at least one year and one day of the disqualification, and
you receive a satisfactory report from a Ministry of Health approved assessment centre.
The disqualification can only be ended by the NZTA. Once it has been ended, you will be unlicensed and
must not drive again until you apply to have your licence reinstated and a new licence has been issued.
Before a new licence can be issued you will also need to sit and pass the relevant tests or complete approved
courses.
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Introduction
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Index
About limits
Speed limits
Driver fatigue
About limits
Driver fatigue
Many fatal crashes are caused by people driving when they are tired. If you feel tired, don't drive. Don't risk
your life or those of other road users.
Tips to help you avoid driver fatigue

Get a good night's sleep before driving, preferably eight hours.
Avoid driving during the hours when you are normally sleeping. For most people, this will be between
10pm and 6am.
If you normally have a mid-afternoon nap, then you should avoid driving at that time.
Make sure that following a period of sleep you are fully awake before driving.
Don't drink even small amounts of alcohol. It will make the effects of fatigue much worse.
When taking long trips, plan your journey to include rest breaks.
Share the driving if possible.
Snack on light, fresh foods. Avoid consuming fatty, sugary or carbohydrate-filled foods, which can
make you tired.
Recognise the warning signs
Some warning signs are:
having trouble focusing, keeping your eyes open or holding your head up
daydreaming, wandering or disconnected thoughts, loss of memory
yawning or rubbing your eyes repeatedly
drifting from your lane, tailgating and missing signs or exits
feeling restless and irritable.
Stop to revive, then drive
During long trips, take rest breaks about every two hours or every 100 kilometres.
If you start feeling sleepy:

http://www.nzta.govt.nz/resources/roadcode/about-limits/driver-fatigue/ 1/2
don't keep driving – pull over immediately in a safe place (as far off the road as possible)
move to the passenger seat and take a 15–20 minute power nap. A short sleep is very refreshing – try
not to nap for a period longer than 40 minutes otherwise you may feel groggy and disoriented when
you wake up and for quite some time afterwards (this is called sleep inertia)
wait at least 10 minutes to make sure that you are completely awake before you start driving again.
If you still feel sleepy don't drive, find a place to sleep for an extended period or for the night.
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http://www.nzta.govt.nz/resources/roadcode/about-limits/driver-fatigue/ 2/2
25/03/2018 The official New Zealand road code - About driver responsibility


Introduction
Updates
Index

Registered person's responsibilities
Responsible driving
Safety belts and child restraints
Crashes
Stepping over the line
Tips on sustainable driving

If a motor vehicle is registered in your name, you are responsible for making sure that the following
requirements are met.
Warrant of fitness or certificate of fitness

All vehicles driven on New Zealand roads must have a current warrant of fitness (WoF) or certificate of
fitness (CoF). See About your vehicle for more information about WoFs and CoFs.
Registration
All vehicles driven on New Zealand roads must be registered. When you register a vehicle, it is added to the
Motor Vehicles Register. Once a vehicle is registered, it is issued with registration plates (commonly referred
to as number plates) and a current vehicle licence. A certificate of registration is also sent to the registered
person.
Your registration plates must be clearly visible, and you can only display approved plates on your vehicle. It
is an offence to have obscured, misleading or unauthorised plates on your vehicle.
If for some reason your plates will be obscured (e.g. by a bicycle on a bike rack) you can apply to the
Transport Agency for a supplementary plate. This supplementary plate can then be attached to the load that is
obscuring.
Relicensing
Relicensing is sometimes confused with registration. Relicensing is the payment of a fee to use a vehicle on
the road. All vehicles used on the road must be relicensed regularly and must display a current licence label
on the windscreen.
http://www.nzta.govt.nz/resources/roadcode/about-driver-responsibility/ownership-responsibilities/ 1/3
To get a vehicle licence, you must:
make sure your vehicle has a current WoF or CoF

fill out the relicensing notice (MR1) that you should receive in the post, or fill out an Application to
licence a motor vehicle (MR1B), which is available from any NZTA agent
pay the appropriate fee.
You can also relicense online at nzta.govt.nz/online.
A vehicle licence is valid for up to 12 months. Most vehicles must be licensed continuously. This means that
the licence fees must be paid from the expiry date of the previous licence (that is, if you renew your licence
after the expiry date of the previous licence, the licence fees will be backdated and you must pay these).
You can apply for an exemption from continuous licensing if you won’t be using your vehicle for a period of
three months or more. An exemption means that when your licence expires, the licence fees won’t be
backdated next time you relicense your vehicle. An exemption does not mean that you can use your vehicle
on the road without a current licence. Talk to an NZTA agent for more information.
If you don't:
relicense your vehicle, or

apply for an exemption from continuous licensing
and the vehicle remains unlicensed for more than 12 months, its registration will lapse.
You will still have to pay any backdated licence fees and, if the vehicle is to be used on a road again, it must
be re-registered with new plates and registration papers. Your vehicle may also need to be certified by an
approved vehicle inspector.
Road user charges

You must pay road user charges (RUC) and obtain a RUC licence for your vehicle if:
it's powered by diesel, or any other fuel that doesn't include government tax in its purchase price
(regardless of the vehicle's weight), or
it has a manufacturer's gross laden weight of more than 3.5 tonnes (3500kg).
This is because diesel, unlike petrol, CNG and LPG, doesn’t include fuel excise duty in its purchase price.
This tax contributes towards the upkeep of New Zealand's roads.
RUC licences can be purchased from an NZTA agent or online from nzta.govt.nz/online. You'll be given a
RUC licence label, which must be displayed on the inside of the windscreen.
When buying or selling a vehicle that requires a RUC licence, the licence should be sold with the vehicle.
The new owner will become responsible for paying any outstanding charges if the vehicle is sold without a
current RUC licence.
Buying a motor vehicle
Before you purchase a vehicle, an NZTA agent can check to see whether it is registered and licensed, or has
been reported stolen. It's a good idea to do this before you buy the vehicle, because once you have bought it:
you will be liable for any outstanding fees owing on the vehicle
you may lose the vehicle if it has been stolen.
Once you've bought a motor vehicle, you need to notify the NZTA within seven days of the sale. The seller
may want to confirm that you've done this before they hand over the vehicle. You need to do the following:
Obtain the vehicle’s Certificate of registration from the seller. The form for changing who the vehicle
is registered to is printed on the back of the certificate. If the seller has lost the certificate, you will
need a Notice by person acquiring motor vehicle form (MR13B), available from an NZTA agent.
Complete the Notice by person acquiring motor vehicle form and give it to an NZTA agent with the
appropriate fee.
Show the agent your New Zealand driver licence as evidence of identification. If you don't have your
driver licence, you'll need to show other identification that includes your full name, signature and date
of birth.
Ask the agent to give you a transfer receipt. Take this to the seller when you pick up the vehicle – it
shows you have changed the vehicle's registration into your name.
You can also complete this transaction online at nzta.govt.nz/online.
A new Certificate of registration, showing the vehicle registered in your name, will be sent to you once you
have completed the Notice by person acquiring motor vehicle form (MR13B). Although commonly
referred to as ownership, the Certificate of registration isn’t legal title for the vehicle – it is simply a record
of who is responsible for the vehicle.
Selling a motor vehicle

If you are selling a motor vehicle:
Complete the bottom, tear-off portion of your Certificate of registration with the new owner's details
and post it to the Transport Registry Centre, Private Bag, Palmerston North (no stamp required). If
you've lost the Certificate of registration, you can still notify your part of the change of ownership
process by completing a Notice by person selling/disposing of motor vehicle (form MR13A),
available from NZTA agents.
Give the remaining portion of the Certificate of registration to the buyer so they can notify their part
of the change of ownership.
Make sure you and the new owner complete change of ownership forms within seven days of the sale.
If you don't, you could be liable for the new owner's speed camera tickets, licensing fees and any fines
they may receive for not displaying a current WoF or a current licence. Ask them to show you one of
the following documents as evidence they've changed the vehicle into their name:
a change of ownership transfer receipt
an email confirmation page (if they have completed their transaction online)
a receipted Notice of change of ownership of motor vehicle (form MR13B).
If you sell your car through a registered motor vehicle trader they should notify the change of
ownership for you, but it is wise to check that they have done this.
You can also complete this transaction online at nzta.govt.nz/online.
Call the motor vehicle registration contact centre on 0800 108 809 if you have any questions about:
your ownership responsibilities

where to obtain any of the forms, or
where to find an NZTA agent.
This service is available between 8am and 6pm, Monday to Friday (except public holidays).
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Introduction
Updates
Index

Responsible driving
Crashes

Responsible driving
Responsible driving means driving with the safety and convenience of all road users in mind. Following the
information in this section will help you to become a safe and responsible road user.
Important driver responsibilities
Operation of a vehicle
A driver must not operate a vehicle in a condition or manner that could cause:
injury to any person or animal

annoyance to any person
damage to any property
distraction to the driver.
Unsafe vehicle or load
You must not drive:
an unsafe vehicle
a vehicle with an unsafe load, which:
is not tied down
could fall from the vehicle
is dragging on the ground.
Dangerous riding
You must not ride in (or on) a vehicle in a way that might result in injury. If you are the driver you must not
let your passengers ride in (or on) the vehicle in an unsafe way.
http://www.nzta.govt.nz/resources/roadcode/about-driver-responsibility/responsible-driving/ 1/4
Carrying people or packages
Holding a package, person or animal in your lap or arms when driving is dangerous. Ideally, put packages in
a secure place such as the boot. If this isn't possible, put them in a place inside the vehicle where they won't
hurt anyone if the vehicle stops suddenly.
Children and pets
Children and pets can be noisy or need your help when you are driving. If you have to deal with the needs of
children or pets, pull over to the side of the road and park your vehicle first.
Lighting
A driver or passenger must not use any vehicle lighting equipment in a way that will dazzle, confuse or
distract other road users.
Noisy and smoky vehicles
You must not drive a vehicle that:
makes a lot of noise, inside or outside the vehicle, due to:

the way in which the vehicle is being driven
the condition of the vehicle
any other means (such as a car stereo)
makes noise that is likely to cause annoyance to any person
makes smoke for 10 seconds or more.
Make sure your vehicle’s exhaust system and engine are in good working order. This will prevent gases and
excessive noise entering the car.
Making the wheels of a motor vehicle lose traction and spin on the road surface may make unnecessary noise
or smoke and could be a traffic offence.
Using the horn
The horn should only be used as a reasonable traffic warning. It should not make an unnecessary or
unreasonably loud, harsh or shrill noise.
Opening and closing doors
You must not open or close the door of a motor vehicle if it is likely to:
cause a hazard to any road user (including pedestrians, cyclists or other users of a footpath), or
hurt anyone.
Music
Don't play music in your car so loudly that you can't hear:
the sounds your car is making

emergency sirens
the sound of warning bells or trains when you're coming up to a railway level crossing.
Uphill and downhill traffic
On steep, narrow roads, it is easier for vehicles moving downhill to give way to vehicles moving uphill.
Funeral processions
If you are driving in a funeral procession, you should drive with your vehicle's headlights on dip. That way,
other drivers will know you are part of the procession.
Animals on the road
Farmers often use country roads to move stock between paddocks. If there are animals on the road:
slow down or pull over to the side of the road

don't sound your horn or make a noise that could frighten the animals
follow any advice the farmer may give you.
Broken glass and other debris on the road
You are responsible for removing the following things if they fall or escape from your vehicle onto the road:
Any slippery substance.

Any piercing or dangerous substance.
Glass.
Any other substance of any kind that, because of its size or nature, could be a danger to road users.
If the substance or glass can be removed quickly and safely, you must immediately remove it or ensure it is
removed.
If the substance or glass cannot be removed quickly and safely, and there is likelihood of harm being caused
to the public or any person, you must warn the public or report the occurrence immediately to the nearest
police station or to a member of the police.
If you are physically incapacitated and unable to remove the substance or glass or warn the public or report
the occurrence, the person removing the vehicle from the scene must do those things as required.
Firearms (guns)
You must not carry a firearm in your vehicle unless you hold a firearm licence. You must never carry a
loaded firearm in a vehicle. (This also means you must not carry ammunition in the chamber or attached
magazine of the gun.)
Space-saver wheels
Some cars have a space-saver wheel as the spare wheel. Space-saver wheels are much smaller than the
vehicle's other wheels so they take up less storage room.
Space-saver wheels are for emergency use only and are not designed to be used over long distances. If you
get a flat tyre and replace a wheel with a space-saver wheel, you should only use it to get directly home or to
a place where the flat tyre can be repaired or replaced.
The vehicle is likely to handle differently with a space-saver wheel. Drive carefully and don't drive faster
than 80km/h. If the space-saver wheel has a sticker showing a lower speed, then that speed applies.
Space-saver wheels must have a safety label that states that the tyre is for temporary use only, what the
maximum safe speed is for the tyre and what the correct pressure is. Make sure you read and follow the
label.
Note: make sure the space-saver tyre is inflated to the correct pressure. This is much higher than normal tyre
pressure.
Cellphones
While you are driving, you cannot create, send, or read a text message on a cellphone or use a hand-held
cellphone to make or receive a phone call. This includes accessing online services in any way.
You can, however, use your cellphone to make, receive or terminate a telephone call while driving if the
phone is secured in a mounting fixed to the vehicle and you manipulate the phone infrequently and briefly.
You can also use a cellphone while driving to make a 111 or *555 call if it is unsafe or impractical to pull
over and stop in a safe place at the side of the road to make the call.
Driver distractions
Anything that takes a driver's attention away from the road can be a potential hazard.
You should avoid or minimise the following distractions when you are driving:
looking at things on the roadside

looking at scenery
talking on a hands-free cellphone
talking to passengers
noisy children
pets
eating food
lighting a cigarette
adjusting radio or climate controls
daydreaming
tiredness
reading maps
objects moving in the vehicle
electronic gadgets
reaching for items in the glovebox
cleaning the inside of the windscreen.
Work time and logbook requirements
If you are driving a taxi or if your vehicle weighs more than 3500kg (for example, a truck), you may be
subject to restrictions on how long you can drive and the amount of rest you must have. You may also need
to keep a logbook of your work time. For more information refer to The official New Zealand road code for
heavy vehicle drivers or factsheet 2 Work time and logbooks.
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Introduction
Updates
Index

Responsible driving
Crashes

Safety belts and child restraints protect people by holding them in their seats when there is a crash or when
the vehicle stops suddenly. If you don’t wear a safety belt and you’re involved in a crash, you could be
thrown out of your vehicle.
Always remember to fasten your safety belt before you drive off.
See About your vehicle for more information about the legal requirements for safety belts in your vehicle.
Responsibility
As the driver you are responsible for making sure passengers under the age of 15 are using an approved child
restraint or safety belt.
Children under seven must be correctly secured in an approved child restraint.

Children aged seven must use an approved child restraint if one is available. If such a restraint is not
available, the child must be restrained as securely as practicable in the circumstances using any child
restraint or seat belt that is available (whether or not that child restraint or seat belt is approved).
Children aged eight to 14 must wear a safety belt.
The safety belt must be worn correctly and kept securely fastened while the vehicle is in motion on the road.
Passengers 15 years and over are responsible for making sure that they wear their own safety belts correctly
and that they keep them fastened while the vehicle is in motion.
Bus drivers in vehicles with passenger safety belts are not responsible for ensuring passengers wear them
except passengers under the age of 15 sitting in a front seat alongside the driver.
How to wear a safety belt
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Most safety belts are retractable. This means they stretch automatically to the correct length when you fasten
them and lock only if the vehicle stops suddenly.
If your vehicle has a non-retractable safety belt, you will need to adjust its length before you fasten it. There
should be just enough room to slide the palm of your hand between the belt and your chest.
Never put an adult and a child together in the same safety belt.
Special exceptions
You don’t have to wear a safety belt if you:
hold a current doctor’s certificate that says you don’t have to wear a safety belt for medical reasons
are driving and you’re unable to reach the controls (for example, brake, signals, dip switch) with a
safety belt on
are a taxi driver plying for hire (your passengers, however, must wear safety belts)
are a driver or passenger who is getting in and out of the vehicle often to read meters, deliver goods,
etc. In these situations you must not travel faster than 50km/h
are reversing and it is difficult to see while wearing a safety belt.
Child restraints
Under sevens
Children under seven years old must be correctly secured in an approved child restraint.
The only exceptions to this rule are where the child is travelling in a taxi that doesn’t have an approved child
restraint, travelling in a bus or has a medical certificate exemption. In these situations, the child must sit in a
back seat.
Seven year olds
Children aged seven years old must use a child restraint if available.
If such a restraint is not available, the child must be restrained as securely as practicable in the circumstances
using any child restraint or seat belt that is available (whether or not that child restraint or seat belt is
approved).
For more information about child restraints, visit Using child restraints safely on our website.
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Introduction
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Responsible driving
Crashes

Crashes
Unfortunately, crashes do happen on our roads. As a responsible driver, you need to know the signs that
show you are coming up to the scene of a crash and what your responsibilities are if you're involved in a
crash or if you come across a crash.
Crash warning signs

At a crash site the police may use signs, flashing lights and flares to warn approaching drivers.
When coming up to a crash site, slow down and drive carefully. The road may be blocked and there could be
injured people lying on it.
Accident
The sign shown above is placed by police near a crash site. It means you must drive at 20km/h or less until
you pass the crash site. Watch out for emergency workers and injured people.
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Warning triangle
The triangle shown above is a warning triangle. It means there is a breakdown or crash ahead. Anyone can
put a warning triangle on the side of the road to warn other road users.
Reporting a crash
If you are involved in a crash while driving, and you are not badly injured, the first thing you must do is stop
and check to see if anyone is hurt, and provide assistance.
If someone is hurt, you must tell a police officer as soon as possible and no later than 24 hours after the
crash.
If no one is hurt, you must give your name, address and vehicle registration (and, if asked, the name and
address of the owner of the vehicle you are driving, if it isn't your vehicle) as soon as possible but no later
than 48 hours after the crash to:
the owner or driver of any other vehicle that has been damaged
the owner of any property that has been damaged.
If you can't find these people, you must tell a police officer as soon as possible and no later than 60 hours
after the crash.
If your vehicle is insured, tell your insurance company as soon as possible after the crash.
Tips for dealing with crashes
If you are first on the scene of a crash, your actions could help save the lives of the people involved in the
crash and make it safer for other drivers coming upon the crash scene.
Here are some things you can do to help make the crash scene safer:
Park your car in a safe spot, away from the crash area. Leave plenty of space for emergency vehicles to
come and go, and for emergency workers to work in.
Switch on your car's hazard warning lights.
If possible, post other people or warning triangles on all approaches to the crash site to warn oncoming
drivers. The people or triangles should be about 200 metres from the crash site to give approaching
drivers time to slow down.
If people are injured, call an ambulance as soon as possible.
Following a crash, some airbags may not be deployed. If you need to enter a crashed vehicle, don't
place yourself between any undeployed airbag and injured or trapped person. Undeployed airbags can
deploy with force some minutes after a crash and could injure both the rescuer and injured/trapped
person.
If it is safe to do so, turn off the ignition of all vehicles involved in the crash.
If any vehicle involved in the crash has a dangerous goods placard, follow the instructions below on
crashes involving dangerous goods.
If people have been injured in the crash, you should call an ambulance as soon as you can. Before the
ambulance comes, there are some things you may be able to do to help them and some things you should be
aware of, which are outlined in this section.
Important
Dial 111 for emergency services. Dial *555 to report traffic incidents.
Basic first aid
Ideally, you should enrol in a recognised first aid course so you can learn techniques such as
cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) and mouth-to-mouth resuscitation under proper supervision. This will
make you more confident and more capable of using first aid if you have to.
Try not to move injured people
If a victim has spinal injuries, moving them may only worsen their injuries. You should never move a crash
victim unless it is absolutely necessary. The only instances where you should move someone before medical
help arrives are when:
the person is trapped in a vehicle that is on fire or in danger of catching fire

it is necessary to move them to:
give CPR
give mouth-to-mouth resuscitation
stop severe bleeding.
Stopping severe bleeding
If the patient is bleeding badly, you should try to stop or reduce the bleeding.
Raise the part of the body that is bleeding. This will take some of the blood away from the wound.
Apply pressure to the wound, preferably with thick, folded fabric, such as a towel or an item of
clothing.
Crashes involving dangerous goods
If you come across a crash involving a vehicle that is carrying dangerous goods, you will need to be
extremely careful. Never make a rescue attempt unless you are sure you are not endangering yourself by
coming into contact with dangerous substances.
Most vehicles carrying dangerous goods display a placard that indicates the type of goods being carried.
Some of the most common placards are shown below. You should familiarise yourself with these placards
and what they mean.
Dangerous goods Toxic substances Explosives
Flammable liquid Oxidising agent Corrosive substances
Remember, if you're at a crash site and you're in any doubt about the meaning of a placard, keep your
distance – especially if there's been a spillage. Poisonous fumes may be given off by a dangerous substance.
Make a careful note of the colour and symbol on the placard and give this information to the emergency
services when phoning to report a crash and when they arrive at the crash site. Keep bystanders well away
from the crash scene and upwind of poisonous fumes.
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Responsible driving
Crashes

Traffic laws are made to protect and ensure the safety of all road users. This section describes the penalties
that you can face if you commit driving offences.
Demerit points
Demerit points are given for some traffic offences and infringements and for speeding infringements (except
those recorded by a speed camera).
If you are disqualified from driving for less than six months by the court, you may have demerit points added
to any previous demerit points on your record.
If you are suspended or disqualified by the court for six months or more, any previously recorded demerit
points will be cleared from your record. Demerit points will also be cancelled if you have not offended for
two years.
If you incur 50 or more demerit points, you will be sent a letter to warn you that your licence is in danger of
being suspended.
If you get a total of 100 or more demerit points within any two-year period, you will be suspended from
driving for three months.
If you are suspended for excess demerit points, you will be served with a suspension notice.
Your suspension is effective from when you are personally served with the suspension notice and you must
surrender your driver licence to the person giving you the notice.
Your driver licence will be permanently cancelled as a result of the suspension. When your suspension has
ended you will remain unlicensed. You are not entitled to drive until you apply at a NZ Transport Agency
licensing agent to have your licence reinstated and a new licence has been issued.
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If your vehicle licence (sometimes referred to as ‘rego’) is due to expire during the period of your
suspension, you might want to consider putting the vehicle on exemption until you are able to drive again.
You can do this at nzta.govt.nz/online.
The table below lists the offences that incur demerit points.
General description of offence Demerit points

Demerit points for speed related offences
Exceeding fixed speed limit by not more than 10km/h 10
Exceeding the speed limit by more than 10km/h but not more than 20km/h 20
Exceeding the speed limit by more than 35km/h 50
Using equipment in a motor vehicle that interferes with the operation of a speed
25
measuring device
Possessing equipment in a motor vehicle that is designed to interfere with the
25
operation of a speed measuring device
Exceeding the speed for stopping distance 20
Exceeding the speed for stopping distance on a road not marked in lanes 20
Demerit points for mobile phone related offences
Using a cellphone while driving 20
Demerit points for driver licence related offences
Driving a motor vehicle contrary to the GDLS conditions of your driver licence
35
(excluding the requirement to display L plates)
Failing to display L plates as required 25
Driving a motor vehicle contrary to the non-GDLS conditions of your driver licence 25
Demerit points for vehicle related offences
Operating an unregistered motor vehicle by driving or using it on a road in
20
contravention of section 242(1) of the Land Transport Act 1998
Operating an unlicensed motor vehicle by driving or using it on a road in
15
contravention of section 242(1) of the Land Transport Act 1998
Operating a motor vehicle on road without plates affixed 20
Using trade plates when not eligible 20
Operating a motor vehicle displaying plates or licence not authorised for that motor
25
vehicle
Operating a motor vehicle displaying an object or design likely to be mistaken for
25
plates or licence authorised for that motor vehicle
Operating a motor vehicle with plates or licence that is wholly or partially obscured or
25
not easily distinguishable
Operating a motor vehicle with a temporary exemption granted under regulation 20 of
20
the Land Transport (Motor Vehicle Registration and Licensing) Regulations 2011
Failing to operate a motor vehicle with an exhaust system that complies with relevant
25
noise output standards
Operating a vehicle that creates excessive noise 25
Creating excessive noise within or on vehicle 25
Demerit points for alcohol and enforcement officer related offences
Failing or refusing to remain for an evidential breath test or blood test 50
Person younger than 20 driving or attempting to drive with excessive breath alcohol
50
or blood alcohol concentration
Person aged 20+ driving with more than 250 but not more than 400 micrograms per 50
litre of breath, or more than 50 but not more than 80 milligrams per 100 mililitres of
blood
Driving or attempting to drive with breath alcohol exceeding 250 micrograms but not
50
exceeding 400 micrograms
Driving or attempting to drive with blood alcohol exceeding 50 milligrams but not
50
exceeding 80 milligrams
Driving or attempting to drive with blood alcohol exceeding 50 milligrams but not
50
exceeding 80 milligrams and failing or refusing to take an evidential breath test
Failing or refusing to wait for the result of a breath screening test or an evidential
50
breath test
Failing to stop on request or signal of an enforcement officer, or on being followed by
35
motor vehicle displaying flashing blue, or blue and red, lights or sounding a siren
Failing to remain stopped for an enforcement officer 35
Driving or attempting to drive when forbidden by an enforcement officer 35
Failing or refusing to accompany an enforcement officer when so required 50
Failing to produce zero alcohol licence 25
Holding an interlock licence or zero alcohol licence and contravening the zero breath
50
or blood alcohol level
Demerit points for commercial driving related offences
Producing logbook with 1-5 omissions 10

Producing logbook with 6-10 omissions 20
Producing logbook with 11 or more omissions 30
Failing to produce logbook 35
Failing to produce approved alternative record to an enforcement officer on demand 35
Vehicle recovery service vehicles failing to complete and retain tow authorities 35
A driver or contractor working within an alternative fatigue management scheme
35
failing to keep records
Taxi driver accepting hire in specified area without an in-vehicle security camera
20
system that is operating
Taxi driver accepting hire in specified area with an in-vehicle security camera system
20
that has an obscured view of the interior
Demerit points for helmet related offences
Driving or riding all-terrain vehicle, motorcycle, or moped without a securely
25
fastened approved helmet
Driving or riding all-terrain vehicle, motorcycle, or moped with a damaged safety
25
helmet
Demerit points for pedestrian crossing and pedestrian zone related offences
Failing to give way at a pedestrian crossing 35
Entering a pedestrian crossing when passage is blocked 35
Failing to give way to pedestrians on shared zone 35
Failing to comply with school patrol sign 20
Passing at a school crossing point or pedestrian crossing 20
Demerit points for rail related offences
Driver fails to give way to rail vehicle approaching level crossing 20
Driving etc, a cycle, vehicle, or animal across level crossing when there is a risk of 20
collision with rail vehicle
Failing to comply with a stop sign at a level crossing 20
Fail to remain stationary at stop sign until level crossing clear 20
Entering a controlled area of a level crossing when red signal displayed 20
Entering a controlled area of a level crossing when barrier arm lowered 20
Demerit points for road rules related offences
Fail to drive as near as practicable to the left of the roadway 20
Fail to allow impeded traffic to pass 20
Unsafe passing 35
Impeding vehicle when passing 35
Passing to right of no-passing line 35
Drive in emergency stopping lane 10
Fail to comply with handheld stop sign 20
Driver fails to stop at stop sign 20
Driver fails to give way at stop sign 20
Driver fails to give way at give-way sign 20
Driver fails to give way at give-way sign controlling a one-way section of road 25
Driver of vehicle changing lanes or turning fails to give way to vehicle not changing
20
lanes or turning
Driver of right-turning vehicle fails to give way to an approaching left-turning vehicle 20
Driver at intersection fails to give way to vehicle approaching from right 20
Driver on terminating road approaching or crossing a T intersection fails to give way 20
Driver fails to give way to road user on footpath when entering/exiting driveway 20
Driver fails to give way to a vehicle on roadway when exiting driveway 20
Driver entering roundabout fails to give way 20
Drive too close to vehicle in front 20
Exceed speed for stopping distance 20
Exceed speed for stopping distance on road not marked in lanes 20
Driver permits riding dangerously 20
Careless or inconsiderate use of motor vehicle 35
Careless, reckless and dangerous driving

The courts deal very seriously with drivers who drive carelessly, recklessly or dangerously.
Severe penalties can be imposed if you are convicted of one of these offences. The penalties will be
especially severe if you hurt or kill someone, whether or not you have taken alcohol or drugs.
Penalties may include:
a maximum fine of $20,000

maximum imprisonment of 10 years
disqualification of your driver licence.
Not wearing a safety belt
You can be fined if you are aged 15 or over and you drive or ride in a vehicle without wearing a safety belt,
or if you do not wear your safety belt correctly.
If you are the driver, you can also be fined if any passengers under the age of 15 are not in an approved child
restraint and/or safety belt, or if they are not wearing their safety belts correctly.
Mandatory suspension of driver licence

Your licence will be suspended on the spot if:
a police officer (but not a speed camera) detects you exceeding a permanently posted speed limit by
more than 40km/h or a temporary speed limit by more than 50km/h
you commit one of the alcohol-related offences covered by mandatory suspension.
Your licence will be suspended for 28 days and you will also have to face court-imposed penalties for your
offence.
Note: there is no legal provision for the granting of a limited/work licence in these circumstances.
Driver licence stop order (DLSO)
If you have unpaid traffic related fines and/or reparation, it is possible your driver licence may be suspended
by the Ministry of Justice in an initiative called a Driver Licence Stop Order (DLSO). The suspension will
remain in place until you contact the Ministry of Justice and pay or make an arrangement to pay the
outstanding amount. If you are caught driving while a DLSO is in effect, the vehicle you are driving could be
impounded (even if it is not your vehicle) and you could be disqualified from driving.
Note: there is no legal provision for the granting of a limited/work licence in these circumstances.
Impounding vehicles
A police officer will impound your vehicle on the spot if you are caught:
driving while disqualified

driving while your licence has been suspended
driving without a licence, or with an expired licence, or before your licence has been reinstated and
you have previously been stopped by a police officer and forbidden to drive.
To appeal the impoundment of your vehicle, you will need to contact the NZ Police.
Powers of arrest
Some of the powers of arrest that a police officer has are listed below.
As a driver or passenger, you could be arrested if you:
don't give your name or address to the officer, when requested

tell an officer something that is not true about the identity of the owner of the vehicle
don't stop when signalled by an officer
assault an officer
refuse or don't go with an officer for a blood or breath test
don't wait for the result of a breath screening test or an evidential breath test
don't give a blood sample when required by an officer or doctor
don't give your car keys to an officer, when requested
drive when told not to by an officer.
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Crashes

Tips on driving sustainably
By following the tips in this section, you can use less fuel and reduce the amount of emissions (CO2 and
other pollutants) your vehicle produces.
Drive to save fuel and reduce emissions

Driving efficiently can reduce the amount of fuel your vehicle uses and the pollution it emits. You should:
drive smoothly, avoiding fast acceleration and sharp braking

avoid over-revving by changing up gears
reduce short trips (you use 20 percent more fuel when your engine is cold)
don’t leave your vehicle idling for long periods
avoid carrying unnecessary loads.
Keep your vehicle maintained
Basic maintenance will cut down the fuel your vehicle uses as well as reducing pollutants produced. Make
sure your vehicle is well-tuned and the tyres are correctly inflated.
Roof racks and poorly placed spoilers increase air resistance and fuel consumption.
When buying a vehicle
Try to choose a model that uses less fuel and emits fewer greenhouse gases. Visit www.rightcar.govt.nz for
more information.
Consider other ways to travel
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Think about sharing rides/carpooling, taking public transport, walking or cycling.
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25/03/2018 The official New Zealand road code - About your vehicle


Introduction
Updates
Index
About your vehicle

Car requirements
Light trailer requirements
About your vehicle

Car requirements
To drive your car (or other light vehicle) safely and legally on the road it must have the right equipment (in
good working order) and have a current warrant of fitness (WoF). This section explains what your vehicle
must have.
Warrant of fitness (WoF)

Privately operated cars, utes, vans and four-wheel drives must have a current WoF. Commercial vehicles and
heavy vehicles must have a current certificate of fitness (CoF).
A current WoF shows the vehicle has been inspected by an approved WoF inspector and was roadworthy at
the time of the last WoF inspection.
Important
In addition to the warrant of fitness (WoF), the vehicle must display a current licence label, a road user
charges (RUC) licence if required (such as if your car runs on diesel) and a registration plate (commonly
known as a number plate) on the front and back that can be clearly seen. See About driver responsibility for
more information about these requirements.
Warrant of fitness label
The WoF label must be attached to the inside of the windscreen, on the same side as the steering wheel, and
must be clearly visible from outside the vehicle. The recommended position is in the top corner of the
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windscreen.
The WoF inspector will give you a copy of the check sheet. This is a receipt of payment for the inspection
and is not a warrant of fitness. If your vehicle failed its WoF inspection, the receipt gives you 28 days to have
the vehicle fixed and brought back for re-inspection without any additional payment. During that time you
are only allowed to drive the vehicle to get it repaired and re-inspected.
How often do I need to get a WoF?
When the vehicle was first registered (anywhere in WoF issued for
the world)
New vehicle that’s never been registered WoF is issued for three years
Less than two years ago WoF is issued to the vehicles third ‘birthday’
(third anniversary of when it was first
registered)
More than two years ago, but less than three years ago WoF is issued for 12 months
On or after 1 January 2000, but more than three years WoF is issued for 12 months
ago
Before 1 January 2000 WoF is issued for six months
Important
You can be fined if you drive any vehicle that is not up to WoF standard on a road. A police officer can
require you to stop for a roadside vehicle check at any time.
Features your car must have
To meet the WoF standard, your car must be in good condition (for example, no rust around safety areas) and
it must have the following equipment in good working order:
Features your car must have
A. A number plate light at the back.

B. Two red reflectors at the back.
C. Two red position lights at the back.
D. One or two red high-mounted stop lights at the back.
E. A working horn.
F. A current WoF.
G. A rear-view mirror that gives a clear view behind.
H. A good sun visor.
I. A windscreen that meets safety standards and is clean.
J. One or more working windscreen wipers.
K. A working speedometer.
L. Two good headlights that can be dipped when another vehicle comes towards you.
M. Two or four stop lights at the back.
N. Flashing direction indicator lights at the back.
O. A good silencer and exhaust system.
P. Mudguards.
Q. Safe tyres – the tread depth must be at least 1.5 millimetres right around the tyre. If your car is fitted
with winter tyres, these must be fitted to all four road wheels and have a tread depth of at least 4
millimetres right around the tyre.
R. Working safety belts.
S. Good footbrake and handbrake.
T. Doors that open and close safely.
U. Safe steering.
V. Flashing direction indicator lights at the front.
W. Two white or amber position lights at the front.
Note: this checklist is a guide only. When inspecting your vehicle, the inspector will use the criteria in the
Vehicle inspection requirements manual. For further information regarding vehicle requirements, go to In-
service certification (WoF and CoF).
Important
Before making modifications, including the fitting of extra lights to your vehicle, check with an approved
WoF inspector that the modifications are legal.
Carrying a load on your car

Do not overload your roof rack.
Your load must not extend more than 3 metres forward of the front edge of the front seat or 4 metres
behind the rear axle.
Illegal load
Your load must not extend more than 1.25 metres on either side from the centre of the vehicle.
Illegal load
Note: if a load extends more than 1 metre beyond the back of your vehicle, you must tie on a white flag, or a
red, orange or yellow fluorescent flag. The flag must be at least 40 centimetres by 30 centimetres in size. The
load must be tied on firmly and must not touch the ground.
Safety belts
Approved safety belts must be fitted in all light passenger vehicles: cars, vans, utes and four-wheel drives.
The safety belts must be in good condition. You should have safety belts checked immediately if:
the buckles are not working properly

the belt is damaged or faded
the belt starts to fray.
They may need replacing.
Legal requirements for safety belts have changed over the years and are different depending on the age of the
vehicle. The type of belt has also changed from static belts to retractor belts.
Three-point (lap and diagonal) belts must be fitted in the outer seating positions (including the driver's seat)
in most cars, vans, utes and four-wheel drives. Two-point (lap) belts are legally allowed in centre seating
positions, but three-point belts provide better safety.
You must wear your safety belt when driving. Children must also be belted-in, using approved child
restraints. See About driver responsibility for more information.
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About your vehicle

Car requirements
About your vehicle

If you tow a light trailer (up to 3500kg when loaded), it must have a WoF. To meet the WoF standard your
trailer must be in good condition (no rust around safety areas) and it must have the following equipment in
good working order:
Features your light trailer must have
A. A safe and strong coupling and a safety chain or cable.

B. If the trailer or its load is more than 2 metres wide, it must have two white lights at the front to show
how wide it is.
C. Safe tyres – the tread depth must be at least 1.5 millimetres right around the tyre.
D. Mudguards.
E. Two red reflectors at the back (one on each side).
Your trailer will also need the following features:
Features your light trailer must have
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A. Two red lights at the back to show how wide the trailer is.
B. Direction indicators at the back.
C. Two red stop lights at the back, if the driver's signals can't be seen.
D. A number plate light at the back.
E. A current trailer WoF issued by a WoF inspector. This must be renewed:
every 12 months for the first six years, then
every six months after.
F. A licence label needs to be positioned close to the number plate.
Loading your trailer safely

To ensure the stability of the vehicle and trailer combination when towing, the trailer should exert a
downwards force on the towing vehicle's towbar equal to about 10 percent of the weight of the trailer plus its
load.
The load on the trailer must not:
extend more than 4 metres behind the rear axle
Illegal load
extend more than 1.25 metres on either side from the centre of the trailer.
Illegal load
If the load extends more than 1 metre behind the trailer, you must tie on a white flag, or a red, orange or
yellow fluorescent flag. The flag must be at least 40 centimetres by 30 centimetres in size. The load must be
tied on firmly and must not touch the ground.
See Safe towing guidelines for more information.
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25/03/2018 The official New Zealand road code - About other road users


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About other road users

Sharing the road
Information for other road users

Sharing the road
Sharing the road with pedestrians
On average, 36 pedestrians are killed and 1000 pedestrians are injured on New Zealand roads every year.
Many of these deaths and injuries could be prevented if drivers took more care when using our roads.
Please look out for pedestrians whenever you're behind the wheel.
Pedestrian safety for drivers
Always be ready to stop near schools, bus stops and pedestrian crossings.
Be careful when driving past parked vehicles. Pedestrians may walk out without warning.
You must slow down to 20km/h when passing or coming towards a school bus that has stopped to let
children on or off, no matter which side of the road you are on.
Watch out for elderly people or people with disabilities.
Take special care near roadside stalls and parked vendors. Pedestrians visiting these may forget to
watch for traffic when crossing the road.
Pedestrian crossings
A pedestrian crossing is an area of road that has white stripes marked across it. It is used by pedestrians and
people using mobility devices (such as motorised wheelchairs and similar devices) and wheeled recreational
vehicles (such as skateboards and foot-propelled scooters).
Some crossings have raised islands in the middle, creating a ‘refuge' where pedestrians can stop. These are
helpful for pedestrians crossing wide, two-way roads or multi-laned roads, because they allow them to walk
across one direction of traffic at a time.
As you drive towards a pedestrian crossing, you will see pedestrian crossing signs before the crossing and
black and white poles at the crossing. The poles are mounted with fluorescent orange disks, or round yellow
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lights that flash at night. White diamonds are generally painted on the road before the crossing, and a white
limit line shows you where to stop.
When coming up to pedestrian crossings:
slow down and be ready to stop for any pedestrians stepping onto, or on, the crossing – this also
includes people obviously waiting to use the crossing
if there is no raised traffic island in the middle of the crossing, stop and give way to pedestrians on any
part of the crossing
if there is a raised traffic island in the middle of the crossing, stop and give way to pedestrians on your
half of the road
wait until the pedestrian has crossed in front of you and is clear of your vehicle before you proceed -
see give way rules.
Pedestrian crossing
Pedestrian crossing with raised island
If you find yourself in a queue of traffic near a pedestrian crossing, don't move onto the crossing if there isn't
enough room for your vehicle on the other side of the crossing.
Important
Never overtake a vehicle that is slowing down for a pedestrian crossing or has stopped to let someone cross.
Courtesy crossings
Courtesy crossings are usually made of bricks or paving and are often raised above the level of the road.
Although not official pedestrian crossings, they do provide a place for pedestrians to cross. Drivers should be
courteous to pedestrians using a courtesy crossing.
Courtesy crossing
Shared zone
This is a road that has been designed to slow traffic and give priority to pedestrians. Drivers give way to
pedestrians who, in turn, should not impede traffic.
School crossings
School crossings, also known as kea crossings, provide a safe place for children to cross the road. They
generally only operate before and after school.
When school crossings are operating, a fluorescent orange Children sign will be displayed, along with a
School Patrol Stop sign, which swings out into the road.
When the School Patrol Stop sign is out, vehicles coming from both directions must stop and stay stopped
until all signs have been pulled in.
School Patrol Stop
What children would like drivers to know

Children are not little adults, so don't expect them to act as adults do.
Children, especially those under the age of nine, may not have the skills and abilities needed to be safe
in traffic. Be very careful when driving near them.
Young children have narrow vision. This means they may not see vehicles as easily as adults do.
Children have trouble judging the speed of moving vehicles. They may let a slow vehicle pass and try
to cross in front of a fast one.
Children often don't understand that it takes time for a vehicle to stop.
Children may have difficulty working out where sounds are coming from.
Because children are small, they often can't see over bushes and parked vehicles. This also means they
can't be seen easily by drivers.
Children tend to think about one thing at a time and ignore other things happening around them.
Because children are always on the move, they may have trouble stopping at a kerb and could dart out
into traffic.
Children can freeze when they find themselves in danger, instead of taking quick action as an adult
might.
Keep a lookout for children at all times. Take special care when driving during 8–9am and 3–4pm, when
children are travelling to and from school.
Blind and vision-impaired pedestrians

People who are blind or vision-impaired often use aids such as a white cane or a guide dog. When drivers see
people with these aids trying to cross the road, they should take extra care and let them cross in their own
time.
When leaving and entering driveways
When you are entering or leaving a driveway that crosses a footpath, you must give way to people using the
footpath.
When leaving a driveway you must give way to vehicles using the road.
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Sharing the road

Sharing the road with trucks and buses
Following trucks and buses
Drivers of buses and trucks often have large blind spots behind and at the side of their vehicle, so it is a
good idea to position your vehicle far enough back so it can be seen in their side mirrors. This will let
the truck or bus driver know you are there.
In wet weather, increase your following distance to four seconds. This will keep you away from any
water spraying from the wheels of the bus or truck that could reduce your visibility, and will also give
you more time to stop.
Remember the two-second rule; following too closely will limit your visibility, give you less time to
stop and may put you in the truck or bus driver's blind spots.
Truck drivers' blind spots
Important
If you can't see the truck or bus driver in their side mirror, they can't see you.
Overtaking trucks and buses
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Because it takes several seconds longer to pass a truck or bus than it does to pass a car, it's important to make
sure you have plenty of clear road ahead to safely pass without going over the speed limit. See Passing for
more information.
Oncoming trucks and buses

When driving past an oncoming truck or bus (one travelling in the opposite direction), drivers should keep
firm control of the steering wheel to counter the effect of any air turbulence.
Remember, trucks and other large vehicles take up more room on the road when travelling around bends and
at intersections, and may not always stay entirely in their own lane. See Factsheet 34 for more information
about sharing the road with large vehicles, available at driver licensing agents or online.
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Sharing the road

Sharing the road with tractors
You will sometimes see tractors and other farm or construction machinery on New Zealand roads. Because
they are large and usually travel slower than other vehicles, you need to be especially careful when driving
near them.
Begin to slow down as soon as you see a tractor ahead of you and watch out for any warning beacons.
Be patient while driving behind tractors - a few minutes of travelling at a slow speed is better than
risking a crash.
Be extremely careful when passing and only pass when it is safe and legal to do so (see Passing for
more information).
Remember that tractors often have wide or long loads, which can make passing more difficult - see
Sharing the road with overdimension vehicles for more information.
Be especially careful around tractors that have just stopped, as they may actually be about to turn.
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Sharing the road

Sharing the road with overdimension vehicles
You will sometimes see overdimension vehicles, such as vehicles carrying buildings, on the road. Because of
their size, and because they travel slower than other vehicles, you need to be especially careful when driving
near them.
You will usually have advance warning of extremely large vehicles, as they have pilot vehicles
travelling with them to warn you (see Vehicle-mounted signs for more information). Oversize vehicles
will be equipped with hazard panels, beacons and flags.
Slow down and be prepared to do what the pilot vehicle instructs you to do.
Be patient – a few minutes of travelling at a slow speed is better than risking a crash.
Be extremely careful when passing and only pass when it is safe and legal to do so (see Passing for
more information). Remember that wide or long loads can make passing more difficult.
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Sharing the road

Sharing the road with motorcyclists
Motorcyclists are highly mobile but less visible and therefore more vulnerable. It is important to remember
to:
check your mirrors and blind spots before turning

look behind you before opening your door or changing lanes
be aware that most motorcycle indicators don't automatically turn off like most other vehicles' - don't
be fooled by an indicator that stays on
acknowledge motorcycles always need a whole lane. At any time a motorcyclist may suddenly swerve
or slow down to avoid road hazards.
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Sharing the road

Sharing the road with cyclists
Cyclists can be quite vulnerable on the road as they are less visible and less well protected than other road
users.
For these reasons, be alert for cyclists on the road and drive carefully when near them.
Safe driving around cyclists

Hazards like parked cars, potholes, glass, litter, strong wind and opening car doors may cause cyclists
to veer off-line and move into your path. Because of this, give cyclists plenty of room when passing
them. Ideally, allow at least 1.5 metres between you and the cyclist.
Wait for a clear space before passing a cyclist on a narrow road.
At intersections, apply the same rules to cyclists that you would to any other vehicle on the road. Take
care to indicate turns.
If you are crossing a cycle lane, give way to cyclists before you cross.
Take extra care around young cyclists.
You must not drive in or cross a cycle lane except for a maximum of 50 metres when entering or
leaving side roads, driveways or parking spaces.
You must not stop, stand or park in a cycle lane.
Common causes of cycle collisions
Take extra care when you are carrying out the following actions.
Moving through or turning at intersections
Cyclists can be hard to see on the road. Always check carefully for cyclists before turning at, or moving
through, an intersection. If you are following a cyclist and want to turn left, wait until the cyclist has passed
the intersection.
At busy intersections cyclists may choose to turn right using a hook turn. This means they will go straight
ahead in the left lane and stop on the left side of the road to wait for a gap in the traffic or for the traffic
signals to change.
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Opening a vehicle door
You can injure a cyclist if you open your door into their path. Always check carefully for cyclists before you
open your door.Using your left hand to open the door will turn your shoulders and increase your chances of
seeing an approaching cyclist.
Reversing or moving out of driveways or parking spaces
Always check the road carefully for cyclists before reversing or moving out of a driveway or parking space.
When leaving a driveway or parking space you must give way to other vehicles using the road.
Passing groups of cyclists
Remember, don't drive too close to cyclists. Allow them plenty of room.
What cyclists would like drivers to know

Cycles are small and can be difficult to see, especially at night. Don't just look for car-sized vehicles.
Cyclists can feel threatened by inconsiderate driving. Cyclists have a right to space on the road and
need extra room at intersections and roundabouts.
Cyclists may ride away from the kerb or occupy a lane – not because they want to annoy drivers, but
to:
avoid drains, potholes or roadside rubbish
be seen as they come up to intersections with side roads
discourage drivers from squeezing past where it's too narrow.
Cyclists turning right are exposed. They need extra consideration from drivers, especially on multi-
laned roads with fast-moving traffic.
Cyclists can be forced into faster traffic by vehicles that are parked where they shouldn't be:
in cycle lanes
on broken yellow lines
near intersections.
Cyclists are dazzled by headlights on full beam, just like other road users – remember to dip your
lights for cyclists as well as other motor vehicles.
Cyclists can travel quickly, capable of speeds of 40km/h or more.
Cyclists have a right to use the roads and to travel safely and enjoyably. Please understand and respect
their needs.
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Sharing the road

Sharing the road with horse riders
Please show courtesy when sharing the road with horse traffic. Horses can take fright easily, so adjust your
driving as soon as you see horses on the road ahead of you.
Safe driving near horses

Slow down and pass carefully, giving the horse and rider plenty of room.
Don't sound your horn, rev your engine or pass at speed, as this could frighten the horse.
If the horse and rider are on a bridge or narrow road, be very careful – slow down or stop.
If the horse appears frightened, stop.
At night, dip your headlights when approaching a horse.
Two vehicles should avoid passing near a horse.
Important
Be careful around horse traffic. If you aren't, you could be charged with careless or dangerous driving.
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Sharing the road

Information for pedestrians
As a pedestrian, it's important that you follow the road rules and guidelines shown below. They will help
ensure your safety when you're walking near roads or crossing the road.
General pedestrian guidelines

Footpaths provide a safe place for you to walk. Where a footpath is provided, use it.
Where there is no footpath:
walk on the side of the road facing oncoming traffic (except on curves, where it is best to walk
on the outside edge of the curve)
if possible, walk off the road, or as close as possible to the edge of the road
at night, wear light-coloured or reflective clothing, or carry a torch to help you be seen.
When using a shared path you must be careful and considerate. A shared path may be a cycle path, a
footpath, or some other kind of path used by pedestrians, cyclists, riders of mobility devices and riders
of wheeled recreational vehicles at the same time. There will be a sign telling you it is a shared path.
Be careful when crossing driveways, particularly when your visibility is restricted by buildings or
fences. Remember, if a driver is coming out of a driveway, their vision will be restricted and they may
not see you.
Cross the road only when it is safe to do so. Always check all nearby roads for vehicles before you
cross and quickly walk straight across the road.
Remember, it takes time for a vehicle to stop. Be sensible and wait for a gap in the traffic before
crossing the road.
When crossing the road at an intersection, remember to check behind and in front for turning vehicles.
When crossing the road at night, cross near a street light if you can.
If you need to cross the road when you get off a bus, wait until the bus has moved away before
checking for moving vehicles.
If you have to cross the road between parked vehicles, move out as far as the headlight of a parked car
nearest the traffic, then check for moving vehicles and wait for a gap before crossing the road.
Young children should hold an older person's hand.
Pedestrian crossings
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If you are within 20 metres of a pedestrian crossing, footbridge, underpass or traffic signals, you must use it
to cross the road.
Don't dawdle on a pedestrian crossing.
Don't step out suddenly onto a pedestrian crossing if any vehicles are so close to the crossing that they cannot
stop.
Courtesy crossings
Courtesy crossings are not official pedestrian crossings. They provide a place where drivers can stop safely
to allow pedestrians to cross.
However, drivers are not obliged to stop at courtesy crossings, so use them with care.
Courtesy crossing
Pedestrian traffic signals
At many intersections and busy roads, there are special traffic signals for pedestrians.
When a non-flashing red figure is displayed, you must not cross the road. Some pedestrian traffic signals
show how much time you have to finish crossing.
Don't cross
When a green figure is displayed, pedestrians may cross the road. A buzzer may also sound to let you know
that you can cross.
Walk quickly across
When a flashing red figure is displayed, you must not start crossing the road, but you can finish crossing if
you have already started.
Don't start crossing, but you may finish crossing
Joggers
It can be hard for drivers to see you when you are running. Wear bright clothes and reflective belts or
bands.
Obey the road rules for pedestrians.
Be very careful at intersections.
Tips for parents
Teach your children to be safe on the roads and footpaths. Show them where it is safe to walk and how
to cross the road safely.
Show your children the safest way to school, the shops, the playground or other places they go
regularly.
If your children are five years old or under, walk with them to school or preschool.
Remember to watch for children when reversing into or out of driveways and garages.
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Introduction
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Sharing the road

Information for cyclists
As a cyclist, it is important that you follow the road rules and guidelines. They will increase your safety
when you are cycling on the road.
Safety rules for cyclists

Cyclists must wear an approved safety helmet. Always fasten it securely, by following the
manufacturer's instructions.
It's a good idea to wear brightly coloured or reflective clothing when cycling. That way you'll be easier
to see.
Don't ride your bicycle on a footpath unless you are delivering newspapers, mail or leaflets, or there is
a sign indicating it is a shared pedestrian and cycle path.
At intersections, you must:
follow the rules for motor vehicles, or
get off your cycle and walk across, or
do a hook turn.
You can only ride alongside another cyclist or moped. You must not ride alongside a car, truck or other
motor vehicle.
Always ride in single file if passing another vehicle.
Your cycle must not be towed by another vehicle.
Your cycle can only tow a trailer (one designed to be towed by a cycle) and must not be fitted with a
sidecar.
You must not carry a pillion passenger on your cycle unless you have a pillion seat and footrest. If you
are carrying a child, the pillion seat must protect the child's legs from the wheels.
You must not leave a cycle blocking a footpath.
Where there is an adequate cycle path or cycle lane, cyclists should use it.
You must ride with lights on between sunset and sunrise, and at any other time when you can’t clearly
see a person or vehicle 100 metres away.
You must keep your cycle in good working condition.
Hand signals for cyclists
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You must give a hand signal at least three seconds before stopping or turning. You are not breaking this rule
if you are turning right at a roundabout and it is impractical to keep signalling.
Always check to make sure your hand signals have been seen and understood.
Look well behind you to make sure there is room for you to turn, pull out or pass safely.
The hand signal shown below means you want to turn left.
Left-turn hand signal
The hand signal shown below means you are stopping or slowing down.
Stop hand signal
The hand signal shown below means you:
want to turn right

are going to pass a vehicle or some other object on the road
are pulling out from the kerb.
Right-turn hand signal
Hook turns
A hook turn is a different way for cyclists to turn right at an intersection. Hook turns can be done at any
intersection except at intersections with signs banning them. At some intersections there may be special
marked areas to stop in at the halfway turning point. It should be noted though that hook turns can be done at
intersections with or without the marked stopping area.
How to do a hook turn
1. Keep in the cycle lane, the left lane or the left-most lane that goes straight ahead.
2. Cycle across the intersection when the light, for going straight ahead, turns green.
3. Stop in the marked area of road just before the footpath. If there is not a marked place stop near the
footpath but clear of traffic going straight ahead, and angle your cycle so it's pointing to the right.
4. Wait until the lights on the other side of the road turn green and then cycle across the intersection
keeping left.
Hook turn
What drivers would like cyclists to know
Drivers expect cyclists to obey the road rules.

Drivers usually travel faster than cyclists and therefore have less time to react to hazards. Remember
this when you're on the road.
Sometimes cyclists' behaviour can unsettle drivers, such as when cyclists appear hesitant or change
direction suddenly.
Drivers can feel delayed by cyclists.
Licensed drivers and cyclists both have a right to use our roads, and both share a responsibility to
understand and respect each other's needs.
Features your cycle must have
Features your cycle must have
A. A red or yellow reflector at the back.

B. Good brakes on the front and back wheels (or, if the bike was made on or before 1 January 1988, a
good brake on the back wheel).
When riding at night, cycles must have the following:
C. A steady or flashing rear-facing red light that can be seen at night from a distance of 200 metres.
D. One or two white or yellow headlights that can be seen at night from a distance of 200 metres (one
of these lights may flash).
E. Yellow pedal reflectors, or the rider must be wearing reflective material.
Important
Any load you carry on your cycle must be tied on firmly and must not touch the ground.
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Sharing the road

Information for horse riders
As a horse rider, it's important that you follow the road rules shown below. They will help ensure your safety
when you are riding on the road.
Safety rules for horse riders

Always wear a safety hat while riding. Otherwise, a fall from your horse could result in a head injury.
Ride your horse on the left-hand side of the road and as far to the left as possible.
Keep your horse on the side of the road whenever you can, but don't ride on footpaths, lawns or
gardens.
Don't ride more than two abreast.
Don't ride on the right of any moving vehicle.
If you're leading another animal while riding, always keep it on your left, away from the traffic.
If you're riding a horse or leading animals at night, wear reflective clothing and carry a torch.
Horse-drawn vehicles
At night, vehicles drawn by horses must have a white light on the front right of the vehicle or load and
have a red light shining to the rear. They must not have a red light on the front at night.
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Sharing the road

Information for moped riders
A moped is a two-wheeled motor vehicle with an engine capacity of no more than 50cc or which has an
alternative power source (for example, electricity). Its maximum speed capability is no more than 50km/h.
This definition also includes three-wheeled vehicles registered as mopeds before 10 May 2011.
You are licensed to ride a moped if you have either a motorcycle (Class 6) licence or a car (Class 1) licence.
When riding a moped on a Class 1 or Class 6 learner licence, you must display an L plate. If you’re on a
learner or restricted licence, you must not ride the moped between 10pm and 5am.
Safety rules for moped riders

A moped is a motor vehicle. Therefore, you must not ride it on the footpath or a cycle path. The
exception is where a road controlling authority has authorised the use of a footpath by a moped or
motorcycle rider for the purpose of delivering newspapers, mail or other printed material to
letterboxes.
You must wear an approved motorcycle safety helmet when riding a moped.
At intersections, you must:
follow the rules for motor vehicles, or
get off your moped and walk across.
You may ride beside another moped or cyclist, but you must not ride beside other vehicles.
Pass other vehicles in single file.
A moped must not be towed by any other vehicle.
A moped may tow a trailer, but must not be fitted with a sidecar.
You must not carry a pillion passenger on a moped, unless you have a pillion seat and footrests. If you
are carrying a child, the pillion seat must protect the child’s legs from the wheels.
You must not park a moped on the footpath.
You must turn on your moped’s headlight during the hours of darkness (from 30 minutes after sunset
on one day until 30 minutes before sunrise on the next day) and at any other time when you can’t
clearly see a person or vehicle 100 metres away.
You must also turn on either your moped's headlight or its daytime running lights during daylight
hours if your moped was manufactured on or after 1 January 1980.
Features your moped must have

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Your moped must have:
a rear red light that can be seen from 100 metres away
a headlight powerful enough to see clearly anything 30 metres in front of you
a horn
good tyres, with a clear tread pattern
a good exhaust system that isn't excessively noisy
safe steering
mudguards
good brakes at the front and back
one or two red rear stop lights (if first registered in New Zealand after 1 January 1991)
a red rear reflector.
Important
Any load you carry on your moped must be tied on firmly and must not touch the ground.
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Sharing the road

Information for riders of mobility devices and wheeled recreational
devices
Mobility devices include motorised wheelchairs and similar devices. Wheeled recreational vehicles include
skateboards and foot-propelled scooters.
A mobility device is a vehicle that:
is designed and constructed (not merely adapted) for use by people who require mobility assistance
due to a physical or neurological impairment, and
is powered solely by a motor that has a maximum power output not exceeding 1500W, or
is a vehicle that the NZTA has declared under section 168A(1) of the Land Transport Act 1998 to be a
mobility device.
A wheeled recreational device:
is a vehicle that is a wheeled conveyance (other than a cycle that has a wheel diameter exceeding
355mm) and that is propelled by human power or gravity, and
includes a conveyance to which are attached one or more propulsion motors that have a combined
maximum power output not exceeding 300W.
Safety rules for riders of mobility devices and wheeled recreational vehicles.
When riding on any path you must be careful and considerate of others using the path.
Your speed must not constitute a hazard for others using the path.
When using footpaths you have the same obligations as pedestrians at traffic signals.
A mobility device should be used on the footpath where it is possible to do so. If you have to ride on
the road you should keep as near as practicable to the edge.
When you are riding a wheeled recreational vehicle on a footpath you must give way to pedestrians
and drivers of mobility devices.
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25/03/2018 The official New Zealand road code - Updates


Introduction
Updates
Index
Road code
About signs
About driving
About limits
About your vehicle
About driver licences
About the practical driving tests
Driving skills syllabus
Learner licence theory test questions
Updates to the Road code

This page lists any updates to The official New Zealand road code since the last published edition. These
changes will usually have been caused by a legislation change.
Other update pages:
The official New Zealand road code for heavy vehicle drivers
The official New Zealand road code for motorcyclists
The 2016/2017 version of The official New Zealand road code was published in March 2016
Update February 2017

On 1 February 2017, the Land Transport Rule: Vehicle Dimensions and Mass (VDAM) 2016 comes into
effect. The rule sets vehicle size and weight limits, and vehicle configuration requirements, with a focus on
heavy vehicles. There is one change to the general road code.
Page 254
‘Your load must not extend more than 1.25 metres on either side from the centre of the vehicle’ has now
changed to ‘Your load must not extend more than 1.275 metres on either side from the centre of the vehicle’.
Update December 2016
Page 140
Passing
http://www.nzta.govt.nz/resources/roadcode/updates/ 1/5
Added new text due to sharrow marking and flush median rule changes.
Passing a cyclist
Ideally allow at least 1.5m between you and a cyclist when passing. If you cannot pass safely, slow down and
wait behind the cyclist until you can pass safely.
There are some situations where cyclist may want to move toward the centre of lane in order to keep safe.
This is called “taking the lane”. A driver of a motor vehicle may encroach on a flush median, when passing a
cyclist provided they do so safely.
Situations when cyclists may take the lane are:
On roundabouts
Turning right at intersections
Turning left at intersections
When the road is too narrow for motor vehicles to safely pass the cyclist
When there are parked cars where doors might unexpectedly open in the path of the cyclist
You may see a sharrow marking in these situations.
The sharrow road marking indicates a situation where cyclists are likely to ride more toward the centre of the
lane in order to be safe. Drivers should slow down and follow the cyclists until the road widens and they can
pass safely, or use another lane to pass the cyclist.
Page 186
Stopping at intersections, railway level crossings and pedestrian crossings
Added text to clarify new rules around cycle-only lanes
Cycle-only lanes
Cycle-only lanes are marked by a symbol of a cycle on the road. A driver must not stop in or obstruct a
cycle lane. When approaching an intersection a driver must not enter a cycle lane if the drivers intended
passage or exit is blocked by stationary traffic and the driver will obstruct the cycle lane.
Advanced stop box
An advanced stop box is a green square with a white cycle symbol at the head of a controlled intersection. It
is for cyclists only and gives them a head start when the lights turn green. Motorists should not encroach on
the green cycle box and should expect cyclists to come through to the front of the queue.
Page 265
Safe driving around cyclists
Updated text to include new sharrow markings and cycle lane rules
Hazards like parked cars, potholes, glass, litter, strong wind and opening car doors may cause cyclists
to veer off-line and move into your path. Because of this, give cyclists plenty of room when passing
them. Ideally, allow at least 1.5 metres between you and the cyclist.
Wait for a clear space before passing a cyclist on a narrow road. You may see a sharrow marking in
this situation.
At intersections, apply the same rules to cyclists that you would to any other vehicle on the road. Take
care to indicate turns. If you are turning the same way as a cyclist at an intersection, wait to pass until
they are through the intersection.
If you are crossing a cycle lane, give way to cyclists before you cross.
Take extra care around young cyclists.
You must not drive in or cross a cycle lane except for a maximum of 50 metres when entering or
leaving side roads, driveways or parking spaces.
You must not stop, stand or park in a cycle lane.
A driver approaching the intersection must not enter a cycle lane if the drivers intended passage or exit
is blocked by stationary traffic which would cause the driver to obstruct the cycle lane.
Pg 271
How to do a hook turn
Added new hook turn sign information
This sign may be placed ahead of an intersection where a hook turn is recommended
Last updated: 31 July 2017

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25/03/2018 Check your car – safety basics | NZ Transport Agency
Check your car – safety basics

It doesn't take long to give your car a quick safety check. Just give it a
regular TWIRL and take it to an expert if anything's wrong.
Check your car - TWIRL
Tyres
Check the tread depth. Minimum legal depth is 1.5mm, but the more
tread you have the better the grip and the safer you’ll be.
Check the tyre pressure – correct levels can usually be found on the
inside door frame.
Look for cracks or bubbles in the sides.
Look for sharp objects stuck in the tyres.
More information about tyres
Windscreen, wipers and mirrors

Check your wiper blades for wear and tear.
Clean your mirrors and windscreen inside and out.
Get your windscreen fixed if it’s chipped or cracked.
Check your windscreen washer fluid is full and the spray is working.
Indicators
http://www.nzta.govt.nz/vehicles/choosing-the-right-vehicle/check-your-car-safety-basics/ 1/3
Turn your hazard lights on and walk around the car – check all
indicators are flashing.
Rust
Look for obvious areas of corrosion that can weaken the car’s
structure.
Lights
Check lenses are clean and not cracked or hazy.
Check your headlights, reversing lights and brake lights are working.
Check your back lights by reversing close to a wall so you can see
the reflection in your rear view mirror.
More information about lights
Driving checks
Driving checks
Things you can check when driving

These things can be serious, so make sure you take your car to an
expert if you notice them or anything else unusual.
Brakes
You could have a problem with your brakes if:
the brake pedal feels spongy
there’s a squealing noise when braking
the steering pulls to one side when you brake
there are vibrations or pulsing through the brake pedal when

braking.
More information about brakes
Exhaust
If it’s smoky or sounding unusual, it could be a sign that there’s a
problem.
Suspension and steering

You could have a problem with shock absorbers, which directly a ect
steering if:
the steering wheel shakes a lot a er you hit a bump or pothole
your car seems unstable on rough or unsealed roads
your car continues to rock a er coming to a standstill.
Noises
Listen for unusual noises, they usually indicate something is wrong.
Download our check your car leaflet [PDF, 757 KB]
Other safety features

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The three types of sign

The signs on our roads can be divided into three types:

You must be able to recognise and understand each type of sign.

Some examples of these signs are shown on the following pages.

They are usually red or blue.

Turn right Keep going Keep left

You must not go You must not drive

You must not You must not You must stop

You must slow down

Some compulsory signs have red borders.

You must keep left

There are two types of warning signs:

1. those that warn you of a permanent hazard

Both types of sign are usually diamond shaped.

Permanent warning signs

Permanent warning signs are yellow and black.

Pedestrian crossing Look out for children

Slippery surface Road narrows

Clearance height advance

Temporary warning signs

Temporary warning signs are orange and black.

Gravel surface Stop on request Other hazard

Note: this sign will always be displayed

Shows directions to places Shows the way to the nearest

Shows the state highway number

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Wide load follows

Extremely large loads

Danger slow down

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Keeping left on a laned road

keep in the left-hand lane as much as you can

you want to pass another vehicle

Keeping left on an unlaned road

Keeping left on a curve

Curves in the road

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When to give signals

You must signal for at least three seconds before you:

turn left or right

Don't assume that other drivers have seen your signals.

Signalling when turning right

For information about signalling at roundabouts, see Giving way at roundabouts.

Using your indicators

Use your left indicator when you are:

Use your right indicator when you are:

Right-turn hand signal

Stop or slowing hand signal

you're changing a tyre on the side of the road

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